Civil Avionics Systems

Civil Avionics Systems

Ian Moir Allan G Seabridge Display chapter contributed by Malcolm Jukes

Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, London and Bury St Edmunds, UK

This edition published 2003 by Professional Engineering Publishing, UK. Published in USA by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the International Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. Unlicensed multiple copying of this publication is illegal. Inquiries should be addressed to: The Publishing Editor, Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, Northgate Avenue, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP32 6BW, UK. ISBN 1 86058 342 3 Copyright © 2003 Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The publishers are not responsible for any statement made in this publication. Data, discussion, and conclusions developed by the authors are for information only and are not intended for use without independent substantiating investigation on the part of the potential users. Opinions expressed are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers or its publishers. Printed and bound in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Limited, Suffolk, UK

Cover image © Airbus

About the Authors Ian Moir BSc, CEng, FRAeS, FIEE served twenty years in the Royal Air Force as an Engineering Cadet/Officer, retiring with the rank of Squadron Leader. He then went on to work for eighteen years at Smiths Industries, Cheltenham, UK. Here he had responsibilities for the introduction of avionics technology into aircraft utilities systems on both military and civil aircraft. He was Programme Manager for the integrated Utilities Management System on the UK Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP); and technology demonstrator for the European Fighter Aircraft. Ian’s principal successes at Smiths Industries included the selection and development of new integrated systems for the McDonnell Douglas/Boeing AH-64C/D Longbow Apache attack helicopter and Boeing 777 (Queens Award for Technology – 1998), both of which are major production programmes. Ian has over 40 years’ experience in the aerospace industry. He is currently an International Aerospace consultant, operating in the areas of aircraft electrical and utilities systems and avionics. Allan Seabridge BA, MPhil is currently the Chief Flight Systems Engineer at BAE SYSTEMS, a position held since 1998. Before that he was the Avionics Integrated Product Team Leader on the Nimrod MRA4 programme for five years. He has worked in the aerospace industry for over 30 years in flight systems and avionic systems engineering, business development, and project management. He has been involved in a wide range of military fast jet, trainer, and ground or maritime surveillance aircraft projects. Allan has worked in many international collaborative programmes in Europe and the United States, and he has led a number of national and international engineering teams. This has led to an interest in all aspects of system engineering capability – the practice of engineering, the processes and tools employed, and the people and skills required. Malcolm Jukes BSc, FRAeS, FIEE has over 35 years’ experience in the aerospace industry, mostly working for the Smiths Group at Cheltenham, UK. Among his many responsibilities as Chief Engineer for Defence Systems Cheltenham, Malcolm managed the design and experimental flight trials of the first UK Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) and subsequently the development and application of shadow-mask CRT technology for multi-function, head-down displays on the F/A-18, AV8B, Eurofighter Typhoon and EH101 aircraft. In this role, and subsequently as Technology Director, he was responsible for product technical strategy and the acquisition of new technology for Smiths UK aerospace products. One of his most significant activities was the application of AMLCD technology to civil and military aerospace applications. Malcolm is now an aerospace consultant operating in the areas of displays, display systems, and mission computing.

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Contents Acknowledgements

xiii

Foreword by B Tucker

xiv

Foreword by B Cosgrove

xv

Authors’ Preface

xvi

Acronyms and Abbreviations

xvii

Chapter 1 – Introduction

1

Chapter 2 – Avionics Technology The nature of microelectronic devices Processors Memory devices Digital data buses Data bus examples – integration of aircraft systems Regional aircraft/business jets Fibre-optic buses Avionics packaging – Line Replaceable Units Typical LRU architecture Environmental conditions Integrated Modular Avionics Software References

5 7 10 11 11 21 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32

Chapter 3 – Systems Development System design Key agencies and documentation Design guidelines and certification techniques Equivalence of US and European Specifications Interrelation of processes Requirements capture Requirements capture example Fault Tree Analysis Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Component reliability Dispatch reliability Markov Analysis Development processes

33 34 34 34 37 37 40 42 43 45 46 47 48 50

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Civil Avionics Systems

The produce life cycle Development programme ‘V’ diagram ETOPS and LROPS requirements References

50 57 58 59 62

Chapter 4 – Electrical Systems Aircraft electrical system characteristics Power generation DC power generation AC power generation Power generation control Modern electrical power generation types Electrical power quality Primary power distribution Power conversion and energy storage Batteries Secondary power distribution Power switching Load protection Solid state power controllers Electrical loads Motors and actuation Lighting Heating Subsystem controllers and avionics systems Ground power Emergency power generation Ram Air Turbine Back-up converters Permanent magnet generators Typical aircraft DC system Typical civil transport aircraft systems Civil aircraft electrical system examples Boeing 767 Boeing 747-400 Airbus A330/340 Boeing 777 Airbus A380 More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) Electrical system displays Aircraft wiring References

