Chretiene J L LA LLAMADA Y LA RESPUESTA

November 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Adcgaakñi Gsprkt @krgatdr Mi`rës Qkfñi Cdr`m Adisgjd g`ktdrkmc Amrcds @æmz, Fkougc Omraæm-Hmrñ, Ormakmid Odizícgz X.-Mrimkz, Jdsë Fmræm U Ugoms, goms, Jgsús Fª Myusd, Myusd, Gùmr`d Fmrtæigz, Fmrkmid Fdrgid, Íiogc Hmrmbdim, Jdsë Mitdikd Qdhrm`d. @krgatdr g`ktdrkmc J. Fmiugc Ampmrrñs

Id sg pgrfktg cm rgprdùaakñi tdtmc d pmrakmc `g gstg ckhrd, ik su kiadrpdrmakñi m ui skstgfm kiedrfítkad, ik su trmisfkskñi gi aumcqukgr dtrm edrfm d pdr aumcqukgr fg`kd, sgm ëstg gcgatrñikad, fgaíikad, rgprdorí﬍ad, ormfdeñikad d aumcqukgr dtrd, ski gc pgrfksd prgvkd y pdr gsarktd `g cds tktucmrgs `gc adpyrkobt.

Gi auhkgrtm: `gtmccg `g Qtu`kd `k ùg tgstg `k ougrrkgrk (Cgdimr`d `m Ukiak) =7>1/=7>7 Pætucd drkokimc: C‛mppgc gt cm rëpdisg Cgsaakñi, Ë`ktk Ë`ktkdis Fk Fkiukt iukt, =;;8 =;;8sms, =;;? © @g cm©trmùaakñi trmù ,dis Jumi``ggM Mchgr chgrtd td ,Quam Quamsms,

© =;;?, AM^MXXÑ AM^MXXÑQQ G@KPDX G@KPDXGQ, GQ, Q. C C.. Fdrm Fd rmtæ tæi, i, 7 • 82>= 82>=00 Fm`r Fm`rk` k` Pgc gc.:.: ;=;=-08 08>> >>1> 1>55 • Emx: Emx: ;=;=-08 08>= >=07 07==

@ksgýd y adfpdskakñi: CM EMAPDXÆM @G G@KAKDIGQ, G@KAKDIGQ, Q. C. Kfprgskñi: KI@WOXME FM@XK@, Q. M. KQHI: 20-2?;01-50-> @gpñsktd Cgomc: F-RRRRR-=;;? Kfprgs Kfp rgsdd ggii Gspm Gspmým ým • ^rk ^rkitg itg`` kkii Qpmk Qpmkii

Adcgaakñi Gsprkt

1>

Adi cm adcmhdrmakñi `gc Kistktutd Gffmiugc Fduikgr

Jgmi-Cduks Abrëtkgi

Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm

Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Jumi Mchgrtd Quamsms

AM^MXXÑQ G@KPDXGQ

Æi`kag ^rñcdod

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Kitr Ki trd` dùa uaak akñi ñi

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Ampætucd prkfgrd

Cm ccm ccmfm fm`m `m y cm rg rgspu spugst gstmm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8= Ampætucd sgoui`d

Cm vdz vk vkskh skhcg cg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0; Ampætucd tgragrd tgragrd

Cm dt dtrm rm vd vdzz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5= Ampætucd aumrtd

Gc aug augrpd rpd y gc tmatd tmatd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =>1

^rñcdod Mamsd mskstmfd mskstmfdss m ui akgrtd amfhkd gpdamc gi cd qug m cms rgcmakdigs rgcmakdigs gitrg ﬍cdsdeæm y rgckokñi rgspgatm. Adfd sk gc bdrkzditg ditd-tgdcñokad id eugsg, ski fís, `gc pmsm`d, dhjgtd, cd sufd, `gc kitgrësadfd bkstñrkad-﬍cdsñ﬍ad pdrmsuitd prgsgrvmr gc cgom`d `g uimm trm`kakñi aucturmc< sk `g gsm trm`kakñi pgismitg ‐qug gs, id cd dcvk`gfds, cm iugstrm‐ skoukgsgi ccgoíi`dids vdags qug rgacmfmi uim gsauabm mtgitm y suokgrgi qug, cgjds `g gstmr modtm`d, gsg adrpus giakgrrm td`mvæm fúctkpcgs pdskhkck`m`gs `g euturd. Fís múi, gsms vdags qug gfmimi `g cm píokim gsarktm pmrgagi sgr eugitg vgcm`m u drkogi skcgiakm`d `g cm prdpkm vdz, bmstm gc puitd `g qug iugstrd `ksaursd tdfm adiakgiakm `g sæ adfd gad `g gsg adijuitd `g vdags ‐`g gsm gsarkturm pdck-eñikam‐ qug cds bíhktds mam`ëfkads madstufhrmi m `gidfkimr –bkstdrkm `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm‖. Cm arætkam fd`grim `g cd rgckokdsd trmjd adiskod, gitr gitrgg dtrms adisgaugiakms, gc pdstgromfkgitd `g aumitd gi iugstrm trm`kakñi ﬍cdsñ﬍am eugsg skoid `g adfpckak`m adfpckak`m`` gitr gitrgg gc cdods y cm ﬍`gs (d su gcmhdrmakñi tgdcñokam). Msæ, cm `giuiakm kcustrm`m `gc prgjukakd y cm supgrstkakñi adi`giñ m cms tkikghcms `g ui –pmsm`d fgtmeæskad‖ m uim pmrtg gsgiakmc `g cm prdùaakñi kitgcgatumc daak`gitmc (pdr id bmhcmr `g cms edrfms `g pgismfkgitdd qug, imak`ms mc mhrkod `g dtrds gadskstgfms aucturmcgs, ik pgismfkgit skqukgrm grmi fgrgag`drms `g sgr aditm`ms gitrg cms prdùaakdigs –﬍cdsñ﬍ams‖ d –fgtmeæskams‖). Ogstd `g agisurm auym prkfgrm væatkfm eug, imturmcfgitg, imturmcfgitg, gc pgismf pgismfkgitd kgitd fg`kgvmc fg`kgvmc,, pdr aumitd su pprd rdygatd ygatd `g egi`æm gxpcæaktmfgitg gxpcæaktmfgitg cm aktm ‐y cm egau egaui`makñi i`makñi rrgaæpr gaæprdam‐ dam‐ `g cm pmcmhrm rgvgcm`m y gc trmhmjd ﬍cdsñ﬍ad. ^grd gc rm`kd `g maakñi `g gsm gxacuskñi eug fuabd fís mfpckd, megatmi`d tmitd m cm ëpdam acískam (mitg td`d, ^cmtñi y gc igdpcmtdiksfd) adfd mc pmsm`d kifg`kmtd (@gsamrtgs, ^msamc d Cgkhikz), gc prgsgitg (Qabgcckio d Lkgrlgommr`) y gc euturd (Qabgcgr, Xdsgizwgko d Bgk`googr) `gc prdpkd `ksaursd arætkad. Qg trmtñ, ski ù`m, `g ui gsqugfm bgrfgiëutkad vkdcgitd, sñcd gxpckamhcg gi vkrtu` `g cm uikcmtgrmck`m` adi qug cm adiakgiakm fd`grim, agcdsm `gegisdrm `g ui k`gmc `g mutd-idfæm krrgstrkatm (gi pdcëfkad aditrmstg adi cm ‐amrkamturkzm`m y `gfdikzm`m‐ –bgtgrd-idfæm‖ rgckokdsm, ccgoíi`dsg m bmagr `g cm trmsagi`giakm ui mimcdodi `gc `gspd;

tksfd y cm `dfkimakñi), gfprgi`kñ uim cuabm ski aumrtgc aditrm gc –emitmsfm tgd-cñokad‖. ^mrm agrakdrmrsg `g cd edrzm`d g kijustd `g cm mpugstm hmstmræm adi dhckomrsg m rgspdi`gr m cm prgouitm: ´quë sdhrgvkvg `g cm trm`kakñi bkstñrkad-﬍cdsñ﬍am trms grrm`kamr `g gccm m td`ds mqugccds pgism`drgs pgism`dr gs gi cds qug sg `gtgatm `gtgatmsg, sg, pdr tæfk`m qug eug eugsg, sg, aumcqu aumcqukgr kgr adiikvgiakm adi cmyprdhcgfítkam cmsgxpgrkgiakm amtgodræms rgckokdsm4 `gc `ksaursd tgdcñokad, d adi cms edrfms aditgik`ds `gd cm ´]uë rgmck`m` rgstmræm trms cm miucmakñi `gc –trmsfui`d gspgatrmc‖4 

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–Id hmstm kistmcmrsg adfd mùmigrd gi cm erditgrm supugstmfgitg sgourm gitrg cm ﬍cdsdeæm y cm tgdcdoæm< prkfgrd gs prgaksd kitgrrdomrsg, adfd ﬍cñsded, sdhrg gc prdpkd trmzm`d `g gsm erditgrm‖, ids m`vkgrtg m`vkg rtg J. C. Abrëtkgi Abrë tkgi `gs`g cm kitrdùaakñi `g gstg ckhrd. KKi`kqugfds, i`kqugfds, pdr iugstrm pmrtg, qug gccd id adiccgvm ‐aumi`d fgids, id igagsmrkmfgitg‐ m`gitrmrsg gi gc tgrrktdrkd tgdcñokad sdfgtkgi`d gc pgismr m cm ræok`m `ksakpckim `g su prdag`gr `dofítkad, rgktgrmi`d gc vkgjd cgfm `g uim rmzñi (miakccm tbgdcdokå) bufkc`gfgitg suhdr`kim`m m cds `katm`ds `g cm vgr`m` tgdcñokam. Muiqug gsm kfmogi sgm, gi ormi fg`k`m, `gu`drm `gc prdag`gr `g cm arætkam fd`grim (m su vgz sdfgtk`m m arætkam) y, fís qug prdhmhcgfgitg, kim`gaum`m adfd `gsarkpakñi `g cd fís vmckdsd `gc trmhmjd tgdcñokad matumc, skoug skgi`d akgrtd qug cm ﬍`gck`m` m cms gxkogiakms `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm pmrgag gxacukr aumcqukgr edrfm `g kistmcmakñi kikakmc gi cm vgr`m`, muiqug ëstm sg prgtgi`m fmikegstmakñi `gc Mhsdcutd. Qki gfhmrod, id gs igagsmrkd mhmi`dimr gc ífhktd ﬍cdsñ﬍ad pmrm `kmcdomr adi cm pmcmhrm `g cm eg, pugs mquëc id sg `g﬍ig adfd acmusurm `g ui gspmakd ogdfëtrkamfgitg `g﬍ik`d, skid fís hkgi adfd cuomr ckfkimr d erditgrkzd gi gc qug sg gitrgaruzmi fúctkpcgs vdags, ski qug rgsuctg justd `gstgrrmr adfd –hírhmrd‖ m qukgi ‐sgýmcm`mfgitg, gc pgism`dr `g kispkrmakñi tgdcñokam‐ pmrgag sktumrsg `gc dtrd cm`d `gc cki`g. Muiqug sñcd eugsg pdr pdrqug qug ‐adfd Abrëtkgi ids rgau rgaugr` gr`m‐, m‐, m emctm `g ui trmzm`d prgaksd, id smhgfds fuy hkgi pdr `ñi`g pmsm cm cæigm erditgrkzm ik, pdr tmitd, `g quë cm`d gstmfds idsdtrds fksfds< sñcd pd`gfds rgspgtmr cm mpgrturm gsgiakmc `g gsg ífhktd. Cm vdamakñi ﬍cdsñ﬍am =>

qukzí id sgm skid cm magptmakñi `g cm adi`kakñi `g erditgrkzd, `g bmhktmitg `gc ckfgs.= Gc ﬍cñsd ﬍cñsded ed id igag igagsktm sktm,, pdr tmit tmitd, d, mh mhmi` mi`dimr dimr su pr prdpkd dpkd tgrr tgrrktd ktdrkd rkd ppmrm mrm gfprgi`gr uim –gxaurskñi‖ bmakm gc meugrm tgdcñokad. Cg hmstm rgadrrgr gc gspmakd prdpkd y, `g amfkid, sg prdùakrí igagsmrkmfgitg gc giaugitrd. cggr g kitgrprgtmr cms ormi`gs `g iugstrmm4 trm`kakñi ski tgigrÁñfd qug bmhërsgcms bmhërsgcm s adi cm prdhcgf prdhcgfítkam ítkam `gdhrms cm trmsagi`giakm4 trmsagi`giak M gsm adi erditm er ditmakñi akñi id sñc sñcdd gs kivktm kivktm`d `d gc pgism pgism`dr `dr rrgcko gckokds kdsd, d, skid tmf tmfhkëi hkëi gc cmkad, pugs id sg trmtm tmitd `g cm mctgrimtkvm gitrg kiargùck`m` y eg adfd `g uim gxkogiakm kitgrim mc prdpkd gcgfgitd `ksaurskvd `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm. 

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Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm gs hugim fugstrm `g aumitd ccgvmfds `kabd. Qk, fkgitrms bdjgm sus píokims mitgs `g gfprgi`gr cm cgaturm prd pkmfgitg `kabm, gc cgatdr `gjm qug cms rgegr rgegrgiakms giakms `g cms idtms m pkg `g píokim rgtgiomi su mtgiakñi, adfprdhmrí adfprdhmrí ski `k﬍auctm` añfd gc fkiuakdsd trmhmjd gxgoëtkad `g Abrëtkgi dhg`gag mc fd`gcd gshdzm`d: adistmitg rgfkskñi m cds acískads `g cm bkstdrkm `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm, kisgpmrmhcgs `g sus adfgitmrkstm adfgitmrkstmss (gspgakmcfgitg fg`kgvmcgs), g kivdamakñi ‐`gtgrfkimitg `g td`d gc `ksaursd, muiqug rgsuctg fís `ksargtm‐ `g cm Gsarkturm y su mfpck﬍amakñi tgdcñokam (ski qug pmsg `gsmpgrakhk`m cm fg`ktmakñi pkm`dsm pkm`dsm d cds tgxtd tgxtdss fæstkad fæstkads). s). M tætucd `g gjgfpcd: gc úctkfd gismyd, –Gc augrpd y gc tmatd‖, qug gs, mitg td`d, uim rkourdsm rg﬈gxkñi sdhrg cm tgfmtkzmakñi mrkstdtëckam `gc tmatd, cgg y adfgitm adi fkiuakdsk`m` cds tgxtds `gc adrpus mrkstdtëckad ‐ski dcvk`mr pdr ui kistmitg cm adfpcgjk`m` `g cæigms `g pgismfkgitd qug mccæ sg `mi aktm, ik gc amría=. @gs`g ui mfhkakdsd prdygatd ﬍cdsñ﬍ad y adi cm emakck`m` pmrm cm mauýmakñi adiagptumc qug amrmatgrkzm su gsarkturm, cm prdùaakñi úctkfm `g Guogikd Præms (Cds cæfktgs `gc fui`d, Cm mvgiturm ﬍cdsñ﬍am, Cñokam `gc cæfktg y Cm g`m` `gc gspærktu) adistktuyg, gi gsgiakm, uim kivktmakñi m cm gxpcdrmakñi `gc cæfktg (cæfktg fgtmeæskad gitrg fui`ds d ífhktds, m cds qug Præms `m gc idfhrg `g –agrads‖: gc agrad `gc mpmrgagr y gc agrad bgrfëtkad< rgspgatkvmfgi rgspgatkvmfgitg, tg, cd egidfëikad egidfëikad,, d kifmigitg, y cd idufëikad, d trmsagi`gitg) yy,, gi adisgaugiakm, cm amrmatgrkzmakñ amrmatgrkzmakñii `gc sujgtd bufmid adfd bmhktmitg `gc cæfktg d erditgrm. Ae. cms hgccms píokims `gc –^rgcu`kd‖ qug mhrg cm Cñokam `gc cæfktg (Hmragcdim, @gstkid, =;;=). prdpugstm adistktuyg sæitdfm, gitrg idsdtrds, amfhkdbmhcmi`d. `g pmrm`kofm ‐gi cm matktu`Cm ﬍cdsñ﬍am bmakm gc bgabdui rgckokdsd(-tgdcñokad)‐ `gc `g quggsg vgikfds

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tgr m fgiu`d mpdrëtkad qug gsm rg﬈gxkñi `gfugstrm‐ y su rgsdimiakm gitrg cds adfgitmrkstms arkstkmids d cm pskadcdoæm y cm ﬍cdsdeæm fd`grims, pmrm ccgomr, m trmvës `g Pdfís `g Mqukid y Hugimvgiturm, mc fd`d gi qug gc mcfm gs tdam`m ‐y gc augrpd trmis﬍ourm`d‐ pdr gc Ugrhd gi cm gsarkturm mrrghmtm`m `g Jumi `g cm Aruz. [ idmsgrgegrgiakms trmtm, ik gitgxtumcgs gsg gismyd gi cds trgsui rgstmitgs, tñrkad qugikkcustrmsgi `ksaursd`gc mcrgaursd qug, girgcd sustmiakmc, sgræmi mjgims. Gi fd`d mcouid. Qgm d id magrtm`m cm gxprgskñi `g –okrd tgdcñokad `g cm egidfgidcdoæm ermiagsm8‖, rgsuctm kiigomhcg qug cm augstkñi rgckokdsm y cm rg﬈gxkñi tgdcñokam `gtgrfkimi `gs`g `gitrd, æitkfmfgitg, gc gfpgýd `g pgismfkgitd `g Abrëtkgi. @g bgabd, cm kiermgstruaturm amtgodrkmc `g Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm, su kispkrmakñi iuacgmr, gs `g imturmcgzm rgckokdsm. Qg trmtm `g ui tdpds agitrmc `gc fdidtgæsfd hæhckad: cm Udz `kvkim ‐tmitd gi gc ﬍mt argm`dr adfd gi cm pmcmhrm `g gcgaakñi‐ gs gc dhjgtd prkvkcgokm`d `g cm adiakgiakm bufmim, qug sg `g﬍ig drkokimrkmfgit drkokimrkmfgitgg pdr cm gsauabm (﬍`gs y,, `gs`g cm mu`kakñi qu qugg cm adistk adistktuyg, tuyg, mrtkauc mrtkaucmm su pr prdpkm dpkm vdz, gx mu`ktu) y gad `g cm Udz. Udz. M cm gcmhdrmakñi `g gsg gitrmfm`d `g vdags (qug prdc prdckegkegrm gi vkrtu` `gc bgabd `g qug gc dygitg gs fúctkpcg: am`m sujgtd bufmid gs gc cuomr gi qug, mc tkgfpd qug sg `gjm dær cm Udz, sg gsauabmi cms vdags qug prdcdiomi m ëstm< pdr gccd, cm trm`kakñi ‐am`gim `g vdags, gi qug am`m gscmhñi gs, m cm vgz, rgagptdr y gfksdr‐ gs uim `gtgrfkimakñi adistktutkvm, adistktutk vm, y adistktuygit adistktuygitg, g, `g cm suhjgtkvk`m`) sg adismorm gc gseugrzd `g Abrëtkgi. Kitgiakdim`mfgitg, Kitgiakdim` mfgitg, pdr tmitd, kitr kitrdùjkfds dùjkfds `gs`g gc adf adfkgizd kgizd cm fg fg-tmeñrkam `g cm vdz. Cm gsagim `g cm vdz gs gcuak`m`m gi cds trgs gismyds qug, juitd adi gc ym mcu`k`d, adi﬍ourmi gc prgsgitg ckhrd: cm trm`kakñi tbëdcdokqug `g cm pbëidfëidcdokg ermiïmksg 8. Mcu`kfds Mcu`kfds m cm dhrm `g @. Jmikamu`, Cg tdurimit tbëdcdokqug (Adfhms, G`. `g C‛Ëacmt, =;;=), `di`g sg kitgitm `gsarkhkr gc –vugcad‖ d –vkrmjg‖ (tërfkids qug, pdr su fmydr `rmfmtksfd, qukzí sgmi uim vgrskñi fís ﬍gc qug –okrd‖ `gc vdamhcd ermiaës –tdurimit‖) qug, m pmrtkr `g cds mýds sgsgitm, gxpgrkfgitñ akgrtd sgatdr `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm ermiagsm. Cm iñfkim `g pgism`drgs qug prdpdig Jmikamu` gs `g prkfgr dr`gi: G. Cëvkims, F. Bgiry, J.-C. Fmrkdi… y J.-C. Abrëtkgi. Qki vmcdrmr mbdrm gc prdpñsktd mhkgrtmfgitg pdcëfkad `gc mutdr (qug dpdig m gsm –`grkvm‖ tgdcdokzmitg gc kfpgrmtkvd `g rkodr y rgspgatd m cm gxpgrkgiakm qug `dfkimh `dfkimhmm cm rg﬈gxkñi bussgrckmim, mbdrm trmkakdim`m pdr uim vdamakñi `g trmsagi`giakm mjgim mc gspærktu egidfgidcñokad drkokimc), cd akgrtd gs qug bm smhk`d pdigr `g fmik﬍gstd uim futmakñi gi cm gsagim ﬍cdsñ﬍am

ermiagsm, gi cds amsds `gfuabd Fmrkdifís y Abrëtkgi, dhrms oumr`mi uim adisk`grmhcg gspgakmcfgitg m﬍ik`m` (skgi`dpmtgitg cm mpugstm tgdcñokam gxpcæaktm auyms gi gc prkfgrd).

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gstëtkam (igd-)pcmtñikam, (igd-)pcmtñikam, qug vkiaucm gtkfdcñokamf gtkfdcñokamfgitg gitg (y gc miícksks gtkfdcñokad fksfd gs ym uim edrfm `g gsauabmr gi cm pmcmhrm cms vdags skcgiakdsms qug, prgag`këi`dcm, cm adistktuygi) cm hgccgzm ‐lmcdi‐ mc tgfm `g cm ccmfm`m ‐lmcgki‐ (–Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm‖)< cm rgcmakñi gitrg cm vdz y cm fkrm`m, qug adiùag m cm idakñi `g –Cm vdz vkskhcg‖ y augstkdim, pdr su gxagskvd gsqugfmtksfd, cm tñpkam dpdskakñi gitrg uim aucturm `g cm vdz y cm mu`kakñi (fui`d hæhckad) y dtrm `gc djd y cm fkrm`m (﬍cdsdeæm orkgom)< ﬍imcfgitg, gc tgfm `g cm –vdz `g cm adiakgiakm‖, rmstrgm`d m trmvës `g cm bkstdrkm `g cds mvmtmrgs bgrfgiëutkads `gc `mkfdi sdarítkad y cm tgfmtkzmakñi k`gmckstm (Lmit y Ekabtg) `gc Ogwkssgi (–Cm dtrm vdz‖). Gsm gsagim kfpdig, pdr cd `gfís, ui fd`d `g prdag`gr mc `ksaursd qug qukgrg idfhrmrcm (tgigr uim vdz prdpkm, y gc cgatdr bmhrí `g adiag`gr qug Abrëtkgi cm pdsgg, id cgoktkfm ikiouim edrfm `g `ksaursd fdid-cñok fdid-cñokad, ad, pugs gc `ksaursd sñcd gs pdskhcg gi aumitd gad ‐pmskvd‐ y `kícdod ‐matkvd‐ adi gsg adijuitd `g vdags qug adi﬍ourmi cd qug ccmfmfds –trm`kakñi‖)< adfd sk cm mxkdfítkam qug giuiakm Abrëtkgi (id bmy vdz bufmim qug sgm, gi sgitk`d rm`kamc, prkfgrm, pugs skgfpr skgfprgg gs prg prgag`k`m ag`k`m pdr dtrm vdz ‐d U Udz‐, dz‐, pdr cm vdz `gc Dtrd, muiqug ëstm sñcd sg `gjg dær gi cm vdz qug cm prdcdiom) odhgrimsg tmfhkëi cm fgtñ`kam `g su gsarkturm (krrgùatkhcgfgitg bgrfgiëutkam: gc prdpkd `ksaursd sg mrtkaucm mc bkcd `gc adfgitmrkd `g dtrd tgxtd< y `g cds tgxt tgxtds ds qug adfgitmi m ëstg< y `g cds adf adfgitmrkds gitmrkds `g sgou sgoui`d i`d ikvgc…< id pu`këi`dsg gstmhcgagr ui cæfktg m gsm prdckegrmakñi `g cm pmcmhrm –sgoui`m‖ ik, prgaksmfgitg pdr gccd, uim ﬍jmakñi `g﬍iktkvm `g cm pmcmhrm –prkfgrm‖). –prkfgrm‖). 

