Civic Education on Democracy (Tamil)

cs;slf;fk; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

rdehafKk; ey;yhl;rpAk; rdehafj;jpd; Fzhk;rq;fs; rdehafj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy; murpayikg;G thjKk; murpayikg;Gk; murpayikg;G [dehafk;

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Chapter One rdehafKk; ey;yhl;rpAk; (Democracy & Good Governance)

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rdehaf Ml;rp vd;why; vd;d? rdehafk; vd;gJ ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; gpujhd cyf ,yf;fhf cUthfpAs;sJ. rdehafj;ij tYg;gLj;jp> mgptpUj;jp nra;J> cWjp nra;tNj rptpy; r%fj;jpdJk;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigNghd;w muRfspd; fl;likg;ghf ,aq; F k; rHtNjr epWtfq; f spdJk; gpujhd cyf ,yf;Ffspy; xd;whfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

rdehafk; vd;why; vd;d? rdehafk; vd;gij kpfr; RUf;fkhf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JNthkhdhy; mij 'rdehafk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; thOk; Kiw" (Democracy is a way of life) vdf; $wyhk;. rdehafk; vd;why; gpuirfs; mtHfspd; muRldhd cwTfis vt;tifapy; eilKiwg; g Lj; J fpd; w dH vd; g NjhL> mtHfspd; FLk; g j; j pdUld; > maytHfSld; ez; g HfSld; > vjpHj; j ug; g pdUld; vt; t pjkhd r%f cwTfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,J rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> epahak;> rkj;Jtk;> nghWg;G> nghWg;Ngw;wy; Nghd;w kdpj tpOkpaq;fSld; njhlHGilaitahFk;.

rdehaf murhl;rp vd;why; vd;d? rdehaf murhl;rpia kf;fshl;rp vd kpfr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg; g plyhk; . rdehaf Ml; r p vd; g J kf; f Sila> kf;fspdhy;> kf;fSf;fhf Msg;gLk; murhl;rp vd Kd;dhy; mnkhpf;f rdhjpgjpahd Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpAs;shH. 3

xU rdehaf murpy; mjd; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; Nkyhf kf;fs; ,iwik mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltHfs;. gy;NtWgl;lj; jd;ikfs; nfhz;l rdehaf Ml;rpfs; ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy nfhs;iffSk;> eilKiwfSk; rdehaf Ml;rpia kw;iwa tpjkhd Ml;rpKiwfspypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Q

rdehafkhdJ vy;yhg; gpuirfspdJk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;> rptpy; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; NeubahfNth my;yJ Rje;jpukhfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; murhq;fkhFk;.

Q

rdehafnkd; g J ngUk; g hd; i k Ml; r pAld; jdpegHfspdJk;> rpWghd;ikapdhpdJk; chpikfs; vd; w nfhs; i fapdbg; g ilapy; cUthf; f g; g l; l Ml;rpahFk;. vy;yh rdehafKk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; tpUg;gj;ijf; nfsutpg;gJld; jdpegHfspdJk;> rpWghd; i kf; FOkq; f spdJk; chpikiag; ghJfhf;Fk;.

Q

ghhpa mjpfhuk; gilj;j kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf kf;fspd; NritfisAk;> mtw;iwg; nghWg;Gld; epiwNtw;wf;$bajhd cs;Suhl;rp my;yJ gpuhe;jpa myFfspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,aysitAk; cWjp nra;tjd; %yk; kf;fspd; eyd;fisAk;> gq;Nfw;wiyAk; ghJfhg;gJ mtrpak;.

4

Q

rdehaf muRfs; mtw;wpd; gpujhd nghWg;Gf;fspy; xd;whf kf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfshd Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;> kjj; Rje;jpuk;> mikg;Gr; Rje;jpuk;> rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd ghJfhg;gpw;fhd chpik> mgptpUj;jpf;fhd chpik> r%fj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu tho; i t mikj; J f; nfhs; t jpYk; KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fkhd chpik Nghd;wtw;iw nfsutpj;J> ghJfhj;J nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Q

rdehaf r%fq;fs; Rje;jpukhdJk;> epahakhdJkhd NjHjy;fNshL vy;yhg; gpuirfspdJk; Rje;jpukhd gq;Fgw;Wjiy cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rHthjpfhu my;y jdpf;fl;rp Ml;rp nra;ag;gLk; r%fq;fisg; Nghd;wy;yhJ> kf;fs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd fl;rpf;F Ghpe;JzHTld; thf;fspf;ff;$ba thf;fhsH Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Q

rdehaf murhq; f khdJ rl; l j; j pd; Ml; r pf; F f; fl;Lg;gl;L nraw;gLtNjhL vy;yhg; gpuirfSf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd ghJfhg;igAk;> vy;yh kdpj chpikfisAk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghJfhg;gijAk; cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Q

rdehaf Ml; r pahdJ gd; K fg; g hq; f hdjhfTk; > xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd murpay;> r%f> fyhrhu tho;itg; gpujpgypg;gjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. rdehaf Ml;rpahdJ mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;LNkad;wp xNukhjphpahd eilKiwapd; %yky;y. 5

Q

rdehaf ehl;bd; gpuirfSf;F chpikfs; kl;Ly;y> mtHfspd; chpikfisAk; > Rje; j puq; f isAk; ghJfhf; f f; $ bathW murpay; fl; l ikg; g py; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fSk; mtHfSf;F cz;L.

Q

rdehaf r%fq;fs; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> xj;Jiog;G> tpl;Lf;nfhLg;G Nghd;w tpOkpaq;fs; njhlHghd flikg;ghL nfhz;litahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rdehaf Ml;rpapy; ,zf;fg;ghl;il miltjw;F tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F NjitahFk;.

rdehaf murhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfs; ahH? xU rdehaf ehl;by; MSk; KOg; nghWg;Gk; MSk; fl;rpf;F kl;LNk cs;sJ vd;gJ jtwhd epiyg;ghlhFk;. etPd gpujpepjpj;Jt> gy;fl;rp rdehaf r%fj;jpy; MSk; fl;rpf;F mg;ghl;gl;l gy fl;likg;Gfs; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth ghhpa gq;fspg;Gfis nra;tNjhL MSk; fl;rpapd; murhl;rp eilKiwfis ey;yhl;rpf; Nfhlghl;Lld; Ml;rp nra;tijAk;> kf;fspd; nghJ eyd;fSf;F ghjfk; Vw;glhjthW MSk; fl;rp nghWg;Gld; ele;J nfhs;tij cWjp nra;tjw;fhd mOj;jq;fis nfhLf;fpd;wd. xU rdehaf murhl;rpapy; MSk; fl;rpf;F toq;fg;gLk; murpay; mjpfhuq;fs; %yk; murhl;rpiag; nghWg;Ngw;W elj;Jk; gpujhd nghWg;G MSk; fl;rpf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vjpHf; f l; r pahdJ MSk; fl; r papd; nraw; g hLfisf; fz; f hzpg; g NjhL ey; y hl; r pia cWjp nra; a f; $ ba tifapy; rkg; g hl; L > kl; L g; g hl; L eltbf; i ffis 6

Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. xU rdehafg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; vjpHf;fl;rpahdJ khw;W murhq;fk; vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

murhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfs; ahH? Q

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

murhq;fkhdJ murhl;rpapd; gpujhd nghWg;Gila gq;FjhuuhFk;. Vida gq;FjhuHfshf vjpHfl;rpfs; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; njhopw;Jiw epGzH mikg;Gfs; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs; jdpahHJiw tpahghu r%fj;jpdH kjj;jiytHfs; ,uhZtk; EfHNthH mikg;Gfs; Clfq;fs; gpuirfs; rHtNjr r%fk; Nghd;wtHfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

xU ehl;il MSk; murhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfshd ,tHfs; xt; n thUtUf; F k; chpj; j hd nghWg; G f; f isAk; > flikfisAk; nfsutpj;J elg;gjd; %yk; xU r%fkhd murhl;rpia gaDs;sstifapy; elj;j Ntz;ba nghWg;G MSk; fl;rpia rhHe;jjhFk;.

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kdpj chpikfSk;> murhl;rpAk; xU rdehaff; fl;likg;gpd; mj;jpthukhf miktJ kdpj chpikfSf;fhd cj;juthjkhFk;. kdpj chpikfs; vd;gJ murhq; f q; f spdhy; gpuirfSf; F toq; f g; g Lfpd; w rYiffsy;y. kdpjHfs; kdpjg; gpwtpapd; gydhf mtHfspd; cilikNa kdpj chpikfs;. ,t;Thpikfis kPwhjtifapy; mtw;iwf; nfsutpj;J ehl;il Ml;rp nra;tJ murhq;fq;fspd; flikahFk;. kdpj chpikfis mbg;gil chpikfs; my;yJ jdpkdpj chpikfs;> nghUshjhu r%f> fyhrhu chpikfs; my;yJ FOThpikfs; vd ,Utifg;gLj;jyhk;. Ngr;R Rje;jpuKk;> fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLk; Rje;jpuKk; ve;jnthU rdehafj;jpdJk; capHehbahFk;. kf;fs; thj tpthjk; nra;tJ> thf;fspg;gJ> xd;W$LtJ> xd;WNrHe;J nraw;gLtJ> rdehaf hPjpapy; vjpHg;ig njhptpg;gJ> jhk; tpUk;gpa kjq;fisNah my;yJ ek;gpf;iffisNah gpd;gw;WtJ> vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkePjpia cWjp nra;tJ Nhgd;w edehaf nraw;ghLfis cWjp nra;tJ Ngr;R Rje; j puj; j pw; f hd chpikapYk; fl; L g; g hlw; w jfty; ghpkhw;wj;jpYNk nghpJk; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. rdehafg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;Wk; gpugy;akhd njhiyf;fhl;rp tptuzj; jpiug;glj; njhliu jahhpj;j fdlh ehl;ltuhd gl;hpf; nthl;rd; rdehafk; vd;gJ fye;Jiuahly;> kf;fs; jkJ nghJ gpur;rpidfisfs; njhlHghf kw;wtHfSld; Ngrp jkJ nghJ ,yf;if miltJ njhlHghf jPHkhdpj;jy; Ntz; L k; . mtHfs; jq; f is Ms; t jw; F Kd; g jhf mtHfsJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gfpuq;fkhfj; njhptpf;Fk; 8

Rje;jpuk; mtHfSf;F ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;whH. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; mwpahik mf;fiuapd;ikf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. rdehafkhdJ gpuirfspd; MHtkhd gq;Fgw;wypd; %ykhfj;jhd; tYg;ngwWfpd;wJ. ,jw;F kf; f spd; fUj; J f; f s; > jfty; f s; > mgpg; g puhaq; f s; Nghd; w tw; i w mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l vt; t pjj; jilfSkw;w tifapy; fUj;jhly;fs; eilngWtjtrpakhFk;. Ngr;R Rje;jpukhdJ vjpHg;Gfisj; njhptpg; g jw; F k; > khw; w q; f isf; NfhUtjw; F khd eilKiwfNshL gpd;dpg;gpize;j tplakhFk;.