63 65 65 65 66 68 72 76 77 78 80 81 81 81 82 82 82 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 88 90 90 91 92 94 95 97 97 97 98 99

Chapter 5 – Sensors Air data Magnetic sensing Magnetic Heading Reference System (MHRS) Inertial navigation

101 101 110 112 115

Contents

Inertial sensing Inertial navigation Inertial platforms Strapdown systems Radar sensors Radar altimeter Doppler radar Weather radar References

115 118 119 121 122 122 125 126 128

Chapter 6 – Communications and Navigation Aids Radio Frequency spectrum Communications systems High Frequency Very High Frequency Satellite communications Air Traffic Control (ATC) transponder Traffic Collision and Avoidance System Communications control system Navigation aids Automatic Direction Finding Very High Frequency Omni-Range Distance Measuring Equipment TACAN VORTAC Satellite navigation systems Instrument Landing System Transponder Landing System (TLS) Microwave Landing System (MLS) Hyberbolic navigation systems References

129 130 132 134 135 138 141 144 146 146 147 147 148 149 150 150 153 156 156 157 159

Chapter 7 – Displays Introduction The electromechanical instrumented flight deck Early flight deck instruments The 1950s – piston-engined aircraft The 1970s – jet aircraft The Attitude Direction Indicator The Horizontal Situation Indicator The altimeter The Airspeed Indicator (ASI) Standby instruments The ‘glass’ flight deck Advanced civil flight deck research BAC 1-11 technology demonstrator Boeing 757 and 767 British Aerospace advanced turbo-prop Airbus A320/A330

161 161 161 161 162 164 166 168 168 169 171 171 171 172 175 175 176

ix

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Civil Avionics Systems

Boeing 747-400 Upgrade of ‘Classic’ aircraft flight decks Glass standby instruments Airworthiness regulations Regulatory requirements Certification guidelines Display format guidelines Display system architectures Display suite components Display systems Electronic flight instrument systems Combined EFIS and EICAS/ECAM systems Modular avionics display systems Display media Visual requirements Environmental requirements Electrical power supply transient immunity The Cathode Ray Tube The Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display Displays for the flight deck of the future Large area head-down displays Three-dimensional and four-dimensional display formats The Head-Up Display References

178 179 182 183 183 184 185 186 186 189 189 192 193 194 194 195 195 196 199 205 205 207 209 213

Chapter 8 – Navigation Basic navigation Radio navigation Oceanic crossings Inertial navigation Air Data and Inertial Reference Systems (ADIRS) Satellite navigation GPS error Differential GPS Integrated navigation Sensor usage – phases of flight GPS overlay programme Categories of GPS receiver Flight Management System (FMS) FMS Control and Display Unit (FMS CDU) FMS procedures FANS Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) GPWS and EGPWS References

215 215 218 220 220 223 226 227 227 229 230 232 232 232 236 244 246 246 247 248

Chapter 9 – Flight Control Systems Inter-relationship of flight control functions Flight control – frames of reference Flight control systems

251 251 253 254

Contents

Mechanical back-up Flight control actuation Flight control and monitoring requirements Airbus FBW philosophy Boeing 777 flight control system Top-level Boeing 777 PFCS overview Autopilot Flight Director Systems (AFDSs) Autopilot modes Integrated autopilot system – Boeing 777 AFDS Autoland Flight Management System Future systems – Airbus A380 FBW Flight Data Recorders References

255 255 259 260 264 271 273 277 279 280 282 283 286 287

Chapter 10 – Engine and Utility Systems Engine systems Engine control on a modern civil aircraft Air and environmental systems Controlled environment for crew, passengers, and equipment Fuel systems Characteristics of fuel systems Fuel system components Integrated civil aircraft fuel systems Hydraulic systems Hydraulic system services Emergency hydraulic power sources Civil transport comparison Landing gear systems Central maintenance systems Airbus A330/340 Central Maintenance System Boeing 777 Central Maintenance Computing System In-Flight Entertainment In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) Rockwell Collins I2S References

289 289 290 293 293 300 301 301 302 309 309 311 311 315 317 318 321 322 322 324 327