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Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm kitgitm idfhrmr cm vdz, gc egiñfgid `g cm vdz, `g maugr`d adi gc ktkigrmrkd d trmygatdrkm qug su gfkskñi `khujm: ccmfm`m y rgspugstm `mi idfhrg m cds `ds gxtrgfds `g cm cæigm `g cm vdz, m cds `ds pdcds gitrg cds qug sg mrtkaucm su ogdfgtræm `kiífkam. Qki mtgitmr aditrm gc væiaucd d gicmag (cm `ksargtm y `gc tætucd), gsm ùpckak`m` bmag qug cm vdz sñcd sg gitrgoug adfd `gs-`dhcmfkgitd `g cm vdz: vdz prdegrk`m drkokimcfgitg vdz qug, `gs`g gsauabm `grgspugstm. mquëccm, cm pgrpgtúm mc fd`d `g ui gad). Gstms pmcmhrms mhrgi gc ckhrd: –Qñcd kcufkim cm vdz `gsiu`m. @g cm arkptm `g cm omromitm m cm kitkfk`m` `gc dæ`d, sdpcd qug mtrmvkgsm gc mkrg, gs skgfprg ui sgargtdamccmr cd qug y cdpug`m qug cmmhmi`dimrcm‖ ccgvm, bmstm `gjmrcm akëi`dcm skigccm qug ccgvm gc vgrhd (p. ?). m vgags ski mckgitd y suspgi`grcm, bm-

=0

–Cms `kvgrsms pdtgiakms `g cm ccmfm`m mquæ `gsarktm id sg `krkogi m ui purd god trmsagi`gitmc, skid mc bdfhrg æitgord, augrpd y mcfm. Pmfhkëi rgqukgrg kitgrrdomrsg sdhrg gc væiaucd gitrg cds sgitk`ds y cm vdz‖< msæ, cm egidfgidcdoæm `g cm vdz, cgjds `g adfprdfgtgrsg adi ui gspkrktumcksfd `g skoid ùmckstm qug grrm`kamsg td`d rmstrd `g mkstbgsks `gc ífhktd pigufmtdcñokad, adiùag m uim rgidvm`m tgdræm `g cm sgiskhkck`m`. Gc tgfm `g cm vdz, adiskstkgi`d gi gc gitrgcmzmfkgitd `g cm edimakñi y cm gsauabm, id pug`g `gsckomrsg `gc dæ`d adfd ñromid `g cm mu`kakñi y `gc augrpd td`d gi qug qug gsg sgitk`d sg kisarkhg. @g bgabd, cm mimcætkam `gc dæ`d mhrg ui idvg`dsd trmtmfkgitd `g cms rgstmitgs fd`mck`m`gs `g cd sgiskhcg, msæ adfd `g su gitrgaruzmfkgitd skigstëskad (–vdz vkskhcg‖)< gi gstg sgitk`d, gc ym aktm`d gismyd –Gc augrpd y gc tmatd‖, qug mimckzm cm prkfmaæm `g cd tíatkc m pmrtkr `g cds `gsmrrdccds mrkstdtëckads, adistktuyg cm fís gcmhdrm`m mpdrtmakñi `g gstg ckhrd m uim egidfgidcdoæm `gc sujgtd amrimc. @gu`drm tmitd `g cms kiidvmakdigs `g cm egidfgidcdoæm egidfgidcd oæm pdst-bussgr pdst-bussgrckmim ckmim adfd `g cm mitr mitrdpdcdoæm dpdcdoæm hæhckam: cm fg`ktmakñi sdhrg cm suhjgtkvk`m` amrimc rgadog y uik﬍am cms kitukakdigs `g Fgrcgmu-^dity sdhrg gc sujgtd-augrpd y cms suogrgiakms prdvgikgitgs `g cm idakñi igdtgstmfgitmrkm `g smrx (id gi vmid gc lgryofm gvmioëckad prdacmfm mitg td`d cm giamrimakñi `gc Ugrhd). Adi﬍rfmfds, `g gsg fd`d, cm gxkstgiakm `g trgs ormi`gs bkcds sgfíitkads gi cm trmfm `gc `ksaursd `g Abrëtkgi: cm bgrfgiëutkam bkstñrkad-﬍cdsñ﬍am (gspgakmcfgitg rgagptkvm m cds fdfgitds `g vugcd tgdcñokad `gc `ksaursd), cm `ksargtm pgrd ﬍rfg vdamakñi tgdcñokam y cm ﬍`gck`m` mc prdag`gr egidfgidcñokad (muiqug id sg mtgiom m cm fgtñ`kam `g gstrkatm dhsgrvmiakm bussgrckmim). Gi cm supgr﬍akg trkmioucmr `g﬍ik`m pdr gsms trgs kistmiakms sg `gspckgom cm gsarkturm `g Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm. 

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Gsarkturm, ki`kquëfdsc ki`kquëfdscdd pmrm tgrfkimr tgrfkimr,, fmoiæ﬍am, qug smhg adiakckmr cms gxkogiakms `gc adiagptd (`gsarkpakñi egidfgid egidfgidcñokam cñokam y cmhdr `g kitgrprgtmakñi `g cds tgxtds acískads) y cm hgccgzm `g cm gxprgskñi cærkam (givugctd gc idfhrg ui bmcdm `g suogrgiakms `gcuim sgargtd, qug sg giuiakm `gs`gpdr gc rgspgtd su skcgiakd). Id añfpckag sg trmtm `g fgrm =7

vdcuitm` `g gstkcd ‐pdr cd `gfís, ski ù`m prgsgitg‐, skid, mitg td`d, `g cm húsqug`m `gc rëokfgi vgrhmc m`gaum`d pmrm `gakr gc fkstgrkd qug tkgig cuomr gitrg cm vdz gfktk`m y cm vdz dæ`m. @g gsm sæitgsks gitrg cm pmcmhrm y gc skcgiakd smhg, ski ù`m, fuabd cm trm`kakñi arkstkmim m cm qug Abrëtkgi rgaurrg: gi gc amitd `g mcmhmizm d gi cm maakñi `g ormakms, cm pmcmhrm `gc argygitg gs, gi su prdpkm rmæz, vdz pdëtkam. Pmfhkëi mquæ sg adi﬍rfm gc prkiakpkd ki`kam`d (cm edrfm `gc `ksaursd `g Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm dhg`gag m cd qug gsg fksfd `ksaursd `kag: su fgtñ`kam gs trmsuitd `g su mxkdfítkam): cm hgccgzm (lmcdi) `g cm gxprgskñi rgsuctm ki`ksdakmhcg `gc ccmfmr (lmcgki) mc qug rgspdi`g. 

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Cm vdz ‐cm gsarkturm‐ `g Abrëtkgi, pr prdvgikgitg dvgikgitg ‐adfd aumcqukgr vdz‐ `g dtrms vdags prgvkms (rgspgatd m cms aumcgs gs rgspugstm), gs tmfhkëi, mc koumc qug td`m vdz, ccmfm`m `krkok`m m ui dygitg, gs `gakr, m ui cgatdr. M ëstg, ﬍gc m su vdamakñi `g `g cgatdr cgatdr,, tdam rg rgspdi`gr spdi`gr m gsm ccm ccmfm`m. fm`m. Cg adrrgspdi`g, pdr tmitd, cm rgspugstm m cm ccmfm`m `g Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm.

Mchgrtd Quamsms

=5

Kitrdùaakñi

sgiprgaksd ‐`gaæm Jdsgpb Jduhgrt‐. [qug bmym vdags`ga juitms uim vdz pmrm qug sgm bgrfdsm‖. bgrfdsm‖ am`m vgzvmrkms qug, pmrm `gakr kr cd qug gs, uim vdz tdfm cm pmcmhrm, gstí gi gccm, adfd gc pgsd qug cm mrrmstrm y cm prdfgsm qug cm sdstkgig, cm prdeuskñi ruk`dsm `g td`d mqugccd m cd qug rgspdi`g. Qñcd bmhcmfds ccmfm`ds, ccmfm`ds pdr cd qug bmy qug `gakr, y, ski gfhmrod, cd qug bmy qug `gakr úikamfgitg sg mprgi`g y sg dyg gi cm prdpkm pmcmhrm. Qñcd rdfpgfds gc skcgiakd adi mrrgocd m sus prdpkms emccms< ëc fksfd sg rdfpg y rgsugim gi iugstrm vdz, pugs cd qug ids bmag mhmi`dimrcd sñcd gi ëc pd`æm fdrmr y, id dhstmitg, gsg skcgiakd úikamfgitg rgspcmi`gag adi gc rgspcmi`dr `g cm vdz, pugs sñcd ëstm cd dyg y smhg oumr`mrcd. Gs prgaksd qug, pdr ui kistmitg, ui bdfhrg sg ygrom gi cm idabg pmrm qug –gc skcgiakd gtgrid `g cds gspmakds ki﬍iktds‖ ki﬍iktd s‖ mpmrgzam adfd skcgiakd, rgadok`d gi cm vdz qug cd `gskoim. Cm vdz qug `m vdz, kiacusd mc prdpkd skcgiakd, id sg bm `m`d, ski gfhmrod, gccm fksfm m sæ fksfm. Bmhcmfds pdr p dr bmhgr dæ`d y, id `gjmi`d `g dær, aumcqukgr vdz ccgvm gi sæ fksfm vmrkms vdags, pugs id bmy prkfgrm vdz. Bmhcmfds skgfprg gi gc fui`d ‐skgfprg ym, skgfprg sk gfprg múi gi gc fui`d‐ y cm ki kikkakmtkvm `g cm pmcmhrm vkgig skgfprg cmstrm`m, pdr tmitd, pdr ui pmsm`d, tmfhkëi pdr uim amrom `g pmcmhrm qug tdfm sdhrg sæ ski bmhgrcm adistktuk`d. Gitrg fk vdz qug bmhcm y fk vdz qug dkod, vkhrm td`d gc gspgsdr `gc fui`d auyd sgitk`d kitgitm `gakr< gsg sgitk`d qug cm bm mtrmpm`d, adfd `g uim `gitgccm`m, `g edrfm kifgfdrkmc. Áñfd pgismr cm ccmfm`m qug ids bmag bmhcmr4 Áñfd pgismr cm pmcmhrm qug rgspdi`g y sñcd dyg rgspdi`kgi`d4 Áñfd pgismr cm vdz, úikad cuomr gi qug sg giamrimi cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm4 rgsp ugstm4 Áñfd pgismr gsm vdz amrimc ski cm aumc gc gspærktu amrgagræm `g bgrg`grds4 Qk cm vdz gsauabm, gc augrpd gsauabm, m trmvës `g td`ds cds sgitk`ds: áñfd pgismr sgfgjmitg pdskhkck`m`4 Ësms sdi cms prgouitms `g gstg ckhrd. Qg prgaksmræmi prgsuiakñi g kiadbgrgiakm pmrm kfmokimr qug uim sdcm

–G

vdz`g hmstg pmrm rgspdi`grcms, pc mitgmrcms pcmitgmrcms M ﬍i augitms, gc pgismfkgitdd kiacusd id pug`gpmrm mrrmiamrsg pdr rkourdsmfgitg. `gargtd m su prd=?

pkm bkstdrkak`m` ik bmagr adfd sk ym id gstuvkgsg gstuvkgs g skgfprg gi `kícdod adi cms trm`kakdigs `kvgrsms qug edrfmi gsm bkstdrkm y cg `mi su prdpkm cgioum. Cgjds `g adiùakr m uim ckhgrmakñi qug ids mhrkgsg m ui –bdy vkrogi‖, gc `gsadidakfkgitd `g gsms trm`kakdigs gsacmvkzm m cd id kitgrrdom`d gi gccms y adi`gim m rgpgtkakdigs sdiífhucms. Gitrg gsms trm`kakdigs ﬍ourm cm tgdcdoæm, id sñcd cm –tgdcdoæm rmakdimc‖ ‐d –imturmc‖‐ `g cm fgtmeæskam, skid tmfhkëi cm –tgdcdoæm rgvgcm`m‖ y cm Gsarkturm gi cm qug sg eui`mfgitm. ´]uë ﬍cñsded, `gs`g gc ﬍imc `g cm Mitkoóg`m`, id cm bm merditm`d mhkgrtm d sgargtmfgitg, muiqug eugsg pmrm adfhmtkrcm4 ´]uë `dfkikd `gc pgismfkgitd id bm gstm`d mtrmvgsm`d y pgigtrm`d pdr sus prgouitms y su cgioumjg4 Cm ﬍cdsdeæm fksfm id `gak`g sdhgrmimfgitg sdhrg cms ﬍ourms `g cd `kvkid adi cms qug `ghmtg. ´Qg `ghg m rmzdigs purmfgitg ﬍cdsñ﬍ams qug cm tgdcdoæm mstrmc y cm rgckokñi añsfkam, tmi kfpdrtmitgs pmrm ^cmtñi y Mrkstñtgcgs, bmymi amæ`d pmrm idsdtrds gi ui pmsm`d krrgvdamhcg4 ´^dr quë ym id ccmfmfds –mtgd‖ m qukgi ikgom cm `kvkik`m` `g cds mstrds, pgrd sæ mc qug ikgom cm gxkstgiakm `gc @kds úikad4 Id hmstm kistmcmrsg adfd mùmigrd gi cm erditgrm supugstmfgitg sgourm gitrg cm ﬍cdsdeæm y cm tgdcdoæm< prkfgrd gs prgaksd kitgrrdomrsg, adfd ﬍cñsded, sdhrg gc prdpkd trmzm`d `g gsm erditgrm. ^mrm adisk`grmr ui úikad gjgfpcd, bmy qug qu g rgadr`mr qug Lmit, mc ﬍imc `g cm Arætkam `g cm rmzñi purm, aumi`d kitgitm pgismr –cm k`gm `g ui fui`d fdrmc‖, rgprgsgitm cm adfuik`m` `g cds sgrgs rmzdimhcgs sdfgtk`ds m cm cgy fdrmc adfd ui –adrpus fystkauf‖. Gsg tërfkid, amrom`d `g bkstdrkm, `g sgitk`d y `g prgouitms, prdag`g `g cm tgdcdoæm arkstkmim< fís prgaksmfgitg, `g cm gacgskdcdoæm. Adfprgi`gr gsm píokim `gakskvm `g Lmit dhckom m fg`ktmr quë adsm sgm pmrm cds tgñcdods gc –augrpd fæstkad‖ y quë skoik﬍am cm trmisegrgiakm `g uim gxprgskñi sgfgjmitg `g cm gacgskdcdoæm m cm fdrmc. Qg m`vgrtkrí, mtgi`kgi`d m cms augstkdigs `g fëtd`d, qug gsm ermsg pgrtgigag mc Amidi `g cm rmzñi purm, sgoui`m pmrtg `g cm Pgdræm trmsagi`gitmc `gc fëtd`d, y qug su adfprgiskñi pcgim supdig ui rd`gd ‐sk `g ui rd`gd sg trmtm‐ pdr cm bkstdrkm `g cm tgdcdoæm pdsktkvm. ´]uë ﬍cñsded pd`ræm pgismr qug cm koidrmiakm sgm hugim adisgjgrm y cm pdcætkam `gc mvgstruz cm fís smomz `g td`ms4 Pmfpdad sdrprgi`grí qug mquæ sg `ë pmsd, gitrg cms trm`kakdigs `g pgismfkgitd `g cms qug sg prdpdig ui gstu`kd y uim arætkam egidfgidcñokads, m cm tgdcdoæm hæhckam. =2

^mrm fg`ktmr gc gitrgcmzmfkgitd, gi cm pmcmhrm, `g cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm, gc ampætucd = gstu`km, gi prkfgr cuomr, gc fd`d gi qug cm trm`kakñi pcmtñikam ‐`gs`g cm Mitkoóg`m` mc Xgimakfkgitd‐ pgisñ cm hgccgzm adfd skgi`d, gi su fmikegstmakñi fksfm, ccmfm`m, vdamakñi, prdvdamakñi. Id sg trmtm `g uim ui m ccmfm`m sdhrgmým`k`m m cm hgccgzm y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, maak`gitmc: cms adsms y cms edrfms id ids ccmfmi pdr sgr hgccms gi sæ fksfms ‐y adfd pmrm sæ‐, skid qug pd`gfds pd` gfds ccmfmrcms hgccms pdrqug ids ccmfmi ccmfmi y ids vugcvgi m ccmfmr ccmfmr.. [ tmi prditd adfd pd`gfds bmagrcd, `ghgfds bmagrcd, pmrm rgspdi`grcgs. Ccmfmi m cm fkrm`m, pgrd tmfhkëi m cm vdz, amromi cm fkrm`m `g pmcmhrm y cm vdz `g cuz, gi cd qug gs skgfprg fís qug ‐y `kstkitd m‐ uim rgvgrhgrmakñi d ui gad. @kstkitm `g gsm ccmfm`m `g cd hgccd gs cm ccmfm`m `g @kds m sgr, cm ccmfm`m argm`drm, fg`ktm`m m pmrtkr `g uim ermsg `g Qmi ^mhcd y sus `kvgrsms kitgrprgtmakdigs gi cm bkstdrkm. ´Gi quë adiskstg ccmfmr aumi`d gc qug gs ccmfm`d sñcd surog m trmvës `g gsm ccmfm`m4 Cm kiacuskñi `g cm ccmfm`m gi cm rgspugstm ‐gi uim rgspugstm qug pdig gi jugod td`d iugstrd sgr y ski gfhmrod iuiam pug`g sgr pcgim, iuiam sg vugcvg adrrgspdi`giakm‐ m`qukgrg mquæ uim edrfm tdtmcfgitg `kstkitm. Qgourmfgitg gs tgdcñokam, cd qug id skoik﬍am qug id `kspgisg uim pd`grdsm kitgckokhkck`m`. Cd kifgfdrkmc `g cm ccmfm`m pmrm uim rgspugstm qug ym gstí skgfprg rgtrmsm`m rgspgatd m mquëccm sg `m gi edrfm mimcñokam, pdr cd `gfís, gi gc fdvkfkgitd pdr gc qug ccgomfds m cm pmcmhrm, cm mprgi`gfds pmrm mtrmpmrcm, gstmi`d skgfprg ym mtrmpm`ds gi gccm y skgi`d ccmfm`ds pdr gccm. Cms `kvgrsms pdtgiakms `g cm ccmfm`m mquæ `gsarktm id sg `krkogi m ui purd god trmsagi`gitmc, skid mc bdfhrg æitgord, augrpd y mcfm. Pmfhkëi rgqukgrg kitgrrdomrsg sdhrg gc væiaucd gitrg cds sgitk`ds s gitk`ds y cm vdz. Cm `gsarkpakñi `g iugstrm prgsgiakm gi gc fui`d dhckom m `gjmr mtrís cm dpdskakñi `gc vgr y gc dær, utkckzm`m pmrm td`m acmsg `g ﬍igs. Áñfd pug`gi aruzmrsg `g fmigrm qug –gc djd gsauabm‖ y cm pmcmhrm fkrm4 Ësm gs cm prgouitm `gc ampætucd 8. Bmy uim vdz vkskhcg, mc koumc qug uim –fkrm`m `g tmc æi`dcg qug gs bmhcm`m‖, sgoúi cm gxprgskñi `g Ermiaks ^diog. Cm Hkhckm, sdhrg cm aumc sg prgtgi`g ergaugitgfgitg hmsmr cm mitætgsks gitrg cd vkskhcg y cd mu`khcg, id cg dtdrom su mutdrk`m`. `g gsms vdags vkskhcgssurog `gc fui`d qug sdckaktmi cm iugstrm Mc y cmaditrmrkd urogi m ccgvmrcms m cm pmcmhrm, cm augstkñi `g uim vdz `keg=;

rgitg, kivkskhcg, kiadrpdrmc, skcgiakdsm. Gs, adfd augstkñi, gc dhjgtd `gc ampætucd 1. Hmjd fúctkpcgs edrfms, cm ﬍cdsdeæm ﬍cdsdeæ m id bm `gjm`d `g m﬍rfmr su gxkstgiakm, `gs`g cm vdz `gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs m cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm. ´Gs m trmvës `g uim vdz kitgrkdr sgfgjmitg adfd ids gs `krkok`m cm ccmfm`m4 ´[ quë `grgabd tkgig tkgig sgfgjmitg kitgrpgcma kitgrpgcmakñi kñi m sgr ccmfm`m vdz4 Gc gstu`kd arætkad `g ﬍cdsdeæms qug bmi tgfmtkzm`d sgfgjmitg egiñfgid pcmitgm cm augstkñi `g cd prdpkd y su mctgrmakñi. ´Gs uim mctgrmakñi cd qug ids `m cm pmcmhrm4 ´Gxkstg rgmcfgitg uim vdz prgvkm m cm vdz, rgkimi`d gi ui edrd kitgrid gi gc qug sñcd sgræmfds gsauabm, `di`g sñcd pug`g gsauabmrsg cm ccmfm`m trmùakëi`dcm, gs `gakr, bmhcmi`d, skgfprg mc fui`d y gi gc fui`d4 @g bmhgr vdz kitgrkdr, sñcd pug`g sgr kitgrkdr m iugstrm vdz amrimc, y id m ui smitumrkd gspkrktumc< y pdr gccm sdfds ui `kícdod gi iugstrm prdpkm adrpdrgk`m`. ´Xgsuctm pcmuskhcg bmagr `g iugstrd augrpd, qug gi su kitgork`m` fmik﬍gstm cm vdz, cd ccmfm`d `g cm ccmfm`m4 Qupdikgi`d qug sgm ccmfm`d y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, trmisvgrhgrm`d pdr cm pmcmhrm, íd gstí adistktuk`d gc augrpd mitgs `g gsm ccmfm`m4 Íd gs prkfgrm gi su skcgiakd cm gxpgrkgiakm qug, gi gc sgitkr, bmag `g sæ fksfd gc vkvkgitg4 Íd prgsupdig gc aruag `gc vgr y gc dær, gstmhcgak`d pdr cds ampætucds mitgrkdrgs, gc sgitk`d eui`mfgitmc qug gs gc tmatd4 Gc ampætucd 0 gstu`km ëstg úctkfd. Qu gjg gs uim cgaturm egidfgidcñokam `g Mrkstñtgcgs, pmrm qukgi gc bdfhrg gs ui sgr tíatkc, pugs im`kg pgisñ adfd ëc gc egiñfgid `gc tmatd. Qus prgouitms, sus rgspugstms y sus mpdræms `gtgrfkimi, gi gstg cuomr adfd gi tmitds dtrds, td`m cm bkstdrkm `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm. M trmvës `g sus miícksks, sg pdig `g fmik﬍gstd qug gc augrpd, gi gc prdpkd tmatd, gsauabm y pug`g gsauabmr. ^mræs, gigrd `g =;;8 Idtm hkhckdorí﬍am hkhckdorí﬍am Cds `ds prkfgrds ampætucds `g gstg ckhrd mpmrgakgrdi kikakmcfgitg gi edrfm `g mrtæaucds. –Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm‖ gi ^bkcdsdpbkg, iº 87, G`ktkdis `g Fkiukt, =;;>, y –Cm vdz vkskhcg‖ gi Cm ^mrt `g c‛őkc, iº ? (Mrt gt pbëidfëidcdokg), =;;=. Adi morm`gakfkgitd m sus g`ktdrgs rgspgatkvds. 8>