murhl;rpAk;> ey;yhl;rpAk; murhl;rp vd;gJ murpd; nghJ epWtdq;fs; nghJ tptfhuq; f is Nkw; n fhz; L nray; g LtNjhL nghJ tsq;fis Kfhikaw;gLj;JtijAk; kf;fspd; mgptpUj;jp> kdpjg; ghJfhg;G cl;gl vy;yh kdpj chpikfisAk; cj;juthjg;gLj;JtijAk; cs;slf;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;. ,t;turhl;rp nraw;ghlhdJ mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; tsq;fspd; J\;gpuNahfk;> Coy;fs; Nghd;witfsw;w tifapYk; gpd;tUk; ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rq;fSf;F mD$ykhd tifapYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLjy; ey;yhl;rpahFk;.

ey;yhl;rp Fzhk;rk; - 01 nghWg;Ngw;wy; (Accountability) nghWg;Ngw;wy; vd;gJ murhq;fkhdJ Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vy;yh 9

murhl; r p eltbf; i ffs; > jP H khdq; f s; > tpisTfs; njhlHghf nghJkf;fSf;Fk;> epWthfg; gq;FjhuHfSf;Fk; nghWg;Gf;$w flikg;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. ,g;nghWg;Ngw;wiy epiwNtw;Wtjpy; murhq;fkhdJ gfpuq;fj;jd;ikAlDk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lk; elg;gJk; jtpHf;fg;gl KbahjjhFk;.

ey;yhl;rp Fzhk;rk; - 02 gfpuq;fj;jd;ik (Transparency) murhl;rp epWtfq;fs; jPHkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> mtw; i w eilKiwg; g Lj; J k; N ghJk; rl; l q; f isAk; tpjpKiwfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jPHkhdq;fspdhYk; mtw;wpd; mKyhf;fspdhYk; Neubahfj; jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shgtHfs; ,tw;wpd; vy;yhj; jfty;fisAk; NeubahfTk;> Rje;jpukhfTK; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf mikjy; vdg; nghUs; g Lk; . kf; f Sf; F Nkw; $ wpa jfty;fis toq;FtNjhL mit ,yFtpy; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gij murhl;rp epWtfq;fs; cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; mjpfhu> tsj; J\;gpuNahfq;fisAk;> gpioahd gad;ghLfisAk; jtpHf;f ,aYk;.

ey;yhl;rpapd; Fzhk;rk; - 03 nghWg;Gld; nray;gly; (Responsiveness) murhl; r p epWtfq; f Sk; > eilKiwfSk; vy; y hg; 10

gq;FjhuHfSf;Fk; Mw;Wfpd;w Nritfs; epahakhd fhytiuaiwfSf; F s; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g ly; Ntz; L k; . gpuirfspd; Njitfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwg; nghWg;Gld; epiwNtw;wp itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpuirfspd; Njitfis ,dq;fhzTk; mtw;iwg; nghWg;Gld; epiwNtw;wp itf;fTk; epWtf hPjpahd Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

ey;yhl;rp Fzhk;rk; - 04 rkj;JtKk;> cs;thq;fYk; (Equality and Inclusiveness) rdehaf murhl;rpapd; vy;yhg; gpuirfSk; rkkhff; fzpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mgptpUj;jp eilKiwfspy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mtfhrq;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkkhf toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL mgptpUj;jp chpikf; N fhl; g hLfSf; f ikthf vy; y h mgptpUj; j p eilKiwfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xU r%fj;jpd; eydpy; mr; r%fj;ij rhHe;j vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghWg;gpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gNjhL> mtHfspd; r%fj;jpd; gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;jpypUe;J Gwe;js;sg;gltpy;iy vdTk; czUk; tifapy; mtHfs; KOikahf cs;thq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. jPHkhdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJk; xt;nthU ,df;FOkq;fSk;> Jiwfisr; rhHe;jtHfSk; jkf;F jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jPHTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwfspy; KOikahfg; gq;Nfw;fTk; jj;jkJ ,zf; f g; g hl; L lDk; jP H khdk; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Ljy; cWjpnra; a g; g ly; Ntz; L k; . ,J tYtpoe; J s; s ,df;FOkq;fs; jkJ eyd;fisAk;> r%fg; nghUshjhu rkj; J tq; f isAk; miltjw; F j; Njitahd tpNrl 11

Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtijAk; cs;slf;Fk;. Njitahd Neuj; j py; fhyjhkjkpd; w pj; jP H khdq; f s; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g LtijAk; > kf; f Sf; F g; gaDs; s tpisTfisg; ngw; W j; j uf; $ ba tifapy; mtw; i w eilKiwg;gLj;jiyAk; ,f;Fzhk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rk; - 06 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp (Rule of Law) rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp vd;gJ Vw;gLk; Nghl;lhNghl;bfis vtUf;Fk; ghjpg;Ngh my;yJ ghFghNlh Vw;glhj tifapy; jPHj;J itg;gijAk;> ePjpia cWjp nra;tijAk;> kdpj chpik kPwy;fisj; jtpHg;gJ> kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;fhd epthuzq;fis toq;FtJ> nghJ tsq;fSk;> murhl;rp nray;ghl;bd; gyd;fSk;> RikfSk; vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; rkkhfg; gfpug;gLtijAk; cs;slf;Fk;. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;. rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;G vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkkhf cj;juthjg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; rkj;Jt epiyg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; rl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghFghlw;wtifapy; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Rje;jpukhdJk;> murpay; fyg;gw;wJkhd ePjpj;JiwAk;> gf;fr;rhHgw;w> Coy;fsw;w murpay; fyg;gw;w> ,dthjkw;w fhty;JiwAk; NjitahFk;.

ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rk; - 07 gq;Nfw;wy; (Participation) ngz;> Mz; cl;gl vy;yh ,df;FOkj;jpdUk; gq;Nfw;wy; 12

vd;gJ ey;yhl;rpiaj; jhq;Fk; J}z;fspy; xd;whFk;. gq;Nfw;wy; NeubahdjhfNth> my;yJ epahaj;jd;ik nfhz;l epWtfq;fs; my;yJ epahaj;jd;ik nfhz;l epWtfq;fs; my;yJ gpujpepjpfs; %ykhfNth mikayhk;. vy;yhj; jPHkhdq;fSk; njhlHGgl;l ,df;FOkq;fspd; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; NjitahFk; . gpuirfspdJk; > ,df; F Okq; f spdJk; gq; N fw; w y; chpikia cj; j uthjk; nra; a f; $ ba epWtfq;fspd; mikg;Gk;> mjd; gpujpepjpj;JtKk; vy;yhj; JiwapdhpdJk; > FOkq; f spdJk; cs; t hq; f g; g l; l ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; %yk; jPHkhdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NjHjy; eilKiwfSk;> gpujpepjpj;Jt njhpTk; ,k;khjphpahd gq;Nfw;wiy cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rk; - 08 ,zf;fg;ghL (Consensus) r%f> murpay; tptfhuq;fspy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;is> gphpTfis> mtjhdq;fis> fz;Nzhl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l FOf;fSf;fpilapy; (Fiwe;j kl;l) fUj;njhw;Wikia Vw;gLj;JtJ ey;yhl;rpapd; NjitahFk;. jdpg;gl;l jkJ ,d> kj> fl;rp eyd;fSf;fg;ghy;> vy;yh r%fq;fspdJk; nkhj;j eyd;fisAk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,it vg;gb milag;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; xU gue; j ,zf; f g; g hl; i l miljy; Ntz; L k; . Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Kbahj epiyg;ghLfs; njhlHghf ntWk; vjpHg; G f; f is kl; L k; ntspg; g Lj; j p Kuz; g hLfis Vw;gLj;Jtij tpLj;J khw;Wj; jPHTfis Kd;nkhope;J ,zf;fg;ghLfis miltJ ey;yhl;rpapd; gq;FjhuHfshd 13

vy;yhj; jug;gpdhpdJk; nghWg;ghFk;. gy;ypd rdehaf r%fj;jpy; cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba kdpj chpikf; nfhs;iffs;.

1. kdpj chpikfspd; rHt tpahgfj;jd;ikAk;> g+uzj;JtKk; kdpj chpikfs; rHt tpahgfj;jd;ik nfhz;litahFk;. vy; y h chpikfSk; vy; N yhUf; F k; vd; g Jjhd; ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; eilKiw tpsf;fk;. ,d> kj> nkhop> epwk;> Mz;ngz;> rhjp> gpuhe;jpak;> fy;tp> nry;tk; Nghd;w jifikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpj chpikfis kl;Lg;gLj;jNth my;yJ ghFghLfhl;lNth KbahJ. vy;NyhUk; vy;yh chpikfisAk; KOikahfTk;> vt;tpjg; ghFghLk; ,y;yhky; mDgtpg;gjw;fhd chpikAilatHfs; vdNt ,jw;fhd #oy; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

2. rkj;Jtk;> rk mtfhrk;> ghFghbd;ik vy; y hg; gpuirfSk; rkkhf kjpf; f g; g LtNjhL mgptpUj;jpj;JiwapYk;> tsg;gfpHtpYk;> Vida nghJ tplaq;fspYk; vt;tpjg; ghFghLkpy;yhky; rk mtfhrk; cWjpnra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

3. gy;ypdg; ghq;Fk;> gd;Kfj;jd;ikAk; ,yq;if xU gy;ypd> gy;kj> gy;fl;rpfisf; nfhz;l xU rdehaf ehL. vdNt> vy; y h ,dj; j pduJk; > 14

nkhopapduJk;> kjj;jpduJk; jdpj;Jtq;fSf;fhd rkkhd ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gLtNjhL mj;jdpj;Jtq;fSf;fpilapy; vt;tpjg; ghugl;rKkw;w epiyik cWjp nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW jdpj;Jtf; FOkq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; td;Kiw Kuz;ghLfshf cUntLg;gijj; jtpHf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfis Kfhikg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jw;F murhq;fKk;> mur epWtfq;fSk; gf;fr;rhHgw;w tifapYk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l tifapYk; ele;J nfhs;tij cWjp nra;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,NjNghy gy;fl;rp rdehafj;jpy; fl;rpfspd; Rje;jpuKk;> fUj;jpay;fSf;fpilapyhd Ghpe;JzHT> gu];gu nfsutk; nghd;wtw;iwg; Ngztjd; %yk; gd;Kfg;ghq;F fyhrhuj;ij cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4. gq;Nfw;wYk; cs;thq;fYk; jkJ mbg;gil Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> rpty;> r%f> nghUshjhu kw; W k; murpay; mgptpUj; j piaAk; miltjw; f hd nraw;ghl;by; xt;nthUtUk; KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fk;> gq;fspg;G nra;tjw;Fkhd chpik cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gLtJ murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;. vz; z pf; i fapy; ngUk; g hd; i k gyk; nfhz; l tHfs; rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfis kPwhkYk;> jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; nghOJ ngUk;ghd;ik - rpWghd;ik ,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; vy;yhf; FOtpdUk; jPHkhdnkLf;Fk; jsj;jpy; cs;thq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. 15

