Civics and Good Governance by Prof. Md. Mojammel Haque

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" (Man is by nature a social and political animal and a man who is not a member of a society is either a God or a beast.)

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(Key Words) ,

, , , (City State), (Nation State), , , (Good Governance), , , , , (Accountability), , , , ,

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১.১ Concept and Definition of Civics

ivi s ivis

ivit s ity

t t

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ity st t

N tion st t

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(F. I. Gloud)" ("Civics is the study of institutions, habits, activities and spirit by means of which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive benefits of m mb rship in politi l ommunity”.

to

, itiz nship.”

(E. M. white)" ("Civics is the subject that deals with everything appertaining h

philosophy o

itiz nship”

" ("Civics is that branch of human knowledge which deals with everything relating to a citizen—past, present and future; local, national and human.")

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Webster’s International Dictionary-

,

” ivi s is th t department of political science dealing with rights and duties of citizen.) Encyclopaedia Britanica-

. . W bst r s Int rn tion l Di tion ry ond Edition July . s. En y lop di Brit ni ol P g Fr dri k J m s Gould -

P g

.

(Civis is the study of institutions, habits and spirits by means of which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive the benefits of memberships in political community.)

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. Scope and Subject-matter of Civics

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১ Necessity of Study of Civics

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১ Significance of the Study of Civics and Good Governance in Bangladesh

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১ Concept and Definition of Good Governance

(The State exists to Promote good life) | -

W l r st t (Friend, Philosopher and Guid

Good Gov rn n

o

Gov rn n

L nd ll Mills

h

oll o

nd s r g dino

Ox ord English Di tion ry-Go to o

FI

H l ni

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.

D. K u m nn

oth rs

Good Gov rn n -

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Good Gov rn n (G. Bilney)Good Gov rn n is th tiv m n g m nt o ountry s economic resources in a manner that is open, transparent, accountable and equitable) |

h

. o i l

nd

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” It is bro d r on pt th n Gov rnm nt which is specially concerned with the role of Political authorities in maintaining social order within a defined territory and the exercise of executive power) M orn y " (Good governance is the relationship between civil society and the state, between government and governed, the ruler and ruled) ount bility L gitim y ool r nsp r n y

১ Elements & Characteristics of Good Governance . (G. Bilney), O ED NDP J –

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articipatory

rocess

thics or moral values

ransparency -

(Legitimacy esponsibility -

ule of aw -

ccountibility

fficiency

(Service oriented attitude of Public administration)

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Independent udiciary

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onesty

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bsence of

ender disparity

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(Decentralisation

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ivil society

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ublic

cceptability

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(Professionalism

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ree

edia

ree and lural society -

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— N tion t t

w l r st t

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১ Relation of Civics and Good Governance with other branches of knowledge -

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১ Civics, Good Governance and Political Science

১ ivis

ivit s

ivit s Polit s -

ivi s

ivis

Politi s Polis -

Polit s

Polis

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ivit s Politi s polis

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Politi l

ivi si n

ivis Politi s

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১.১ Civics, Good Governance and History

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১.১১ Civics, Good Governance and Sociology

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১.১ Civics, Good Governance and Economics

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১১ Civics, Good Governance and Ethics -

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”

Wh t is mor lly wrong

n n v r b

politically right.) ১ Int rn l

tions

or

Ext rn l

tions

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১-১ Civics, Good Governance and Geography

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G opoliti s

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১১ Civics. Good Governance and Population, Development Studies

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১১ Civics, Good Governance and Human Rights, Gender Studies -

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১১ Civics, Good Governance & Information and Communication Technology

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.

(MCQ)

(√

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√

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ivis

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Civitas

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] ivi s ivis

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. . . . webster's International Dictionary Encyclopaedia Britanica -

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G. Biln y M

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Gov rn n Good Gov rn n

(concept) (Good Governance)

M ount bility

orn y L gilim y

r nsp r n y

(rule o l w (Good Governance)

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(Key words): ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

-

,

(Rule of Law), offs corruption), , (military ,

, intervention) , ,

১ Problems of Good Governance w l r

-

st t Page 47

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Lack of Political

tability and violence

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(Lack of

bsence or

ccountability of the

ule of .

ovt

aw .