Ampætucd prkfgrd

Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm

Á

mhg pgismr cm ccmfm`m adfd drkogi `g cm pmcmhrm4 Aumi`d ccmfmfds y sdfds ccmfm`ds, íd gs skgfprg ym `gfmskm`d tmr`g pmrm ui drkogi4 Pdfmfds cm pmcmhrm aumi`d mcod d mcoukgi ids kivktm, `g ui fd`d u dtrd, m bmhcmr d ids adifkim m bmagrcd, aumi`d cm pmcmhrm ids gs `m`m, adfd mquæ y mbdrm=. Qñcd cm tdfmfds rgaupgríi`dcm. ^grd sñcd pug`g sgrids `m`m pdrqug ym cm tgigfds y ym cm bgfds rgakhk`d, pdrqug ym gstmfds juitd m mqugccd qug ids ccmfm y cd bmhktmfds juitds. ^mrm rgspdi`gr m cm adifkimakñi m bmhcmr qug sg ids cmizm, gs prgaksd dærcm y dærcm rgqukgrg qug gstgfds `g mitgfmid juitds y uik`ds pdr cm pmcmhrm. Áñfd pd`ræm sgr gc drkogi cd qug prgsupdig mqugccd `g cd qug `ghgræm sgr gc drkogi4 Cm ccmfm`m gi cm qug rgaupgrmfds cm pmcmhrm, íd tdfm tmfhkëi `g idsdtrds y pdr fg`kd `g idsdtrds cm pmcmhrm4 Cm ccmfm`m rgspdi`g ‐ski cd aumc ik skqukgrm sgræm uim ccmfm`m‐ `g su pdskhkck`m` `g sgr dæ`m, `g mpgcmr m mcoukgi y gi emvdr `g mcoukgi. Xgspdi`g `g cm rgspugstm, muiqug eugsg skcgiakd, ﬍itm d igomtkvm. ^grd rgspdi`g koumcfgitg m cd qug ccmfm. ^mrm pd`gr pd `gr kivktmr m mcod d mcou mcoukgi kgi m vgikr, sg prgaksm qug ym bmymi sdhrgvgik`d. Aumcqukgr adivdamtdrkm, smcvd vmakíi`dsg `g sgitk`d y `gstkid, supdig uim prdvdamakñi mitgrkdr m cm qug rgspdi`g. Úikamfgitg pd`gfds kivktmr m vgikr m mqugccd qug ym sg bm vugctd bmakm idsdtrds y sg ids bm fmikegstm`d, m mqugccd qug ccmfm m iugstrm ccmfm`m ‐y msæ gc `æm `g cm pmcmhrm ym bm mfmigak`d mitgs `gc mchm `g aumcqukgr ccmfm`m. Argygi`d giaditrmr uim ccmfm`m purm y skfpcg, giaditrmfds ym uim rgspugstm. ´@ghgi adiùakr gsms mpdræms m mhmi`dimr cm augstkñi d pgrfktgi mprdxkfmrsg fgjdr m gccm gi tmitd qug augstkñi4 Ádistktuyg gc gitrgcmzmfkgitd `g cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm ‐sgoúi gc aumc cm ccmfm`m rgspdi`g y cm rgspugstm ccmfm‐ ui aæraucd vkakdsd d rgvgcm qug id bmy `k=. Gstms píokims eugrdi prkfgrd uim adiegrgiakm, prdiuiakm`m gi gc G.I.Q. gc 82 `g datuhrg `g =;2;, ùrmitg ui adcdqukd sdhrg cm pmcmhrm y gc drkogi.

8=

egrgiakm mcouim gitrg m﬍rfmr qug cm pmcmhrm prdvkgig `g cm ccmfm`m y qug cm prkfgrm pmcmhrm prdegrk`m gs uim rgspugstm, qug td`m pmcmhrm drkokimrkm, adfd cm `g cm pdgsæm, pdgsæm, rgspdi`g rgspdi`g y sñcd gs drkok drkokimrkm imrkm rgspdi`kg rgspdi`kgi`d4 i`d4 Ësg gs gc pgismfkgitd `g Bgk`googr aumi`d gsarkhg gi sus Adiegrgiakms y mrtæaucds: –Gc bdfhrg sñcd gfpkgzm m bmhcmr gi tmitd adrrgspdi`g mc bmhcm, gsauabmi`d su kitgrpgcmakñi. Gitrg td`ms cms kitgrpgcmakdigs ki tgrpgcmakdigs qug idsdtrds fksfds, bdfhrgs, pd`gfds ccgvmr mc bmhcm, gc bmhcm gs cm fís mctm y gi td`ms pmrtgs cm prkfgrm‖8. Cd qug gs prkfgrd sñcd rgsugim pdr prkfgrm vgz gi iugstrm rgspugstm. Qñcd bmhcmi`d gsauabmfds rgmcfgitg cm ccmfm`mm skcgiakdsm `g cm pmcmhr ccmfm` pmcmhrm. m. [ cd qug gi iugstrm pmcmhrm gs drkok drkokimimrkd im`m tkgig `g argm`dr, skid qug, rgakhkgi`d `g cd kikakmc su kikakmtkvm, rgspdi`g. –Gc adrrgspdi`gr, gi gc qug gc bdfhrg gsauabm prdpkmfgitg cm kitgrpgcmakñi `gc bmhcm, gs gc `gakr qug bmhcm gi gc gcgfgitd `gc pdgfm‖, prdskoug Bgk`googr. Áñfd pgismr gsg drkogi skgfprg `gs`dhcm`d y skgfprgg rguik`d, ccmfm` skgfpr ccmfm`mm y rgspugstm4 ´[ añfd pgismr qug rgspdi`gr rgspdi`gr m cm ccmfm`m sgm adrrgspdi`grcg4 ´Qg pug`g adrrgspdi`gr m cm ccmfm`m4 ´D gc gxagsd `gsomrrm`dr `g su orktd hcmiad, gc úikad qug ids mhrg cds cmhkds, bmag qug cm rgspugstm `gsemccgzam rgspgatd m aumcqukgr adrrgspdi`giakm< cd qug vgr`m`grmfgitg ids `m cm pmcmhrm, gs `gakr, pmrm `mrcm4 ´Qg eui`m gc bmhcmr gi cm pdskhkck`m` d gi cm kfpdskhkck`m` `g cm adrrgspdi`giakm m cm ccmfm`m4 ^mrm mhdr`mr gsms gcgvm`ms augstkdigs, sg sgoukrí ui sgi`grd trmisvgrsmc y sg kitgrrdomrí gc drkogi, id `g cm pmcmhrm, skid `g uim sdcm pmcmhrm ‐cm pmcmhrm orkgom lmcñi, cd hgccd‐, mitgs `g fg`ktmr gc `gstkid `g uim sdcm ermsg, cm `g Qmi ^mhcd gi cm Gpæstdcm m cds Xdfmids (0, =?), qug m﬍rfm qug @kds ccmfm m cd qug id gs adfd gitg. Cd qug, gi gsm pmcmhrm y gi gsm ermsg, ccmfm bm susaktm`d rgspugstms `gakskvms pmrm gc pgismfkgitd, qug bmríi gitgi`gr `g fd`d `kstkitd cms augstkdigs pcmitgm`ms. Gi gc `kícdod pcmtñikad qug trmtm sdhrg gc drkogi `g cms pmcmhrms, gc Arítkcd, Bgrfñogigs y Qñarmtgs ccgomi m kitgrrdomrsg sdhrg gc drkogi ‐qug sg prdacmfm `keæakc `g amptmr (0=5 h)‐ `g cm pmcmhrm lmcñi, cd hgccd. Gsm pmcmhrm, `kag Qñarmtgs `g kifg`kmtd, mpgims pcmitgm`m cm augs8. Fmrtki BGK@GOOGX, Udrtràog ui` Muesàtzg, êucckiogi, =;?2, p. =20. Ae. trm`. M. ^rëmu, ^mræs, =;72, p. 882. \trm`. amstgccmim: Adiegrgiakms y mrtæaucds, Hmragcdim, Qgrhmc, =;;0V.

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tkñi, pmrgag sgr gc gpñikfd `gc pgismfkgitd. Gi gegatd, áuíc gs –cm amusm pmrm am`m uid `g cds gitgs `g bmhgr sk`d ccmfm`d (lcgtbgimk)‖4< ´quë bm gstmhcgak`d cds idfhrgs m id sgr gc pgismfkgitd, sgm gc `g cds `kdsgs, gc `g cds bdfhrgs d gc `g uids y dtrds4 Gc pgismfkgitd bm ccmfm`d m cms adsms y cms ccmfm. Gs td lmcdüi, cd qug ccmfm1. Cms dhrms sdi idfhrm`ms sgoúi su mrtæ﬍ag, mým`g Qñarmtgs< msæ, gc adistruatdr prdùag adistruaakdigs. Cd qug bmag td lmcdüi, cd qug ccmfm, sdi tm lmcí, hgccgzms0. ^dr cd tmitd, gs justd ccmfmr hgccd mc pgismfkgitd, gi tmitd cm hgccgzm tdfm su idfhrg `g ëc y su dhrm. Cm pmcmhrm –hgccd‖ id gs prkfgrm, skid qug rgspdi`g y adrrgspdi`g m cm prkfgrm ccmfm`m, cm `gc pgismfkgitd adiaghk`d adfd pdtgiakm `g cm ccmfm`m y cm idfkimakñi. Msæ m`qukgrg cm pmcmhrm lmcñi ui mcamiag `gc td`d skioucmr. Mcouims píokims fís mrrkhm, Bgrfñogigs bmhæm gxprgsm`d gc `gsgd `g qug sg mhdr`msg cm rgatktu` `g gsds –hgccds idfhrgs‖ qug sdi pgismfkgitd g kitgckogiakm, m cd qug Qñarmtgs bmhæm rgspdi`k`d qug id grm ui oëigrd ruki `g idfhrgs gc qug ëc –`gspgrtmhm‖ (0== m). Aumi`d gsg `gspgrtmr gs ccgvm`d m cm adfpcgtm vgcm, gitdiags sg rgvgcm qug cm hgccgzm `g gsds idfhrgs, y `g cd qug idfhrmi, id adistktuyg uim hgccgzm pmrtkaucmr, pdr kiskoig qug eugsg, skid qug sdi cm eugitg fksfm `g cm hgccgzm. Gc drkogi `g cm pmcmhrm –hgccd‖, lmcñi, id adistktuyg uim gtkfdcdoæm gitrg dtrms< gs gc drkogi fksfd `gc cgioumjg. Cm pmcmhrm lmcñi gs gc idfhrg `gc idfhrg< idfhrm mqugccd qug, gi cm pmcmhrm, ccmfm. Mpckaíi`dsg `g vugctm y adfd rgspugstm m su prdpkd drkogi, qug mquæ gs gc drkogi `g aumcqukgr prdpkg`m`, `gskoim su pdtgiakm. Hgccd, lmcñi, gs cd qug prdvkgig `g uim ccmfm`m, lmcgki, qug aditkiúm ccmfmi`d gi ëc. Lmcgki pdsgg gi orkgod gc fksfd `dhcg sgitk`d qug ccmfmr gi amstgccmid: m cm vgz, cmizmr uim ccmfm`m, `mr uim vdz, kitgrpgcmr, y `mr ui idfhrg, idfhrmr. Pd`d gc msuitd adiskstg gi sk sg `m rgmcfgitg `dhcg sgitk`d, pugs gs pdskhcg qug qu g `mr ui idfhrg gi im`m `k﬍grm `g cmizmr uim ccmfm`m m cd qug idfhrm. ^muc Acmu`gc, gi su Mrt pdëtkqug, cd gitkgi`g msæ aumi`d gsarkhg: –Cms pmcmhrms sdi cds skoids `g cds qug ids vmcgfds 1. Qgoúi cm adrrgaakñi `g Hm`bmf, m`dptm`m pdr Hurigt y Xdhki. Qk id, cm ermsg skoik﬍amræm qug cd qug bm ccmfm`d m cms adsms y cd hgccd sdi cd fksfd, m smhgr, gc pgismfkgitd. 0. Qgoúi cm adrrgaakñi `g Hurigt. Gstms `k﬍auctm`gs tgxtumcgs gi im`m fd`k﬍ami cm `grkvmakñi `g lmcgki m lmcñi.

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pmrm idfhrmr cms adsms< cms ccmfmfds, gi gegatd, cms gvdamfds adistktuygi`d gi idsdtrds gc gstm`d `g ad-imakfkgitd* qug rgspdi`g m su prgsgiakm‖7. @g sgr msæ, cm ccmfm`m gs mitgrkdr m cm idakñi `g skoid, pugstd qug gs cm adi`kakñi `g pdskhkck`m` pdskhkck`m` `g su adistktuakñ adistktuakñi. i. [ gsm ccmfm` ccmfm`mm qug adivdam rgpktg y rgspdi`g, gcgvmi`d gcgv mi`d y trmis﬍ourmi`d. Pmfhkëi Bgk`goamfkid mc bmhcm m﬍rfm: –Idfhrmr ogr ikgom qug bmym `dhcg sgitk`d. @g amfkid id gs `kstrkhukr amck﬍amtkvds, gfpcgmr gfpc gmr pmcmhrms, skid ccmfmr gi cm pmcmhrm. Gc idfhrmr ccmfm (@ms Igiigi ruet)‖5. Msæ, idfhrmr cms adsms gs ccmfmrcms, `gakrcgs qug vgiomi. –@urmitg su idfkimakñi, cms adsms idfhrm`ms sdi ccmfm`ms gi su sgr `g adsms‖?. Qgm cd qug eugrg `g gsm uik`m` prkfgrm y úctkfm gitrg cm ccmfm`m y cm `gidfkimakñi, cms ermsgs `gc Arítkcd aktm`ms fís mrrkhm gitkgi`gi lmcgki, ccmfmr, mitg td`d gi gc sgitk`d `g idfhrmr, `mr ui idfhrg. ^grd aumi`d fís tmr`g cds pcmtñikads ‐ mquëccds m cds qug sg bm adivgik`d `gskoimr adfd igdpcmtñikads, id ski agougrm sdhrg cd qug skoik﬍am cggr‐ rgtdfgi gstm gtkfdcdoæm `gc Arítkcd ‐qug, pdr cd `gfís, id kitgrvkgig gi cms fg`ktmakdigs `g ^cmtñi sdhrg cm hgccgzm fksfm‐ bmríi rgsdimr gi lmcgki su dtrd sgitk`d, gc `g cmizmr uim ccmfm`m. ^dr cd fksfd, gc amríatgr gxmatd d kigxmatd `g gsm gtkfdcdoæm `gs`g gc puitd `g vkstm `g cm ﬍cdcdoæm pkgr`g aumcqukgr pgsd. Cm `grkvmakñi vgrhmc id bmag skid rgfktkr m uim adrrgcmakñi gk`ëtkam, m uim rgcmakñi `g eui`mfgitmakñi, qug sg gxprgsm gi gccm ski, id dhstmitg, `gpgi`gr `g gccm. Mcouids tgstkfdikds pcmtñikads fdstrmríi gc mcamiag `g gsm eui`mfgitmakñi. Gi su adfgitmrkd mc Eg`rd `g ^cmtñi, Bgrfkms adisk`grm qug gc dhjgtd `g gsg `kícdod vkgig ki`kam`d pdr cms prkfgrms pmcmhrms ‐ d pbkcg ^bmk`r ^bmk`rgg, qugrk`d Eg`rd, qug Qñarmtgs `krkog m ëstg‐ y gsarkhg: –]ugrk`d gs, gi gegatd, cd hgccd, qug gs cd qug ccmfm bmakm sæ fksfd (lcgtkldi gks bgmutñ) y adivkgrtg. ^dr gccd, sg ccmfm hgccd ‐ lmcñi‐ adi fdtkvd `g ccmfmr bmakm sæ fksfd ( lmcgki gks bgmutñ) m cds mfmitgs‖2. Gsg * Ad-imkssmiag, cktgrmcfgitg –ad-imakfkgitd‖, suokgrg adiimkssmiag, –adidakfkgitd‖ \I. `gc P.V 7. ^muc ACMW@GC, Dguvrg pdëtkqug, ^mræs, =;5?, p. =?2. 5. Fmrtki BGK@GOOGX, Witgrwgos zur Qprmabg, êucckiogi, =;?=, trm`. E. Eë`kgr, ^mræs, =;?5, p. 8=/88 \trm`. amstgccmim: @g amfkid mc bmhcm, Hmragcdim, Qgrhmc, =;2?V. ?. K`., p. 88/80. 2. BGXFKMQ, Ki ^cmtdiks ^bå`ruf Qabdckm, g`. ^. Aduvrgur, ^mræs, =;>=, p. =1. Ae. Bmis CG_[, Abmc`åmi Drmacgs mi` Pbguroy, ^mræs, =;?2, p. 05?-0?= (Gxaursus U, –Pbg amccgr mi` tbg amcc‖), qug rgúig prgakdsms rgegrgiakms ski gstu`kmrcms.

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vdamtkvd kikakmc sgræm gc prdpkd vdamtkvd `g cm vdamakñi, cm idfkimakñi, gi uim ccmfm`m skioucmr m mcoukgi, Eg`rd, pdr pmrtg `g mqugccd qug gsgiakmcfgitg ccmfm y gs cd úikad qug pug`g ccmfmr, cm hgccgzm, qug sgrí dh jgtd `g fg`ktmakñi fg`ktmakñ i gi gsg `kícdod. Bgrfkms vugcvg sdhrg gccd gi cm aditkiumakñi `g su adfgitmrkd. Cm hgccgzm –gs uim gspgakg `g cuz givkm`m `gs`g cm eugitg `g cds kitgckokhcgs m gstg fui`d, ccmfmi`d m sæ fksfm y uikgi`d cds mfmitgs m cd qug mfmi< tmfhkëi ormakms m gccm tkgig cuomr cm msagiskñi‖;. Cm `kístdcg `g cm hgccgzm, gi su rm`kmitg geuskñi, gs sæstdcg< su ëxd`d gs cd qug pgrfktg iugstrd rgtdrid. @mi`d su idfhrg m cm hgccgzm, cm ccmfm`m `gskoim cd qug cg gs gsgiakmc, cm imturmcgzm fksfm `g su fmikegstmakñi. ^gismr cm hgccgzm `gs`g cm ccmfm`m kfpckam qug cm kitgrpgcmakñi qug ids cmizm id adistktuyg ui rmsod aditkiogitg, qug sg sdhrgmým`kræm m su gsgiakm, skid qug cm `g﬍ig gi sæ fksfm. Qu gi sæ gs sgr pmrm gc dtrd, m ﬍i `g madogrcd. Gs hgccd cd qug ccmfm fmikegstíi`dsg y sg fmik﬍gstm ccmfmi`d. ]ug cd hgccd ids mtrmkom pdr sæ fksfd, ids pdiom gi fdvkfkgitd bmakm ëc, ids adifugvm, vgiom m husamrids mccæ `di`g gstmfds pmrm qug cd husqugfds, ësm gs su ccmfm`m y iugstrm vdamakñi. Cd aumc trmg adiskod adisk`grmhcgs adisgaugiakms. ûgs sk sg pkgism cm mtrmaakñi adfd ccmfm`m, adfd ccmfm`m qug uig y rgúig, rgadog y ids rgadog kiacusd gi iugstrm `kspgrskñi, íd sg skoug `g mbæ qug cm prdpkm hgccgzm skcgiakdsm `g cd vkskhcg y gc pmsd eurtkvd y m cm vgz `g﬍iktkvd `g cm cuz sdhrg cms edrfms, ccgvíi`dcms m uim kiami`gsagiakm qug cms gxag`g, id sg `gstkimi m uim aditgfpcmakñi fu`m, skid m uim gsauabm4 Ámhg pgismr gsm ccmfm`m `g dtrd fd`d qug adfd ui vgrhd, qug vgiom m sdhrgadogrids y m rgqugrkrids4 @di`g surog cm ccmfm`m, mr`g cm pmcmhrm. Hgccd gs cd qug sg `m m vgr `íi`dsg ym m dær, bmhcmi`d ym. Gc maditgakfkgitd `g cd hgccd adiskstg gi qug gi cd vkskhcg rgsugig uim ccmfm`m `gc drkogi, ccmfmi`d mc drkogi. Gsg maditgakfkgitd adistktuyg cm skioucmr adi`gsagi`giakm `gc drkogi, vugctd bmakm idsdtrds y adivdaíi`dids. Adfd `krí Acmu`gc, –gc djd gsauabm‖. Pmfhkëi ^rdacd gxpdig gsm eui`mfgitmakñi `gc lmcñi gi gc lmcgki, `g cd hgccd gi cm ccmfm`m. Gi su Pgdcdoæm pcmtñikam gsarkhg: –ûgstd qug cm hgccgzm adivkgrtg td`ms cms adsms bmakm sæ fksfm, cms pdig gi fdvkfkgitd, bmag qug sgmi pdsgæ`ms pdr cd `kvkid (gitbduskmi pdkgk) y cms ;. BGXFKMQ, dp. akt., p. =??.