5. nghWg;Ngw;wYk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpAk; jPHkhdk; vLg;gtHfSk;> mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;JgtHfSk; mj;jHP khdq;fs; njhlHghfTk;> mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; njhlHghfTk; kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,g; n ghWg; N gw; w iy cWjp nra; a f; $ ba tifapy; kf;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpapd; Nfhl;ghlhd rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkkk; > rl; l j; j pd; ghJfhg; G vy; N yhUf; F k; rkkhf toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gLk; tifapy; rl;lj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; nfhz;ljhf murhl;rp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpuirfspd; chpikfSk;> flikfSk; murhq;fk; ,Ug;gJ kf;fSf;F Nrit nra;tjw;fhfNtad;wp kf;fs; tho;tJ murhq;fj;jpw;F Nrit nra;tjw;fy;y vd;Dk; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; [dehaf Ml;rp mikfpd;wJ. kWthHj;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd; kf;fs; [dehafj;jpd; gpuirfNsad;wp mjd; mbikfs; my;y. xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wjy; vd;gJ NjHjy;fspy; thf;fspf;Fk; tplaj;ij tplg; gue;jnjhd;whFk;. thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ cs;Suhl;rp kl;lj;jpy; gpuirfs; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fspNyh> gpuirfs; FOf;fspNyh> EfHNthH rq;fq;fspNyh my;yJ cs;Suhl;rp rigfspNyh mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Wg; gzpahw;w 16

KbAk;. Njrpa my;yJ khfhz muRfSld; nghJ ed;ikfs; njhlHghf eilngWk; tpthjq;fspy; gpuirfs; jkJ MjuTfisAk;> gq;fspg;Gf;fisAk; toq;fyhk;. my;yJ murpaw; fl;rpfs;> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> njhz;lH mikg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,ize;J jkJ gq;fspg;GfisAk;> MjuTfisAk; toq;fyhk;. gpuirfspd; gq;fspg;G vt;tifapdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xU fhj;jpukhd> [dehafkhd> mjd; gy; N tWgl; l gpuirfspd; njhlHr;rpahdJk;> mwpTg+HtkhdJk;> cs;thq;fg;gl;lJkhd gq;Fgw;WjypNyNa jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. xU Rje; j pukhd r%fj; j py; njhopyhsHfs; jkJ Njitfshd rk;gsk;> Rfhjhutrjp> Xa;t+jpak;> Nrit epge;jidfs;> nkhopj;Jiwg; ghJfhg;G> Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPHT eilKiw Nghd;wit njhlHghf Nguk; NgRtjw;F VJthf njhopw;rq;fq;fspy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWtjw;Fk; mtfhrk; nfhz;Ls;sdH. [dehafj; j pd; Fwpf; N fhshdJ mjd; gpuirfspd; tho;itAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> kfpo;rr ; piaAk; ghJfhg;gjhFk;. [dehafk; tho;f;iff;F xU cj;juthjk; vd;gNjhL> xU rthyhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. Rje;jpug; gpuirfs; xd;wpize;J nraw;gLtjd; %yk; mtHfspd; vjpHghHg;Gfshd jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;> nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfs;> r%f nghUshjhu ePjp Nghd;wtw;iw cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; mtHfNs mtHfis Ml; r p nra; J nfhs; s KbAk; . vdNt> [dehafj; j pd; rhjfj; j d; i k KOikahf mjd; gpuirfspd; fuq;fspNyNa jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. vdNt [dehafj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tJ gpuirfSf;fhd rthyhf mikfpd;wJ. 17

[dehaf murhq; f khdJ kf; f Sila> kf; f spdhy; Msg;gLk; murhq;fk; vd;Dk; $w;W xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy; gpuirfs; mjd; gpujpgyd;fisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; gfpHe;Jnfhs;sy; vdg; nghUs;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; Ra Ml;rpf;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> xU jiyKiwahdJ jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;> kdpj chpikfs;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> nghUshjhu ePjp Nghd;w jhk; ntd;nwLj;j chpikfis mLj;j jiyKiw mDgtpf;ff;$ba tifapy; ghJfhf;Fk; flikiaAk;> nghWg;igAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; xt;nthU jiyKiwAk; kf;fs; xd;W NrHe;J nraw;gLtjd; %yk; [dehaf mgptpUj;jpia njhlHr;rpahf Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; ntd; w chpikfis vjpHfhy eilKiwf; F l; g Lj; j p Njitahd r%fkhw;wj;jpw;F nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Kiwahd [dehafk; vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpiag; ghJfhg;gJ> kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj;J mgptpUj;jp nra;tJ> gq;Fgw;wiyAk; cs;thq;fiyAk; cWjp nra;tJ> td;Kiw Nkhjy;fs; Vw;glhj tifapy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,d> kj> fyhrhu> murpay; NtWghLfis epHtfpg;gJ Nghd;wtw;iw cj;juthjk; nra;Ak; xU eilKiwahFk;. kdpj chpikfspd; g+uzj;jd;ik kw;Wk; rHttpahgfj;jd;ik> murhl;rpapd; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$wy;> rkj;Jtk;> rk mtfhrk; kw;Wk; ghFghbd;ik> ,d> kj gd;Kfg;ghq;F kw;Wk; murpay; gd; K fj; j d; i k Nghd; w mbg; g il kdpj chpikf; nfhs;iffs; ve;jnthU [dehaf Ml;rpapYk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gLtJ jtpHf;fg;gl KbahjjhFk;. 18

[dehafnkd;gJ ntWkNd xU fl;likg;G khj;jpuky;y. xd;whf tho;e;J xd;whf ,ize;J nraw;gLfpd;wikia cWjp nra;Ak; xU eilKiwAkhFk;. ,J ciwe;J fplf;Fk; mk;rky;y> md;whlk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba xU eilKiwahFk;. vdNt gpuirfSf;fpilapy; xj; J iog; G > ,zf; f g; g hL> rfpg; G j; j d; i k Mfpad [dehafj; j pd; tsHr; r pf; F j; NjitahditfshFk; . ,tw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ Rygkhd fhhpaky;y. kpfTk; rpukkhdnjhd;whFk;. [dehaf r%fj;jpy; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ nghWg;Gf;fs; vd nghUs;gLNkad;wp> nghWg;Gf;fspypUe;J tpLjiy miltnjdg; nghUs;glkhl;lhJ. ePjpia epiyehl;Ltjpy; kf;fSf;Fs;s ,aysthdJ [dehafj;jpd; rhjfkhd mgptpUj;jpf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy;> ePjpia epiyehl;Ltjpy; kf;fspd; MHtkhdJ [dehafj;jpd; Njitia tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. U\;ahtpy; gpwe;j Nehgy; rkhjhdg; ghpR ngw;w ftpQuhd N[hrg; Gnuhl;];fp vd;gtH xUKiw xU Rje;jpukhd kdpjd; jtWk; NghJ vtiuAk; Fiw $w khl;lhd; vd vOjpdhH. ,J xU cz; i kahd $w; w hFk; . xU [dehafj;jpd; gpuirfs; jhq;fs; tho;tjw;F njhpT nra;j r%fj;jpd; jiytpjpia ,Wjpapy; mtHfNs Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpapy; kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd [dehaf muir mtHfNs Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tH.

19

ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpAk; rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfSk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; tpUg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpuirfs; Rje;jpukhd tifapy; jkJ murpay; jPHTfis vLf;Fk; eilKiwiaNa vy;yh [dehafq;fSk; nfhz;Ls;sd. Mdhy; > ngUk; g hd; i k tpUg; g j; j pd; mbg; g ilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rp [dehafkhdjh vd;W Nfs;tp vOfpd;wJ. xU ehl;bd; rdj;njhifapy; ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpapd ngauhy; 49% khdtHfspd; vjpHghHg;Gfis 51% khdtHfs; epuhfhpf;Fk; Kiw ePjpahdJ> epahakhdJ vd vtUk; $w KbahJ. xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpahdJ jdpkdpj chpikfis cj;juthjg;gLj;JtjD}lhf rpWghd;ikapdj;jpd; chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gijAk; cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d> kj> murpay; (fl;rp) hPjpapy; thOk; rpWgh;dikapdhpd; rkj;Jtk; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfSf;fhd ghJfhg;G ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; ey;nyz;zj;jpy; my;yJ mtHfspd; mDjhgj; j py; jq; f papUf; f f; $ lhJ vd; g NjhL mit ngUk; g hd; i k thf; F fspd; %yk; epuhfhpf; f g; g lTk; Kbahjjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. [dehaf frl;lq;fspdJk;> epWtdq;fspdJk; mbg;gilahdJ vy;yh gpuirfspdJk; chpikfisg; ghJfhg; g jhf miktjdhy; mit rpWghd;ik kf;fspd; chpikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjhfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. (vy;yh chpikfSk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL kdpj chpikfspd; g+uzj;jd;ikiaAk;> rHt tpahgfj; jd;ikiaAk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ)

20

[dehaf fl;likg;G [dehaf murhq;fq;fs; gytpjkhd fl;likg;Gfis nfhz;litahf mike;Js;sd. xw;iwahl;rp> rk\;bahl;rp> ,izg;ghl;rp> $l;lhl;rp Nghd;w fl;likg;Gfs; cyfpy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. xw; i wahl; r pahdJ ngUk; g hd; i k [dehafj;ij Mjhpf;Fk; fl;likg;ghFk;. Vida %d;W fl;likg;GfSk; ngUk;ghd;ikaw;w my;yJ ,zf;fg;ghl;Lldhd [dehafj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;likg;GfshFk;.

murpaw; fl;rpAk; mjd; flikfSk; murpaw; fl;rpfs; etPd gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpy; jPHkhd gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd. vt;tpjf;FiwghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk;> mitfspd; nray;ghLfis NtW ve;jj;jug;gpduhYk; epiwNtw;w KbahJ. vdNt murpaw; fl;rpfs; xU rdehaf Ml;rpia mgptpUj;jp nra;J> tYg;gLj;jp> cWjp nra;Ak; nghWg; G f; f isf; nfhz; l itahFk; . ,t; t ifapy; rdehafj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;J tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F xt; n thU fl; r pfSk; ey; y hl; r pf; Fzhk; r q; f Sf; F mD$ykhd tifapy; flikg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLtJ jtpHf;fg;gl Kbahj tplakhFk;.

1. fl;likg;G/mikg;G hPjpahd nraw;ghLfs; mJ fl;rpapd; epHthf> jPHkhdnkLf;Fk; fl;likg;G> epjp Nrfhpg;G> cj;jpNahfj;jH njhpT> fl;rp nrayfq;fs; mikg;G> 21

njhz;lHfSk;> MjuthsHfSk; mzpjpul;ly; thf; f hsHfis mjpfhpj; J f; nfhs; s y; Nghd; w nraw;ghLfSld; gpujpepjpj;Jt myFfSf;Fk;> murpd; gjtpfSf;Fk; NjitahdtHfis NrHj;J mtHfSf;F Njitahd gapw;rpfis toq;fy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; mikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghLfisr; rhHe;jjhFk;. murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffisf; fz;fhzpj;jYk;> murhq;f eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; murpaw; fl;rpfspd; gpujhd nraw;ghlhFk;.