(Mismanagement of Govt

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Page 48

ailure to

ontrol

orruption N

Lack of

১ culture in the

olitical

-

ommitment

ack of Democratic olitical arty -

১১

(Military intervention in

olitics -

১

apotism -

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১

-

(Absence of Independence of judiciary) :

১

(Lack of People's

১

articipation

Disrunctional

-

arliament Page 49

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– -

-

-

১

(Poverty

১

(weakness of local

১

bsence of

১

overnment

eoples awareness

(Absence of Balance of Power

(Absence of Free

eutral

lection

commission

১

bsence of reedom or

ack of

-

ommunal

ress

armony

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Measures to remove the problems of good governance ১

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Role of Citigens in order to establish good Governance

১ -

(Unconditional allegiance to the tate

bedience to aw

selection of honest and qualified leadership

egular

ayment of

axes

ublic service o

ducate the children

articipation in Development

ctivities

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rotect

ublic

roperty

Publi

Prop rty

১

(to help law and order and Dicipline

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-

১১

ecome conscious and lert

১

o abide by constitution

১

agerness of

ood governance -

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selection of iberal

rogressive

olitical

arty

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Importance of Good Governance in Social, Political and Economic Sphere

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(McQ) (√

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Values, Law, Liberty and Equality on pt

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(key words) (values), values),

(social (Democratic

values),

,

,

(Rule of Law), ,

Governance)

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(Good ,

(Criminal Law), (Liberty),

,

, ,

,

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-১ Values on ption

nd D inition

. tu rt

. Dodd H.D. st in -

M . . willi m -

-

-

lyd

Kluokhon -

Ni hol s

s h r -

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(Social value embraces arrange of qualities for a place such as spiritual, traditional, economic, political or national qualities which are valued by the majority or minority group of the place.) F.E. M ri (A social value may be defined as a pattern of belief whose maintenance is considered important to group welfare.) -

Characteristics of Values .

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Bases or Elements of Values

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. . Di y

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Classification of Values -

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social values .

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olitical values -

kk kBBB BB B Democratic values -

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(Religious values)

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(Cultural values) : -

-

oral values

-

conomic values -

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spiritual values

spiritu l Pow r odern values

Values and good Government

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Democratic Values concept

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ঝ

- Importance of Democratic Values

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Good Governance and Democratic value

১

l

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Conception and Definition of Law L w

w

L g

L w -

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” (Law is the passionl ss r son

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Page 68

”

”

hom s Hobb s ” Pro . Hol nd " (A Law is a general rule of external action orced by the sovereign political authority.) John ustin (Law - the command of the political superior i.e. sovereign to the political inferior.) vigny ”

Histori l

hool Pro . Pro . G tt

lmond " (Only those rules which the state creates or which as

recognises, enforces become law.) (Woodrow Wilson)

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” (Law is that portion of the established thought and habit which has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authority and power of the government.)

১ Sources of Law

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১

ustom

-

-

eligion -

favors

udicial Dicision or

djudication

Judg -M d

l w

cientific Discussion

- quity

egislature

ublic opinion

dministrative declaration

-

Page 70

onstitution

১১ Classification of Law

Muni ip l L w

Int rn tion l L w Publi

L w

dministr tiv

Priv t

L w

)

L w onstitution l L w (Criminal Law) |

unicipal aw International

-

aw

Page 71

onstitutional

aw -

dministrative aw

riminal aw

-

. Reasons for Obeying Law ” ”

.

.