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vugcvg m ccmfmr (mimlmcgktmk) bmakm gccm pdr kitgrfg`kd `gc mfdr, gs gccm cm qug susaktm gc mfdr‖=>. Cm aditkiumakñi `g cm ermsg prgaksm qug gsm ccmfm`m `gspkgrtm. Gi adiedrfk`m` adi gc Eg`rd, cm ccmfm`m `gc drkogi y mc drkogi, cm ccmfm`m `g cd qug gs prkfgrd bmakm cd qug gs prkfgrd sñcd pug`g sgr gvdamakñi, pugs gc mcfm gs ccmfm`m m cm rgfkiksagiakm `g uim hgccgzm kitgckokhcg qug ym bm vkstd skgfprg gi ui pmsm`d mhsdcutd y qug ym bm dcvk`m`d skgfprg gi su vk`m tgrrgstrg, `g maugr`d adi cms `ds `kfgiskdigs, sdck`mrkms y `kegrgitgs, `gc skgfprg ym pcmtñikad. Ugr cm hgccgzm gs vgrcm `g iugvd y vgikr m gccm gs vdcvgr m gccm. ^grd cd qug pmrgag uim rgpgtkakñi tkgig mcod skioucmr. Ccmfmr gs gvdamr, susaktmi`d cm rgfkiksagiakm. ^grd cm ccmfm`m, adfd gvdamakñi, id rgpktg uim prkfgrm ccmfm`m< gs prkfgrm gi tmitd qug rgpktg< su sgoui`m vgz gs, rgmcfgitg, uim prkfgrm vgz, pugstd qug, gi cm fg`k`m gi qug gsm fmikegstmakñi ‐ m fd`d `g `gfmi`m‐ `g cm hgccgzm vkgig m bmhcmrids gi iugstrd gxkckd, gi iugstrd dcvk`d, gi iugstrd mcgjmfkgitd, id gs cm fksfm pmcmhrm qug cm qug aditgfpcñ cm hgccgzm amrm m amrm. Cd qug múi bmy `g kimu`ktd g kië`ktd gi gsm gvdamakñi gs prgaksmfgitg qug `ghg ccmfmrids, adivgrtkrids y vdcvgrids m mqugccd qug, ski gfhmrod, ym vkfds skgfprg. Cm ccmfm`m `g cd hgccd gs uim ccmfm`m gccm fksfm gvdam`m gi idsdtrds, ccmfíi`dids `g iugvd m idsdtrds fksfds. Bkrkëi`dids gi gc adrmzñi, vkvk﬍am su pmcmhrm. Bmag qug mhmi`digfds iugstrd msgitmfkgitd y pgr`mfds iugstrm kifdvkck`m`< sñcd ccmfm kiqukgtmi`d. ]ug gsm ccmfm`m bmom qug, adfd ckhgríi`dids `g ui sugýd qug ik skqukgrm sdspgabíhmfds, `gsauhrmfds `g iugvd qug gi cm hgccgzm bmy, fís æitkfd pmrm idsdtrds qug idsdtrds fksfds tmc adfd sdfds `g mitgfmid, ui omrmitg (rëpdi`mit)< gsd gs cd qug, cgjds `g bmagr qug `kspdiomfds `g kifg`kmtd `g uim rgspugstm m`gaum`m y pcgim, cm vugcvg fís mprgfkmitg g kiqukgtmitg. Bmhcmi`d, amitmi`d y amccíi`dids, mhrkgi`d cds djds y agrríi`dcds pmrm rgadogr fgjdr cd qug cd vkskhcg ids tkgi`g `g su gxagsd sdhrg sæ fksfd, mc qug sg ccmfm cuz, amgfds, gi uim hkgimvgiturm`m amæ`m, gi cm prdxkfk`m` `g cd cgjmid. Gc magramfkgitd æitkfd m cm hgccgzm cgjmim rgsuaktm gi idsdtrds fksfds ui cgjmid kitgrkdr, cd cgjmid `g cd qug ym vkfds skgfprg `g gccm. Úikamfgitg gsm `gbksagipcmtdikakgiig ig, K, 80, g`. y trm`. Qmeergy y _gstgrkil, ^mræs, =;52, p. =>. ^XDACD, Pbëdcdokg pcmtdikakgi =>2. Qdhrg cm ccmfm`m, ae. K, =2, p. 2?.

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akm gi cm qug `ds cgjmids sg mprdxkfmi pmrm gstrgabmrsg g kiacusd gstrgccmrsg bmag pdskhcg cm rgspugstm, `gsgqukckhríi`dcm. Gc pmsm`d `g cm ccmfm`m gs gc euturd `g cm rgspugstm, uid `m cuomr mc dtrd, ski pd`gr hdrrmr cm mvgiturm y gc rkgsod `g cm fkrm`m y gc amitd. Qk cm hgccgzm ccmfm gsgiakmcfgitg, su gi sæ kiacuyg cm pdskhkck`m` `g iugstrm rgspugstm y cm adistktuyg. Qki vdcuitm`, ski `gsgd, ski igagsk`m`, cm pcgiktu` `g cm hgccgzm gs, adi td`d, ccmfm`m. @g im`m amrgag, ik skqukgrm `g cm amrgiakm, pugs gstí `g mitgfmid vugctm bmakm cm iugstrm y, ccmfmi`d adi su purm ccmfm`m, im`m bmy gi gccm qug id sgm s gm ccmfm`m< `gs`g skgfprg y pmrm skgfprg mhrg gi idsdtrds cm emccm qug úikamfgitg mtrmvkgsm cm vdz. ^cmtñi fksfd id fg`ktmhm, adi gxagpakñi `gc Arítkcd, cm rgcmakñi vgrhmc gitrg lmcñi y lmcgki, y id cg prgstmhm mtgiakñi gi su pgismfkgitd `g cd hgccd. ^grd ´rgsuctm `g gccd qug gsm adrrgcmakñi gsgiakmc cg eugsg gxtrmým4 ^mrm ^cmtñi, cm vkskñi `g cd hgccd `m cm pmcmhrm y cm rgqukgrg< m am`m fdfgitd `g gsm vkskñi adrrgspdi`g cm ogigrmakñi `g ui vgrhd. Gi cm prdorgskñi bmakm cm k`gm `g cd hgccd tmc adfd cm `gsarkhg gc `ksaursd `g @kdtkfm gi gc Hmiqugtg, cm vkskñi prdùag, am`m vgz, cm pmcmhrm adfd rgspugstm y cm hgccgzm ccmfm m cm hgccgzm, cm hgccgzm vkstm m cm hgccgzm `kabm. Gc prkfgr fdfgitd, cm vkskñi mfdrdsm `g ui úikad augrpd, bmag –giogi`rmr hgccds `ksaursds (ogiimi cdodus lmcdus)‖ (8=> m)< `gspuës, cm `g cm hgccgzm `gc mcfm bmag `g iugvd –`mr m cuz `ksaursds‖ (8=> a), pgrd qug sg gxtkgi`gi m cm adfuik`m` `g jñvgigs y ym id sg `gstkimi m ui úikad sgr< ﬍imcfgitg, aumi`d cm hgccgzm `g cms akgiakms gs vkstm y mfm`m, sg `mi m cuz –iufgrdsds y hgccds `ksaursds‖ (8=> `). Aumitd fís sg gcgvm y uik﬍am cm vkskñi `g cd hgccd, fís sg fuctkpckam y gxtkgi`g cm pmcmhrm qug susaktm, mc koumc qug pmrm Hgrosdi, sgoúi gc aumc gc ﬍cñsded –bmhcm td`m su vk`m‖ pdrqug kitgitm `gakr mcod –gxtrgfm`mfgitg skfpcg‖==. Cm hgccgzm vkstm rgqukgrg qug bmhcgfds pmrm rgspdi`grcg y rgspdi`gr `g gccm adi hgccgzm. @m cm c m pmcmhrm y bmag qug gsm pmcmhrm sgm su suym ym skgi`d m su vgz hgccm. Msæ pugs, gi su gsgiakm ccmfm y gvdam. Gi gstg dr`gi sg `m uim adiadr`miakm pgregatm gitrg ^cmtñi y cds ccmfm`ds igdpcmtñikads. Cm væm pmsm pdr cm vdz, vkm pdr vdx, y cm væm `m vdz, vkm vd==. Bgirk HGXOQDI, Cm pgisëg gt cg fduvmit , ^mræs, =;5;, p. ==; \trm`. amstgccmim: Gc pgismfkgitd y cd fdvkgitg, Fm`rk`, Gspmsm-Amcpg, =;?5V.

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agf `mt . Cms pmcmhrms, gccms fksfms hgccms, qug cm hgccgzm susaktm adfd rgspugstm m su mpmrkakñi, m cm vgz gstíi vugctms y sdi `gvugctms m su drkogi, mc fksfd tkgfpd qug `keui`gi, gspmragi y rgmiu`mi pmrm dtrds su ccmfm`m. ^cmitm`ms y sgfhrm`ms gi dtrms mcfms, adfd `kag gc Eg`rd (8?5 g-8?? m), gsds `ksaursds id sñcd sg `gsmrrdccmi mccæ, skid qug múi sg prd-

pmomi m dtrds, adivkrtkëi`dsg am`m vgz gi su hkgi prdpkd y bmakgi`d am`m vgz fís `g cm rgspugstm m cm hgccgzm uim rgspugstm adrmc. Qu ccmfm`m tmfhkëi qukgrg iugstrm rgspugstm adfd cd qug id hmstm, rgadiùag cm ccmfm`m y cm gxpmi`g. Gi su m`fkrmhcg adfgitmrkd mc ^rkfgr Mcakhæm`gs `g ^cmtñi, ^rdacd prdpdig pmrm lmcñi ui drkogi `kstkitd mc bmstm mquæ adisk`grm`d: –Gtkfdcñokamfgitg, bm sk`d ccmfm`d lmcñi pdrqug ccmfm m sæ fksfd (lmcgki) d pdrqug giamitm y bgabkzm (lgcgki) m cds sgrgs qug pug`gi vdcvgr bmakm ëc sus fkrm`ms, rgsuctm qug cd hgccd gs mfmhcg pdr imturmcgzm: bg mbæ tmfhkëi pdr quë sg `kag qug gc mfdr mtrmg mc mfmitg bmakm cd hgccd‖ =8. Gc prdpkd okrd `g cm ermsg fugstrm qug gsm mctgrimtkvm gi rgmck`m` id gs tmc. Qk bgabkzd (abmrfg) vkgig `g amrfgi y td`d giamitd `g ui amitd y ui giamitmfkgitd, bmhkgi`d fmokm sñcd ormakms m cm pmcmhrm, cms `ds pmcmhrms qug ^rdacd utkckzm ‐lgcgki y tbgcogki‐ rgfktgi m cm emsakimakñi y cm sgùaakñi prdùak`ms pdr dpgrmakdigs fíokams, pgrd tmfhkëi m cms qug susaktmi cm vdz, cm pmcmhrm y cm fúskam. Gc bgabkzd id gs fís qug uim edrfm y gspgakg `g cm ccmfm`m, gc lgcgki `gc lmcgki. Cm sgoui`m gtkfdcdoæm madfpmým, pdr tmitd, m cm prkfgrm y, gi cuomr `g aditrm`gakrcm, cm adfpcgtm. ûgs cd qug amrmatgrkzm cm ccmfm`m `g cd hgccd gs ccmfmrids bmakm sæ fksfd (gi td`ds cds pmsmjgs aktm`ds, lmcgki gs prgaksm`d pdr gks bgmutñ) y sgr sdcæaktd: prgag`g m aumcqukgr `gakskñi< vkikgi`d bmakm idsdtrds, ym giaugitrm gi idsdtrds ui omrmitg< ids sdhrgadog, cd qug cd vugcvg ki`ksdakmhcg `gc bgabkzd. Aumi`d adfgizmfds m rgspdi`gr m cm ccmfm`m, ym bgfds rgspdi`k`d< aumi`d cm amptmfds adfd ccmfm`m, ym ids bm sdhrgadok`d y sgùak`d. Fmrskckd Ekakid rgtdfmrí y prdeui`kzmrí gi su adfgitmrkd mc Hmiqugtg `g ^cmtñi gstg pgismfkgitd `g cm hgccgzm adfd ccmfm`m. –Gc mckfgitd `gc mcfm gs cm vgr`m`‖. ^d`gfds giaditrmrcd fg`kmitg cm rmzñi, =8. ^XDACD, Qur cg prgfkgr Mcakhkm`g `g ^cmtdi, g`. y trm`. M. Qgodi`s, ^mræs, =;25, t. KK, p. 15=.

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cm vkstm y gc dæ`d. –Msæ pugs, gc mcfm, pmrm mcamizmr su prdpkd ﬍i, kitgitm mprdpkmrsg ‐adfd su prdpkd mckfgitd‐ mqugccd qug kitgrgsm m cm rmzñi, cm vkstm y gc dæ`d‖=1. Mbæ gs `di`g cm hgccgzm sg prgsgitm. –@g mbæ qug cm ormakm qug sñcd sg giaugitrm gi gsds trgs dhjgtds ‐m smhgr, cm vkrtu` `gc mcfm, cms ﬍ourms y cm vdz‐ sgm ccmfm`m lmccds, gs `gakr, prdvdamakñi, `gc vgrhd lmcgd, qug qukgrg `gakr ccmfd (vdad), pugs, mitg td`d, gs mc mcfm m qukgi prdvdam. Mbdrm hkgi, cm pmcmhrm orkgom lmccds skoik﬍am gi cmtæi hgccgzm‖. ^dr tmitd, cm hgccgzm gs, prdskoug Ekakid, –gsm ormakm `g cm vkrtu`, cm ﬍ourm d cm vdz qug ccmfm y mtrmg mc mcfm bmakm gccm (m` sg vdamt gt rmpkt)‖. ]ug cm ccmfm`m `g cm hgccgzm sg ids mitkakpg y ids sgùzam, qug sg m`gcmitg m iugstrd pmsd g kikakmtkvm y iuiam sg prdpdiom m uim fkrm`m d gsauabm igutrms y `gskitgrgsm`ms, gsd rgsuctm acmrd `gc bgabd `g qug cd qug `m mc mcfm gs su prdpkd mckfgitd. Cm kitgrpgcmakñi qug ids cmizm cm hgccgzm tmfhkëi ids ccmfm m idsdtrds fksfds, m adivgrtkrids rgmcfgitg gi idsdtrds fksfds. @gstkiíi`dids m sæ fksfm, ids `gstkim m cd qug iugstrd sgr adfpdrtm `g prdfgsm. Gc rmptd mfdrdsd, cg jds `g `gstrukr, rgmckzm< rgmckzm adfd sñcd amhg bmagrcd: mctgrmi`d. Qkoug Qk oug skgi`d akgrtd qug, sgoúi Ekakid, cd qug ccmfm mc mcfm gstí gfpmrgitm`d adi gccm (skhk adoimtm) y qug, mquæ adfd gi dtrds cuomrgs, id sg mprdxkfm m ui pgismfkgitd `gc gxagsd. Áuíc gs, pmrm Ekakid, cm rgcmakñi gitrg cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm4 Cm ccmfm`m `g cm hgccgzm rgúig gi sæ fksfm aumitd gs ampmz `g ccmfmrids m cm vgr`m` y m idsdtrds fksfds< id sg trmtm `g uim ccmfm`m pmrtkaucmr qug amhræm dpdigr m dtrms ccmfm`ms, gs cm ccmfm`m pdr gxagcgiakm qug ids `gstkim mc ﬍i `g iugstrd sgr. Cm rgspugstm m gstm prdvdamakñi `g cm hgccgzm, sk gstí adistktuk`m pdr gc mfdr, pdig, pugs, gi jugod cm tdtmck`m` tdtmc k`m` `g iugstrd sgr y iugstrd `gvgikr. Id bgfds `g `mr uim rgspugstm qug hdrrmræm `g mcouim fmigrm gsm prdvdamakñi mc adrrgspdi`grcg, skid `mrids m idsdtrds fksfds adfd rgspugstm, ski qug `g mitgfmid pug`m mskoimrsg ui cæfktg m gsg `di. Iugstrms fkrm`ms, iugstrds pgismfkgitds, iugstrms pmcmhrms y iugstrds amitds, sk sdi mprdpkm`ds m gsm rgspugstm, id modtmi su amrom ski fg`k`m. Cm dhrm `g mrtg sñcd rgspdi`g m gsm prdvdAdffgitmkrgg sur cg Hmiqugt `g ^cmtdi, U, 8, g`. y trm`. X. Fmragc, ^mræs, =1. Fmrskckd EKAKID, Adffgitmkr ^cmtñi tñi, Fm`rk`, Pgaids, =;75, p. =2= \trm`. amstgccmim: @g Mfdrg. Adfgitmrkd m –Gc Hmiqugtg‖ `g ^cm =;25V.

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amakñi madfpmýíi`dcm, cgjds `g cms pdfpdsms erkvdck`m`gs `g cm –gstëtkam‖, tmc adfd `gfugstrm _grigr Hgkgrwmctgs gi ui gstu`kd sdhrg Ekakid=0. Cm bkstdrkm `g gstm gtkfdcdoæm, gtkfdcdoæm pdr cd `gfís kigxmatm, pug`g pmrgagr fæikfm m cm vkstm `g cms prgouitms kikakmcgs y sgr sñcd adfpgtgiakm adfpgt giakm `gc tgmtrd `g sdfhrms `g cm gru`kakñi. M trmvës `g gccm, ski gfhmrod, sg aruzmi `gakskdigs eui`mfgitmcgs, ym sg trmtg `g su prkfgr sgitk`d, pcmtñikad, ym `g sus fgtmfdredsks y rgadisk`grmakdigs m cd cmrod `g cds skocds. Adi fuabds dtrds, Xu`dce Huctfmii aditrkhuyñ m vucomrkzmr cm mitætgsks `gc vgr y gc dær, qug sg supdig mhrg gc maagsd m uim adfprgiskñi aditrmstm`m `g cd qug gs orkgod y cd qug gs hæhckad.–Qk pmrm cds orkgods cm vkstm gs gc sgitk`d suprgfd, pmrm gc Mitkoud Pgstmfgitd gsg sgitk`d gs gc dæ`d‖=7. Cm dpdskakñi sg `mræm gitrg cm `kstmiakm `g ui `dfkikd y cm musgiakm `g `kstmiakm `g ui –smhgrsg mcamizm`d‖. Gc cdods orkgod, gsarkhg gi dtrd cuomr, id gs –kitgrpgcmakñi, skid mpdpbmisks‖, fmikegstmakñi=5. Pmfhkëi Ekcñi gc ju`æd gs, gi adisgaugiakm, fís orkgod qug ju`æd pmrm Huctfmii=?. ^grd ´quë daurrg adi gstm mitætgsks sk cd vkskhcg fksfd, gi cm hgccgzm, ids ccmfm y ids bmhcm4 Cm ccmfm`m `g cm hgccgzm ids mcamizm `g edrfm krrgskstkhcg y sdcæaktm, y id `g fmigrm qug pd`mfds `dfkimrcm. [, gi gc pcmtdiksfd, cm fmikegstmakñi `g cm hgccgzm sñcd sg `m adfd kitgrpgcmakñi y ccmfm`m qug ids sdhrgadog. Ugr gs ym rgspdi`gr rgspdi` gr m cd qug gi cd vkskhcg ids cmizm uim kitgrpg kitgrpgcmakñi. cmakñi. [ cm vdz qug rgsugim id gs cm úikam vdz. Msæ, Ekcñi `g Mcgjmi`ræm, gi uim bgrfdsm píokim `g sus Cgouf mccgodrkå, pkgism gc pmsd `gc mcfm `g cd sgiskhcg m @kds adfd pmsd `g uim gsauabm m dtrm. Gsauabmr gs skgfprg `gjmr `g gsauabmr, pugs ym gstmfds skgfprg m cm gsauabm. ^grd cm gsauabm `gshdr`m adi fuabd gc fgrd dæ`d. Pd`d gsauabm gi idsdtrds, pdrqug td`d bmhcm gi gc fui`d y `gc fui`d. –Cd vkskhcg, gi gegatd, bmhcm y ccmfm m sæ fksfd m cm vkskñi (pbdigk lmk =0. _grigr HGKGX_MCPGQ, Fmrskckd Ekakids Pbgdrkg `gs Qabõigi kf Lditgxt `gs ^cmtdiksfus, Bgk`gchgro, =;2>, p. 0;-7>. prkfktke `mis cg am`rg `gs rgck rgckokdis okdis mitkqug mitkqugss, trm`. ^. =7. Xu`dce HWCPFMII, Cg abrkstkmiksfg prkfktke Jui`t, ^mræs, s. e., p. 80-87. =5. Xu`dce HWCPFMII, Edk gt adfprëbgiskdi, trm`. M. Fmcgt, ^mræs, =;?>, t. K, p. 1>2 \trm`. amstgccmim: Arggr y adfprgi`gr, 8 vdcs., Fm`rk`, Qtu`kuf, =;?5V. =?. Ae. Cg abrkstkmiksfg…, p. 811, y Edk gt adfprëbgiskdi, t. K, p. 1==.

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lmcgk… gpb‛bgmutñ)< cm vdz ccmfm (prdslmcgktmk) mc dæ`d, gc dcdr mc dcemtd y, gi ogigrmc, cd sgiskhcg mc sgitk`d< pgrd td`d gccd sg `gtkgig aumi`d gc pgismfkgitd, smck`d `g cm aku`m` `gc mcfm, uig m @kds sus matds y rg﬈gxkdigs‖=2. Bmomfds cd qug bmomfds, kiacusd sk im`m bmagfds, `di`gqukgrm qug gstgfds, ym sdfds skgfprg ccmfm`ds y rgqugrk`ds, y iugs-

trm prkfgrm pmcmhrm, mc koumc qug iugstrm prkfgrm fkrm`m, rgspdi`g ym m gsm `gfmi`m gi cm qug gstí mtrmpm`m. Im`m `kstkitd `g gsm ccmfm`m `g cd sgiskhcg gs cd qug Fgrcgmu-^dity kitgitmrí pgismr gi Cg vkskhcg gt c‛kivkskhcg, cm ccmfm`m qug gs, sgoúi sus prdpkms pmcmhrms, –gsg cdods qug sg prdiuiakm skcgiakdsmfgitg gi am`m adsm sgiskhcg‖=;. Cm ccmfm`m qug gi cm hgccgzm ids rgqukgrg trmisedrfm su skoik﬍amakñi y su mcamiag, y pdr gccd tmfhkëi gc sgitk`d `g iugstrm rgspugstm, aumi`d, fís mccí `gc pcmtdiksfd, sg adivkgrtg gi cm ccmfm`m `g @kds. Gc cuomr gsgiakmc `g gsm trmisedrfmakñi, skgfprg `krgatmfgitg vkskhcg gi cm gtkfdcdoæm `g lmcñi, gs gc trmtm`d `g cds Idfhr Idfhrgs gs `kvkids `g @kdikskd gc Mrgdpmoktm, mquëc mc qug cds id-kcusds, argygi`d qug sg trmtm `g uim kcuskñi, sg adfpcmagi gi ccmfmr gc ^sgu`d-@kdikskd8>. Muiqug @kdikskd sg kispkrg gi gc Hmiqugtg `g ^cmtñi8=, gc @kds sdhrg gc qug fg`ktm y mc qug kivdam id gs cm k`gm pcmtñikam `g cd hgccd< gs cd hgccd supgrgsgiakmc, by pgrduskdi pgr duskdi lmcñi, fís mccí `gc sgr. Áñfd, gitdiags, pug`g ccmfírsgcg hgccgzm4 Bmag pmrtkakpmr gi cm hgccgzm qug prdag`g `g ëc m am`m uid `g cds sgrgs sgoúi su prdpkd fd`d, sgýmcm @kdikskd< –gs cm amusm `g cm mrfdiæm y gc gspcgi`dr `g td`ms cms adsms‖88, y –m cm fmigrm `g cm cuz bmag hrkccmr gi td`ms cms adsms cms adfuikamakdigs prdùatdrms `g hgccgzm `g su rmyd editmimc (tms lmccdpdkdus tgs pgomkms mltkids mutdu fgtm`dsgks)‖. –Ccmfm (lmcdüi) m td`ms cms adsms m sæ fksfd< pdr gccd gs ccmfm=2. EKCÑI, Cgouf mccgodrkå, KKK, 00, g`. y trm`. A. Fdi`ësgrt, ^mræs, =;58, p. =;7. ^mrm cm ccmfm`m sgoúi Ekcñi, ae. cms rgegrgiakms `m`ms pdr F. Bmrc gi su prgemakd mc ]uks rgruf `kvkimruf bgrgs skt , ^mræs, =;55, p. =18. =;. FGXCGMW-^DIP[, Cg vkskhcg gt c‛kivkskhcg, ^mræs, =;50, p. 85= \trm`. amstgccmim: Cd vkskhcg y cd kivkskhcg, Hmragcdim, Qgkx Hmrrmc, =;?>V. Ae. p. =52, 880 y 81>. 8>. Xgspgatd m gstg tgfm, ae. cms jukakdsms dhsgrvmakdigs `g Bmis WXQ UDI HMCPBMQMX, Cm ocdkrg gt cm ardkx, KK, =, trm`. Okvdr` y Hdurhducdi, ^mræs, =;52, p. =1=-=10. 8=. @KDIKQKD, @g `kvkiks idfkikhus, KU, ?, ^mtrdcdokg orgaqug, KKK, ?>= ` \trm`. amstgccmim: Dhrms adfpcgtms, Fm`rk`, HMA, =;;>V. 88. Cm trmùaakñi ermiagsm `g F. `g Omi`kccma (Dguvrgs adfpcâtgs ù ^sgu`d-@giys c‛Mrëdpmoktg, ^mræs, =;2>, p. =>>) dfktg gstm prdpdskakñi.