2. jfty; njhlHG nraw;ghL ve;jnthU mikg;gpw;Fk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghlhf jfty; njhlHG nray;ghLfisf; nfhs;syhk;. ,r; nraw; g hlhdJ fl; r papd; ngaiuAk; > rpd; d j; i jAk; r%fj;jpd; kj;jpapy; gjpj;jy;> fl;rpapd; jfty;fis gpur;rhug;gLj;Jtjw;fhf r%f Mjuit mzpjpul;ly;> gpur;rhu gpuRuq; f is tpepNahfpj; j y; > fl; r pf; nfhs; i ffs; > epiyg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mNgl;rfHfSf;fhd Mjuitj; NjLjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffSld; njhlHGilaitahFk;. kf; f spd; gpur; r pidfs; > mgpyhirfs; > Njitfs; Nghd;wtw;iw njhpe;J mtw;Wf;fhd khw;Wj; jPHTfisg; gpur; r huk; nra; t jd; %yk; kf; f spd; MjuTldhd jPHTfisAk;> khw;W topfisAk; Kd;itj;J mtw;Wf;fhd MjuitAk; > ,zf; f g; g hl; i lAk; mzpjpul; l f; $ ba tifapyhd fUj;jhliy tsHg;gJTk; ,e;j nray;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa flikahFk;. 22

3. nfhs;if/fUj;jpay; hPjpahd nraw;ghLfs; murpaw; fl;rpfs; epiyahd mur> r%f nfhs;iffisAk;> murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;jpl;lq;ifsAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; flik nfhz;lit. ehl;bd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fk; ed;ik juf;$ba nfhs;iffisAk;> khw;Wf; nfhs;iffisAk;> murpay;> fUj;jpay; epiyg;ghLfisAk; jahH nra;J gpur; r hug; g Lj; j p mtw; i w mur nfhs; i ffshfTk; > murhl;rpapd; fUj;jpayhfTk; khw;wkilar; nra;aTk; mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd rl;l> epWtf eltbf;iffis Vw;gLj;jTk; flikg;ghLilaitahFk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l %d;W nraw;ghLfSk; xU murpay; fl;rpapd; gyj;ij msf;ff;$baitfshFk;. ,r; nraw;ghLfs; %d;W tYthd nray;ghLfshfTk;> ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rq;fSf;F mD$ykhd nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLNkahdhy; mf;fl;rp tYthd epiyia milaf;$bajhf mika tha;gG ; fs; cs;sNjhL> rdehaf mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; fhj;jpukhd gq;fspg;Gfis toq; f f; $ bajhf mikfpd; w J. xU fl; r pahdJ KOikahdJk;> tYthdJkhd nraw;ghLfsw;w tifapy; nraw; g LNkahdhy; mtw; w pd; thf; f hsH njhifapd; ];jpuj;jd;ik ghjpg;gNjhL thf;fhsHfs; mbf;fb fl;rp khWk; epiyik Vw;gLk;.

23

,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs; ,yq; i fiag; Nghd; W murpaYk; > muRk; ,dj; J t kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ehl;by; murpay;> nghUshjhu hPjpapy; Gwe; j s; s g; g l; L s; s (rpWghd; i k) ,dq; f s; jkJ jdpj;Jtq;fisAk;> rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> gq;Nfw;wiyAk;> cs;thq;fy;fisAk; ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf ,dj;Jt hPjpahd fl;rpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLtJ jtpHf;f KbahjhFk;. Mdhy;> ,t;tpjkhd ,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs; jhk; rhHe;j kf;fspd; ,dkj chpikfis ,yf;fhf; nfhz;L nraw;gLk; NghJ rdehaf tpOkpaq;fisAk;> ey;yhl;rpf; Fzhk;rq;fisAk;> gy;ypdg;ghq;ifAk; ghjpf;fhj tifapy; mNjNeuk; mtw;iw tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; kw;w jdpj;Jtq;fisAk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpiaAk; gy;ypdg;ghq;ifAk; nfsutpj;J elg;gNjhL murpay; ,dj;Jt rftho;it cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; nghWg; G ld; nraw; g Ltjpy; %yk; jkJ ,dj; j pd; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPHTf;fhd #oiy tYg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

24

Chapter Two rdehafj;jpd; Fzhk;rq;fs; (Characteristics of Democracy)

25

[dehafj;jpd; Fzhk;rq;fs; [dehafj;jpw;F mtrpakhd Fzhk;rq;fs; vd;d? murpay; Kiwik ve;jstpw;F rdehafkhf cs;sJ vd kjpg;gpLk; gaDs;s Rl;bf;fhl;bfspd; njhFjp xd;Ws;sJ. murpay; xOq;fpy; [dehafj;ij tpsf;fk; nra;Ak; jdpegH kw;Wk; rdr%f Nfhl;ghLfis ikakhff; nfhz;l vz;zf;fUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,r; Rl;bf;fhl;bfs; ntspte;Js;sd. xU Fwpg;gl;l [dehaf Kiwikapy; rpy Rl;bf;fhl;bfs; Vidaitfis tpl Kf;fpakhditahf cs;sd. xU nghUspay; Kiwik jhuhz;ikiaah my;yJ jhuhz;ikaw;w Nghf;ifah ve;jstpw;F mOj;jpr; nrhy;fpd;wJ vd;gij kjpg;gpLk; gaDs;s Rl;bf;fhl;bfspd; njhFjp NkYk; ,uz;L cs;sJ. 1. [dehafr; Rl;bf;fhl;bfs;: mjDila tho;T kw;Wk; epWtdq; f s; topapy; [dehafkhdJ mjd; vy; y h tbtq;fspYk; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gil tpOkpaq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd m.

Gfo; ngw;w ,iwik: vy;yh rl;lG+Htkhd mjpfhuKk; ,Wjpapy; kf;fsplNk cs;sJ. murpd; mjpfhuq;fs; rhpahf ,Uf;f kf;fspd; tpUg;gk; mj;jpahtrpakhf cs;sJ. ,jd; tz;zk; mjpfhuk; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J Ml;rpahsHfsplk; nry;fpd;wJ. Ml;rpahshplk; ,Ue;J kf;fsplk; nry;tjpy;iy. 26

M.

nghJed;ik: nkhj;jj;jpy; murpay; r%fj;jpw;F ey;yjhf ,Ug;gij Cf;Ftpj;jy;. MdhYk; mtHfspd; xU gFjpapdhpd; tpUg;gq;fis Vida gFjpapdhpd; nrytpy; Nkw;nfhs;Stjy;y.

,.

murp a y; mikg; G thjk; : eilKiwg; g Lj; j f; $ ba vOjpa my;yJ vOjhj murpayikg;igf; nfhz;L murhq;fj;ij tYT+l;ly; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;. murpayikg;Gthjk; rl;lk; xOq;F vz;zj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. murpay; mikg;Gld; xt;thJ Nghdhy; rl; l k; rl; l G+Htkw; w khf fUjg; g l Ntz;Lnkd;w nfhs;ifia murpayikg;Gthjk; kjpf;fpwJ.

<

rkj;Jtk;: r%fj;jpd; vy;yh Ml;fSk; rkkhf elj;jg;gLtjw;fhd chpik rl;lj;jpd; fPNo vy;yh egHfSk; rkePjpf;Fk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; chpj;jhdtHfs; vd;w nfhs;iffis ,t;Thpik nfhz;Ls;sJ. (rpy tajpw;F NkNy vy;yhg; gpuirfSf;Fk; cs;s rkchpikfshd thf;Fhpik kw;Wk; njhopy;ghHf;Fk; chpik vd;gd cs;slq;fyhf)

c. ngUk; g hd; i k Ml; r p / rp W ghd; i k chp i kfs; : ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; Ml;rp chpik my;yJ rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; mjpngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; Ml;rp chpik> ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; mDgtpf;Fk; mNj ed;ikfisAk; mtHfs; Rkf;Fk; mNj RikfisAk; rpWghd;ikapdH cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; mspg;gjhy; mJ tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpWghd;ikapdUf;F chpa 27

mNj rl;lq;fisNa ngUk;ghd;ikapdUk; mDrhpj;Jg; NghfNtz;bAs;sJld;> ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; rpWghd;ikapdhpd; murpay; chpikfis jLj;J tplTk; KbahJ. C. eP j p A k; eLep i yikAk; : RikfSk; ed; i kfSk; Fwpj;jhd murhq;fj;jpd; KbTfs; xU Fwpj;j FOf; f Sf; F rhHgw; w J vd; w msTNfhiy mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; b Uf; f Ntz; L k; . ,e; j j; jPHkhdq;fshdit ePjpr; nraw;ghL my;yJ mbg;gil ePjp vd;gtw;iwg; gpujpgypf;Fk; eilKiwfs; Clhf nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;. v.

gp u irfSf; f hd murp a y; chp i kfs; : muirf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Ngr;Rhpik> gj;jphpifr; Rje;jpuk;> rq;fk; mikf;f> xd;W$l> vjpHg;Gf;fhl;l> kDr;nra;a Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpAkhdJkhd fpukkhd NjHjy;fspy; ntspg;gilahf thf;fspg;gjw;fhd chpik vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l murpay; chpikfSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

V.

Rje; j p u khd eP j p j ; J iw kw; W k; eP j p g jp f Sk; : ePjpj;JiwahdJ (ePjpgjpfs; cl;gl) jPHg;Gf;F cr;r msTNfhyhf cs;s rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f rhHgw;w tpjj;jpy; jPh;khdq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd;gb ePjpj;JiwahdJ murpd; Vida KftHfs; r%f epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Coy; nry;thf;Ffs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J tpyfp RahjPdkhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. 28

I.

nghJkf; f sp d ; fl; L g; g hl; b y; cs; s ,uhZtKk; nghypRk;: nghJkf;fs; mjpfhuj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,uhZtKk; nghypRk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

x.

rkak; rhH mjpfhuj;ij tpl rkak; rhuh tl;lk; cr;r mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;;: J}a nghJ rl;lKk; mjpfhuKk; kf;fspd; ,zf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. rka rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij tpl nghJ tplaq;fs; mjp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wdthf cs;sd.

X.

murp a y; Nghl; b : NtWgl; l murpay; fl; r pfSk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fSk; mjpfhuj;jpw;fhf Nghl;b Nghlf;$bajhfTk; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fs;sjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

xs njhlHr;rpf;fhd murpay; khw;wPL: xU jdpegNuh xU FLk;gNkh xU FOtpdNuh mjpfhuj;jpy; njhlHr;rpahf jdpAhpik tfpf;f mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. f.

murp a y; kw; W k; r%f gd; i kj; J tk; : r%fj; j py; vz;zq;fisAk; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; ntspapLtjw;fhf gy tifahd khw;W %yq;fspy; ,Ue;jhd jfty;fSk; jfty; topfSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

fh. mr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;jhd tpLtpg;G: mur nraw;gLj;Jdh;fspd; ehL flj;Jif> gaq;fuk;> rpj;jputij> Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; VNjr;rhjpfhukhd my;yJ ePjpg;gLj;j Kbahj jLj;J itg;gpypUe;Jk; rl;l xOq;fpd; fPNo ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;fhd jdpegHfspd; chpik. 29

fp.

nghJkf;fspd; fy;tp: ghlrhiy kw; W k; Vida toptiffspyhd gpuirfis jk; chpikfis mDgtpf; f Tk; nghWg; G f; f isr; nraw; g Lj; j Tk; mwpTWj; j p jahHgLj; J tij cs; s lf; f pa xU gutyhd nghJf;fy;tp Kiw cs;sJ.