Lord Bry

–

”

-১ Morality Mor lity”

Mor lity virtu

Mor lit s

is knowl dg

knowl dg

ignor n m s

m s Mor ls

(Jonathan Haidt)

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Mor lity – Page 72

Cambridge International Dictionary of English-

-

Collins English DictionaryMor lity is concerned with on negating to human behaviour, esp. the distinction between good and bad and right and wrong b h viour.” -

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L w do s not

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nd

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n not

ov r

ll grounds o mor lity

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-১ Law and Morality

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১ Definition of Liberty Lib rty

Lib rty

Lib r

r

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John

tu rt Mill

Ess y on Lib rty

”

” H rb rt

p n r

" (Every man is free to do whatever he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man.) H. Gr n ” Fr dom onsistsin enjoying something worth-doing or worth enjoying) h lly opposite of over government.)

positive power or capacity of doing or (Liberty is the

Pro . H. J. L ski " (By liberty I mean the absence of restraints upon the existence of those social conditions which in modern civilization are the necessary guarantees of individual happiness.) g r m int n n

o

th t

tmosph r

in whi h m n h v

” By lib rty I m n th opportunity to b th ir b st s lv s.

-১ Forms of Liberty

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১

Individual or

ivil iberty

-

-

(Natural

iberty oo

M n is born

r

but

v rywh r

h

is in

h in. (Legal liberty social

so o

o oo o tos o

iberty

-

olitical iberty Politi l lib rty m ns th

. pow r to b

bl

in th

irs o st t .

conomic iberty

” ” ational liberty

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১ Safeguards of Liberty

”

১

aw

(Fundamental rights in the Constitution) ;

esponsible

overnment

(Direct Democratic method)

-

ule of aw -

. separation of

.

ower

.

-

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Independence of

(Decentralisation of

udiciary

ower

” (social ustice ১

quality

১১

(Organised party System) :

১

onstitutional

১

overnment

roper understanding between the

ovt and the

eople

— ১

(Exploitation free Social structure) -

১

vigilant

ublic opinion

”

Et rn l

vigilance is the price of liberty and the secret of liberty is courage.)

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”

-১ Relation between Law and Liberty

(Liberty and law do not quarrel.) .

. h mor

”

th r is o th ”

on

th

l ss th r

is o th

oth r.

১

”

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-

”

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-১ Definition and Meaning of Equality

qu lity o

opportuniti s

-

-

-

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Pro . L ski

” Equ lity ...... m ns irst o ll the absence of special privilege ...... Equality means, an the second place, that adequate opportuniti s r l id op n to ll - B rk r ”

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Different Forms or Classification of Equality

১

(Natural Equality)

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social

quality

-

-

olitical

quality -

-

conomic quality - -

-

-

-

” egal

quality —

Individual quality

- ১ Importance of Equality in Liberty

ol ”

Politi l lib rty in th

bs n

o

onomi

qu lity is held to be a

mere myth.) . H.

wn y Pro . Poll rd

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Page 81

”

h r

is only on

solution of problem of liberty. It lies in equality.)

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(MCQ)

(√ L w. . . . .

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Low Lego Lag √ Log —

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— i ii. iii . . . .

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iii

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i ii √ i iii ii iii i, ii iii

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Page 89

— i ii. iii. . . . .

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E-Governance & Good Governance -

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,

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,

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,

, (transparency),

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(Key Words) , ,

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Concept of E-Governance Gov rn n -

-

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El troni

-

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int r tion

-

-

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Page 95

world B nk

-

" (e-Governance refers to the use by Governmentagencies of information technologies (such as networking internet, mobile etc.) that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses and other arms of government.) N ” (e-Governance is defined as the employment of the internet and the worldwide web for delivering government information and service to the citizens.) -

’" (The use by the government of web-based internet application and other information technologies.) " (Governance refers to the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority in the management of a country's affairs, including citizens articulation of their interests and energies of their legal rights and obligations. e-Governnace may be understood as the performance of this governance via the electronic medium in order to facititate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of disseminating information to the public and other agencies and for performing government administration activities.) .

. .

” tr nsp r nt sm rt -Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the interdepeartmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen) -

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Aims & Objectives of E. Governance -

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Characteristics of E-Governance ১

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El troni

Gov rnm nt

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Advantage of Good Governance and E-Governance ১

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(MCO) (√ . . . .

Governor Government Governance √ Governing

. . . .

Good Good Good Good -

Government Governor Gang Governance √ —

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RIGHTS AND DUTIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS

-

.