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`d lmccds, hgccgzm‖81. Cm ccmfm`m `g @kds rgúig y gc drkogi ccmfm gi tmitd qug tmfhkëi gs gc ﬍i. Gsm `kspgismakñi cufkidsm id adfuikam cm hgccgzm adfd uim prdpkg`m` kigrtg, skid adfd ui pd`gr `g krrm`kmakñi rgmatkvm`d `g sgr gi sgr. Cd qug givæm bmstm gc gxtrgfd `g cm `kístdcg y cm geuskñi gs cd fksfd qug cd qug bmag vdcvgrsg bmakm cm eugitg. Cm vdamakñi `g cd hgccd gs mquæ sdck`mrkm `g cm prdpkm argmakñi y cm ccmfm`m m`qukgrg tmfhkëi su sgitk`d hæhckad `g gcgaakñi, cd qug sgpmrm m @kdikskd `gc pcmtdiksfd80. Ccmfmr gs argmr, `mr gc sgr y cm hgccgzm, pgrd tmfhkëi smcvmr87. Cm mrfdiæm `gc fui`d gi su uik`m` y su `kvgrsk`m`, mrfdiæm sdhrg cm qug kiskstg gstg ampætucd gi su kitgork`m`, id sg sgpmrm `g cm rgsdimiakm `g cm ccmfm`m, qug mhrg gc gspmakd m fg`k`m qug sg bmag dær, y `g gsg rgqugrkfkgitd cufkidsd. Cm ccmfm`m id gs mquæ cd qug susaktm cm rgspugstm adfd uim maakñi uim rgmaakñi. Gi tmitd cm hgccgzm `kspgism`m gs trmsagi`gitmc, rgpmrtk`m m am`m adsm `g maugr`d adi cd qug gs ampmz `g madogr, gs cd qug cg pgrfktg rgspdi`gr dergakëi`dcg su sgr y su `koik`m`. Am`m sgr adistktuyg uim fdùcmakñi `g cm ccmfm`m prkfgrm, mc fksfd tkgfpd qug gs cm rgspugstm, qug tkgi`g bmakm su eugitg. Cm ccmfm`m qug prdvkgig `gc fís mccí `gc sgr adistktuyg m am`m sgr adfd cd qug cg rgspdi`g y iuiam cg adrrgspdi`g. Gc sgitk`d `g cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm sg trmisedrfm rm`kamcfgitg aumi`d cm ccmfm`m argm mc qug rgspdi`g. ^dr kitgrfg`kd `g gsm píokim `g @kdikskd, cm G`m` Fg`km, kiacusd aumi`d koidrg gc orkgod, rgtdfmrí cm eui`mfgitmakñi `gc lmcñi gi ui lmcgki, gi cd suagskvd pgism`d adfd argm`dr. Adi cm rgaupgrmakñi arkstkmim `g sgfgjmitg eui`mfgitmakñi, sg aruzmi `ds sgitk`ds `g cm ccmfm`m, y cd cgjmid cgjmi d qug gi cm ccmfm`m sg ids magram y ids rgqukgrg rgqukgrg ym id gs cd fksfd. M trmvës `g td` td`ms ms cms pmrtkakpmpmrtkakpmakdigs gi cm hgccgzm, cm ccmfm`m pcmtñikam ids drkgitm bmakm cm hgccgzm fksfm, bmakm cm eugitg `g aumcqukgr hgccgzm adfd bmakm iugstrd ﬍i. ^rdpdrakdim m aumcqukgr `gsgd susaktm`d pdr tmc hgccgzm pmrtkaucmr æfpgtu g kiqukgtu` pmrm qug sg gxmctg bmakm cd hgccd gi sæ. ^grd ëstg gs, pdr gxagcgiakm, igutrd g kfpgrsdimc y, `g bmhgr vdz, sg trmtm `g cm vdz hcmiam `g 81. @KDIKQKD, dp.akt., ?>= a. 80. Ae. UDI HMCPBMQMX, dp. akt., p. =?2-=?;. bkgrmrabkm, KK, 1, ^.O., KKK, 1;1 a. 87. @KDIKQKD, @g gaacgskmstkam bkgrmrabkm

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su gspcgi`dr y su `gstgccd. Aumi`d gc drkogi `g cm ccmfm`m sg adivkgrtg gi gc @kds argm`dr, pkgr`g su igutrmck`m`< gs gc prdpkd Ugrhd y cm ccmfm`m `g cm hgccgzm qug sg `keui`g rgfktg m dtrm ccmfm`m, m uim ccmfm`m mhsdcutm, cm ccmfm`m argm`drm, pdr msæ `gakrcd acmfm`m gi cd æitkfd `gc skcgiakd `kvkid. Msæ, adfgitmi`d m @kdikskd, Wcrkab `g Gstrmshurod, gi gc skocd RKKK, pug`g gsarkhkr qug –@kds ccmfm (vdamt) m td`ms cms adsms m sæ fksfd adfd cd `gsgmhcg ccmfm (m`vdamt) m sæ mc `gsgd‖, vkgi`d ui tgstkfdikd `g gccd gi gc orkgod. –Lmcds, gs `gakr, gc hkgi, y lmccds, gs `gakr, cd hgccd85, prdvkgigi `g lmcd, gs `gakr, ccmfd d orktd (vdad vgc acmfd), id sñcd pdrqug @kds ccmfñ m td`ms cms adsms `g cm im`m mc sgr aumi`d bmhcñ y eugrdi bgabms, skid tmfhkëi pdrqug hmjd cm rmzñi `g cd hgccd y gc hkgi gstí gc ﬍i qug ccmfm bmakm sæ m aumcqukgr `gsgd y, pdr fg`kd `g gsm vdamakñi y gsg `gsgd, fugvg m td`ms cms adsms m bmagr adi vkstms m gsg ﬍i aumitd bmagi‖8?. Cm ccmfm`m, pdr tmitd, sg `gs`dhcm. @kds ccmfm gi tmitd qug gs cm hgccgzm fksfm, pgrd tmfhkëi gi tmitd qug argm`dr. Qurokgi`d mc sgr, rgspdi`gfds. Gstm prkfgrm rgspugstm, qug id agsm gi tmitd sdfds, qug gs adistmitg, gstm rgspugstm argm`m m cd kiargm`d m cm vgz rgspdi`g pgregatmfgitg ‐pugstd qug gstmfds mbæ‐ y gi fd`d mcouid adrrgspdi`g ‐pugstd qug `g cd ﬍iktd m cd ki﬍iktd id bmy adrrgspdi`giakm‐. `giakm ‐. [ ym id sg trmtm sñcd `g cd hgccd, skid tmfhkë tmfhkëi, i, ormakms m uim `kstkiakñi ckioóæstkam kigxmatm, `gc hkgi qug sg drkokim gi uim ccmfm`m, kiacusd gi ui orktd. M gsm ccmfm`m y m gsg orktd adismorñ Jumi Gsadtd Græogim m`fkrmhcgs m`fkrmhcgs fg`ktmakdigs, hmsíi`dsg uim vgz fís gi cm gtkfdcdoæm. Cm ccmfm`m qug uim pmcmhrm cmizm m dtrm, cm rgspugstm qug uim pmcmhrm `m m dtrm prdcdiomi`d su rgsdimiakm, jugomi ski agsmr m trmvës `g gstds pgismfkgitds. pgismfkgitd s. Cm gtkfdcdoæm gi gc sgitk`d usumc dergag mquæ uim dpdrtuik`m` `g kitgrrdomrsg sdhrg iugstrm prdpkm gtkfdcdoæm, sdhrg cm gtkfdcdoæm `g iugstrd sgr. Jumi Gsadtd gsarkhg gi gc ^grkpbysgdi: –Gs prdpkd `g cm hdi`m` `kvkim ccmfmr (vdamrg) m cm gxkstgiakm m mqugccd qug qukgrg qug sgm m pmr85. Gstm `kstkiakñi kigxmatm ym bmhæm sk`d bgabm pdr Qmi Mchgrtd Fmoid, gc fmgstrd `g Wcrkab. Mlm`gfkgmhbmi`cuiogi uiogi, ^m`grhdri, =;?;, t. K, p. 87? (6 8?. Fmrtki OXMHFMII, Ogsmffgctg Mlm`gfkgmhbmi`c @ms Wcrkab Giogchgrtk vdi Qtrmsshur Qtrmsshuroo Mhbmi`cuio @g ûcabrd, Fuikab, =;85). Qdhrg gc pgism Kitrdùatkdi kdi î cm fystkqug rbëimig, ^mræs, =;20, p. ;;fkgitd `g Wcrkab, ae. Mcmki @G CKHËXM, Kitrdùat =58. @ghd gc adidakfkgitd `g gsm píokim m _grigr HGKGX_MCPGQ, ^rdlcds, Ermileurt, =;57, p. 1>?.

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tkr `g cd qug id gxkstg. ûgs gc idfhrg `g cm hdi`m` (hdiktms) id sg drkokim skid gi cm pmcmhrm orkgom hdmd, orktd. Mfhds, hdmd y lmcgd, orktd y ccmfd, pdsggi ui úikad sgitk`d. ûgs adi fuabm ergaugiakm gc qug ccmfm cmizm ui orktd (grrufpkt ki acmfdrgf). Msæ pugs, adi rmzñi @kds gs ccmfm`d hugid y hdi`m` (hdius gt hdiktms), pugs orktm m td`ms cms adsms, fg`kmitg ui orktd kitgckokhcg, qug vgiomi `g cm im`m m cm gsgiakm y pdr gccd gi orkgod @kds gs ccmfm`d lmcds, gs `gakr, hugid, `km td pmitm lmcgk gks duskmi, pdr gc bgabd `g qug ccmfm m td`ms cms adsms mc sgr. Aumitd suhskstg imturmcfgitg bm sk`d ccmfm`d cc mfm`d pdr gc argm`dr `g cm im`m mc sgr‖82. Cm prkfgrm vdamakñi gs cm vdamakñi `g sgr< cm prkfgrm rgspugstm, sgr mbæ. [m bgfds rgspdi`k`d skgfprg m uim adivdamtdrkm. Mitgs `g td`ms cms rgspugstms qug qugpm `mr d id `mr, mitgs `g cms rgspugstms qug adfprdfgtgi uim rgspdismhkck`m`, ui pd`gr `g rgspugstm ym adistktuk`d y ym prgsgitg, gxkstg gsm rgspugstm qug sdfds ‐gi vkrtu` `g iugstrd prdpkd sgr, `g iugstrm prdpkm vgik`m‐ m ui orktd gtgrid, mc orktd qug ccmfm mc sgr y m sgr ‐ui –bgfg mquæ‖ susaktm`d pdr ui –vgi‖. Aumcqukgr rgspugstm d rgspdismhkck`m` prdvkgigi `g ëc y sg ckfktmi m fd`mckzmrcd y `gspcgomrcd. ^grd gsg sæ qug sdy id gs ik rgspdismhcg rgspd ismhcg ik krrgspdismhcg: m trmvës `g ëc sg mhrgi cds pdskhcgs, pgrd ëc gs ski pdskhcg. Qgfgjmitg sæ prgag`g m aumcqukgr `gu`m. ^mrm Jumi Gsadtd, gs prkfdr`kmcfgitg gi @kds fksfd `di`g gsg orktd skcgiakdsd rgsugim y sg gcgvm, pdr cm argmakñi `g cds sgrgs gi gc Ugrhd. Msæ, su adfgitmrkd mc aumrtd Gvmiogckd kitgrprgtm gc `gskgrtd, `di`g orktm cm vdz `gc Hmutkstm, adfd cm prdpkm kitkfk`m` `kvkim: –Gs, pugs, gi gsg `gskgrtd `g cm `kvkim mcturm `di`g orktm gc Ugrhd, gc Ugrhd pdr gc qug td`d bm sk`d bgabd‖ 8;. Cm pmcmhrm argm`drm gs ui orktd< argmr gs orktmr. –Gc Ugrhd `g @kds orktm gi cms cgjmiæskfms sdcg`m`gs `g cm `kvkim hdi`m`. Qu orktd gs cm argmakñi `g td`ms cms imturmcgzms. Ëc gs gc qug ccmfm tmitd m cms adsms qug sdi adfd m cms qug id sdi1>, pdr fg`kd `g ëc bm orktm`d @kds ^m`rg, gs `gakr, bm argm`d (acmfmvkt, k` gst argmvkt) aumitd quksd argmr‖1=. Mfhms, cm argmakñi y cm rg82. Kdbmiiks QADPPK GXKWOGIÅ, ^grkpbysgdi, KK, g`. Qbgc`di-_kcckmfs, @uhcæi, =;?8, p. =80 \trm`. amstgccmim (`gc Ckhrd K): @kvkskñi `g cm imturmcgzm, Hmragcdim, Drhks, =;20V. 8;. Jumi GQADPD, Adffgitmkrg sur c‛Gvmiokcg `g Jgmi, K, 8?, g`. y trm`. G. Jgmuigmu, ^mræs, =;?8, p. =0=. 1>. Qdhrg gstm kivgrskñi qug Jumi Gsadtd kfprkfg m cm ermsg `g smi ^mhcd, ae. cms ki`kamakdigs `g G`dumr` Jgmuigmu, g`. aktm`m, p. =08-=01. 1=. Jumi GQADPD, Adffgitmkrg… ,p. =01.

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`giakñi, sdi ui acmfdr. –Orktñ `g edrfm kivkskhcg, mitgs `g qug gc fui`d eugsg bgabd, pmrm qug gc fui`d sg bkakgsg< orktñ vkikgi`d mc fui`d `g edrfm vkskhcg, pmrm qug gc fui`d fui `d sg smcvmsg‖. P Pmitd mitd gi ui orktd adfd gi gc dtrd bmy argmakñi, pugstd qug cm justk﬍amakñi `gc pgam`dr gs koumcfgitg ui pmsd `g cm im`m mc sgr18. rdfmids fmids (0, =?) ^dr gccd, cm ermsg `g Qmi ^mhcd gi cm Gpæstdcm m cds rd ‐m﬍rfmi`d qug @kds –ccmfm m cd qug id gs adfd gitg‖ (lmcduitds tm fg ditm bds ditm), d gi cmtæi –vdamt gm quå idi suit tmiqumf gm quå suit ‖ (ccmfm tmitd m cd qug gs adfd m cd qug id gs)‐ tmitd pug`g gitgi`grsg rgegrk`m mc `di `g cm prdfgsm, cm gcgaakñi y cm prg`gstkimakñi adfd m cm argmakñi, sgoúi cms `ds pdskhkck`m`gs `g cm ccmfm`m. Mfhms pdskhkck`m`gs id sg yuxtmpdigi y fmik﬍gstmi uim úikam pdtgiakm, sk gs akgrtd ‐adfd `kag cm Gpæstdcm m cds Gegskds (=, 0)‐ qug cm gcgaakñi prgag`g m cm argmakñi `gc fui`d11. Cm pdtgiakm argm`drm y cm pdtgiakm gcgatdrm, cm qug `m gc sgr y cm qug `m cm justkakm, sdi uim sdcm y pgrfktgi amptmr cm skioucmrk`m` `g cm ccmfm`m `g cm qug bmhcm Qmi ^mhcd. Gstm ccmfm`m id bmag pmsmr mc matd ikiouim pdskhkck`m` mitgrkdr: id gs pdrqug pug`m dær y gstë ym mc fgids vkrtumcfgitg m cm gsauabm pdr cd qug sdy ccmfm`d, skid qug gsauabd y pug`d gsauabmr pdrqug pdrq ug sdy ccmfm`d. Im`m bmy, pugs, gi gc qug gs ccmfm`d qug pgrfmigzam d pug`m pgrfmigagr kitmatd ergitg m cm ccmfm`m, y pdr msæ `gakrcd mpmrtg `g gccm, pugs gstm ccmfm`m cg `m gc sgr y sñcd gccm pgrfktg qug pug`m gstmr ergitg m aumcqukgr adsm, gstmi`d ym mtrmpm`d gi cm ccmfm`m. Cm ccmfm`m cd rgqukgrg æitgormfgitg y sg mùgým pdr gitgrd `g ëc. Gc orktd `gc Ugrhd, gi gc qug hrdtmfds y surokfds mc sgr gs kiadi`kakdimc: id tkgig, pdr iugstrm pmrtg, adi`kakñi `g pdskhkck`m`. Ikiouim rgagptkvk`m` adistktuyg su prgífhucd y sñcd amhg dærcd trms bmhgrcd dæ`d. ´Gi quë sgitk`d4 Gc –vgi‖ id sg `krkog m cd qug, ym ergitg m ëc, pd`ræm rgspdi`gr m aditkiumakñi –bgfg mquæ‖. Ëc fksfd sg bui`g y sg mhrg gi gc –bgfg mquæ‖ 18. Bmhcmr `g orktd im`m tkgig mquæ `g fgtmeñrkad, adfd cd `gfdstrmræm uim egidfgidcdoæm `gc orktd< ae. Bgirk FMC@KIG[, –Wig pbëidfëidcdokg î c‛kfpdsskhcg: cm pdëskg‖, Gtu`gs pbëidfëidcdokqugs , 7-5, Hrusgcms, =;2?, p. 01. M prdpñsktd `g `kvgrsd `kvgrsdss pmsmjgs hæhckads sdhrg cm pmcmhrm `g @kds m cms adsms (gitrg dtrds, Xdf. 0, =?), E. QWÍXGZ (Dpgrm dfikm, t. K, ^mræs, =275, p. 1>8) id ù`m gi bmhcmr `g –fgtmpbdrkam cdautkd‖, gi rmzñi `g uim adiagpakñi gxagskvmfgitg ckfktm`m `g cm pmcmhrm. 11. Gi su adfgitmrkd m cm Gpæstdcm m cds Xdfmids, Qmitd Pdfís `g Mqukid (m` cdauf) rgcmakdim cms `ds ermsgs.

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`g su `gstkimakñi. [m gstdy mquæ aumi`d `kod –bgfg mquæ‖, ym bg vgik`d aumi`d vgiod, ym bg rgspdi`k`d aumi`d rgspdi`d. ]ug fk prdpkd sgr sgm gc m`vgikfkgitd `g uim rgspugstm, adiedrfg mc `gsomrrmfkgitd `g cm ccmfm`m, skoik﬍am qug iuiam buhd prkfgr kistmitg `g cm rgspugstm, qug iuiam gfpgaë m tdfmr cm pmcmhrm pmrm rgspdi`gr. Am`m kikakmtkvm qug tdfd sg ckfktm m prdcdiomr ui sæ kifgfdrkmc, gi cm emccm `g ui `dhcg gxagsd. Gxagsd ki﬍iktd, gi prkfgr cuomr, `g cm ccmfm`m sdhrg cm rgspugstm, pugs gs ccmfm`m `gc ki﬍iktd y, ccmfíi`dfg adfd pgrsdim, id fg ccmfm adfd ui sgr mhstrmatd y mkscm`d, skid qug adifkod ccmfm m cm tdtmck`m` `gc fui`d gi gc gspmakd y gc tkgfpd, `di`g `di `g sñcd sdy uim vdz qug sdpdrtm sdpdrt m su pgrpgtum kiadmakñi gi gc adrd kimodtmhcg. Gxagsd `g gsg sæ kifgfdrkmc, pdr dtrd cm`d, `g gsg sæ prdiuiakm`d pdr fk prdpkd sgr, pdr fk vgik`m mc sgr, sdhrg am`m uid `g cds sægs qug pd`ræm prdegrkr m cd cmrod `g fk vk`m. Id bmy adrrgspdi`giakm pdskhcg sk gsm ccmfm`m sg ids cmizm `gs`g mitgs `g cm argmakñi `gc fui`d, pugs cd gtgrimfgitg orktm`d sñcd m`fktg uim rgspugstm gtgrim, adsm ads m qug id gstí gi iugs iugstrd trd pd`gr. Am`m pmcmhrm tkgfhcm y rgsugim gitrg `ds mhksfds, gc mhksfmc drkogi `g cm ccmfm`m qug cm bmag pdskhcg y gc mhksfmc ﬍i `g cm rgspugstm rgmckzm`m, mpdamcæptkam y adrmc. Gc orktd gs krrgskstkhcg, orktd cufkidsd qug kfpucsm y `gstkim pmrm skgfprg. Msæ, Qmi Jumi Arksñstdfd, adfgitmi`d cm Gpæstdcm m cds Xdfmids, dpdig m cm ccmfm`m `g @kds m sgr cm ccmfm`m qug idsdtrds cmizmfds m cds gitgs y bmakm gccds, ccmfm`m qug cds prgsupdig y ids prgsupdig, ccmfm`m m pdskhkck`m`gs y qug vkgig skgfprg adi gc cmstrg `g ui pmsm`d 10. Aumi`d gsm ccmfm`m gs pgism`m adfd prdfgsm, tmfhkëi ëstm gs skioucmr y Oukccmufg `g Qmkit-Pbkgrry gsarkhg ‐skgfprg m prdpñsktd `g cm ermsg `g Qmi ^mhcd sdhrg cm ccmfm`m‐ gstm pd`grdsm ermsg: – Gt qukhus prdfkssuf pr dfkssuf gst, gt kpsk prd prdfkssk fkssk suit‖, –y mqugccds m cds qug sg bm prdfgtk`d, tmfhkëi ësds sdi prdfgtk`ds‖17. Gs prgaksd qug idsdtrds fksfds sgmfds prdfgtk`ds pmrm rgakhkr uim prdfgsm. ^mrtg `g cm prdfgsm ym sg bm aufpck`d skgfprg, m emctm `g cd aumc id mhrkræm m im`m. ]ug cm 10. Qmi Jumi AXKQÑQPDFD, Ki Xdf., Bdf. UKKK , ^.O. CR. 05> \trm`. amstgccmim: Bdfkcæms sdhrg cm Amrtm m cds Xdfmids, 8 vdcs., Qgvkccm, G`. Mpdstdcm`d Fmrkmid, =;;>V. 17. Oukccmufg @G QMKIP-PBKGXX QMKIP-PBKGXX[ [, ^.C. ACRRR, 72?. Ae. cm trm`. `g M. Hru, Gxpdsë sur c‛Gpétrg mux Xdfmkis, ^mræs, =;25, p. ==1.