Chapter 11 – Systems Integration Advantages Disadvantages Open architecture issues Component obsolescence Definition of IMA cabinets – first-, second-, and third-generation implementations First-generation IMA Second-generation IMA Third-generation IMA IMA Examples References

329 331 331 332 333 334 334 335 335 336 347

xi

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Civil Avionics Systems

Chapter 12 – Future Air Navigation System Communications Air–ground VHF data link Air–ground SATCOM communications HF data link 8.33 kHz VHF voice communications Navigation Classic method for defining navigation performance RNP RNAV RNAV standards within Europe RVSM RVSM implementation Differential GPS enhancements Protected ILS Introduction of the Microwave Landing System (MLS) Polar routes Surveillance TCAS ATC Mode S Automatic Dependent Surveillance – address mode (ADS-A) Automatic Dependent Surveillance – broadcast 367mode (ADS-B) Direct Routing Need for flight management systems (FMS) Boeing FANS 1 Implementation Airbus FANS-A Implementation High-precision approaches References

349 350 350 351 351 352 352 352 356 358 361 361 363 365 365 365 366 366 366 367 367 367 368 368 369 370 373

Chapter 13 – Military Aircraft Adaptation Avionic and mission system interface Navigation and flight management Navigation aids Flight deck displays Communications Aircraft systems Applications Personnel, matériel, and vehicle transport Air-to-air refuelling Maritime patrol Airborne early warning Ground surveillance Electronic warfare Flying classroom Range target/safety References

375 376 379 380 381 382 383 383 383 384 385 388 388 389 390 390 390

Index

391

Acknowledgements The authors have been practising aerospace engineers with a collective experience approaching 80 years, much of that time spent in the specification, design, and development of avionics and utilities systems for high-performance military aircraft and civil aircraft. It is a truism that the more experience and knowledge gained with modern avionics systems, the more it is realized how extensive the subject is and how very much more there is to learn. The writing of this book would not have been possible without the generous support, advice, and guidance of many colleagues, specialists, and companies on both sides of the Atlantic. Special mention must be made of Malcolm Jukes, formerly of Smiths Aerospace, who added his considerable and specialized experience to the preparation of the book; especially in the Displays chapter – Chapter 7. The comprehensive nature of the book would not have been possible without the dedication and persistence of those who reviewed the book and offered advice as to how it could be improved: Michael I Braasch of Ohio University, US Derek Bracknell of QinetiQ, UK Mike Hirst of Loughborough University, UK Dr Amy Prichard of Georgia Institute of Technology, US During the writing and review of the book generous help has also been given by a wide range of individuals and specialists who have provided specialized support in their fields of expertise to ensure that the details of all the systems described are accurate. Invaluable support and assistance have been given by the following companies and organizations: Airbus BAE SYSTEMS Boeing Bombardier Aerospace CMC Electronics Duxford Imperial War Museum Honeywell Korry Electronics Micro Circuit Electronics

Northrop Grumman Corporation Parker Aerospace Raytheon Rockwell Collins Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE) Smiths Aerospace QinetiQ VDO Luftfahrtgerate Werk

Foreword

by B Tucker

Over the past forty years, the development of aircraft for civil applications has been enhanced by the increasing introduction of electronic systems to enable greater operational freedom, safety, and efficiency to be achieved. These electronic systems, called avionics, have been at the heart of the creation of the sophisticated commercial airliners of today and they will play an important part in the succeeding generations of aircraft in the 21st century. Avionics systems have played a key role in the great advances in air safety, which have been a feature of the past few decades. They have played a major part in providing safe and affordable long-haul travel for business and leisure users. In addition, parallel developments for military aircraft have offered technologies for both civil and military applications, and techniques developed in one area have transferred to the other with rapidity and ease. Both civil and military avionics systems have utilized, to a very large extent, the revolution in computing that has so much changed the growth of technology since the 1950s. To keep up to date with these avionics systems can be a formidable task, made more complex by the architectural concepts within which avionics systems lie. Technological advances in processing, memory, displays, and data communication systems have made, and will continue to make, significant changes to individual systems and systems architectures in a constant striving for even better safety, maintainability, and operating costs. This book offers the reader an opportunity to understand the evolution of the systems being employed today, and it gives detailed explanations of the architecture within which they operate and the concept of operations of the avionics systems. As electronic systems began to emerge into the commercial aircraft, they essentially operated independently of each other and could be considered and certificated, from that viewpoint. This situation has changed very rapidly over the last two decades and today the interaction between systems is both complex and essential for safe aircraft operation. The reader will be able to understand these interactions from the text and this will enable a good basis for realizing the implications of even greater integration in new aircraft. The next generation of avionics systems will also achieve much greater integration with the whole Air Traffic Management infrastructure and this book will help in preparing the reader for these developing concepts. The field of avionics is extremely wide and it is commendable that this book manages to cover such a wide area, and yet give detailed information on many of today’s key systems. I hope that you will enjoy reading the book and that it will aid the reader’s understanding of the enormous progress that has been made over the past decades in the systems on aircraft and the opportunity that new avionics systems will bring to safety, operational efficiency, and the comfort and convenience of passengers. Brian G S Tucker OBE, BSc(Hons), FRAeS, CEng,. Senior Vice President, Business Acquisition & Customer Relations, BAE SYSTEMS