M n

r

born

nd

lw ys

ontinu

r

nd

qu l in r sp t to th ir

rights –

ey Words ight (Legal rights ivil rights (Political rights), Duti s (Allegiance

to the state) (Human Rights) (Fundamental rights)

১ Definition and Meaning of Right -

-

Page 107

” L . Hobhous ”(Genuine rights are conditions of social welfare) Pro . Holl nd ights r on m n s influencing the acts of another by means of the opinion and force of the society).

p ity o

Pro . E rn st B rk r " (Rights are those necessaryconditions of the greatest possible development of the capacities of all individuals, which are secured and guaranteed by the State) | Pro . L ski " (Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best.) (TH. Green) " (Rights are the outer conditions essential for man's inner development.) Bos nqu t I" (A right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by the state.) I”

Ev ry st t

is known by th

rightsit

maintains) l

Characteristics of Right

univ rs l -

-

Page 108

Classification of Rights ১

oral

ights -

-

Di tion ry o so i l s i n " (Moral rights which are dependent on the ethical feelings of man and they are not guaranteed by any legal authority.)

egal

ights

Rights),

E onomi (Cultural Rights),

ights

) (Religions Rights)

(Civil (Political Rights) (Personal

Rights). ivil ১

ights

ight to life

ight to liberty ight to thought and speech

-

(Right to association and Meeting): -

-

-

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(Right to movement):

Page 109

reedom to ress (Right to contract (Right to equality before the eye of law) ;

-

-

-

-

১ ১১

ight to

roperty

ight to

eligion ight to organise family

১ .

ight to economic and social justice

১

ight to education

১ ১

(Right to fame) conomic

১

ights

ight to work (Right to reasonable wages

ight to est (Right to form trade union):

(Right to economic security in old and incapable condition) :

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Page 110

olitical

ights

১

ight to residence (Right to election) ;

-

-

-

-

-

(Right to Petition

-

ight to hold

ublic office

-

-

-

(Right to Protection in abroad)

ight to criticise cultural

owerment

ights

(Religious

ights

ersonal

ights

-

-

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Page 111

Safeguard of Rights

১

aw Democracy (Declaration of Fundamental Rights):

ule of

aw

(Independence of fudiciary):

(Eternal vigitance of the People)

”

Rights to Information of Citizen

ight to in orm tin or

itiz n

” -

-

Ordinance on Freedom of writing and of the Press'

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IW Prop rty

Int ll tu l

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Glob liz tion Glob l vill g

ul o L w H b us orpus

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Page 118

-

.

-

-

-

Duties of Citizens : Conception and its Importance

should observe.) ”

" (Duty is one kind of special work which we . . rw l duty is n oblig tion to m mb r o o i ty or

State.) Pro . H rold J. L ski ” ”

-

Pro . Hobhous Page 119

(If I have the right to walk also the street without being Pashed off the Pavement, yeur duty is to give me reasonable room.)

-১ Classification of Duties ১

.

.

social Duties

-

-

(Political Duties —

conomic Duties

oral Duty -

-

egal Duty

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Page 120

-১১ Duties of Citizens

১

(Allegiance to the state

bedience to aw

ight to

onest ranchise

foston (Selection of honest and qualified leadership): egular ayment of axes

ublic service

o ducate the hildren

other Duties

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Page 121

Duty towards -

amily

-

-

-

(Duty towards Society)

(Duty towards International Affairs) ;

১ Relation Between Rights and Duties

” – ১

ঝ

(Rights imply duti s

-

Page 122

-১ Human Rights (Rousseau) M n is born r -

-

-

oot t NO -

Pro .

. .

pp dori

-

.P. Huntington

” h human right are inherent, producing equal opportunity makes the humanity a perfect one that never feels dissatisfied at their achievement.) - -

" (Men are born and always continue free and equal in respect to their rights.)

১ Relation between Fundamental Rights and Human Rights

-

-

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. . . . . . .