2. jhuhz;ikr; Rl;bfs;: rdehafj;jpd; jhuhz;ikr; Rl;bfs; jdpegHfspd; mbg;gil chpikfspy; kpfg; ngUk; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz; b Ug; g Jld; > mtHfSila epWtdq;fSk; ,t;Thpikfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;tUk; Rl;bfs; jhuhz;ik tif rdehafj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rpy jdpegH ikag; g Lj; j pa Rl; b fs; rdehafj; j py; jhuhz;ikaw;w tifapYk; mitfs; Mjpf;fk; fhl;Lk; msitg; nghWj;J xU murpay; Kiwik jhuhz;ikahdJ vd ,dk; fhzg;;glyhk;. m

vy;yh jdpegHfsJk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwikfs; : murpd; tptfhuky;yhj rka chpik> fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L chpik kw;Wk; vy;yhj; jdpegHfSf;Fkhd xd;W$Lk; chpik vd;gtw;wpy; RahjPf;fj;ijg; ghJfhg;ghjw;fhd xU mOj;jk;.

M.

jdpahl; jd;ikia kjpj;jy;: NtWgl;l jdpegHfspd; nraw;ghLfs; VidNahhpd; xj;j kw;Wk; rk chpikfspy; jiyaPL nra;ahj tiuapy; ,e;j NtWghLfs; r%fj;jpd; cs;s VidNahhpd; ngWkhdq;fSf;F FWf;Nf nry;yhj mstpy; mtHfs; NtWgl;ltHfshf ,Ug;gjw;fhd chpikf;fhd xU mOj;jk.; cjhuzk; NtWgl;l tho;f;if KiwikfSf;fhd chpik 30

,.

Ngr;Rhpikapd; mjpfhpj;j Rje;jpuk;: Ngr;Rf;Fk; mg;ghy; nghJ tptfhuq;fspd; elj;ijfSf;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd Rje;jpuk; ngUk; tPr;rpy; ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;. ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fiyrhH gbtq;fis vLj;Jf;$wYk;> r%f hPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;glhj vz;zq;fis vLj;Jf;$wYk; ,e;j tPr;Rf;Fs; cl;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

<

tp];jhpf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;Gthjk;: murpayikg;G toq;fpa murpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ tiuaiwfSf;F mg;ghyhd chpikfspd; cj;juthjj;jpd; Clhd jdpegH Rje;jpuj;jpd; ,zf;fkhd ghJfhg;G kPjhd mOj;jk;. mj;Jld; ,e;j tiuaiwfis ghJfhf;Fk; ,aYik nfhz;l epWtdq;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (cjhuzk; : RahjP d khd eP j pj; J iw/ my; y J jdpegHfis chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F nghWg;ghd FiwNfs; mjpfhhp)

c. ePjpj;Jiwg; ghJfhg;Gfs;: tiuaWj;j murhq;fj;jpd; vz; z f; f UtpypUe; J ngw; W f; n fhs; s g; g l; l > tpOkpaq;fis epWTtjw;fhd ePjpj;Kiwikia gad;gLj;JtJ kPjhd xU mOj;jk;. ,jd;gb RahjPd epjpj;JiwahdJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; gpujpepjpj; J tg; g Lj; j g; g Lk; kf; f spd; rdehaf chpikfspy; khj; j puk; ftdk; nrYj; j hJ murhq;fj;jpd; ,ilaPLfSf;F vjpuhf Ml;fspd; jdpg;gl;l chpikfs; kPJk; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;. ,e;j jdpegHfspd; chpikfshdJ ngUk;ghd;ik Clhf jk;ikj; jhNk MSk; kf;fspd; chpikfNshL Kuz;gLk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F elj;ij epakq;fis 31

cUthf;Fk; rdr%fj;jpd; chpikAk; vjpH jhk; njhpT nra;jthNw jk;ik ntspg;gLj;Jk; jdpegHfspd; chpik. C. muirAk; rkaj;ijAk; gphpj;jy;: ek;gpf;if> rka epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Rje;jpuk; kPjhd mOj;jk;. ,jd; %yk; murpay; mjpfhuj;JtNkh my;yJ murhq;fNkh rkathjj;ij Mjhpg;gNjh my;yJ Fwpj;J tpghpg;gNjh jil nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. v.

jdp e gH NtWghLfSf; F ,lksp j ; j y; : jdpegH NtWghLfSf;fhd rl;lG+Htj;ij kjpg;gJ kPjhd mOj;jk; kw;Wk; nghJr; rl;lq;fspy; tpjptpyf;Ffis Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; mitfSf;F rhpahd Kiwapy; gjpw; n raw; g hL fhl; L tJ kP j hd mOj; j k; . cjhuzj;jpw;F NtWgl;l elj;ijfSf;fhd xU epahag;gLj;jyhf rka ek;gpf;iffis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

V.

re;ij mbg;gilapyhd nghUshjhuk;: ngUkstpyhd murrhHgw;w nghUshjhu cilikg; gq;ifAk; re;ijr; Rje; j puj; i jAk; murpay; kw; W k; jdpg; g l; l Rje; j puj; j pw; f hd nghUshjhu mbg; g ilia toq;FtJk; jdpgHfspd; nrhj;J chpikfSf;fhd rl;lhPjpahd ghJfhg;ig toq;FtJkhd nghUshjhu jP H khdk; vLf; F k; mjpfhug; gutyhf; f j; i jAk; toq;FtJ kPjhd mOj;jk;.

3. jhuhz;ikaw;w Rl;bfs;: rdehafj;jpd; jhuhz;ikaw;w Rl;bfs; rdr%fj;jpd; mbg;gil chpikfspy; kpfg; ngUk; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> mtHfSila epWtdq;fSk; ,t;,yf;Ffis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt 32

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy Rl;bfs; jhuhz;ikay;yhj tif rdehafj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rpy rdr%f ikag;gLj;jpa Rl;bfs; rdehafj;jpy; jhuhz;ik tifapy; mitfs; Mjpf;fk; fhl;Lk; msitg; nghWj;J xU murpay; Kiwik jhuhz;ikaw;wJ vd ,dk; fhzg;;glyhk;. m.

r%f If;fpak;: nghJ milahsj;Jtk;> xl;LwT> xUikg;ghL rdr%f cWg;gpdHfspilNa gfpHT Nehf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; czHT@ mbg;gil r%f Kuz; g hLfs; ,y; y hj epiyik gue; J gl; l Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gL jd;ikAk; cs;slq;fpa jd;ikAk;

M.

nghJkf;fs; mwePjp: murhq;fk; mKy;gLj;j kw;Wk; epidT+l;lr; nra;Ak; guTk; r%f kunghOq;FfSf;F xl; b nahOFtJ kP j hd mOj; j k; . ,r; r%f xOf; f q; f s; jdpg; g l; l NgWf; f hd epakkhf mKy;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

,.

nghUshjhu rkj; J tKk; re; i j xOq; F fSk; ; : nghUshjhu rkj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ij xOq; F gLj; J if kP j hd xU mOj; j k; . ,J nghUshjhu tsq;fspd; mur nrhe;j cilikia cs;slf;Ftij tp];jhpf;fyhk;.

G+kp kw;Wk; mjd; tsq;fs; Nghd;w nghJg; ngWiffis ghJfhg;gjd; Njit kPjhd mOj;jk;.

33

c. r%f eyNdhk;Gifapd; ghJfhg;G: nghJ Rfhjhuk;> kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ig fhg;GWjp nra;tJ kPjhd mOj;jk;. C. KO r%fj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhf jdpahH tl;lq;fis xOq;FgLj;jy;: nghJkf;fspd; eyNdhk;giyAk; czHTfisAk; fPog ; Lj;Jtjhfj; njhpAk; elj;ijia topelhj;Jjy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kPjhd xU mOj;jk;. v.

khpahijahd elj;ijAk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL kPjhd mOj;jk;: r p t p y ; e l j ; i j a p d ; n g h J t h d Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epakq;fSld; xl;bapUg;gij Cf; F tpf; F k; vz; z q; f s; kw; W k; jdpg; g l; l nraw;ghLfis newpg;gLj;Jtj kPjhd mOj;jk;. mj;Jld; ftdj;ij EfHT vd;gtw;iwj; jtpHj;jy;.

V.

r%f eyNdhk;gYf;fhf tp];jhpf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;Gthjk; : Ntiytha;g;G> tPL> Rfhjhuk;> Xa;T+jpa ed;ikfs; tUkhdg; ghJfhg;G> fy;tp Nghd;w chpj;Jf;fis mDgtpg;gjw;fhd gue;Jgl;l mstpyhd Mizia toq;Fk; murpay; mikg;G Vw;ghLfs; kPjhd xU mOj;jk;.

I.

kuGfis njhlHe;J itj;jpUj;jy;: ngw;Wf;nfhz;l tpOkpaq;fs;> epWtdq;fs;. nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wd kPjhd mOj;jk;

34

Chapter Three rdehafj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy; (Democracy in Practice)

35

rdehafj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy; rptpy; tho;T> murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fk; vd;gd rdehafj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; vt;thW Mjpf;fk; nra;fpd;wd? rdehafj;jpw;fhd xU mHg;gzpg;ghdJ kdpj tho;tpd; vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; ghjpj;J khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. tpNrlkhf ve;jr; r%fj;jpYKs;s Ml;fspilapyhd cwTfs; njhlHghd tplaq;fspy; mJ khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;LtUfpd;wJ. ,jpNy Ntiyaplk;> ghlrhiy> fiy> FLk; g k; Vida jdpg; g l; l cwTfs; Vd; kf; f spd; kNdhepiy vd; g d vy; y hk; cs; s lq; F k; . kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j Mjpf;fkhd rptpy; tho;tpypUe;J xLf;fkhd Mjpf;fkhd murpay; kw;Wk; kpfTk; ftdkhf ftdf;Ftp;gG ; r; nra; a g; g Lk; Mjpf; f khd murhq; f k; vd; w gy vz;zpf;ifahd Mjpf;fq;fspy; rdehaf nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;d. murpaYk; murhq;fKk; rptpy; tho;T Mjpf;fj;Js; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtisapy; murhq;fkhdJ murpaYf;Fs; mjidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j %d;W tifg; g hLfSf; F Ks; s NtWghlhdJ rdehafr; nraw; g hLfs; nraw; g Lk; Mjpf; f q; f is tpsf; f k; nra;fpd;wJ. 1. rptpy; tho;T: rptpy; tho;T vd;gJ rdr%fj;jpd; Njrpaj;jpd; gu];gu tpUg;Gf;fSlDk; nghJ tptfhuq;fSlDk; njhlHGgl;l gpuirfspd; nghJtho;thFk;. rptpy; tho;thdJ jdpg;gl;l tho;tpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. jdpegHfspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;thdJ Fwpg;gpl;l tpUg;Gf;fis NjLtjw;fhd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 36

2. murpay;: murpay; vd;gJ vy;yh kdpjr; r%fq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; $l;Lr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J jdpeguhfr; rhjpf;f Kbahj ,yf;Ffis kf;fs; $l;lkhfr; NrHe;J epWtpf;nfhs;sr; nra;fpwJ. xU FO Ml;fspdhy; td;KiwiaAk; rhHthjpfhuj;ijAk; jLg;gjw;Fk; my;yJ jtpHg;gjw;Fkhd jPh;khdq;fSf;F tUtjw;fhd xU topahfj; njhpTnra; a g; g l; l Nj murpayhFk; . ,e; Nehf; f py; td;KiwahdJ murpaypy; ];jk;gpf;fr; nra;tJld;> mjw;F vjpuhditfisAk; tpistpf;fpd;wJ. MfNt murpayhdJ NtWgl;l my;yJ Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;l Ml;fspdJ my;yJ FOf;fspdJ nrad;Kiw vd tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. m

td; K iwaw; w Nghuhl; l k; kw; W k; / my; y J fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,lk;nfhLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf nghJj; jP H khdq; f Sf; F tUjy; . nghJthf fl;Lg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLtJk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis xOq;Ffis mKy;gLj;JtJkhFk;.

