Civil Engineering Drawing.pdf

Outline • Plan reading – Scale – Terminology

drawing • Structural drawing – Steel – Concrete

Outline • Plan reading – Scale – Terminology

drawing • Structural drawing – Steel – Concrete

Plan Reading include: • Types of scales include: – Engineers’ • Decimal • 10, 50, 20, 40, 30, 60

– Architects’ • 2 scales per edge • Feet-inches • 1, 1/2, 1/2, 1/4, 1/4, 1/8, 1/8, 3/4, 3/4, 3/8, 3/8, 3, 11/2 11/2,, Regu Regula larr, 3/32 3/32,, 3/16

– Metric’

Engineer’s Scale This means 30 gradations in the sale per inch

3 miles 300' 30' 30"

The Engineer's Scale expresses measurements as a ratio, depending on the ratio assigned.

3" 1"

 Ac  Actual Length

NTS: Not to scale 

NTS: Not to scale 

Engineer’s Scale 660 feet There are always 10 gradations between units

1"

 Ac  Actual Length 00

00

00

Given SCALE 1”=300’  …then line that measures 1 actual inch represents 300 feet on drawing

NTS: Not to scale 

Engineer’s Scale

325 feet

Given SCALE 1”=300’ 

Engineer’s Scale 

NTS: Not to scale 

Don’t confuse 1:30 with 1”=30’ SCALE 1”=30’  Paper Units : Actual Units PU  AU

=

1”  30’ 

=

1” 

= 360” 

0.0028

Reduction scale in ACAD

Architectural Scale • The scale means how many inches per foot, so a ¾ scale means that ¾ inch equals one foot • Each scale read from “0” closest definition • Each unit represents 12 inches

Architectural Scale Given SCALE 3/4”=1’  This means ¾” = 1” 

…this is a reduction scale..

Note this is always divisions of 1 foot. So, since this is sub-divided unit into 24 units. each 2 units is 1 inch.

Architectural Scale Note that the sub-divided unit is divided into 12 units. Therefore, each unit is 1 inches.

It measures approx 14’ -5” 

Given SCALE 1/4”=1’  …then line that measures 1 paper inch represents 4 actual feet

In-class Exercise

Plan View (Top View)

Shows the horizontal alignment

Stationing • Given as: – STA + FT (or m)

• Typically: – stations in 100 ft or 100 m

• So the distance from STA 1+55 to 2+33 – – – –

(assuming 100 foot stations) (100-55) + (33) = 78 feet OR 233-155 = 78 feet

1

2

3

Profile View (Front View)

Shows the vertical alignment

Plan and Profile

Slopes • Angles sometimes given as V:H, read as “X on X” slope (RISE:RUN). 1:5 1V 5H

Percent Slopes • Angles sometime given as % slope. A 2% means for every 100 unit horizontal, there is a 2 unit change in the vertical. -2% 2’  100’  100’  2’  +2%

Elevations

 A building elevation is typically labeled in relation to  the compass direction it faces; the direction from  which a person views it.

Elevations

Cross Section Centerlines (CL) indicate center of  alignment of  structure

link  Cross Section of Deck and Hangers Source: Dorman Long (1932) Sydney Harbour Brige. Dorman Long & Co. Ltd., p35, http://sydney-harbour-bridge.bos.nsw.edu.au/engineering-  studies/engineering-graphics.php 

Section View

In-class Exercise • What if I don’t know the scale or the drawing looks to have copied/zoomed, how could use a scale (ruler) to determine an object? • Task: Make your own scale to measure the distance between DH3-97 and DH-1-97

Approximating scale • Find a dimension on the plan sheet, measure it • Create your conversion based on PU:AU PU  AU

3.78”  =

76 m

 AU (m) =

76 m

PU (in)

3.78 in

76 m So if I measure 3.15” on 3.15 (in)  AU (m) = paper…. 3.78 in  AU (m) = 63.33

Structural Drawings • Structural drawings include: – – – –

Foundation plans Wall sections and framing details Structural steel framing and details Beam and column drawings and details

• Materials – – – –

Wood Steel Concrete Masonary

Approach • Nearly all of the drawing principles that you have learned apply to structural drawing • AutoCAD has “tools” built-in to help you draw elements faster

Structural Steel • Two things to design/draw – Structure

Beam

• Beams and columns • Size, orientation, shape, length, placement

– Connections • Bolted, welded, or riveted (not really used)

    n     m     u       l     o      C

    n     m     u       l     o      C

Engineering design drawings • Show the overall dimensions of the structure including: – Locations of columns, beams, angles and other shapes – Sizes of structural members – Detail in the form of cross sections, special connections required, and notes

Structural Steel Shapes

•

•

Structural steel is available in many standard shapes Most CAD programs have structural shapes symbol libraries available

 Video Link  Nominally, depth and mass/unit, so shape is 14” tall 53#/ft

Manual of Steel Construction

Structural Steel Dimensions in feet and inches, no ”  symbol

Plan View of One Floor

Shop drawings • Consist of detail drawings of all parts of the entire structure showing exactly how the parts are to be made • These drawings show all dimensions necessary for fabrication, usually calculated to the nearest 1/16”

Piece Marks • A system is used to mark  each piece that is separately handled • This mark is called a piece mark and should be shown wherever the member appears on the drawings

Connections • Main members are joined together in the field to build a structure and most joints are welded connections to the main members • Riveting is seldom used as a connection but you may find reference to riveted joints in original plans

Welding • Welding is a common method for connecting steel members of buildings and bridges • The principal methods of welding are: – Gas welding – Arc welding – Resistance welding

Types of Welded  Joints •

•

•

•

•

Butt joint Corner joint T-joint Lap joint Edge joint

Types of Basic Welds & Symbols

Complete Welding Symbol

Fillet Welds

The arrow points to the joint where the weld is to be made. If weld symbol is below line, weld is made on leader arrow side. If above, opposite arrow. If both above and below, then both sides of joint.

CAD Welding Templates • Welding templates can simplify drawing welding symbols by hand • They have all the forms needed for drawing the arrow, weld symbols, and supplementary symbols

Simple Beam Connection

In-class Exercise

Has Design Been Constructed?

1. On sheet GW-34, mark  locations of welds. 2. Review the WSDOT plans for the bridge. Based on the photos shown here, find as many clues that answer this question

Concrete • Concrete is made by mixing sand, gravel, or other aggregates with Portland cement and water • Concrete is very good in compression, but weak in tension • To solve this, embedded steel reinforcing bars are added to concrete – “Reinforced concrete”

• Prestressed concrete, – steel is pretensioned before the superimposed load is applied

Reinforced Concrete Drawings • Size of and shape of members •

Concrete material pattern shown in section

• Placement of reinforcing steel in section and plan views – Steel reinforcing shown as solid lines or filled circles depending on view or section  AR-CONC  HATCH  pattern in   ACAD 

SOLID  HATCH  pattern in   ACAD 

Reinforced Concrete Drawings

Spiral Column Reinforcing

 Jackson School Road O’xing

 Jackson School Road O’xing

Bent 2