-১ Human Rights

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POLITICAL PARTY, LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

–

(Key Words): ,

,

,

, (BiParty system), (Multi-Party system), , (Good Governance), (Leadership), , (Charismatic leadership),

. . .।

১ Political Party : Conception and Definition

-

Page 139

Jos ph ” p rty is or politi l pow r”.

group whos

.

hump t r -

m mb rs propos

to

t in

on rt in th

omp titiv

struggl

Edmund Burk (Party is a body of men, united for the purpose of promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest upon some particular principle on which they are all agreed.) E rn st B rk r ” p rty is p rti ul r body o opinion which is nonetheless concerned with the general national interest and which forms and presents to the choice of the electorate, a programme of general national scope and width.) (Gette)” (Disraeli)(A party is a group o m n b nd d tog th r to pursu

rt in prin ipl s. ”

p rty is

ommunity

with a particular structure.) " (Political Party is an association organisad in support of some Principle of Policy which by constitutional means it endeavous to make the determinant of government.)

Characteristics of Political Parties – ১

-

-

-

Page 140

-

Political Party and Faction

F tion

(Clique)

. . . .

. .

Role and Importance of Political Parties in Democracy

১ -

-

Page 141

” -

Int r st group ssioso (Interest articulation)

Functions of Political Parties in Democracy.

১

-

”

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Page 142

-

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১ ১১ ১

১

১

১ ১

-

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Page 143

Different Forms of Political Party On -P rty

yst m

১

so oso

Bi-P rty

yst m

or

o osot

Multi-P rty syst m

(one-Party system

-

-

(Merits & Demerits of One Party)

erits ১

:

-

Page 144

-

-

-

(Demerits): ১

-

-

-

(Bi-Party System or Two-Party System):

(Conservative Party) -

erits

L bour P rty

(Merits and Demerits of Bi-Party System)

-

–

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Page 145

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Pro . H. J. L ski ১

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১১ Demerits

-

–

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bin t di t torship

-

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Page 146

ulti- arty system

o lition Gov rnm nt

-

(Merits & Demerits of Multi-party System)

erits ১ - -

-

: -

১

Demerits

১

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Page 147

-

-

lr d

Gr zi r -

” ll n B li " (A Pressure group can be defined as a group whose members hold share attitude.)

Features or Characteristics of Pressure Group ১

-

Page 148

১

:

১

ivil

-

o i ty

Page 149

১

.

-১১ Leadership & Conception and Definition l d rship l d

l d r.

L d rship

L d l d r

H. O. Dun

”

. W. Gouldn r ”

-

Page 150

Kimb l

oung -

” L d rship is but on orm o dominance, in which the followers more or less willingly accept direction and control by another.) . I B rn rd ” (Leadership refers to the quality of the behaviour of the individuals whereby they guide people or their activities in organized effort.)

-১ Classification of Leadership

১

-

-

.

.

-

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Page 151

ot lit ri n

-

-

-১ Essential Qualities of Leadership -

” ” - -

১

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– -

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১

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(N.G.O)

Non-Gov rnm nt l Org nis tion . . . . .

. . . . . .. . .-

. . .. . .G.O.

-

N.G.O.

Page 154

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. . √ .

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ii

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iii

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ii √

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iii –

i. ii. iii. . i

iii

. і

іі √

. ii

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. i, ii

iii —

i ii. iii. . i, ii

iii √

. ii . iii . i i ii. iii. ? . i . ii , ii

iii √

. 1, ii

iii —

i ii, iii . i . ii . i

іі

. i, ii

iii

i ii. iii.

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Page 164

. i . ii . i, ii . i

iii ii √ -

i ii. iii. ? . i . ii . iii . i, ii

iii √ —

i ii. iii. . i . ii . ii . i, ii

iii iii √

. √

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Page 165

ii. iii. . i . ii . i

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Page 170

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Page 171

—

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Page 172

STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT

—

(Key Words): Gov rnm nt D mo r y

publi onstitution l

Mon r hy P rli m nt ry Govt. (Presid nti l Govt. (Faderation), (Unitary Govt.) (Legislature) (Executive), (Judiciary), (Theory of Separation of Povers and checks and Balances) |

১ Government . is a spokesman to the st t

Gov rnm nt

o

o

rgo

ssioso

Classification of Government -

-

Page 173

– —

onstitution l Mon r hy

publi

P rli m nt ry or

bin t Gov rnm nt

Pr sid nti l Gov rnm nt

(Federal Gov rnm nt

-

nit ry Gov rnm nt

o

Page 174

Democracy Definition and Kr ti

eaning

D mos

Kr tos

D mo r y oil Kr ti

Demos

Kr tos

H rodotus ” ir John ly " (Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.) " (Democracy is a system government by discussion.)

of

Pro . Di y " (Democracy is a form of government in which the governing body is a comparatively large fraction of the entire population.) . F. trong " (Democracy implies that government which shall reston active consent of the governed.)