M.

mUikahd tsq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;> ed;ikfisAk; RikfisAk; xJf;fpf;nfhLj;jy;> Kuz; g hLfisAk; xl; L nkhj; j r%fj; j pd; mgpyhi\fisAk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuj;ij ehLjy;.

,.

mUikahd tsq;fspypUe;J vij> ahH ngWfpwhHfs; vdj; jPHkhdp;g;gjw;fhd Nghl;bahd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jpirg; g Lj; j y; my; y J rdr%fj;jpd; trpg;gtHfs; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fl;Lg;ghL mjd; gpuhe;jpak; kw;Wk; mjd; tsq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,e;jj; jiyik> jpirg; g Lj; j y; my; y J fl; L g; g hlhdJ mjd; rl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; cUthf;Fjy;> mKy;gLj;jy;> epiyehl;ly; cj;jpNahfG+Ht jPHkhdk; vLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

4.

murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; NjitAk; tpUg;gKk; : murpaYk; murhq; f Kk; ve; j r; r%fj; j pw; F k; mj; j pahtrpakhdJ. murpaYk; murhq; f Kk; r%fj; J ld; xd; w pize; J s; s Jld; > mitfs; ,y;yhky; xU r%fk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij epWTjy; nraw;ghlhdJ kf;fspd; mbg; g il tpUg; g khd xd; w hf thOjy; vd; w mgpyhi\ia gpujpgypf;fyhk;. kf;fspd; mgpyhi\fs; rk;ge;jkhd ,e;j tpthjj;jpw;F MjuT mspg;gitfshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

m.

murpay; epWtdq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpahdJ kpfTk; mbg;gilahd FLk;gk; Nghd;w epWtd tifapypUe;J ghpzhkk; ngw;w ,aw;ifahd nrad;KiwahFk;. mijtpl kdpj capHfs; murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fk; ,d;wp jkJ ,aYikia G+Hj;jp nra;a KbahJ. (mhp];Nuhl;by; kw;Wk; rpnrNuh)

38

M.

kdpjHfs; G+uzkw;wtHfs;> ghtk; epiwe;jtHfs;> ,aw;ifapNyNa jPatHfs; MfNt murhq;fkpd;wp mtHfs; ghJfhg; g w; w tHfshAk; Mgj; J f; F cs;shff;$batHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. (fpwp];jtk;> ,];yhk;> A+jk;> Vida rkaq;fs; rpy Guhjd rPd nka;apyhsHfs; kw;Wk; etPd nka;apay;)

,.

rpy jdpegHfs; VidNahhpd; tho;itAk; eyidAk; mr;RWj;JfpwhHfs;. MfNt jk; ghJfhg;gp;w;fhfTk; nghJg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfTk; nghJ epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp jk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s kf;fs; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whHfs;. (Njhk]; nfhg;];)

[Pd; [f;$]; WNrh)

5.

murhq; f j; j p d Jk; murp a yp d Jk; Nehf; f q; f s; : murhq; f j; j pd; Nehf; f q; f s; gw; w pa NtWgl; l vz;zq;fs; jdpegHfspYk; r%fj;jpYk; Mokhd gpd;tpisTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

m.

Nehf; f q; f s s; : murhq; f j; j pdJk; murpaypdJk; Nghl;bapLk; Nehf;fq;fspilNa mitfSs; tuyhw;W hPjpahf cs;sitfs; gpd;tUkhW 39

Q Q Q

Q

Q Q

Q

Q Q Q Q Q

M.

kf;fspd; ghJfhg;ig toq;Fjy; gpuirfspd; mwf;Fzhk;rj;ij Kd;Ndw;wy; Fwpj;j tFg;gpd; my;yJ ,df; FOtpd; tpUg;Gf;fis ePbj;jy; xU njhFjp rka nfhs;iffisNah mgpyhi\fisNah epiwNtw;wy; muirg; Gfo;jy; jdpegH ghJfhg;igAk; nghJr; rl;lj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy; NtWghl;il xUKfg;gl;l njhopy;Kaw;rpahf xUq;fpizj;jy; nghUshjhu tsj;ij caHj;Jjy; jdpegH chpikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; nghJed;ikia Cf;Ftpj;jy; r%f rkj;Jtj;ijr; rhjpj;jy; ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;

gpd;tpisTfs pisTfs;: murhq;fj;jhy; ehlg;gl;l gpujhd ,yf;Ffshdit jdpegUf;Fk; murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwit ghjpf;fpwJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F Q

r%fk; tpUk; G k; rka my; y J nghJg; ghHitfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;NghJ murhq;fk; jdpegH rpe;jidfisAk; ntspg; g Lj; J iffisAk; nraw; g hLfisAk; elj; i jiaAk; fl; L g; g Lj; J tJld; KO r%fj; j pd; kP J k; ,Wf; f f; fl; L g; g hLfis tpjp;ff ; pd;wJ. 40

Q

gpuirfspdJ ghJfhg; i gAk; nrhj; i jAk; ghJfhg;gjw;F murpd; nraw;ghLfis tiuaWj;jyhdJ> mJ mtHfspd; jdpg;gl;l my;yJ gpuj;jpNaf tho;tpy; jiyapLtjw;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tiuaWf;f Ntz;ba Njitia Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

41

Chapter Four rdehafKk; ey;yhl;rpAk; (Constitution & Constitutionalism)

42

murpayikg;GthjKk; murpayikg;Gk; murp a yikg; G thjk; vd; w hy; vd; d ? murp a y; mikg;Gld; mjw;Fs;s cwT vd;d? murpayikg;GthjKk; vd;gJ tiuaWj;j murhq;fj;jpd; murpay; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j murpay; Nfhl;ghlhL kw;Wk; mjDila tpOkpaq;fshdit> jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk; rdehaff; nfhs;ifAld; xj;Jg;Nghtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; jhuhz;ikf; Nfhl;ghL xU rdehaf; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J RahjPdkhdJ. jhuhz;ikthjkhdJ tuyhw;W hPjpahf jdpegHfspd; tpLjiy rhHghf murhq;fj;jpd; tiuaWg; G f; f hd xU nghpa gpujhd thfdkhf Nritahw;wpaJ. murhq;fk; gphpTfspd; tpUg;GfSf;fhf Nritahw;Wtjw;F vjpuhf nghJed;ikf;fhf Nritahw;w murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWf;f etPd rdehafk; murpyikg;Gthjj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;gpy; jhDk; gq;F nfhz;L nraw; g Lfpd; w J. etP d rdehafkhdJ jhuhz; i k murpayikg; G thjj; j pd; mHg; g zpg; g py; jdpegHfspd; chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ rhHghf mur mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWg;gjpy; jhDk; gq;F nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ. kdpj mjpfhuj;ij tpl caH mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;w vz;zj;jpypUe;J tuyhw;W hPjpahf murpayikg;Gthjk; vOe;Js;sJ. ,e;j vz;zj;jpd;gb cah; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhd xUthpd; flikg;ghLfs; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd xUthpd; flikg; g hLfis jhz; b r; nry; f pd; w J. MfNt murhq; f j; j pd; fP o ; g ; g bTf; f hd chpa Nfs; t pahdJ mj; j pahtrpakhf tiuaWf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. ,e; j 43

tiuaiwfshdit cyf Ml; r pahsHfis MSk; caHthdthplk; ,Ue; J tUk; caH rl; l k; vd; w vz;zf;fUtpy; mbgl;Lg; Nghfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> murpyikg;G tuyhw;wpd; ,d;ndhU fl;lj;jpy; fpNuf;f rdehafj;jpy; my;yJ cNuhikf; Fbaurpy; gpuirfspd; cah;thd kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba epiyapypUe;J vOe;jit> murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpy; tiuaiwfis cUthf;fpaJ. tuyhW KOtJk; ey;y murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs; murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; murpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fzprkhd nfhs;iffis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F KiwrhHe;j vOjg;gl;l murpayikg; N g rpwe; j topnad ntspg; g Lj; j g; g l; L epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpay; rf;jpg; nghWg;ig kf;fsplNk nfhLf; F k; rdehaff; nfhs; i fAk; tpLjiyiag; ghJfhf;Fk; jhuhz;ikf; nfhs;ifAk; mJNtahFk;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghlhf murpayikg; G thjk; mjpfhuj; i jf; fl; l isapLk; mjpfhukhf khw;Wfpd;wJ. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;s xNunahU rl;lG+h;t mjpfhukhf mlf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk; cs;sNjhL> gfpHe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lthW tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpfhuk; Mizf;FOf;fs; %ykhf> tpNrl Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l> tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikfspy; kw;wtHfs; rhHghf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy; $l ahH rhHghf mJ nra;ag;gLfpd;wNjh mtHfspd; rpwe;j ed;ikf;fhf Nritahw;wntd nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU ek;gpf;ifahf kpfTk; mbg;gilahd %yj;jpypUe;J cUthfp mJ cUthf;fg;gl;l 44

Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf njhlHr;rpahf epge;jidAld; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e; ek;gpf;ifapd; Nehf;fKk; nfhs;ifAk; mlf;fg;gl;l mjpfhukhf kl;Lkd;wp ePbj;J epw;gjhfTk; cs;sJ. murpay; Kiwikfspd;gb mjpfhuk; vd;w tifapy; rpy KiwrhH murpayikg;Gf;fs; me;j Mizf;FOf;fshYk; ek;gpf;iff; FOf;fshYk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;ff; Nfhl;ghl;il gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; NtW rpy mt;thW gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy. xU murpay; Kiwik Mizf;FotpdhYk; ek;gpf;iff; FOtpdhYk; ,af;fg;gLk;NghJ> mjd; murpayikg;ghdJ> ahH rhHghf murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jTk; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; KbfpwNjh> me;j caH %yj;jplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,e; j caH %yNk (kf; f s; my; y J flTfs; ) ,iwikAilNahuha; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. tiuaWf;fg;glhj murhq;f re;jHg;gq;fspy; murpayikg;ghdJ Vkhw;W Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;Nshhpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj mjpfhuj;ijAk; kiwf;fTk; jtwhd Ml;rpia kiwf;fTk; mJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mizf; F O> ek; g pf; i ff; F O vd; w mbg; g ilf; nfhs;iffisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; murpay; mikg;Gf;fs;> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuKk; epWtdq;fSk; tiuaWf; f g; g l; L s; s NghJ kl; L Nk ,t; murpay; KiwikahdJ> mJ KiwrhH murpayikg; g hf ,Ue;jhnyd;d ,y;yhtpl;lhnyd;d murpayikg;G thjj;jpd; nfhs;ifiag; gpujpgypf;Fk;. ,t; tplaj;jpy; murpayikg;G thjk; caH rl;lj;jpd; tfpgq;if vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,jd;

tz;zk;

murpay; 45

FOkk;

(murhq;fk;)

murpayikg;GlDk;> murpayikg;Gthjk; (murpayikg;G murhq;fk;) ,ilNa NtWghL cs;sJ. vy;yh murpay; KiwapYk; xU murpayikg;G ,Uf;Fk;. mJ murpayikg;G Kiwik cilajhfNth my;yJ Kiwikaw;wjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j tifapy; murpayikg;gpy; nra;ag;gl;litfspd; tpguzk; my;yJ murpay; Kiwik Ml;rp Kiwikf;$l;L vd;gjw;F Nkyhf ,J vJTk; ,y;iy. murpay; FOkk; vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijNa ,J fhl;LfpwJ. mjhtJ ,jd; mbg;gil vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; Kjw;nfhs;if vt;thW ciuf; f g; g l; L s; s J. mjd; Fzhk; r k; vt; t hW tbtikf; f g; g l; L s; s J vd; g ijAk; ,J fhl; L fpwJ. mjDila KiwrhH vOjg;gl;l Mtzk; $l mJ murpayikg; G epakk; vd mHj; j g; g lhJ. ,e; j murpayikg; G epakq; f spd; fP o ; murhq; f k; xd; W xOq;Ffshy; fl;Lg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epakq;fis mKy;gLj;j murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; nfhs;iffisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; murpayikg;ghdJ> caH rl;lkhfr; nraw;gLk;. ,t;TaH rl;lk; jdpgH chpikfisg; ghJfhf;fTk;> nghJ ed;ikia Cf;Ftpf;fTk; murhq;fq;fis mikg;gJld; tiuaiwfisAk; nra;fpwJ.