Foreword

by B Cosgrove

There can be few of us who have not been touched in the last four decades by the modern miracle of air travel; the ability to step onto an aeroplane and alight in some exotic and distant location within a matter of hours. As well as serving the business traveller, the availability of cheap and safe air transport has brought worldwide mobility within the scope of most people who wish to travel. As the world becomes smaller, families can re-unite and young folk can travel the world and gain experiences that their parents – and certainly grand-parents – could hardly have dreamt of. The advances of air travel were caused by new developments in aerodynamics, airplane structures, propulsion systems, and the advances in aircraft avionics systems. Avionics systems embraced the application of electronics to control all the vital aircraft functions. These systems can involve the display of data to the flight crew, navigation of the aircraft, communications, flight control and fly-by-wire, and automatic control of the aircraft flight path. They also control many of the housekeeping functions on the aircraft: fuel, hydraulics, environmental, and other systems vital to the safe flight of the aircraft and the comfort of those on-board. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of this multitude of systems is a daunting task. In particular, aircraft could not operate in the crowded skies of today without the comprehensive and accurate knowledge of aircraft position, height, track, etc. that the avionics systems bring. The accurate navigation capability that modern systems bestow enable fuel economy to be maximized and adverse environmental effects and noise footprints to be minimized. Finally, the development of in-flight entertainment systems and rapidly improving air–ground broad-band connectivity enable the entertainment and business needs of the passengers to be satisfied. These systems also evolve swiftly as the enabling micro-electronic technology rapidly advances, and it is difficult to capture this development in a single reference. In Civil Avionics Systems Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge have succeeded in encapsulating all these topics in a single book, written in a clear, concise, and easily understood way. As well as documenting the newer developments, the authors have also presented a historical perspective to enable the reader to understand why systems have evolved in the way they have. This work will be of benefit to many throughout the Industry, whether they are students just embarking upon their career, or senior managers and engineers who wish to keep abreast of the latest technology improvements.

Benjamin A. Cosgrove, NAE, Fellow of the AIAA and RAeS, 1991 recipient of the Wright Brothers Trophy, Retired Senior Vice President of Engineering, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group

Authors’ Preface Civil Avionics Systems is a companion to our book Aircraft Systems. Together the books describe the complete set of systems that form an essential part of modern military and commercial aircraft. There is much common ground – many basic aircraft systems such as fuel, air, flight control, and hydraulics are common to both types, and modern military aircraft are incorporating commercially available avionic systems such as liquid crystal cockpit displays and flight management systems. Avionics is an acronym that broadly applies to AVIation (and space) electrONICS. Civil avionic systems are a key component of the modern airliner and business jet. They provide the essential aspects of navigation, human–machine interface, and external communications for operation in the busy commercial airways. The civil avionic industry, like the commercial aircraft industry it serves, is driven by regulatory, business, commercial, and technology pressures and it is a dynamic environment in which risk must be managed carefully and balanced against performance improvement. The result of many years of improvement by systems engineers is better performance, improved safety, and improved passenger facilities. Civil Avionics Systems provides an explanation of avionic systems used in modern aircraft, together with an understanding of the technology and the design process involved. The explanation is aimed at workers in the aerospace environment – researchers, engineers, designers, maintainers, and operators. It is, however, aimed at a wider audience than the engineering population; it will be of interest to people working in marketing, procurement, manufacturing, commercial, financial and legal departments. Furthermore, it is intended to complement undergraduate and post graduate courses in aerospace systems to provide a path to an exciting career in aerospace engineering. The book is intended to operate at a number of levels: ● ●

●

providing a top-level overview of avionic systems with some historical background; providing a more in-depth description of individual systems and integrated systems for practitioners; providing references and suggestions for further reading for those who wish to develop their knowledge further.