-

Page 175

br h m Lin oln ” (Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.) Pro . M lv r ” D mo r y is not w y o gov rning wh th r by w y o m jority or otherwise, but primarily a way of determining who shall govern and broadly, to what ends.) -

-

Characteristics of Democracy ১

-

-

-

Types of Democracy (Indirector Representative Democracy)

-

Dir t D mo r y

Page 176

Methods of Direct Democracy in Indirect Democracy

– ১

eferendum

Initiative

ecali

lebiscite -

Merits of Democracy – ১

-

Page 177

-

-

-

–

১

-

১১

১ — ১ ১

-

১ ”

-

-

Page 178

১

১

Demerits of Democracy ১

-

-

-

”

h

ult o

In omp t n ”

-

Page 179

১ -

১১

Conditions for the Success of Democracy

১ , "universal education must precede universal suffrage" ”

-

-

-

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Page 180

-

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১১

১

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:

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১

১

১ -

John

tu rt Mill

. . . ১ The Republic

১১ Dictatorship

-

Page 182

N wm n (By dictatorship we understand the rule of a person or group of persons who arrogate to themselves and monopolise power in the state, exercising it without restraint). A Dictionary of Politi l hought og r s ruton

which one person, office, faction or party is ob di n rom ll oth r itiz ns-

' (Dictatorship is a system of government in mpow r d to di t t ll politi l tion nd omp l

”– ১ Characteristics of Dictatorship – ১ -

" (All within th outsid

th

st t

-

non

g inst th

st t

non

st t .

Page 183

” ”

Et rn l

W r is to m n wh t m t rnity is to wom n.

nd immut bl

l w o li .

১

১১ – ১ ” ১

১ Merits of Dictatorship ১

-

-

১ Demerits of Dictatorship

-

Page 184

১

” pow r orrupts bsolut ly. h s th h bit o orrupting

v n th

nobl st o thos ”

who

Pow r

x r is

it.

orrupts m n F

nd

bsolut Pow r

F

১ ১ Comparative Study between Democracy and Dictatorship

১

-

Page 185

”

-

১

১১ -

-

” ১

১ ১ ১ ১

-

-

Page 186

১ Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government and Presidential Form of Government

১ Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government . .

v. Di y -

” Pro . Gr v s ”(In Parliamentary system, the government is the master of country and Prime Minister is the master of the gov rnm nt.

sponsibl

-

Gov rnm nt

Page 187

১ Characteristics of Parliamentary Form of Government ১

.১ Merits of Cabinet Form of Government ১

-

-

Page 188

"

১

Demerits of Cabinet Form of Government ১

-

ঝ

১ Presidential Form of Government –

.

Pro . J.W.

G rn r " (Presidential form of government is a government in which the executive is independent of the legislature as regards its tenure and to a large extent as regards its policy and acts)

-

Page 189

Pro . F. .

l y -

” h Pr sid nti l form of government is basically based on the will of the President elected by the people directly or indirectly in ademocracy.) | .N. Gil hrist ”

Characteristics of Presidential Form of Government ১

. Merits of Presidential Form of Government ১

-

Page 190

-

-

-

Demerits of Presidential Form of Government – ১

-

Page 191

Comparative Discussion of the Cabinet and Presidential Form of Government

১

-

Page 192

১

১১

১

Unitary Form of Government

Pro . Di y " (Unitarism is the habitual exercise of supreme legislative authority by one central power.) Pro . G tt

-

” nit ry gov rnm nt is system in which the constitution of the state delegates all government powers to the national government.)