1. murpayikg;Gthjk; murpayikg;G thjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; xU murpay; KiwahdJ xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kiwikia mjd; 46

Fzhk; r j; i jAk; vLj; J f; n fhz; L rpy epWtg; g l; l Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; tiuaiwfSf;Fk; cl;gl;L nraw;gl flg;ghLilajhAs;sJ. xU murpayikg;G Kiwikapd; tbtKk; Fzhk;rKk;> mbg;gil Mtzq;fspy; mjd; tbtk;> kw;Wk; mjpfhu tiuaiwfis tpghpf;fTk; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; vd Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. murpayikg;ghdJ> tpsf;fj;ijAk; rl;l ,ak;giyAk; nfhz; l J. mJ nra; a f; $ baJ> nra; a KbahjJ> nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJ vd;gtw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ. murpayikg;G Kiwikapd; tbtk;> Fzhk;rk; vd;gtw;iw epWTifapy; murpayikg;G Kiwikia cUthf;FtJ vd;gJ xU Mokhd rdehaf eltbf;ifahf cs;sJ. nghJ tpsf;f nrad;Kiwfspd; gpd;G> kf;fs; xU murpayikg;ig mq;fPfhpg;gJ> rdehafj;ij cUthf; F tjw; f hd xU fUtpahf cs; s J. ,e; j f; fye;Jiuahly; nrad;KiwahdJ murpay; Kiwikia cUthf; F tjpy; kf; f spd; fzprkhd gq; f spg; i g vjpHghHf;fpd;wJ.

m murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd;gb ƒ epWtg; g l; l epakq; f spd; gpufhuk; mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ƒ

murpay; Kiwik ,Wjpapy; tiuaWf;fg;gLtJld; rl;lG+Ht KbTfisr; rhjpg;gjw;F mJ gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 47

M

ƒ

xU njhFjp mbg;gil epakq;fspd;gb kjpg;gplg;gl;L> rl;l xOq;Fld; xj;JtUk; rhjhuz rl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ƒ

rdehafj;jpd; ,iwikf;Fhpa kf;fs;> murpayikg;Gf;F ,zf;fk; mspf;Fk;nghOJ murhq;fj;ij khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gLj;Jtjhf md; w p jk; i kAk; mt; t hW nra; a Ntz; L k; . cjhuzk; mtHfs; Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk; tiuf;Fk; murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mtHfs; fl;Lg ; g ; LfpwhHfs;.

ƒ

murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd fl;Lg ; g ; hLfshy; khj;jpukd;wp murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l tpNrbj;j chpikfspd; cj;juthjq;fshYk; my;yJ chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mur epWtdq;fspd; tpNrl mjpfhuq;fshYk; jdpegH mjpfhuq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;.

ƒ

tho;tpd; rpy tplaq;fs; murpaypdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; chpa mYty;fshf ,y; y hJs; s J. mtHfspd; mjpfhukplYf; F mg;ghyhditahf cs;sd. murpayikg;G murhq;fk;: murpd; mjpfhuq;fspd; mbg;giliaAk; msitAk; Kd;itf;Fk; murpayikg;Ng murpayikg;G murhq;fkhFk;. ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWg;gjw;fhd> kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ,ilapyhd njhlHG Nehf;fpa efHTfs;> murpay; tho;tpd; ajhHj;jk;> 48

vd;gtw;iw mJ Kd;itg;gJld; mjw;fhd jhf;fkhd toptiffisAk; murpayikg;G toq;FfpwJ. xU murpayikg; G murhq; f khdJ mjpfhuj; i jf; nfhz; b Ug; g Jld; murpayikg; g hy; mjd; N ky; ,lg;gl;l tiuaiwfSf;Fk; mike;J NghfpwJ. ,.

'jtwhd (Sham) murpayikg;Gfs;" : murpayikg; G f; f is my; y J murpayikg; G thjj; i j kjpg; g J vd; w NghHitapy; rpy murhq;fq;fs; gpioahd topelj;Jjy;fis my;yJ jtwhd murpayikg; G f; f is Kd; i tf; f pd; w d. ,itfs; cz;ikahd epWtdq;fSlDk; nraw; g hLfSlDk; kpfr; rpwpjsthd cwit itj;Jf;nfhs;tJky;yhky; murpayikg;G murhq;fj;jpd; tiuaiwfs; kPjhd jk; mHg;gzpg;ig gpujpgyp;gg ; Jkpy;iy. murpayikg;G murhq;fq;fSf;F khwhf ,itfs; xOq;fikg;gw;witahf cs;sJld; tiuaiwaw; w murhq; f q; f shf mjpfhuj; i j itj;jpUf;Fk; topfspy; jhf;ftpisTk; ,itfsplk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

2.

murpayikg;G thjj;jpw;Fk; rl;l xOq;F vz;zf;fUtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlHG rl;l xOq;F vz;zf;fUthdJ xOq;Ffs; Vw;fdNt Kd;itf;fg;gl;L gutyhf mwpag;gl;L nghJg;ghtidapy; cs;sijAk;> mtHfs; eLepiyahfg; gpuNahfpf; f g; g LtijAk; Ntz; b epw;fpwJ. ,itfs; mur mjpfhhpfSf;Fk; ehl;bd; Vida kf;fSf;Fk; chpadthf cs;sd. MfNt ,r; rl; l xOq; F vd; g J ntWkNd rl; l j; i j 49

itj;jpUj;jy;> rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wjy; vd;gij tpl NkyhdJ. ,f; nfhs;ifahdJ VNjr;rhjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rl;lj;ij khw;WjYld; Kuz;gLtJld; Ml;rpnra;Ak; Ml;fs; mt;tg;NghJ fz;Lgpbf;Fk;> jk; nrhe;j tpUg;Gf;fis> ghugl;rj;Jld; gpuNahfpg; g jw; F k; kw; W k; my; y J jkf; F g; nghWg;ghditfspy; njsptw;wpUg;gjw;Fk; KuzhdJ. rl;l xOq;fpd; Fiwe;jgl;r Ghpe;JzHtpd; fPo; ,r; rl;l xOq;fpd; rhukhdJ ey;y epakq;fSlNdh mwj;JlNdh mitfs; KiwikhP j pahfTk; epahakhdjhfTk; epHtfpf; f g; g Lk; tiuapy; xj; J mike; j pUf; f j; Njitapy;iy. ,t;tz;zk; rl;l xOq;fhdJ rdehafk; mw;w murpaypYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. rl;l xOq;ifg; gw;wp ed;F Ghpe;J nfhz;l epiyapd; fPo; rl;lkhdJ> mJ rl;lk; vd;w jifik ngw> ePjpapd; cr;r epakj;Js; xj;jpUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. nghJ ed;ikiaAk; jdpegH chpikiaAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf> gpuirfspdJk; mur mjpfhhpfspdJk; nraw;ghLfis tiuaWf;f> rl;l xOq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. xOq;fhdJk; Kd;dwptpf;ff;$baJkhd murpay; epiyikf;F cfe;jjhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf> ngUk; vz; z pf; i fahd jdpegHfspdJk; epWtdq; f spdJk; vjpHghHg;Gf;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; ,aYik Clhf> rl;lk; xOq;fhdJ murpay; mjpfhuj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk;. rl;lk; xOq;fpd; m&gpf; Fzhk;rj;ij> murpayikg;G thjk; vz;zq;fis kpfTk; ntsp;gg ; ilahd rl;lq;fshfTk; Vw;ghLfshfTk; khw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; czUfpwJ. 50

,itfs; mur epWtdq;fspdhYk;> nghJkf;fspd; nghJf; fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; tpthjq;fshYk;> gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L tpsf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;.

3. murhq;fj;ij tiuaWf;Fk; topfshf murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; jdpahs; chpik Rje;jpuk; murpayikg;Gthjj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; murpay; nghUshjhuk;> jdpegH chpik vd; g tw; W f; F kpilNa cWjpahd cwTKiw cz;L. murpay; nghUshjhuk; kw;wk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; murhq;fj;ij tiuaWg;gjpy; Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ. mjhtJ tiaWj;j murhq;fq;fs; ,t; Rje;jpuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F mtrpakhditahf cs;sd. murpay; Rje;jpuk;: murhq;fj;ij fl;L;g;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd kf;fspd; chpikAld; ,J rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;wJ. murpay; Rje;jpukhdJ kf;fspd; nraw;ghLfspYs;s Rje;jpuk;: mtHfs; jk; fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;> nghJmYty;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fs; murhq;fk; jiyapLtijj; jLf;fpwJ. ,t;thW jkJ murpay; Rje;jpuj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; kPjhd jkJ ,iwikia epiyehl;LfpwhHfs;. nghUshjhu Rje;jpuk;: nghUshjhu Rje;jpukhdJ mur Neub fl; L g; g hl; b ypUe; J njhopy; K aw; r p kw; W k; epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Rje;jpukhf ,Ug;gij Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. xU jhuhs r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil tplak; ,JthFk;. nrhj;Jf;fspd; RtPfhpg;G> mtw;wpd; ghtid> mjpfhpg;G> khw;wk;> iftpLif vd;gtw;Wld; ,J rk;ge;jg;gLfpwJ. nghUshjhu Rje; j pukhdJ jk; tho; t pd; mbg; g il 51

tplaq;fis elj;Jtjw;fhd kf;fspd; chpik> kw;Wk; eP j paw; w murpd; Nkw; g hHitfs; > jiyaP L fspd; w pa Rje;jpukhd mtHfsJ nraw;ghLfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,J mur mjpfhuj;jpd; vy;iyia tiuaWg;gJld;> mjDld; Nghl;bapLk; RahjPdkhd mjpfhu ikaq;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd. jdpahs; chpik : ,J jdpegHfSk; jdpegH FOf;fSk; tho;f;if topfis nfhz;L nry;Yk;> kw;Wk; murpaypy; murhq; f mjpfhuj; j pd; mDkjpapd; w pNa jkJ nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU Rahl;rp tyaj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F FLk;gq;fisAk; el;Gf;fisAk; cUthf; F jy; > kjj; i jf; filg; g pbj; j y; > rq; f r; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;> mofpay; Kaw;rpfspy; Rje;jpuj;jpd; Cw;iw gpujpj;Jtk; nra;J muhq;fj;jpd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J jdpegiug; gphpf;Fk; njhpitAk; jUfpd;wJ.