We have tried to deal with a complex subject in a straightforward, descriptive manner. We have included aspects of technology and development to put the systems into a rapidly changing context. To fully understand the individual systems and integrated architectures of systems to meet specific customer requirements is a long and complicated business. We hope that this book makes a contribution to that understanding.

Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge 2003

Acronyms and Abbreviations A429 ARINC 429 A600 ARINC 600 A629 ARINC 629 A Amperes AC Advisory Circular (FAA) AC Alternating Current ACARS Aircraft Communications And Reporting System ACE Actuator Control Electronics (Boeing 777 flight control system) ACFD Advanced Civil Flight Deck ACM Air Cycle Machine ACMP AC Motor Pump A/D Analogue to Digital ADC Air Data Computer ADD Airstream Direction Detector ADF Automatic Direction Finding ADI Attitude Direction Indicator ADIRS Air Data and Inertial Reference System ADIRU Air Data and Inertial Reference Unit (Boeing 777) ADM Air Data Module ADP Air Driven Pump ADS-A Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Address Mode ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast Mode Aero-C SATCOM operating configuration – PC capability Aero-H/H+ SATCOM operating configuration – high gain global capability Aero-I SATCOM operating configuration – medium gain over-land capability Aero-M SATCOM operating configuration – single channel AEW Airborne Early Warning AFCS Automatic Flight Control System AFDC Autopilot Flight Director Computer AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System AFDX Avionics Fast Switched Ethernet AGCU APU GCU AHARS Attitude and Heading Reference System

AIMS Airplane Information Management System (Boeing 777) ALT Barometric Altitude AM Amplitude Modulation AMJ Advisory Material Joint AMLCD Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display AMSL Above Mean Sea Level ANP Actual Navigation Performance AoA Angle of Attack AOC Airline Operation Centre AOR–E Azores Ocean Region - East AOR–W Azores Ocean Region - West APB Auxiliary Power Breaker APEX Application Executive API Application Implementation APU Auxiliary Power Unit ARINC Air Radio INC ARP Aerospace Recommended Practice AS Aerospace Standard (SAE) ASCB Avionics Standard Communication Bus ASI AirSpeed Indicator ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit ASTOR Airborne STand Off Radar ATA Air Transport Association ATC Air Traffic Control ATI Air Transport Instrument ATM Air Transport Management ATN Aeronautical Telecommunications Network ATP Advanced Turbo-Prop ATR Air Transport Radio ATSU Air Traffic Services Unit AVM Airframe Vibration Monitor AWACS Airborne Warning And Control System BAC British Aircraft Corporation (forefather of BAe) BAe British Aerospace (UK) BAES BAE SYSTEMS BC Bus Controller BCAG Boeing Commercial Airplane Group BCD Binary Coded Decimal BCU Bus Control Unit (Boeing 747-400) BIT Built-In Test BITE Built-In Test Equipment

BNR Binary BR Bus Request (1553B) BPCU Bus Power Control Unit BRNAV Basic RNAV BSCU Brake System Control Unit (Boeing 777) BTB Bus Tie Breaker BTC Bus Tie Contactor BTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit C Centre CA Course/Acquisition (GPS code) CAA Civil Aviation Authority CADC Central Air Data Computer CAS Calibrated Airspeed Cat I Category I approach Cat II Category II approach Cat III Category III approach CBIT Continuous Built-In Test CBLTM Control-By-LightTM (Raytheon fibreoptic data bus) CCA Common Cause Analysis CCB Converter Control Breaker (Boeing 777) CCD Cursor Control Device CDI Course Deviation Indicator CDR Critical Design Review CD ROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory CDU Control and Display Unit CF Course to a fix CF Constant Frequency CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain CH Channel CIV Centre Interconnect Valve CMA Common Mode Analysis CMCS Central Maintenance Computing System (Boeing 777) CMM Capability Maturity Model CMS Central Maintenance System (Airbus) CNS Communications, Navigation, Surveillance C of G, CG Centre of Gravity COTS Commercial Off-The Shelf CPDLC Controller to Pilot Data Link Communications CPM Central Processing Module