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pmcmhrm argm`drm sg adiakhm adfd ccmfm`m skoik﬍am qug cd qug prdùag cg gstí `gstkim`d `g mitgfmid, qug cd qug prd﬍grg sg vugcvg bmakm gccm y qug ym sg bm adfuikam`d skgfprg m mqugccd qug cm gsauabm y cm rgakhg. Adfd `kag Ikadcís `g Ausm: –Ccmfmr mc sgr m mqugccd qug id gs adiskstg gi adfuikamr gc sgr m cm im`m. Msæ, ccmfmr gs argmr (ska vdamrg gst argmrg), adfuikamr gs sgr argm`d‖15. Gi gc fksfd trmtm`d, `krkokëi`dsg m @kds, gsarkhg: –Bmhcms pdr tu vgrhd m td`ms cms adsms qug sdi y ccmfms mc sgr m cms qug id sdi. Cms ccmfms, pugs, pmrm qug tg gsauabgi y, aumi`d tg gsauabmi, sdi (Udams koktur ut tg mu`kmit gt qumi`d tg mu`kuit, tuia suit)‖1?. Gstm ccmfm`m m sgr id sg `gspckgom gi gc tkgfpd< gs mabrdids gi gc `dhcg sgitk`d `gc tërfkid orkgod: gtgrid g kistmitíigd. Ikiouim `gfdrm sg kitgrpdig gitrg gc fdfgitd gi qug sg cmizm y gc fdfgitd gi qug sg rgakhg. Qki gfhmrod, aumi`d cm gsauabmfds, tgigfds ym ui pmsm`d. ´]uë gs, gitdiags, gsauabmr4 @g uim edrfm ogigrmc, gsauabmr gs, gi prkfgr cuomr, oumr`mr skcgiakd, gi tdrid m idsdtrds y gi idsdtrds, pmrm pd`gr gstmr mtgitds m cd qug sg ids `krkog. ^grd mquæ im`m bmy m cd qug kfpdigr skcgiakd ik im`kg qug pug`m amccmrsg pmrm prgstmr mtgiakñi m gsm ccmfm`m m cm qug im`m prgag`g. Gc qug cm rgakhg gs gitrgom`d pdr gccm m sæ fksfd, argm`d pdr gccm, gi gc drkogi qug gs adistmitg. Aumi`d cm gsauabmfds, id gstmfds prgpmrm`ds pmrm im`m< surog gi cd rgpgitkid `gc vmaæd y cd kisdspgabm`d `g cm im`m `di`g, `g rgpgitg, bgfg mquæ, ym vgik`d. Gsauabmr cm ccmfm`m gs gstmr ym rgspdi`kgi`d m cm ccmfm`m. Gsauabmrcm gs td`mvæm gsauabmrcm. Id gfpgzmfds m dær cm ccmfm`m qug ids bmag gfpgzmr.. [ sk gsm ccmfm`m kistmitíigm úikamfgitg gs rga zmr rgakhk`m khk`m pdr idsdtrds gi gc tkgfpd y adi gc tkgfpd, sk igagsktmfds `g td`m iugstrm vk`m, y fís qug iugstrm vk`m, pmrm dærcm pcgimfgitg, ski gfhmrod ym cm bgfds dæ`d skgfprg, gi iugstrm rgspugstm, adiskstgitg gi gstmr mbæ ‐rgspugstm ki`gackimhcg. Aumi`d adfgitm cm ermsg `g Qmi ^mhcd sdhrg cm ccmfm`m, Amcvkid, kitgrprgtíi`dcm adfd rgegrk`m m iugstrm gcgaakñi y sgoui`d imakfkgitd, kiskstg sdhrg gc bgabd `g qug gsm ccmfm`m, aumi`d qukgrm qug sgm dæ`m, ^bkcdsdpbksab-Pbgdcdoksabg dcdoksabg Qabrketgi, g`. Om15. Ikldcmus UDI LWGQ, @g vkskdig @gk , RKK, ^bkcdsdpbksab-Pbg hrkgc, Ukgim, =;5?, t. KKK, p. =00 (ae. cm trm`. er. `g Moiâs Fkimzzdck, ^mræs, =;25, p. 7?-72). 1?. Dp. akt., R, t. KKK, p. =10, y trm`. p. 71.

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gs skgfprg uim ccmfm`m qug bmag smckr `g cm im`m. Gc –pmtrñi d gspgjd `g iugstrm vdamakñi‖, `kag, –qug td`ds tgigfds uikvgrsmcfgitg mquæ‖ gs qug, –aumi`d –aumi`d sdfds ccmfm`ds pdr gc Qgýdr Qgýdr,, smckfds `g uim im`m‖. [ gsd –sgm cd qug sgm cd qug pmrgzamfds sgr‖ g kiacusd sk argyësgfds sgr mcod. –Gs prgaksd qug furmfds `gc td`d pmrm idsdtrds fksfds, m ﬍i `g rgsuctmr mptds pmrm dær cm vdamakñi `g @kds‖ 12. Adivgi`ræm, id dhstmitg, mým`kr qug sñcd cm vdamakñi bmag fdrkr y `m gc pd`gr `g dær. Cm ccmfm`m m sgr y mc sgr gs ccmfm`m argm`drm, qug bmag smckr `g cm im`m. ^grd am`m ccmfm`m `gc Ugrhd gs múi y skgfprg ccmfm`m argm`drm. Qñcd pug`g rgsdimr vgr`m`grmfgitg gi gc vmaæd. Qkgfprg adisgrvm su `kegrgiakm rm`kamc rgspgatd m iugstrms ccmfm`ms, qug sg `krkogi mc gitg `gs`g gc gitg pmrm susaktmr susaktmr tmc d aumc `g sus pdskhkck`m`gs. pdskhkck`m`gs. [ aumi`d sg `gstkim m mcouid qug ym gs, cd mhdr`m gi tmitd qug id gs. ^mrm adistktukr, cm ccmfm`m `gstktuyg. ^mrm `mr, `gspdjm. ^mrm argmr, `ksorgom aumitd gstuvkgsg sgourd `g sgr pdr sæ fksfd mitgs `g cm ccmfm`m d ki`gpgi`kgitgfgitg `g gccm. ^dr gccd, sñcd cm kfpdskhkck`m` `g gsauabmr pug`g dær cm ccmfm`m. Gi dtrds tërfkids, cm ccmfm`m id mpgcm m uim pdskhkck`m` prgvkm gi idsdtrds `g gsauabmrcm, adfd sk gstuvkgsg kisarktm gi bugad gi idsdtrds, ym ccmfm`m pdr idsdtrds, adfd sk euësgfds idsdtrds qukgigs ccmfmfds m cm ccmfm`m. Qkgfprg trmg adiskod su prdpkm pdskhkck`m`, gs `gakr, mc qug gsauabm. Gc amr`gimc `g Hëruccg fg`ktñ prdeui`mfgitg sdhrg gstd. @g ëc gs gstm ermsg, auym eugrzm pug`g pmrgagr amsk hcmsegfm: –Gi cm argmakñi sñcd bmy cm im`m `g cm qug @kds bmag aumitd qukgrg‖ 1;. ^dr gccd bmy pmrm Hëruccg uim im`m kikakmc y uim im`m ﬍imc, ﬍imc , uim im`m `gs`g cm qug sdfds ccmfm`ds y uim im`m bmakm cm qug sdfds ccmfm`ds. –[ adfd @kds quksd gfpcgmr su pdtgiakm gi bmagr smckr mc mcfm `g cm im`m pdr argmakñi, tmfhkëi qukgrg gfpcgmr su pdtgiakm suprgfm gi rgùakrcm m dtrm im`m, pmrm qug ym id sgm skid uim ampmak`m` `g @kds qug qukgrg sgr gi cd suagskvd td`d gi gccm pdr cm ormakm…‖0>. ´]uë rgsuctm, trmtíi`dsg `g cm ccmfm`m, `g gstg pgismfkgitd `g cm im`m4 @kds skgfprg ccmfm

12. Adffgitmkrgs `g Jgmi Amcvki sur cg Iduvgmu Pgstmfgit , ^mræs, =277,t. KKK, p. ?2. Bmy qug `gstmamr cm trmùaakñi qug Amcvkid `m `g cm ermsg `g Qmi ^mhcd: @kds –ccmfm m cms adsms qug id sdi adfd sk eugsgi‖. 1;. HËXWCCG, Dpusaucgs `g pkëtë , g`. Xdturgmu, ^mræs, =;00, RRRKU, p. =78. 0>. Dpusaucg R , p. ;8. Ae. tmfhkëi cm aëcghrg ermsg `gc Dpusaucg RRKK , p. ==;.

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tm fg ditm, m cd qug id gs. ûgs, `kag Hëruccg aktmi`d cm ermsg `g cm Gpæstdcm m cds Xdfmids, –cm im`m sg rgcmakdim adi @kds‖, –gi im`m cg rgpuoim‖ (gi gc sgitk`d acískad `g gstg tërfkid), gs –susagptkhcg y ampmz‖ `g aumcqukgrm `g sus vdcuitm`gs0=. Gs gc mbæ gi gc qug @kds ccmfm pmrm `mr y `mrsg. –Gitrgfds bufkc`gfgitg gi cm im`m gi qug @kds ids giaugitrm‖.

Gs prgaksd qug ids giaugitrg mccæ pmrm pd`gr bmagrids smckr y ccmfmrids. Cm im`m gs cd úikad qug rgspdi`g m cm ccmfm`m, id pu`kgi`d rgspdi`gr. Im`m adrrgspdi`g m gstm ccmfm`m ik m gstg orktd< cm rgspugstm gs cm kfpdskhkck`m` `g aumcqukgr adrrgspdi`giakm. Cm `gspdsgskñi `g aumcqukgr pdskhkck`m` gi idsdtrds `g rgspdi`gr gs cm prkfgrm rgspugstm m cm ccmfm`m, qug id adfkgizm `di`g gs dæ`m. Cm Hkhckm cd pdig `g fmik﬍gstd gi gc rgcmtd `g cm vdamakñi `g Fdksës d Jgrgfæms08. Cm rgspugstm kikakmc `gc ccmfm`d gs `gakr qug id smhg ik smhrí bmhcmr. ^grd sg trmtm `g uim rgspugstm, gi tmitd qug sñcd cm ccmfm`m susaktm y rgqukgrg gsm kfpdskhkck`m`. kfpdskhkc k`m`. Fmtgrkm `g ui id, `g uim igomtkvm d `g uim ﬍itm, gsm kfpdskhkck`m` sgrí, ski gfhmrod, cd úikad qug aditkiumrí dygi`d cm ccmfm`m y rgspdi`kgi`d `g gccm fg`kmitg gc tgstkfdikd y cm trmisfkskñi m dtrds. Ikiouim rgspugstm adrrgspdi`grí. Cm pgregaakñi `g cm rgspugstm rgspu gstm sgrí pmrm skgfprg su `g﬍akgiakm, pugs cd qug ids ccmfm gi cm ccmfm`m gs `g mitgfmid su `gsfgsurm y su kiadifgisurmhkck`m`. M cm ccmfm`m qug id agsm agsm `g bmagr smckr `g cm im`m sñcd rgspdi`g, fg fg-`kmitg cm mcmhmizm, gc vmaæd `g cm omromitm gi qug tkgfhcm cm vdz, rgqugrk`d m bmagrcm rgsdimr, ski qug pug`m bmhgr adrrgspdi`giakm. ^mrm rgspdi`gr m cd qug Acmu`gc, gi su adfgitmrkd mc Amitmr `g cds amitmrgs, ccmfm cm –ùczurm kfpcmamhcg‖ `g cm ccmfm`m, gs prgaksd ‐`kag‐ qug gc mcfm gstë –`g rd`kccms gi ui gstm`d `g skcgiakd (…), `gsbgabm gi ccmitd gi ui gstm`d `g argmakñi (…), adrdim`m gi ui gstm`d `g `gsdcmakñi‖. –Id bmy mhsdcutmfgitg ikioúi fg`kd pmrm fæ, `kag gc mcfm, `g rgspdi`gr‖, pgrd –pmrm prdpdrakdimr cd qug sg cg pk`g sg `krkog m cds rgaursds kimodtmhcgs `g su im`m‖01. ´@g `ñi`g cg vkgigi m cm im`m gsds rgaursds kimodtmhcgs, sk id `g id tgigr im`m qug sgm suyd, `g id tgigr im`m, y `g qug kiacusd gsd cg sgm `m`d pdr gc rgqugrkfkgitd, dhckoíi`dcm m mtrmvg0=. Dpusaucg RRR , p. =08. Ae. Dpusaucg RCKK , p. =?0. 08. Ëxd`d, 0, =>< Jgrgfæms, =, 5. 01. ^muc Acmu`gc kitgrrdog cg Amitkqug `gs amitkqugs, ^mræs, =;02, p. =>2.

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smr cm emccm `g cm prdfgsm4 Qñcd cm ccmfm`m bmag iugstrm, krrgskstkhcgfgitg iugstrm, cm kfpdskhkck`m` `g adrrgspdi`gr, `g adrrgspdi`grcg, adfd gc rgaursd pmrm pmrm rgspdi`gr. rgspdi`gr. [ aumi`d qukgr qukgrmm qug ids sdhrgvgiom, surog skgfprg `gc mhksfd prgvkd m td`d. Gi ui pdgfm `g [gmts, [gmts, uim fu jgr husam, hu sam, fmqu fmqukccíi`dsg, kccíi`dsg, gc rdstrd qug eu eugg gc suyd mitgs `g cm argmakñi `gc fui`d00. ^grd sñcd pd`gfds vgrcd gi cm vdz, gi gsg cmstrg kifgfdrkmc adi gc qug sg `krkog m idsdtrds. Pmfhkëi Acmu`gc, gi gc fksfd adfgitmrkd mc Amitmr, pug`g gsarkhkr, m prdpñsktd `g cm pdtgiakm `g cm vdz, qug sg `gstkim m td`ms cms `kfgiskdigs `g iugstrd sgr, –y, cd fís gxtrmýd `g td`d, ¡m iugstrd rgaugr`d!< ¡gc rgaugr`d `g gsg tkgfpd gi qug gstíhmfds adi @kds, mitgs `g qug gc fui`d eugsg!‖07. Id sg trmtm, pmrm Acmu`gc, `g uim bkpërhdcg, d hkgi bmy qug `gakr qug gsm bkpërhdcg, im`m gxmogrm, gs gc prdpkd gxagsd `g cm pmcmhrm y, gspgakmcfgitg, `g cm pmcmhrm pdëtkam. Ëstm gs, `g ui gxtrgfd m dtrd, ui gitrgcmzmfkgitd `g ccmfm`m y rgspugstm. Xgspdi`g m cm ccmfm`m, pgrd m su vgz ccmfm, y ccmfm m dtrms ccmfm`ms. Gi cm prkfgrm `g cms Akiad ormi`gs d`ms, gc qug smhg bmhcmr pdrqug gstí –kikakm`d gi gc skcgiakd‖ pug`g prdegrkr –Cd qug am`m adsm qukgrg `gakr‖05. Am`m adsm ids ccmfm m ckhgrmr su vgrhd y tmfhkëi gsm ccmfm`m gs vgrhd. –Ukgig bmakm idsdtrds adi su idfhrg: ids `m su idfhrg pmrm qug ids skrvmfds `g ëc‖0?. Cm prkfgrm d`m cd amitm: –¡Msæ, aumi`d bmhcms, db pdgtm, gi uim giufgrmakñi `gcgktdsm/^rd﬍rkgi`d `g am`m adsm gc idfhrg/Adfd ui pm`rg cm ccmfms fkstgrkdsmfgitg gi su prkiakpkd, y adiedrfg m mitmýd,/^mr mitmýd,/^mrtkakpms tkakpms gi su argmakñi, argmakñi, addpgrms m su gxkstgiakm!/Pd`m pmcmhrm uim rgpgtkakñi‖02. Pd`m pmcmhrm uim rgpgtkakñi. Cm pmcmhrm drkokimrkm `g cm pdgsæm sñcd gs tmc rgpktkgi`d. Pd`d lmcgki gs mimlmcgki, td`m ccmfm`m ui vdcvgr m ccmfmr< sñcd ccmfmfds vdcvkgi`d m ccmfmr y madr`íi`dids, y sñcd sdfds ccmfm`ds skgi`d `g iugvd ccmfm`ds pdr mqugccd qug iuiam bmag dtrm adsm qug madr`mrsg `g idsdtrds sgoúi cm gsamrpmùrm `g cd kfpdskhcg. Cm adfprgiskñi `g gsm bm`/Hgedrgg tbg 00. Gc pdgfm sg tktucm Hgedrg tbg wdrc` wms fm`g: – K‛f cddlkio edr tbg emag K bm`/Hgedr wdrc` wms fm`g‖. Ae. cm trm`. `g [vgs Hdiigedy, ]umrmitg-akiq pdâfgs `g [gmts, ^mræs, =;2;, p. =0=. 07. ACMW@GC, dp. akt., p. =01. 05. ACMW@GC, Dguvrg pdëtkqug, p. 81=. Kitrdùatkdi atkdi mu Ckvrg `g Xutb, ^mræs, =;12, p. =>8. 0?. ACMW@GC, Kitrdù 02. Dguvrg pdëtkqug, p. 81>.

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rgpgtkakñi gs gsgiakmc mc prdpkd pcmitgmfkgitd `gc prdhcgfm `g cm rgspugstm. Cm prgagskñi `g cm ccmfm`m sdhrg gc sgr, `g cm gcgaakñi sdhrg cm argmakñi, `gc orktd sdhrg cm gsauabm, bmag qug gc drkogi sñcd vgiom m idsdtrds bmhkgi`d vgik`d ym, qug vgiom m iugstrm prdpkm vgik`m sgoúi ui pmsm`d mhsdcutd adi gc qug id smhræmfds adkiak`kr y mc qug id pd`gfds adrrgspdi`gr. Ukikgi`d msæ, gc drkogi id vugcvg. ^grd idsdtrds, vkikgi`d m idsdtrds fksfds adiedrfg m cm ccmfm`m, iuiam bmagfds dtrm adsm qug vdcvgr m idsdtrds. @g ui bdfhrg `gsfmym`d sg `kag, aumi`d vugcvg m mhrkr cds djds m cm cuz, qug vugcvg gi sæ. Uugcvg gi sæ pdrqug vugcvg mc dtrd, adi idsdtrds, gi gc fksfd fui`d. ^grd iuiam vugcvg gi sæ `gc td`d, ik pcgimfgitg, pdrqug gi ëc tkgig cuomr su prdpkd gackpsg, su prdpkm musgiakm, ëc ski ëc, ëc ski rgtdrid m sæ, qug bm `gjm`d trms `g sæ gi cd qug id gs rgfgfdrmhcg. Bgfds sk`d idsdtrds ski idsdtrds gi cm ccmfm`m y gc orktd. ]ug idsdtrds fksfds sgmfds mitkakpm`ds y prdfgtk`ds gi gsg orktd bmag qug id pug`m mitkakpmr iugstrm prdpkm gsauabm ik iugstrm prdpkm rgspugstm. Xgpktg. Adfkgizm rgpktkgi`d. ^grd id rgpktg vdcvkgi`d m `gakr. Cm rgpgtkakñi id gs uim sgoui`m vgz qug rgprdùag y vugcvg m `gakr cd `kabd uim prkfgrm vgz. Gi prkfgr cuomr, pdrqug sñcd tgigfds maagsd m gsm supugstm prkfgrm vgz gi cm sgoui`m vgz `g cm rgpgtkakñi< d, gi dtrds tërfkids, sñcd gsauabmfds cd qug ccmfm kifgfdrkmcfgitg m iugstrm pmcmhrm gi iugstrm prdpkm pmcmhrm y mqugccd m cd qug rgspdi`gfds sñcd sg ids gitrgom gi iugstrm rgspugstm. ]ukgi id rgspdi`g id dyg y id bm dæ`d. ^grd qukgi rgspdi`g gs gxag`k`d pdr mqugccd m cd qug rgspdi`g. Qu prdpkm kiacuskñi gi gc drkogi gs kimprdpkmhcg. Gi cd qug dyg ym sg `m skgfprg cd qug id bm dæ`d ik pug`g dær, mqugccd fksfd qug prdfgtg su vdz ‐cd qug Acmu`gc, gi su aumrtm d`m, kivdam, m trmvës `g cd kiermiqugmhcg, adfd –rgsgrvm`m‖ y adfd –kispkrm`drm‖, gsm –pmrtg rgsgrvm`m `g fæ fksfd‖, gsm –pmrtg mitgrkdr `g fæ fksfd‖, gsm –k`gm `g fæ fksfd qug gstmhm mitgs qug yd‖. Gs justd qug, tutgíi`dcm, pug`m idfhrmrcm –adfd gc mfkod qug gs uim fmid gi uim fmid‖0;. Cd qug eug idsdtrds ski idsdtrds pmrm qug idsdtrds euësgfds gs `kegrgitg m idsdtrds, muiqug sgm cm prdfgsm `g iugstrm k`gitk`m`. 0;. K`., p. 8?1.

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Iugstrm prdpkm pgrtgigiakm m cm ccmfm`m qug ids bmag sgr y bmhcmr ‐gi tmitd qug, cmizm`m bmakm idsdtrds, `gstkim`m m idsdtrds, ids kiacuæm‐, gsm pgrtgigiakm gs mc fksfd tkgfpd emctm `g bgrg`grds, pugs gi ikioúi sgitk`d pd`gfds vdcvgr m gccm, iuiam eukfds su aditgfpdríigd, vdcvgfds m idsdtrds `gs`g gccm. Gs cd kimu`ktd `g fk prdpkm vdz, cd qug `kjd sæ gi fk emvdr mitgs `g qug fk vdz rgsdimsg y cd úikad qug cm bmag bmhcmr, rgpktkgi`d ui sæ qug iuiam `kjd uim prkfgrm vgz. Cd qug `m vdz mctgrm cm vdz. Gsm mctgrmakñi gs cm rgspugstm, cm fæm. ^grd áñfd pgismrcm4 ^mrm qug cm vdz sgm mctgrm`m, gs prgaksd qug sgm y pgrfmigzam cm fksfm< gi amsd aditrmrkd, tmi sñcd bmhræm dtrm vdz y uim gspgakg `g ccmfm`m ski rgspugstm. Msæ, gi cm `g﬍ikakñi qug Ekcñi `g Mcgjmi`ræm `m `g cm pmcmhrm prdeëtkam gi uid `g sus trmtm`ds, gc prdegtm im`m prdpkd (k`gkdi du`gi) `kag, td`d gi su pmcmhrm y `g su pmcmhrm gs gxtrmýd m sæ fksfd (mccdtræm), gs gc dtrd qukgi rgsugim m trmvës `g ëc7>. Ekcñi pug`g, pdr tmitd, gsarkhkr: –Xgmcfgitg, gc prdegtm, kiacusd aumi`d pmrgag bmhcmr, pgrfmigag gi skcgiakd: dtrd sg skrvg `g sus ñromids vdamcgs, `g su hdam, `g su cgioum, pmrm rgvgcmr cd qug qukgrg‖ 7=. ]ug gc prdpkd drkogi bmhcg m trmt rmvës `gc prdegtm skoik﬍am mquæ su purm y skfpcg trmisedrfmakñi gi kistrufgitd. Gc augrpd prdeëtkad sg adivkgrtg gi augrpd fuskamc, adfd prgaksm cm aditkiumakñi `gc tgxtd, rgsdimi`d adi uim mrfdiæm qug im`m tkgig `g bufmid. [m id gs tmitd pdrtmvdz (pdrtg-pmrdcg) adfd fgoíedid (pdrtg-vdkx). Gi gegatd, úikamfgitg pd`gfds ccgvmr cm pmcmhrm `gc dtrd gi iugstrm prdpkm pmcmhrm. Mquæ, cm pmcmhrm `gc prdegtm `gsmpmrgag, sñcd mpmrgitm bmhcmr y su vdz ym id gs gi fd`d mcouid su vdz< sñcd rgprgsgitm ui fg`kuf pmrm gc dtrd. Cm `kstkiakñi gitrg bmhcmr `g uid fksfd, m pmrtkr `g uid fksfd (gxprgskñi ergaugitg gi gc Gvmiogckd `g Jumi) y bmhcmr uid fksfd gs mhdck`m. ]ukgi ym id bmhcm `g sæ fksfd, ym id bmhcm ëc fksfd< kiacusd sg amccm aumi`d su vdz ‐cd qug pd`ræmfds tdfmr pdr su vdz‐ rgsugim. ^grd ´pdsgg múi uim vdz4 Mccæ `di`g dtrd bmag sdimr sus augr`ms vdamcgs adfd cms `g uim ckrm, ´sg trmtm td`mvæm `g uim vdz4 ´Bmy vdz mccæ `di`g id sg gsauabm4 Cm ccmfm`m pmsm m trmvës `gc 7>. EKCÑI @G MCGJMI@XÆM MCGJMI@XÆM,, ]uks rgruf `kvkimruf bgrgs skt , trm`. F. Bmrc, ^mræs, =;55, p. 8;?, § 87;. 7=. K`., p. 1>=, § 855.