52

Chapter Five murpayikg;Gk; rdehafKk; (Constitutional Democracy)

53

murpayikg;G rdehafk; murpayikg;G vd;w vz;zj;Jld;> kf;fis mbahff; nfhz;l murhq;fj;jpd; cwTKiw vd;d? murpayikg;G vd;w vz;zk; %d;W kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. fPok ; l;lkhd kf;fspd; $l;bizg;G> nfhs;if tFg;G> kw;Wk; murhq; f j; j pd; rl; l f mikg; G vd; g d mitahFk; . murpayikg;gpd; vz;zj;jpd; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk; murpayikg;ghdJ gpuirfSf;F mtH jk; tho;itAk;> KbitAk; chpikahf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffis toq;FfpwJ. xU tiutpyf; f zk; nra; a g; g l; l kf; f s; $l; l khf my;yhkNy> mjhfNt rptpy; mbg;gilapy; xd;wpize;J murpay r%fkhf> murpay; epWtdkhf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ. mt;thW rptpy; If;fpa kf;fshf murpay; rigahf khw;wk; ngw nghJtho;it ,aYkhdjhf;Ftjw;fhf mk; kf;fs; $l;lkhdJ gu];gu my;yJ Nghjpa rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAld; xd; w hf cwTfis Vw; g Lj; j Ntz; b As; s J. ,r; rdj;njhifapd; xl;Lwtpy; rptpy; r%fkhf kf;fspd; mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ cUg;ngw;W mjpy; mtHfs; jk; rfghbfspd; ,aYikia xUtUf; n fhUtH mq;ff P hpf;fpd;wdh;. ,t;tz;zkhd rdj;njhifapd; xl;LwthdJ ,iwikAila murpay; kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rhj;jpaj;ij cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ xU Rahl;rp kpf;f murpay; 54

myif my;yJ murpay; r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd js mikg; i g toq; F tJld; > mJ gytpjkhd tbtq;fisAk; vLf;ff;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ. kf; f spd; mbg; g il murpayikg; g pd; tpOkpaq; f s; mtHfspd; cwtpy; ntspj; njhpfpd; w J. mitfs; toikahf ntspg; g ilahf cUthf; f g; g Ltjpy; i y. mjidAk; tpl ,e;j tpOkpaq;fs; vy;yhk; ghjpf;fg;glhJ cs;sJld;> KOikahf vLj;jpak;gg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,itfspy; gy Fwpg;gplg;glhj my;yJ kaf;fkhd Cfq;fspNyNa ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ve;j murpay; KiwapdJk; kpf ntspg;gilahd murpayikg;ghdJ ,k; kf;fspd; mbg;gil murpayikg;Gld; xj;Jg;ghHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Koikahfg; ghpzhkile;j KiwfspNy xU murpay; r%fj;jpd; ntspg;gilahd murpayikg;ghdJ murpay; epWtdq; f Sf; f hd kd; w khf kf; f spd; mbg; g il murpayikg; g pd; Kf; f pa tpOkpaq; f is Kiwahf vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. kf;fs; jk;ikj; jhNk Ms;tjw;fhd> chpa epWtd Vw;ghLfis mtHfs; cUthf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJld;> murpay; Kiwikapy; cUthf;fj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ kpfTk; KiwrhHe;j murpayikg;Gf;Nfh Njitahd mbg;gilfis kf;fspd; mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ toq;FfpwJ. ,jd;gb kpfTk; KiwrhH murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fspd; nghJtho; i t Jbg; g hdjhf; F k; cw; r hf murpay; cs;slf;fkhf Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ. ,t; murpay; r%fj;jpd; kpfTk; KiwrhH murpayikg;Gk; kf;fspd; Jbg;Gldhd cw;rhfKk; xd;Wld; xd;W ed;F nghUe;jhJtpbd; mt; murpayikg;ghdJ cWjpaw;w mj;jpghuj;ijf; 55

nfhz;bUg;gJld;> kf;fspd; Rahl;rpia jf;f itf;Fk; jpwikaw;wjhfTk; cs;sJ. murpayikg;gpd; %d;W kl;l vz;zkhdJ kf;fspd; nghJj;jd;ik kPJ mj;jpghuj;ijf; nfhz;L murpay; xOq;F xd;iw epiyepWj;jp rdehaf Fzhk;rq;fis gpujhdkhfg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. kf;fSf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; xOq;fpd; tbtikg;ghdJ epWtg;gl;l gpw;ghL cjhuzk; (xU Fwpg;gpl;l FbauR my; y J rHthjpfhu tifg; g hL fhzg; g LtJld; > murpayikg; G vz; z j; j pd; NtnwhU vz; z f; f U vd;dntdpy;> rhrd murhq;fk; xd;wpd; Vw;ghlhFk;. mjhtJ mbg;gilahd my;yJ vspa fl;lq;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; mur epWtdq;fspd; rl;lf mikg;ghFk;. ,r;rhrdkhdJ toikahf vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;gpypUe;J cUg;ngWfpd;wJ. murhq;f rhrdj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; ed;F cWjpg;ghlila mtHfspd; cWjpg;gLj;Jgitfs; Clhf kf; f spd; Nehf; f j; j pw; F j; Njitahd nfhs; i ffs; gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNeuk; murpay; r%fk; rdehafk; nghUe;jpajhf ,Ue;jhnyd;d ,y;yhtpl;lhnyd;d murpd; rhrd Vw;ghLfs; murpay; FOtpd; tiutpyf;fzg; Nghf;fpw;F cz;ikAilajhf epiyj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rptpy; kf;fspilNa NtWgLj;Jk; tifg;ghLfs; ,Ug;gjdhy; cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l vy;yh ,lKk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba murpay; tbtNkh my;yJ murpayikg;Ngh fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. vy;yh ehl;bYk; ngaH ngw;w> Rahl;rpia ntw;wpfukhf nfhz;L elhj;j Kd;dNu> tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;l mur epWtdq;fspd; njhFjpAk; ,y;iy. ,t;thwhf kpfTk; cWjpg;ghLila kf;fSf;fhd murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fsplkpUe;Jjhd; vo Ntz;Lk;. khwhf 56

ntspapYs;s ve;j epGzhplkpUe;Jk; xU ,Wjpg; nghUshf ,jid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. 1. KiwrhH murpayikg;gpd; vz;zf;fU: xU KiwrhH murpayikg;ghdJ vOjpa> xU gFjp vOjpa my;yJ vOjhj murpayikg;ghf xU murpay; rdr%fj;jpd; kf;fs; $l; l j; j pd; nghJf; Fzhk; r q; f isAk; > mbg; g il tpOkpaq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. xU murpayikg;gpd; vz; z f; f UthdJ mjid epWTiff; F Kd; g jhf Kd; i tf; f g; g l; l murpay; Kiwikapd; jpl; l khf ,Uf; f yhk; . my; y J ,Ue; J nfhz; b Uf; F k; murpay; KiwikfspypUe;J vLj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffspypUe;J cUthfpajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU KiwrhH murpayikg; g hdJ xU r%fj; j pw; f hd murhq;fj;jpdJk; murpay; rf;jpapdJk; murpay; rf;jpapd; epwtdj;jpdJk; Nehf;fq;fis Kd;itj;J cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. KiwrhH murpayikg; g pd; vz; z f; f UthdJ Mff; Fiwe;jJ gpd;tUk; tifg;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU cld;ghL my;yJ r%f mlf;fk; mjpNy jdpegHfs; murpay; kf;fshf jk;ikj;jhNk ,zq;fpAs;sdh;. murpay; kf;fSf;Fk; mtHfspd; murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU xg;ge;jk; xd;W cs;sJ. mj;Jld; mq;NfAs;s mbg;gilr; rl;lkhdJ rl;l xOq;fpd; Kiwikf;fhd mbg;gilia cUthf;FfpwJ. murpayikg;G vd;w gjkhdJ gpd;tUk; jifik cilajhAs;sJ. m. M.

murhq;fj;jpd; tifapd; tpguiz mbg;gilr; rl;lj;ij Kd;itf;Fk; Mtzk; my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; Nrfhpg;G. 57

,.

vOjpa Mtzk; my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; njhlH;r;rp. jpUj;;jq;fSf;fhd eilKiwfSld;> toikg;gb tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJld;> rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj; jPHkhdq;fs;. jPHf;fg;gl;l Ghpe;JzHTfspd; njhFg;G c. mur mjpfhuj; i jf; fl; L g; g Lj; J k; > vy; y hr; rl;lthf;fj;jpw;Fk; xU epakj;ij toq;Fk;> murpd; Vida nraw;ghLfSk; xl;br; nry;y Ntz;bapUg;gJld;> r%f KiwrhH mgpyhi\fspd; njhFg;ghfTk; cs;s> caHe;j mbg;gilahd my;yJ vspa rl;lq;fs;. C. murpay; kf; f s; $l; l j; i j ,yf; f zg; g Lj; J k; nfhs;if tpOkpaq;fspd; njhFg;G

2. KiwrhH rdehaf murpyikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fSk; gad;fSk;: murpayikg;ig gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. m.

murpay; Kiwikapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; murhq;fj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfisAk; cUthf;Ftjw;F

M.

kf;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tYit tpghpg;gjw;F

,.

murpay; mjpfhuKk; murhq; f nraw; g hLfSk; jPh;g;gplg;gLk; ePjp epakj;ij epWTjy;

58

murhq;fj;ij tYT+l;ly;> murhq;f mYtyfq;fisAk; mit vt;thW epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;. kf;fSf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;FkpilNa cwit epWTjy;

c.

jdpegH chpikfis ghJfhf;fTk; nghJed;ikia Cf;Ftpf;fTk; murhq;f mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;jy;

C. rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l me;juq;fj;jpd; Rakhd njhopw;ghl;Lf;fhd trjpia cUthf;fy; v.

xU nghUshjhu Kiwikf;fhd Kd; epge;jidfisAk; mbg;gil xOq;FfisAk; epWTjy;

V.

khfhz khtl;lq;fs; my;yJ muRfs; vd murpay; r%fj;jpd; cl;$WfspilNa mjpfhuj;ij xJf;Fjy;

I.

mikjpahd Kiwapy; gpzf; F fisj; jP H f; f xOq;Fis Vw;gLj;jp rl;l xOq;Ffis epWTjy;

x.

xU murpay; Kiwikapd; Kf;fpa tpOkpaq;fisAk; nfhs; i ffisAk; r%f mgpyhi\fisAk; vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fisAk; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;

X.

khw;wj;jpw;fhd topfspy; gzpahw;WtJld;> r%fg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHj;J itj;jy;

Xs. gpuirfs; jk; murhq;fj;ij kjpg;gplf;$ba vLj;jhsy; tplaq; f isAk; epakq; f isAk; mtHfSf; F toq;Fjy; 59