xviii

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CPU Central Processing Unit CRT Cathode Ray Tube CSD Constant Speed Drive CSDB Commercial Standard Data Bus CTC Cabin Temperature Controller Cu in Cubic Inches CW Continuous Wave DA Decision Altitude – referenced to sea level D/A Digital to Analogue DAPS Data Access Protocol System (ATC mode S) DATAC Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communication DC Direct Current DCDU Datalink Display and Control Unit (FANS A) Def Stan Defence Standard DEOS Digital Engine Operating System DF Direct to a Fix DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder DFDRS Digital Flight Data Recording System DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit DFGC Digital Flight Guidance Computers DG Directional Gyro DGPS Differential GPS DH Decision Height – referenced to terrain DLP Digital Light Projector DMC Display Management Computer DMD Digital Micromirror Device DME Distance Measuring Equipment DoD Department of Defense DTI Department of Trade and Industry (UK) DU Display Unit DVOR Doppler VOR EADI Electronic Attitude Direction Indicator EAP Experimental Aircraft Programme EAS Equivalent Airspeed EBHA Electrical Back-up Hydraulic Actuator (A380 flight control system) EC European Community ECAM Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor (Airbus) ECCM Electronic Counter Counter Measures ECM Electronic Counter Measures ECS Environmental Control System EDP Engine Driven Pump EEC Electronic Engine Controller E2PROM Electrically Erasable ProgrammableRead-Only Memory EFA European Fighter Aircraft EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature EGNOS European Geo-stationary Navigation Overlay System

EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System EHA ElectroHydrostatic Actuator EHF Extremely High Frequency EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator EICAS Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (Boeing and others) ELAC Elevator/Aileron Computer (A320 flight control system) ELCU Electronic Load Control Unit elec electrical ELM Extended Length Messages (ATC mode S) ELMS Electrical Load Management System (Boeing 777) EMA Electro-Mechanical Actuator EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMI Electro-Magnetic Interference EMP Electrical Motor Pump EPC External Power Contactor EPIC Honeywell integrated avionics system EPR Engine Pressure Ratio EPROM Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory ESA European Space Agency ESM Electronic Support Measures ESS Environmental Stress Screening ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETOPS Extended Range Twin Operations EU Electronic Unit EUROCAE European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment EW Electronics Warfare ext external FA Fix to an Altitude FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAC Flight Augmentation Computer (A320 flight control system) FADEC Full-Authority Digital Engine Control FANS Future Air Navigation System FANS 1 Boeing implementation of FANS functions FANS A Airbus implementation of FANS functions (A330/340) FANS B Airbus implementation of FANS functions (A320) FAR Federal Aviation Regulation FBW Fly-by-Wire FCC Flight Control Computer FCDC Flight Control Data Concentrator (A330/340 flight control system) FCMC Fuel Control and Monitoring Computer (Airbus A340-500/600) FCMS Fuel Control and Monitoring System (Airbus A340-500/600) FCPC Flight Control Primary Computer (A330/340 flight control system)

FCSC Flight Control Secondary Computer (A330/340 flight control system) FD Flight Director FDAU Flight Data Acquisition Unit FDC Fuel Data Concentrator (Airbus A340500/600) FDDI Fibre Distributed Data Interface FDR Flight Data Recorder FDX Fast Switched Ethernet FHA Functional Hazard Analysis FIS Flight Information Services FL Flight Level – altitudes defined above transition level FLIR Forward Looking Infra-Red FMEA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis FMES Failure Modes and Effects Summary FMGEC Flight Management Guidance and Envelope Computer (Airbus A330/340 flight control system) FMQGS Fuel Measurement and Quantity Gauging System (Bombardier Global Express) FMS Flight Management System FMSP Flight Mode Selector Panel FMU Fuel Metering Unit FOG Fibre-Optic Gyroscope FQIS Fuel Quantity Indication System FQPU Fuel Quantity Processing Unit (Boeing 777) FSEU Flap/Slats Electronics Unit (Boeing 777) FSK Frequency Shift Keying FSU File Server Unit FTA Fault Tree Analysis FTE Flight Technical Error Fwd Forward g Acceleration due to gravity GA General Aviation Gallileo Proposed European satellite navigation constellation GCB Generator Control Breaker GCR Generator Control Relay GCU Generator Control Unit GEC General Electric Company (UK) Gen Generator GEO Geo-stationary Earth Orbit GHz 1 x 109 cycles per second GLC Generator Line Contactor GLONASS GLObal NAvigation Satellite System – Russian equivalent to GPS GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS-1 EGNOS Concept GNSS-2 Gallileo System GPCU Ground Power Control Unit GPS Global Positioning System GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System GS Glide slope H Earth’s Magnet Field HDD Head-Down Display