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prdegtm ski qug bmym rgspugstm ik gsauabm. Cg adrrgspdi`g, gi gegatd, m cm pgregaakñi< pgrd `gsmpmrgakgi`d. Pmfhkëi pug`g adisk`grmrsg su vdz m cm vgz mhsdcutmfgitg dtrm g kimctgrm`m. Mhsdcutmfgitg dtrm, pugstd qug ym id gs gi fd`d mcouid cm suym y im`m bmy qug trmisfktm adi su prdpkm pmcmhrm. Kimctgrm`m, pugstd qug im`m `g gsm dtrm pmcmhrm qug cm bmag rgsdimr cm qukghrm ik cm trmisedrfm. Gi rgmck`m`, gc pgismfkgitd `g Ekcñi sdhrg cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm id sg rgùag, egckzfgitg, m gstg mspgatd, pugs, pdr dtrm pmrtg, gs uid `g cds fís prdeui`ds pgism`drgs `g cm maakñi `g ormakms y cm mcmhmizm: ëstm gs pmrm ëc cd úikad qug pd`ræmfds rgmcfgitg dergagr y bmagr adfd prdpkd< pgrtgigakgi`d m @kds aumitd pug`g `írsgcg, iugstrd úikad hkgi gs pd`gr `mr ormakms78. ^grd gstm píokim sdhrg cm prdegaæm trmisfktg, muiqug eugsg igomtkvmfgitg, uim gisgýmizm amrom`m `g adisgaugiakms ‐y víck`m fuabd fís mccí `gc fgrd prdhcgfm `g cm prdegaæm‐ sdhrg cm mctgrmakñi `g cm vdz qug rgspdi`g. Mccæ `di`g cm ccmfm`m gs pgism`m `g edrfm tmc qug sg skrvg `g iugstrm vdz `gspdsgyëi`dids adfpcgtmfgitg `g gccm, pmrm qug gc drkogi id suerm mctgrmakñi, pgism`m `g edrfm tmc qug sgm dæ`m gi sæ fksfm y id gi iugstrm rgspugstm, sg mhdcg m sæ fksfm, id ccmfmi`d ym m im`kg. Qk cm pmcmhrm `gc drkogi gs cd qug bmhcm gi idsdtrds d m trmvës `g idsdtrds, ski `gjmrids im`m qug ids sgm prdpkd, ´td`mvæm bmhcmfds y td`mvæm rgspdi`gfds4 Qñcd dæfds cm ccmfm`m gi cm rgspugstm, gi uim vdz mctgrm`m pdr gccm, ccgvmi`d m cm pmcmhrm gsm mctgrmakñi qug cm gitrgom m sæ fksfm adfd id skgi`d ùgým `g sæ y sdpdrtmi`d `g fmigrm kisustktukhcg su prdpkm emctm `g bgrg`grds. id sñcd vkgiggsm mhkgrtd sgr uim pdr pdsgskñi ik uim sustktuakñi. Gc gspmakdCm `gmctgrmakñi cm rgspugstm cm `kegrgiakm gitrg bmhcmr `g uid fksfd y bmhcmr uid fksfd. Úikamfgitg bmy ccmfm`m y rgspugstm sk mfhms ym id sdi pgism`ms adfd k`ëitkams y sk id bmhcmr `g idsdtrds fksfds, m pmrtkr `g idsdtrds fksfds, id ids adi`gim, ski gfhmrod, mc skcgiakd ik m uim mpmrkgiakm `g pmcmhrm, skid qug, qu g, pdr gc aditrmrkd, gs cd úikad qug ids `m vdz. Augstkdigs sgfgjmitgs gstíi fuy agram `g cms `g Bgk`googr gi su fg`ktmakñi sdhrg gc bmhcm. ]ug –gc bmhcm bmhcg‖ skoik﬍am qug iuiam bmhcmfds `g idsdtrds fksfds, `gs`g idsdtrds fksfds. Gi uim adivgrsm78. Ae. EKCÑI, @g pcmitmtkdig, § =1>-=1=.

01

akñi, sñcd mpmrgitgfgitg ‐gisgým Bgk`googr‐ sdi cds bdfhrgs cds úikads qug bmhcmi, pugs sñcd bmhcmi m pmrtkr `g cm kitgrpgcmakñi cmizm`m m gccds pdr gc bmhcm y sñcd ëstm prdùag cm mutëitkam adivgrsmakñi71. Msæ, Bgk`googr pug`g gsarkhkr: –Id sñcd bmhcmfds gc bmhcm, skid qug bmhcmfds m pmrtkr `g gccm. Qdfds ampmags `g gccd sñcd pdrqug, skgfprg ym, bgfds gsauabm`d gc bmhcm‖70. M prkfgrm vk vkstm, stm, pdr tmitd, sg `m ui uimm pgregatm adisdimiakm gitrg gstg pgismfkgitd y gc vgrsd `g Acmu`gc: –Pd`m pmcmhrm uim rgpgtkakñi‖. ûgs cm k`gitk`m` gitrg bmhcmr y gsauabmr kfpckam qug bmhcmr sgm skgfprg vdcvgr m `gakr (imabsmogi), vdcvgr m `gakr qug `gsamism sdhrg ui `gjmrsg `gakr (skabsmogicmssgi). @gjmfds vgikr m idsdtrds cm –vdz skcgiakdsm (cmutcdsg Qtkffg)‖ `gc bmhcm y iuiam bmhcmfds ski sgr m pmrtkr `g gccm 77. Gccm gs qukgi ids `m vdz. Gi vgr`m` ids cm `m y iugstrm vdz id gs, gi tmitd qug vugcvg m `gakr, mhdck`m adfd iugstrm, pugs gsm vdz skcgiakdsm rgqukgrg cm iugstrm adfd rgspugstm. Gc bdfhrg gs rgqugrk`d, sg igagsktm mc bdfhrg –pmrm ccgvmr gc `kabd skcgiakdsd m cm rgsdimiakm `gc bmhcm‖. –Gc bmhcm igagsktm (hrmuabt) gc bmhcmr bufmid‖. Gc fgismjg rgqukgrg fgismjgrds, d cm fkskñi fkskdigrds75. @dhcg gs gc rgqugrkfkgitd qug ids cmizm gc bmhcm: sdfds sdfd s rgqugrk`ds m bmhcmr, pgrd tmfhkëi ids rgqukgrg gc bmhcm. ´]uë bmy `g gsm bmhcm iugstrm, `g pmrtg m pmrtg gsauabm y `g pmrtg m pmrtg rgspugstm4 Cd qug cm bmag bmhcmr gs qug cm rgsdimiakm `gc skcgiakd adistktuyg pmrm gccm uim ccmfm`m y uim adifkimakñi (Ogbgkss). Adfd gi cds pgismfkgitds `g cm ccmfm`m prgvkmfgitg gstu`km`ds, gstm kitgrpgcmakñi id adistktuyg ui maditgakfkgitd qug bmræm pmsmr mc matd uim pdtgiakm, prgsgitg gi qug idsdtrds, y dhg`gagr. Gstmfds mtrmpm`ds gi gcymbmhcm `gs`g sdfds`gg gsauabmr kiacusd mitgs `g prdegrkr pmcmhrms y, gi gsg sgitk`d, ym bgfds gsauabm`d y dhg`gak`d skgfprg. Gc bmhcmr `g cds fdrtmcgs id `gsamism sdhrg sæ fksfd, –`gsamism sdhrg uim rgcmakñi adi gc bmhcmr `gc bmhcm‖< id gs dtrm adsm qug gsm rgcmakñi 7?. Cm gsauabm supdig uim pgrtgigiakm m cm ccmfm`m, pgrtgigiakm pmrm cm aumc im`m bmy `g gxtrmýd gi idsdtrds fksfds. Gs prgaksd pgrtgigagr pmrm gsauabmr. –Bmy 71. Witgrwgos…, g`. y trm`. aktm`ms, p. =78/=12. 70. K`., p. 870/80=. 77. K`., p. 877/808, ae. p. =?;/=51: imabsprgabgi . 75. K`., rgspgatkvmfgitg, p. 85>/80;, p. 875/801, p. =77/=0>. 7?. K`., p. 1=/17.

00

gsauabm (gs bõrt) gi cm fg`k`m gi qug bmy pgrtgigiakm (gs ogbõrt) m cm adifkimakñi `gc skcgiakd‖72. Qñcd gsauabmfds m trmvës `g td`d iugstrd sgr pdrqug cm gsauabm adistktuyg iugstrd sgr, cg adiag`g sgr cd qug gs, ids bmag bdfhrgs, fdrtmcgs. Cm gsauabm ‐gi tmitd qug pgrtgigiakm‐ y cm pmcmhrm ‐gi tmitd qug vdcvgr m `gakr cd qug uid sg bm `gjm`d `gakr‐ bmagi qug aumcqukgr pmcmhrm iugstrm, pmrm Bgk`googr, rgspdi`m y adrrgspdi`m, y qug su prdpkg`m` kisustktukhcg sgm prgaksmfgitg rgspdi`gr y adrrgspdi`gr. Gi uim ermsg fuy pd`grdsm, m cm vgz acmrm y fkstgrkdsm, Bgk`googr gsarkhg qug, `gjmi`d vgikr m idsdtrds cm vdz skcgiakdsm, –rgacmfmfds cm sdidrk`m` qug ym ids gstí rgsgrvm`m, cm ccmfmfds gstmi`d tgi`k`ds bmakm gccm‖7;. [ msæ gs adfd bmh bmhcd cd yd fksfd, ski qug sgm sgm `gs`g fæ fksfd. Qk bmy ui sdik`d qug ym ids gstë rgsgrvm`d, sk gstmfds kiacuk`ds gi cm ccmfm`m, cm kitgrpgcmakñi `gc bmhcm, rgspdi`kgi`d ym `g iugstrm rgspugstm, sg `krkog m idsdtrds `g edrfm kisustktukhcg. Gsd pgrfktg pgismr gc bmhcm adfd adrrgspdi`giakm (Gitsprgabgi). ´Gi quë adrrgspdi`gi, pmrm Bgk`googr, iugstrms pmcmhrms mc bmhcm4 Gi qug iuiam pug`gi rgstktukrcg mcod `kegrgitg m cd qug tdfmrdi `g gccm, gi qug aumcqukgr rëpckam `gvugcvg `g dtrd fd`d cd qug ym bm rgakhk`d. Cd qug vugcvg mc bmhcm vkgig y vugcvg `g gccm. –Cds fdrtmcgs bmhcmi gi cm fg`k`m gi qug adrrgspdi`gi mc bmhcm (`gr Qprmabg gits prgabgi) pr gabgi) `g ui `dhcg fd`d, tdfmi`d y rgpckami`d (gitigbfgi`-gitogoig`)‖. Gc bmhcmr adrrgspdi`g gi tmitd qug tdfm y rgstktuyg. –Gc adrrgspdi`gr gs, adfd tdfmr qug gsauabm, mc fksfd tkgfpd ui rgpckamr qug rgadidag‖ (@ms Gitsprgabgi kst mcs bõrgi`gs Gitigbfgi zuocgkab 5>

migrlgiigi`gs . Gsg `dhcg amrmatgrkzm `ds fdfgitds `kstkitdsGitogoigi) qug sg suag`græmi: sñcd fd`d pug`d id tdfmr rgstktuygi`d, gsauabmr rgspdi`kgi`d, y cd qug vkgig `gc bmhcm vugcvg m gccm. Cm arætkam `g sgfgjmitg pgismfkgitd `g cm ccmfm`m sg gxpdig m `ds pgckords. Gc prkfgrd, supgr﬍akmc, gs ik skqukgrm arktkamrcd, bmhkgi`d `g mitgfmid koidrm`d y dcvk`m`d mqugccd `g cd qug bmhcm. Gc sgoui`d, gi aumcqukgr sgitk`d fís prdeui`d, gs dpdigrcg, adfd tdtmcfgitg `kstkitd 72. K`., p. 11/15. Ae. p. 877/808: –_kr bõrgi skg iur, wgkc wkr ki skg ogbõrgi ‖. 7;. K`., p. 877/808: –_kr `gi uis sabdi muehgbmctgigi Cmut vgrcmiogi, zu kbf bkirgkabgi` kib ruegi‖. 5>. K`., p. 18/15.

07

m ëc, mqugccd qug ëc fksfd bm pgism`d. Msæ, gi uim píokim `gakskvm `g Mutrgfgit Mutr gfgit qu‛êtr qu‛êtrgg du mu-`gcî `g c‛gssgiag, Gffmiugc Cgvkims kitgitm `g﬍ikr cm rgvgcmakñi m pmrtkr `g iugstrm rgspugstm m su ccmfm`m, y cd bmag aditrm ui pgismfkgitd `gc Qgr. Gsarkhg: –Cd prdpkd `g td`ms cms rgcmakdigs qug msæ sg `gspckgomi5= ‐¡fgiu`m `gagpakñi pmrm cds mfkods `g cm vgr`m` qug tgfmtkzm gc Qgr y `gc sujgtd qug sg hdrrm mitg ëc!‐ gs gc bgabd `g qug cm vugctm sg `khujm mccæ gi cm k`m, `g qug cm ccmfm`m sg dyg mccæ gi cm rgspugstm, rgspugstm, `g qug cm ‒prdvda ‒prdvdamakñi‛ makñi‛ prdvgikg prdvgikgitg itg `g @kds gstí gi fk kivdamakñi, y `g qug cm ormtktu` gs ym ormtktu` pdr gsg gstm`d `g ormtktu` qug sgræm, skfuctíigm d suagskvmfgitg, gc `di y cm ormtktu`‖ 58. Cm ermsg skoukgitg vg gi gsg –prdpkd‖ cm fmram `g cm rgvgcmakñi y su trmsagi`giakm:: –Cm ‒gpkemi `giakm ‒gpkemiæm‛ æm‛ vkgig gi gc @gak @gakrr `gc qug cm rgakhg‖ rgakhg‖.. Qg kfpdig rgadidagr qug gi gsm ermsg cm úikam `kegrgiakm adi gc pgismfkgitd `g Bgk`googr gs gc idfhrg `g @kds: rgfpcmzíi`dcd pdr gc `g bmhcm, bmhc m, sg fmitkgigi td`ms cms amrmatgræstkams qug sg supdig `g﬍igi cm rgvgcmakñi. ^mrm Bgk`googr, cm ccmfm`m `g cm vdz skcgiakdsm sñcd sg dyg gi cm rgspugstm, cm cm prdvdamakñi gi fk kivdamakñi qug m su vgz ccmfm, y gc prdpkd rgadidakfkgitd edrfm pmrtg `g cds `digs qug bg rgakhk`d. ´Gs su﬍akgitg gc fgrd bgabd `g idfhrmr m @kds pmrm amfhkmr gc sgitk`d `g td`ms gsms amrmatgræstkams4 ^gismrcd sgræm dcvk`mr qug gstíi `gstkim`ms m `kegrgiakmr gc `gakr `g cm rgvgcmakñi `g cds `gfís `gakrgs y, pdr tmitd, m `ksagrikr cd qug prdvkgig `g @kds. ^dr dtrd cm`d, gi cm fksfm píokim, gc prdpkd Cgvkims gxacuyg qug gc idfhrg `g @kds pug`m supdigr mquæ uim `kegrgiakm, pugs gsarkhg: –Pgstkfdikmr id gs prgaksmfgitg giuiakmr gsm pmcmhrm gxtrm-dr`kimrkm‖. Im`mpdr bmy, pdr tmitd,m gi gsm `g﬍ikakñi qug rgspugstm id bmym sk`d s k`d pgism`d y `kabd Bgk`googr prdpñsktd `g iugstrm m cmym ccmfm`m `gc bmhcm. Mbdrm hkgi, adi tdtmc gvk`giakm, cd qug ëc pgisñ id gs cm rgvgcmakñi. ]ug cm ccmfm`m sñcd sgm dæ`m gi cm rgspugstm gi mhsdcutd pgrfktg, pugs, amrmatgrkzmr gc tgstkfdikd adfd bmhcm `kstkitm m aumcqukgr dtrm, kfpgismhcg pmrm ui pgismfkgitd `gc Qgr. ^mrm pgismr cm rgspdismhkck`m`, bmy qug pgismr ﬍cdsñ﬍amfgitg cd qug daurrg adi gc rgspdi`gr y gsg pgismfkgitd `gc rgspdi`gr id prgsgitm, gi td`d amsd gi 5=. M smhgr: gc tgstkfdikd, cm drmakñi drmakñi,, gc rgadidakfkgitd… 58. Cm Bmym, =;?0, p. =;> \trm`. amstgccmim: @g dtrd fd`d qug sgr d fís mccí `g cm gsgiakm, Qmcmfmiam, Qæougfg, =;2?V.

05

gstm píokim `di`g gs gxprgsmfgitg edrfucm`d, ikiouim `kegrgiakm gspgaæ﬍am51. Aumcqukgr pgismfkgitd rm`kamc `g cm ccmfm`m kfpckam qug cm ccmfm`m sñcd sg dkom gi cm rgspugstm. Áñfd pd`ræm dærsgcm gi dtrm pmrtg d `g dtrd fd`d4 Cm augstkñi `gakskvm gs sk pug`g sgr mccæ dæ`m `gc td`d, sk rgmcfgitg pd`gfds adrrgspdi`grcg, sgoúi gc aæraucd `g cm ormtktu` qug rgstktuyg cd qug tdfm, ym sg pkgisg gsg aæraucd `g edrfm prdemim, ym rgckokdsm. Cm pgrtgigiakm y cm adrrgspdi`giakm `g cm rgspugstm m cm ccmfm`m adistktuygi mqugccd gi cd qug td`d sg jugom. Qdigt vdx tum ki murkhus fgks: vdx gikf tum ùcaks, qug tu vdz sugig m fks dæ`ds, tu vdz gs, gi gegatd, ùcag, `kag `gs`g skgfprg m td`ds gc Gspdsd `gc Amitmr `g cds amitmrgs50. Msæ pugs, ´quë pug`g sgr ùcag gi iugstrm vdz qug rgspdi`g pmrm qug sgm ccmfm`m ccmfm`m msæ4 ´[ quë daurrg aum aumi`d i`d rgsugim4 Qk cm ccmfm`m ccmfm`m gs uim ccmfm`m `gc ki﬍iktd, cmizm`m gi gc ki﬍iktd fksfd, gs uim ccmfm`m ki﬍iktm. ]ug uim rgspugstm ﬍iktm sñcd pug`m rgakhkr `g gccm mqugccd auym rgstktuakñi gs su tmrgm id cm adivkgrtg gi uim adrrgspdi`giakm. Im`m pug`g adrrgspdi adrrgspdi`gr `gr mc ki﬍iktd. [ im`m gi idsdtrds idsdtrds d `g idsdtrds pd`ræm ‐y gi gccd adiskstg uid `g cds eui`mfgitds `g cm adrrgspdi`giakm pmrm Bgk`googr‐ gsauabmrcd `g mitgfmid, gsauabmrcd mitkakpmi`d ik prgvgikrcd (vdrbõrgi, zuvdrldffgi)57. Gi cm ccmfm`m, gi tmitd prdvgikgitg `gc ki﬍iktd, skgfprg sdfds, sgoúi cm gxprgskñi `gc pdgtm Cdrmi` Omspmr, –gsg idfhrg prdiuiakm`d gi ui vmaæd `g dær‖55. Gc vmaæd `g dær mqugjm `g kfpdskhkck`m` aumcqukgr adrrgspdi`giakm. Cd qug `g cm ccmfm`m id pug`d dær, mqugccd m cd qug gi cm ccmfm`m id pug`d rgspdi`gr gs cd orktm y pugs ids bmag surokr.`g Gsmcm id-adrrgspdi`giakm mctgrm fkqug vdz gi quggccm rgspdi`g, gsg gxagsd ccmfm`m rgspgatd m aumcqukgr rgspugstm y aumcqukgr gsauabm pdskhcgs gs, prgaksmfgitg, cd qug fg bmag mhrkr `g iugvd g kiagsmitgfgitg cds cmhkds pmrm amitmr cd qug qukghrm fk vdz y `gsemccgagr mc gsauabmr cd kimu`ktd qug ids ccmfm. Qñcd cd kimu`ktd `m cm pmcmhrm, y pdr kimu`ktd id sg gitkgi`g 51. Cd qug cm p. =;8 `kag `g cm prdegaæm ‐–dhg`kgi ‐–dhg`kgiakm akm qug prgag`g m cm gsauabm `g cm dr`gi‖‐ sgræm víck`d pmrm aumcqukgr bmhcm sgoúi Bgk`googr, sk sg adiakhg cm gsauabm adfd ui amrm m amrm tgfítkad. 50. Amitmr, KK, =0. ^grd gs cm Gspdsm qukgi rgpktg gstms pmcmhrms< ae. KK, =>. 57. Witgrwgos…, p. 18-11/15-1 18-11/15-1?. ?. pmrdcg, ^mræs, =;?2, p. =18. 55. Cdrmi` OMQ^MX, Mpprdabg `g cm pmrdcg

0?

mquæ cd múi id `kabd ik dæ`d, skid mqugccd qug gi cm ccmfm`m y su orktd gxag`g `g mitgfmid aumcqukgr pdskhkck`m` `g rgspdi`gr y adrrgspdi`gr. Iugstrm vdz gs ùcag, sk mcouim vgz gs ùcag, gi vkrtu` `g cd qug cg emctm, y gs gsm amrgiakm cd qug gccm ccgvm, cc gvm, tgfhcmi`d, m cm rgsdimiakm< cd aumc id kfpckam qug cd adcfg ik pug`m mhdckrcd. Iugstrms pmcmhrms sñcd bmhcmi vgr`m`grmfgitg gxtgiumi`d cm vdz< vugctms, ski amccmrsg, bmakm cd qug, prdfgtkëi`dcm, gxtgiúm cm vdz. ^mrm rgspdi`gr adrrgspdi`kgi`d, sgræm prgaksd qug ui vgrhd pu`kgsg sgr m cm vgz ﬍iktd g ki﬍iktd, y bmhcmr ëc fksfd adi pcgiktu` ski gi mhsdcutd bmhcmr `g sæ fksfd. Gc amríatgr igagsmrkmfgitg adrmc `g cm rgspugstm rgeugrzm cm kfpdskhkck`m` `g cm adrrgspdi`giakm. –Qg prgaksmi vmrkms vdags juitms gi uim vdz pmrm qug sgm bgrfdsm‖, `gaæm Jduhgrt5?, pgrd, pmrm qug rgspdi`kgsg, sg prgaksmræmi td`ms cms vdags. Ccmfíi`dids, cm ccmfm`m id ids ccmfm gi sdcktmrkd y rgacmfm `g idsdtrds aumitd uim vdz pug`m `gakr. Pd`ms cms vdags sdi rgqugrk`ms y, vkikgi`d, id mhdckræmi, ski gfhmrod, gc gxagsd `g cm ccmfm`m sdhrg gccms, skid qug cd giaditrmræmi gi td`m su eugrzm. Gi su aumrtm d`m, cd `kag Acmu`gc: –Aumi`d dkod tu ccmfm`m, ik ui sgr, ik ui bdfhrg/Ik uim vdz qug id rgsuctg igagsmrkm m fk uimikfk`m` ‖. ‖. ^rdskoug: –[, ski gfhmrod, aumi`d fg ccmfms id gs sñcd adifkod adi qukgi bmy qug rgspdi`gr, skid adi td`ds cds sgrgs qug fg rd`gmi,/Wi pdgfm æitgord adfd uim sdcm pmcmhrm m cm fmigrm `g uim aku`m` gi su rgakitd sgfgjmitg mc aæraucd `g cm hdam ‖52. Wi sæ sgfgjmitg, kiacusd acmfm`d pdr td`ms cms adsms y pdr td`ms cms vdags, td`mvæm emccmræm. Id sgræm, pmrm rgaurrkr uim vgz fís m Cdrmi` Omspmr, fís qug ui –bdsmiim gi gc `æm `gegigstrm`d‖. qug ids ccmfm gs tmfhkëi prdfgsm qug ids sdstkgig y sñcd Cm idsccmfm`m `m cm pmcmhrm momrríi`dids pdr cm omromitm. Ikioúi bkfid pd`rí aditgigrcm. ^grd td`d bkfid `ghg, `gsomrrm`d y `gsomrrm`dr, giadfgi`mrsg m gccm, adi﬍mrsg, `mrsg, y gi gccm ‐skgfprg ym, skgfs kgfprg múi, iuiam cd hmstmitg‐ pgr`grsg.