-

Page 193

Characteristics of Unitary Form of Government . ১

-

-

Merits of Unitary Form of Government ১

-

-

Page 194

-

Demerits of Unitary Form of Government ১

Federal Form of Government F d r tion Fo dus

-

Page 195

Pro . H. Fin r ” Pro . Di y ” (A federal state is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity and power with the maintenance of states rights.) Pro . K.

. Wh r

” By th deral principle, I mean the method of dividing powers so that the general (central) and regional governments are each within a sphere, coordinate and independent.)

- ১ Methods of Formation of Federal Government . -

.

Characteristics of Federal Form of Government ১

-

Page 196

(They must desire union but must not unity)

-

- ১

১১

১ ১

১

Conditions for the Success of Federal Government

-

Page 197

১ -

ntrip t l t nd n y

(Centrifugal tendency)

-

১ ১১

-

১ ১

-

Page 198

১ ১ . Merits of Federal Government ১ -

-

ঝ

ঝ

১

-

Page 199

১১

Demerits of Federal Government ১

Comparative study between Unitary and Federal Government – ১

-

Page 200

-

১

১১

Monarchy

-

Page 201

bsolut

or

o o

ssi

or unlimit d Mon r hy

Limit d or

onstitution l Mon r hy

Characteristics of Monarchy

-

Page 202

Merits of Monarchy

Demerits of Monarchy

-

Socialist Government

-

Page 203

Origin and Development of Socialism

Do trin

o L iss z- ir

Features of Socialist Government ১ -

Merits of Socialist Government ১

-

Page 204

-

-

-

-

”

Demerits of Socialist Government ১

-

Page 205

-

Military Government

-

hi

M rti l L w dministr tor

ML

-

(Totalitarian Military Government)

Merits of Military Government ১

-

Page 206

-

-

Demerits of Military Government ১

-

১

Theocracy -

-

-

Page 207

-

Characteristics of Theological Government ১

-

.

-

-

-

১ -

-

-

-

-

১

-

Page 208

-

১ Characteristics of a Best Government

১

-

-

Page 209

১ ১১

Hindrances to the Best Government in Bangladesh

১

-

-

Measures to Remove Hindrances for the Best Government in Bangladesh ১

-

Page 210

-

-

১

. Different Organs of Government : Legislature, Executive and Judiciary ul ppli tion Fun tions djudi tion .

-

m king un tions ul (Rul .

.

Page 211

The Legislature

-

Organisation of the Legislature -

-

Page 212

Unicameral Legislature -

Arguments in Favour of Unicameral Legislaturee

১

-

-

”

If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is

superfluous, if it disagrees, it is pernicious.) ” h singl hamber assembly seems best to answer the needs of the modern state.)

and

magnificient

legislative

Arguments Against Unicameral Legislature

১ ”

-

Page 213

.

-

-

Bi-cameral Legislature

” Bi-cameral legislature is , that which has two house. The first one is known as the lower house and the second one as the upper house.)

. . . . Arguments in Favour of Bi-cameralism

-

Page 214

১

” -

-

”

”

. । |"

,― ।

. । . -

, ।

.

,

,

। ।

১ . Arguments Against Bi-cameral Legislature , , ,

,

১. ,―

, ‖ (If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is superfluous; if disagrees, it is pernicious.) . , ― , ‖ -

Page 215

.

:

.

:

. . . ,― ‖ .

: , ।

Organisation of Legislature in Unitary and Federal System ।

।

,

।

, । ।

।

, । ।

. Organisation of Legislature in Parliamentary and Presidential of Govt. System ,

,

,

,

-

Page 216

, ।

, . ১ Organisation of Legislature in Socialist System

, ,

,

, , ।

, Nature of Legislature in Dictatorship and Military Government

,

, | । ।

। । । । ।

।

. Powers and Functions of the Legislature

-

Page 217

।

১. , .

. . ‘ ।

, ।

. । ,

।

,

। ।

. । ।

, . ।

। ,

,

। ।

. । । . ১ .

। , ।

।

১১.