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Hex Heat Exchanger HF High Frequency HF Height to a fix HFDL High Frequency Data Link HIRF High Intensity Radio Frequency HMSU Hydraulic Systems Monitoring Unit (Airbus) HOL High Order Language HP High Pressure HSI Horizontal Situation Indicators HUD Head-Up Display HX Holding to Fix HYDIM Hydraulic system control card (Boeing) Hz Frequency – cycles per second I2t I Squared versus Time – electrical trip characteristic IAP Integrated Actuator Package IAS Indicated Airspeed IBIT Initiated Built In Test IC Integrated Circuit ICO Instinctive Cut-Out ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation IDG Integrated Drive Generator IF Initial Fix IFE In-Flight Entertainment IFF Identification Friend or Foe IFR Instrument Flight Rules IFSD In-Flight Shut-Down IGV Inlet Guide Vane I2S Integrated Information System (Rockwell Collins) ILS Instrument Landing System IMA Integrated Modular Avionics IN Inertial Navigator in Inch(es) INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organisation INS Inertial Navigation System Inv Inverter I/O Input/Output IOC Initial Operational Capability IOM Input/Output Module IOR Indian Ocean Region IP Intermediate Pressure (Rolls-Royce triple-shaft engines) IPT Integrated Product Team IR Infra-Red IRP Integrated Refuelling Panel IRS Inertial Reference System ISA Instruction Set architecture ISIS Integrated Standby Instrument System ISS Integrated Sensor Suite IT Information Technology ITO Indium Tin Oxide JAA Joint Aviation Authorities JAR Joint Aviation Regulation JSF Joint Strike Fighter JTIDS Joint Tactical Information

Distribution System kHz 1 x 103 cycles per second kVA Kilowatt Volts-Amperes kW Kilowatt L Left L Level (fluid) LAAS Local Area Augmentation System (GPS enhancement) LAN Local Area Network lb Pound(s) - mass LC Liquid Crystal LCoS Liquid Crystal on Silicon LED Light Emitting Diode LF Low Frequency LISA Limited Instruction Set Architecture LIV Left Interconnect Valve LNA Low Noise Amplifier (SATCOM) LNAV Lateral Navigation LORAN LOng RAnge Navigation (LORAN C is latest variant) LOX Liquid Oxygen LP Low Pressure LRM Line Replaceable Module LROPS Long Range Operations LRU Line Replaceable Unit LSB Lower Sideband LSI Large Scale Integration L Slat Left Slat (MD-80 AFDS) MA Markov Analysis Mach, M Mach Number MAD Magnetic Anomaly Detector MAT Maintenance Access Terminal (Boeing 777) MAU Modular Avionics Unit (Honeywell EPIC) mb milli-bar(s) Mb Mega Bit Mb/sec Mega Bits per second MCDU Multi-function Control and Display Unit MCM Multi-Chip Module MCU Modular Concept Unit MDA Minimum Decision Altitude MEA More-Electric Aircraft MF Medium Frequency MHRS Magnetic Heading Reference System MHz 1 x 106 cycles per second MIL-STD Military Standard MLS Microwave Landing System Mmo Maximum Operating Mach Number MMR Multi-Mode Receiver MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Mode A ATC Mode A (range and bearing) Mode C ATC Mode C (range, bearing and altitude) Mode S ATC Mode S (range, bearing, altitude and unique identifier) MOPS Minimum Operational Performance

xix

Standard MPA Maritime Patrol Aircraft MSAS Multifunction Satellite Augmentation System (Japan) MSL Mean Sea Level MSI Medium Scale Integration MTBF Mean Time Between Failure MTI Moving Target Indication NAS National Airspace System NAT North Atlantic NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NAV Navigation (Mode) ND Navigation Display NDB Non-Directional Beacon NOTAM Notice to Airmen nm Nautical Miles NH or N2 Engine speed – high pressure shaft Ni-Cd Nickel-Cadmium NL or N1 Engine speed – low pressure shaft OAT Outside Air Temperature OBOGs On-Board Oxygen Generating System OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer O/H Overheat OMS On-board Maintenance System OP Overhead Panel P Pressure Pc Capsule Pressure PC Personal Computer PCU Power Control Unit (Boeing 777 flight control system) Pd Dynamic Air Pressure PDA Power Distribution Assembly PDR Preliminary Design Review PFC Primary Flight Computer PFCS Primary Flight Control System (Boeing 777) PFD Primary Flight Display PMA Permanent Magnet Alternator PMAT Portable Maintenance Access Terminal PMG Permanent Magnet Generator POR Pacific Ocean Region PPS Precise Positioning System (GPS) PRA Particular Risks Analysis Pri Primary PRNAV Precision Area Navigation PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory PRSOV Pressure Reducing Shut-off Valve Ps Static Air Pressure PSEU Proximity Switch Electronics Unit (Boeing 777) PSR Primary Surveillance Radar PSSA Preliminary System Safety Analysis PSU Power Supply Unit Pt Total Air Pressure PTU Power Transfer Unit QFE Altimeter Setting relating to a specific feature eg airport

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Civil Avionics Systems

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SEC Spoiler/Elevator Computers (A320 flight control system) SELCAL SELective CALling SFCC Slat/Flap Control Computer (A330/340 flight control system) SG Symbol Generator SG Synchronisation Gap (ARINC 629 data bus) SHF Super High Frequency SI Smiths Industries (UK), now Smiths Aerospace SIB System Isolation Breaker SID Standard Instrument Departure SIAP Standard Instrument Approach Procedure SIGINT SIGnals INTelligence SIM Serial Interface Module SIOM Standard Input/Output Module SIU Secure Interface Unit SLAR Sideways Looking Aperture Radar SLR Sideways Looking Radar SMP Systems Management Processor SOV Shut-Off Valve SPS Standard Positioning System (GPS) SRR System Requirements Review SS Sub-System (1553B) SSA System Safety Analysis SSB Single Sideband SSB Split System Breaker (Boeing 747-400) SSI Small Scale Integration SSPC Solid-State Power Controller SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar SSR Software Specification Review STAR Standard Terminal Approach Routes STC Supplementary Type Certificate STCM Stabiliser Trim Control Module (Boeing 777 flight control system) SV Solenoid Valve SW Switch T Temperature TA Traffic Advisory (TCAS I and II) TAB Tape Automated Bonding TACAN TACtical Air Navigation system TACCO TACtical COmmander TADS Triple Air Data System TAS True Airspeed TAT Total Air Temperature TAWS Terrain Avoidance Warning System TBD To Be Determined TCAS Traffic Collision and Avoidance System TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TF Track to a fix TFT Thin Film Transistor TG Terminal Gap THS Tailplane Horizontal Stabiliser

TLS Transponder Landing System TPMU Tyre Pressure Monitoring Unit T/R Transmit/Receive TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit TSO Technical Service Order (FAA) TURB Turbulence Mode – Weather Radar TV Television UHF Ultra High Frequency UK United Kingdom UPS United Parcels Service ULD Underwater Locating Device US United States usa Useable Screen Area USB Upper Sideband UV Ultra-Violet VAC Volts AC VCS Voice Command System VDC Volts DC VDL VHF Data Link ‘V’ Diagram Validation and Verification Procedure VDR VHF Digital Radio VF Variable Frequency VFR Visual Flight Rules VG Vertical Gyro VHF Very High Frequency VHFDL Very High Frequency Data Link VHPIC Very High Performance Integrated Circuit VLF Very Low Frequency VLSI Very Large Scale Integration Vmo Maximum Operating Speed VMS Vehicle Management System VNAV Vertical Navigation VOD Video On-Demand VOR Very High Frequency Omni-Range VOR/TAC VOR/TACAN VS Vertical Speed VSCF Variable Speed Constant Frequency VSI Vertical Speed Indicator VSV Variable Stator Vane W Watt WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System (GPS enhancement) WAP Wireless Access Protocol wef With effect from WGS World Geodetic System WOW Weight-On-Wheels Xmt Transmit Xfr Transfer XPC External Power Contactor (Boeing 747-400) XVGA X Video Graphics Adaptor ZSA Zonal Safety Analysis



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10

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Data Word SYNC

Data

Command Word RT Address (5)

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Sub-address Mode (5)

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#

* Remote Terminal A to Remote Terminal B Transfer

~ 120 microseconds s Bus Controller

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Status Word

Data Word

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Status Word

#

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Data Bus

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Terminal Subsystems

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Aircraft Systems

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Card Card File Files

Aircraft System A629 Buses

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Phase C

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Transformer Rectifier Unit (TRU)

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Left Flight Control DC - 2

Right Main Engine FADEC; Channels A & B - 2

Left Main Engine FADEC; Channels A & B - 2

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Aircraft AC Power: 115 Vac 3-Phase 400Hz Typically ~ 90Kva

Right Main AC Bus

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AC Loads

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DC Loads

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Battery

Aircraft DC Power: 28 Vdc

DC Loads Emer DC Bus

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