।

। -

Page 218

. The Executive

। ;

( )

(Political

Executive) ( )

-

(Non-Political Executive)। ,

।

-

। .

, , (reigns but does not govern)। ।

.

,

,

, ।

-

Page 219

. , । . । , । । . ।

, , ‘ (Plural executive) .

,

, , ”

―

। ,

।

. Powers and Functions of the Executive

-

Page 220

১.

,

,

,

,

; ।

, . ।

, ।

।

(Department

of External Affairs) . । (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) ,

।

-

। . ।

, । ।

. । ।

,

। ।

(ordinace) ।

।

. ।

, .

, ,

,

,

,

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. Safeguards of the Independence of Judiciary ১.

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PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CULTURE

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(Key Words):

(Public opinion), (Good

। ।

। ।

Governance), (Political culture), (Political idea), (Political attitude), (Inherent expression), (Cognitive Orientations)।

। .১ Coception and Definition of Public Opinion ' ,

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(Kimbal Young) , ― " (Public opinion consists of the opinions held by a public at a certain time.) (Lord Bryce)-

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(G.A. Almond)

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।‖ (Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward polities among the members of a political system.) .

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(Allan R. Bal)-

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PUBLIC SERVICE AND BUREAUCRACY

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(Key words): (Bureaucracy),

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(Bureaucrat), (Hierarchy), (Appointment and Promotion), (Training), (Formality), (Skill), (Neutrality), (Legal & rational model), (Red Tapism), (Public Isolation), (Public Service), (Accountability), (Responsibility)

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Bureaucracy : Conception, Definition and Nature । ‘

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-

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R3 I‖ (Bureaucracy is the systematic organization of tasks and individuals into a pattern which can effectively attain the end of group effort.) ,― ” (Bureaucracy is inseparable from the phenomenon of systematic interaction of many persons associated in common and complex terms.) .

(Poul. H. Apperby)

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(Prof Finer)

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Appointment, Training and Conditions of service of the Bureaucrats , (Appointment)

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PATRIOTISM & NATIONALITY

। ‘

' (People) (Nationality) ' (Nation)

, (Nation State)

, ‘ , ,

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–। ।

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(Key Words): (Nation), (Nationality), (Nation State), (Racial unity), (Spritual unity), (Patriotism), (Language movement) ।

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। । Nation and Nationality ‗ ' ' Nationality‘

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Page 290

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১ . Conception and Definition of Nation Nation ,

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(zimmern)

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‖ (A nation is a body of people united by a corporate sentiment of peculiar intimacy, intensity and dignity, related to a difinite home country.) (Lord Bryce)

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(Melver),

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(J. H. Hayes)-

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sovereign independence becomes a nation‖.) (Gilchrist)-

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Page 291

state looked at from a certain point of view, viz., that of the unity of the people organised in one state.) (Stalin),

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" (A nation is a historically evolved, stable community of language, territory, economic life and psychological make-up manifested in a community of culture.") । ১ . Conception and Definition of Nationality , ,― (John Stuart Mill)-

‖ (Apolitically conscious people)। , ―

, " (A portion of mankind may be said to constitute a nationality if they are united among themselves by common sympathis which do not exist between them and any others which make them cooperate with each other more willingly than with other pepole desire to be under the same government and desire that it should be government by themselves, or a portion of themselves exclusively.) (Renan) , ― ‖ . (H. J. Laski)," ‖ (The idea of nationality is spiritual in character.) (Hans Kohn), ― ‖ (Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind, an act of consciousness.) (Prof. Zimmern) ,― " (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a nationality.) , , , , , , । ১ . Relation between Nation & Nationality ‘

Natio'

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Page 292

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(People) । .

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Page 293

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(ethnic minorities) ,

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(Common Language, Literature and Culture):

(Fichte) -

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(Unity of Common Political and

Economic Aspirations) । । । । .

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nationality)

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(Prof. Laski)

" (The idea of nationality is spiritual in character) ।

, ১ . Determining Policy of Nationality : Cultural and Geographical , , ,

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১ .১ Relation between Patriotism and Nationality , ,

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Page 297

(Nation State) , , , ‘

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