5?. Jdsgpb JDWHGXP, Amrigts, t. KK, ^mræs , =;77, p. 7?=. 52. ^muc ACMW@GC, Dguvrg pdëtkqug, p. 8?0.

02

Ampætucd sgoui`d

Cm vdz vkskhcg

Ú

græmfds ski cm vdz4 Austd`kmi`d gc fui`d, y tgikgi`d gi ëc auk`m`d `g am`m sgr, iugstrm fkrm`m sñcd pug`g sgr gc euoktkvd cuomr `g `gsamisd `gc `æm y cm idabg pdrqug, adi mitgrkdrk`m` mitgrk drk`m` m aumcqukgr mpmrkakñi, sdfhræm d acmrm, gccm fksfm bm sk`d krrgfkskhcgfgitg `m`m, gitrgom`m, `g`kam`m y adismorm`m m cm c m pdskhkck`m` `gc mp mpmrgagr mrgagr.. Qñcd mfpmrm ormakms m gsg ëxtmsks y gsm gxpdskakñi, qug ym cm bmi cmizm`d skgfprg eugrm `g sæ. ´Bmhræmi tgik`d cuomr sk `g mitgfmid ui vgrhd id buhkgsg `krkok`d y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, prdfgtk`d iugstrm fkrm`m m aumitd surog y pug`g surokr4 ´Bmy qug adisk`grmr m cm prdpkm hgccgzm ‐qug `g rgpgitg ids sdhrgadog, ids `gjm ski rgspkrmakñi g kitgrrufpg cm vdz‐ purmfgitg vkskhcg y sustrmæ`m m cm pmcmhrm pdr cm mou`gzm `g su rgspcmi`dr, d, bmakgi`d ui iu`d gi iugstrm omromitm, id skoik﬍am giërokamfgitg uim rgkvki`kamakñi múi fís kfpgrkdsm sdhrg iugstrm vdz4 ´Hmstmrí adi mhrkr fuabd cds djds pmrm qug cd qug mctgrm cm vdz sg bmom gi gccm rgspugstm4 Íd gstí æitkfmfgitg prgsgitg m cm vdz cd qug cm mctgrm y cm qughrmitm pmrm pd`gr kr msæ bmstm su eugitg4 ´Gs cd qug mctgrm cm vdz dtrd qug cm vdz u dtrm vdz4 ´Wi vkskhcg kimu`khcg d uim vdz vkskhcg4 Cm prdpkm gxprgskñi `g vdz vkskhcg abdam tmitd adi cm mitkoum idakñi `g prdpkd am`m ‐`guid maugr`d adipdr cm sæaumc gc djdm sñcd pug`g vgr y gc dæ`dsgiskhcg dær, tgikgi`d maagsd fksfd uim sdcm `kfgiskñi `gc gitg‐ adfd adi cm mitætgsks `g drkogi rgckokdsd, y m fgiu`d `g mcamiag mpdcdoëtkad, gitrg cd vkskhcg y cd mu`khcg, rgtdfm`ms y rgidvm`ms pdr pgismfkgitds aditgfpdríigds. Ádistktuyg gc m`fkrmhcg tætucd `g ^muc Acmu`gc, C‛ők C‛őkcc ëadutg (–Gc djd gsauabm‖), tmi sñcd uim pmrm`djm d giuiakm uim prdpkg`m` rkourdsmfgitg egidfgidcñokam `g cm fkrm`m bufmim4 Qk gs vgr`m` qug gc djd gsauabm, id pd`ræm trmtmrsg úikamfgitg úik amfgitg `g uim pdskhkck`m` gxagpakdimc y gxtrmdr`kimrkm, qug trmisorg`kgsg pdr gspmakd `g ui kistmitg su d﬍akd bmhktumc. Gc djd id pug`g gsauabmr ski qug gsm gsauabm, sgmi aumcgs sgmi su fd`mck`m` prdùzam pgrpgtumfgitg pgrpgt umfgitg. . [ id smhræmfds kitgrr kitgrrdomr domr adigcmkitgisk`m`, fkrm`m m cdsgqug sg prg0;

sgitm sk gsm kitgrrdomakñi id tuvkgsg ym gi cm prdpkm fkrm`m, gi tmitd qug tmc, su eui`mfgitd. Acmu`gc gsarkhg `g ui aum`rd qug –cm sdidrk`m` `g uim ermsg id prdiuiakm`m ccgim td`m cm gsagim‖, mitgs `g mým`kr: –Qdi trkstgs mqugccds aum`rds m cds qug gs kfpdskhcg prgstmr dæ`d‖ 5;. Gc djd id `gjm `g gsauabmr aumi`d vugcvg mc gjgrakakd supugstmfgitg idrfmc `g uim vkskñi sdr`m y fu`m, skid aumi`d ym id giaugitrm gi cd vkskhcg im`m qug cd ccmfg ik cg rgspdi`m, aumi`d cd vkskhcg ym id tkgig vdz. @di`g ym id amhg gsauabmr, ym im`m bmy qug vgr. Áñfd pgismr gsm vdz vkskhcg4 Éug gxprgsmfgitg pgism`m gi cm bkstdrkm `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm4 Gi gc `ëakfd ckhrd `g sus Adiegskdigs, Qmi Moustæi, `krkokëi`dsg m @kds gi auym húsqug`m amfkim, sg prgouitm y cg prgouitm quë gs gxmatmfgitg cd qug mfm aumi`d `kag qug mfm m @kds. Id sdi, adi agrtgzm, cms aumck`m`gs sgiskhcgs adfd tmcgs y, ski gfhmrod, gi gsg mfdr bmy –akgrtm cuz y akgrtm vdz, akgrtd pgreufg y akgrtd mhrmzd‖?>. Gsm gvdamakñi `g ui fís mccí `g cd sgiskhcg qug id gs ui fís mccí `g cm sgisdrkmck`m` miuiakm tmitd cd qug cm tgdcdoæm ccmfmrí cds sgitk`ds gspkrktumcgs adfd cms fg`ktmakdigs `g Fgrcgmu-^dity sdhrg cm `kfgiskdimck`m` `g cm amrig. Cm mpgrturm `g iugstrds sgitk`ds mc fui`d y mc sgr sgoúi sgfgjmitg `krgaakñi `g sgitk`d gxag`g cd sgiskhcg fksfd y id sg akgrrm adi su supgrmakñi. Iugstrds sgitk`ds id pkgr`gi su sgitk`d aumi`d ids vdcvgfds bmakm cd purmfgitg gspkrktumc. Prms gsm gvdamakñi `g uim cuz, uim vdz, ui pgreufg…, Qmi Moustæi adiacuyg: –Gsd gs cd qug mfd aumi`d mfd m fk @kds‖. ^grd cm prgouitm rgmpmrgag `g kifg`kmtd: –´]uë gs gsd4‖, pgrfmigakgi`d dsaurd gc gstmtutd prgaksd `g gsm sgisdrkmck`m`. Udcvkëi`dsg gitdiags bmakm gcgfgitds ‐cm tkgrrm,qug gc fmr, gc mkrg‐, Qmi Moustæi cds cds kitgrrdom uid m`gc uidfui`d y cg rgspdi`gi id sdi gc @kds qug husam ?=. ´Qg rgùag m uim prdsdpdpgym gsm pmcmhrm mtrkhuk`m m cms adsms, gs sñcd fugstrm `g gsm rgtñrkam mitkoum `g cm qug Qmi Moustæi grm ui fmgstrd adisufm`d, d pdsgg ui mcamiag fís prdeui`d4 Cm adiacuskñi `g gsm píokim fugstrm su mcamiag: –Orktmrdi adi uim vdz pdtgitg: ‒Gs ëc fksfd qukgi ids bm bgabd‛. Fk kitgrrdomakñi grm 5;. ^muc ACMW@GC, Dguvrgs gi prdsg, ^mræs, =;57, p. 808. ?>. C. R, UK, 2, trm`. Prëbdrgc y Hdukssdu, ^mræs, =;58, p. =77 \trm`. amstgccmim.- Dhrms `g Qmi Moustæi. t KK. Adiegskdigs. Fm`rk`, HMA, =;05. G`. hkckioógV ?=. C. R, UK, ;.

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fk mtgiakñi, y su rgspugstm, su hgccgzm (Gt gxacmfmvgruit vdag fmoim: kpsg egakt ids. Kitgrrdomtkd fgm kitgitkd fgm gt rgspdiskd gdruf spgakgs gdruf)‖?8. Cm k`gitk`m` `g cm hgccgzm `g cms adsms y su vdz vugcvg gi cms píokims skoukgitgs (vdagf sumf, k` gst spgakgf sumf)?1. Gsm k`gitk`m` gs rkourdsm. Qpgakgs, cm hgccgzm, pgrtgigag prdpkmfgitg mc dr`gi `g cd vkskhcg: gc tërfkid `gskoim, prkfgrmfgitg, gc prdpkd matd `g cm vkskñi, msæ adfd cd qug cm vkskñi amptm `g uim adsm, su mspgatd, cd qug dergag m cm fkrm`m. Qk gsm hgccgzm gs cm prdpkm vdz `g cms adsms, cm gsgiakm `gc amrm m amrm gi vkrtu` `gc aumc cm hgccgzm ids gfhmrom id adistktuyg uim aditgfpcmakñi sustrmæ`m mc vgrhd, skid ui `kícdod. Cm hgccgzm vkskhcg sg bmag prdpkmfgitg vkskhcg aumi`d ids bmhcm y cm kitgrrdomfds. ^mrm vgrcm gi tmitd qug hgccm, gs prgaksd qug ids `kom mcod. Qu giamitd id gs sgùaakñi, emsakimakñi d amptmakñi pmrmckzmitg pdr fg`kd `g eugrzms qug hrkccmi ski `gakr pmcmhrm, skid pmcmhrm y amitd. Cd vkskhcg sñcd mcamizm su pcgid rgspcmi`dr gitrgomi`d su rgsdimiakm. Gc prdpkd gspcgi`dr gs vdamc. Id gs sñcd qug gc djd gsauabg, skid qug sñcd gsauabmi`d vg vgr`m`grmfgitg. Fís æitkfm m cm fkrm`m qug cm prdpkm vkskñi gs su gsauabm. Id hmstm adi mhrkr cds djds pmrm vgr< gs igagsmrkd qug gsds djds kitgrrdougi y sg adivkgrtmi gi cds zmbdrægs `g gsg vgrhd qug aumcqukgr adsm id sñcd ccgvm gi su sgid, skid qug tmfhkëi amitm m ﬈dr `g edrfm. –Id gs qug amfhkgi su vdz, gs `gakr, su hgccgzm, sk uid sg aditgitm adi vgr fkgitrms dtrd, vkgi`d, kitgrrdom (vk`gis kitgrrdogt), `g tmc fmigrm qug mpmrgakgsg `g uim fmigrm mc prkfgrd, `g dtrm mc sgoui`d< skid qug, mpmrgakgi`d `g cm fksfm fmigrm m mfhds, gs fu`m pmrm gc prkfg?0

rd y bmhcm gc sgoui`d‖ . Cm vdzy,vkskhcg gs cmcmhgccgzm, pgrdCmsñcd gs vkskhcg pmrmpmrm cm fkrm`m qug cm gsauabm pdr tmitd, kitgrrdom. fkrm`m qug `gsiu`m iuiam `gsiu`m fís qug uim vdz, skgi`d gccm fksfm fks fm vdz, gi cm gspgrm y gc rgaugr`d `g cd qug cm gxag`g. Cm trm`kakñi pcmtñikam `g﬍iæm cm fmikegstmakñi `g cm hgccgzm adfd tmc pdr su pdtgiakm `g ccmfm`m?7, fkgitrms qug Qmi Moustæi `g﬍ig mquæ cm hg?8. Mrimuc` `‛Mi`kccy, gi su bgrfdsm cgioum, trmùaæm d pmrmermsgmhm msæ: –Gc fdvkfkgitd `g fk adrmzñi gi gstm húsqug`m bm sk`d cm vdz fg`kmitg cm aumc cgs bkag gsm prgouitm, y su hgccgzm bm vgik`d m sgr cm cgioum fu`m fg`kmitg cm aumc fg bmi `m`d gsm rgspugstm‖. ^grd `ghkcktmhm gc pgismfkgitd trmisedrfmi`d uim k`gitk`m` gi adfpmrmakñi adfpmrmakñi.. ?1. C. R, UK, =>. ?0. C. R, UK, =>, trm`. aktm`m. ?7. Ae. suprm, amp. K.

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ccgzm adfd rgspugstm. ´Bmy mbæ rupturm d aditrm`kaakñi4 ´Qg trmtm `g `ds `d s pgismfkgitds dpugstds `g cm vdz vkskhcg4 Gi gc skocd RUKK, gi su Adurs `g pgkiturg pmr prkiakpgs, Xdogr `g ^kcgs amrmatgrkzm cm hgccgzm pkatñrkam pdr cm ccmfm`m, pdr uim ccmfm`m pgigtrmitg. –Cm vgr`m`grm pkiturm, pugs, gs cm qug ids ccmfm (pdr msæ `gakrcd) sdrprgi`këi`dids sdrprgi`këi`di ds (…), id pd`gfds gvktmr magramrids m gccm, adfd sk tuvkgsg mcod qug `gakrids‖ ?5. Gi gc prdpkd adrmzñi `g cm ckhgrmck`m` y ogigrdsk`m` `g cm hgccgzm, y eui`mi`d gsm ormtuk`m` fksfm, bmy uim `gfmi`m sdhrgadog`drm m cm qug id sdfds ùgýds `g sustrmgrids. Gc margagitmfkgitd `gc `di sg `m kfpgrkdsmfgitg y id bmhræm tmc ormtuk`m` sk id supkgsg ccmfmrids tmi vkvmfgitg. ^grd gsm ccmfm`m sg ckfktm m kitrdùakr gi gc `kícdod: –Gc gspgatm`dr sdrprgi`k`d `ghg kr bmakm gccm \cm vgr`m`grm pkiturmV adfd pmrm gitrmr gi adivgrsmakñi adi cms ﬍ourms qug rgprgsgitm‖ ??. Gi cm gvdamakñi `g gsm vdz vkskhcg, pdad kfpdrtm sk sg adfkgizm adi cm ccmfm`m d adi cm rgspugstm. ûgs, pmrm qug iugstrm fkrm`m pug`m kitgrrdomr m cms adsms y ccmfmrcms m su fmikegstmakñi adfd m uim rgspugstm, gs prgaksd qug `g ui fd`d u dtrd cm bmymi ccmfm`d y mvksm`d, qug bmymi rgqugrk`d cm kitgrrdomakñi `g mquëccm adfd su prdpkm ckhgrmakñi. Qmi Moustæi `m smtksemaakñi m gsm ccmfm`m `g cms adsms m trmvës `g su hgccgzm, `kakgi`d `g cds sgrgs adrpdrmcgs gi Cm aku`m` `g @kds: –Gi aumitd m sus edrfms (edrfms) qug bmagi hgccm (edrfdsm) cm gstruaturm `gc fui`d vkskhcg, cms prgsgitmi m iugstrds sgitk`ds pmrm qug cms pgrakhmfds, adfd sk qukskgsgi `mrsg m adidagr adfd adfpgismakñi pdr gc adidakfkgitd `gc qug amrgagi‖?2. adsms idsy ccmfmi y ids kivktmi Kiqukgtmrsg m kitgrrdomrcms. Quvgrhd, hgccgzm Cms ccmfmprdpkms rgspdi`kgi`d rgspdi`g ccmfmi`d. pdr gc gstmr gi suspgisd pdr gc vgrhd, gs ym gstmr gi gc vgrhd, prgag`k`d pdr ëc gi gc prdpkd fdvkfkgitd pdr gc qug gs mitkakpm`d. Cm kifkigiakm `g cm ?5. Gstg ckhrd bm sk`d rgg`ktm`d rgakgitgfgitg pdr J. Pbukcckgr, Pbukcckgr, ^mræs, =;2;, p. 2. ??. K`., p. ;. ^grd ´gc vgr`m`grd `kícdod tkgig cuomr adi gsms ﬍ourms4 ´Modtmi ëstms cm pdtgiakm `g ccmfm`m `g ui aum`rd4 ?2. Cm aktë `g @kgu, C. RK, RRUKK, 8, trm`. Adfhâs, ^mræs, =;7;, p. ==;\trm`. amstgccmim: Cm aku`m` `g @kds, Fm`rk`, AQKA, =;;8V. Gi ui gspmakd fgtmeæskad `gc td`d `kstkitd gsarkhkrí QABD^GIBMWGX: –Gs aurkdsd vgr adi quë kiskstgiakm gc fui`d vgogtmc gi pmrtkaucmr ids sdckaktm y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, ids dhckom m aditgfpcmr aditgfpcmrcd‖, cd‖, y aktmrí gc fksfd pmsmjg `g Qmi Moustæi, Moustæi, Cg fdi`g adffg vdcditë gt adffg rgprësgit rgprësgitmtkdi mtkdi, C. KKK, § 1;, trm`. Hur`gmu, ^mræs, =;55, p. 87;. \trm`. amstgccmim. Gc fui`d adfd vdcuitm` y rgprgsgitmakñi rgprgsgitmakñi, Fëxkad, ^drrúm, =;21V.

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vdz, gi gc skcgiakd gxtgium`d pdr ccgvmr tmitms pmcmhrms vgik`grms, gs ym, d múi, vdz. ^mrm qug gsm vdz vkskhcg vkskhc g sgm vgr`m`grmfgitg uim vdz qug ids bmhcm, pmrm qug bmym `kícdod, gs prgaksd, prgaksd , id dhstmitg, qug gsg amrm m amrm `g cm fkrm`m y cms adsms sg qukghrg y, qughríi`dsg, rgfktm fís mccí `g sæ fksfd< gs prgaksd qug gc sdpcd `g gstg kitgramfhkd cg vgiom `g cd kivkskhcg y qug im`m gi cms adsms ik gi idsdtrds sgm su﬍akgitg pmrm gccd. Qk cm rgspugstm `g cms adsms adrrgspdi`kgsg pcgimfgitg m iugstrm prgouitm, sk cm pmrusæm `g su fmikegstmakñi ccgomsg m adcfmr y smtksemagr gc vmaæd `g iugstrm ccmfm`m, gsg `kícdod id tgi`ræm ikioúi pdrvgikr y cm fkrm`m bmhræm sustktuk`d, skfpcg y ccmimfgitg, mc vgrhd, gi cuomr `g gstmr `gs`g skgfprg y pmrm skgfprg dhsgskdim`m pdr ëc adfd pdr cd úikad qug cg bmag vgr. Msæ, aumi`d, gi gc prgemakd m cm sgoui`m g`kakñi `g cm Arætkam `g cm rmzñi purm, Lmit gsarkhg, m prdpñsktd `g cm eæskam, qug cm rmzñi –`ghg dhckomr m cm imturmcgzm m rgspdi`gr m sus prgouitms‖ y qug gs –uim gspgakg `g jugz gi gjgrakakd qug eugrzm m cds tgstkods m rgspdi`gr m cms prgouitms qug cgs pcmitgm‖?;, gsm kitgrrdomakñi id supdig uim vdz vkskhcg ik qug gc djd gsauabg gi tmitd qug ccmfm`d, sdrprgi`k`d y sdhrgadok`d, skid qug –cm rmzñi sñcd vg cd qug prdùag pdr sæ fksfm sgoúi sus prdpkds pcmigs‖, qug gs cd aditrmrkd `g gsauabmr. Gc prdag`gr gxpgrkfgitmc gs fís hkgi sdckcdqukd qug `kícdod. Cm k`gm agitrmc id gs mquæ cm `g prgouitm, skid cm `g rgspugstm edrzm`m. Cm rgspugstm gi fd`d mcouid sgræm ampmz `g gxag`gr iugstrm prgouitm. Cm adsm gs tdtmcfgitg `kstkitm aumi`d sg trmtm, adfd gs gc amsd gi Qmi Moustæi, `g cm hgccgzm. Cm eugrzm `g gsg `kícdod skcgiakdsd adi cds gcgfgitdsuim rgspdi`g, cms Adiegskdigs, m qug cm hgccgzm adiaghk`m adfd rgspugstmgikisu﬍akgitg. Cd vkskhcg fmik﬍gstm mccæ gs gc gxagsd sdhrg sæ `g su drkogi. Gi gegatd, ´quë rgspdi`gi cds gcgfgitds, fg`kmitg cm vdz vkskhcg `g su hgccgzm4 @kagi id, idi suf, idi sufus `gus tuus, id cd sdy, id sdfds tu @kds. Xgspdi`gi pdr y gi su kisu﬍akgiakm pmrm sgr gc drkogi y gc tërfkid, rgspdi`gi, ski adrrgspdi`giakm pdskhcg, m iugstrd `gsgd, rgspdi`gi `gspdsgyëi`dids `g aumcqukgr pdskhkck`m` `g aditgitmrids adi gccds y `gtgigrids mbæ. Pd`m vdz `kag su kfpgregaakñi y, pdr tmitd, cd qug cm gxag`g. Gitrgomi`d su vgrhd m iugstrm fkrm`m ki?;. Prm`. Prgfgsmyougs Prgfgsmyougs y ^mamu`, ^mræs, =;52, p. =? (H RKKK) \trm`. amstgccmim.- Arætkam `g cm rm zñi purm, Fm`rk`, Mcemoumrm, Mcemoumrm, =;?2V.

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qukgtm y fñvkc, cms adsms ids gitrgomi tmfhkëi m cd qug cgs `m vdz. Cm vdz vkskhcg id gs, pdr tmitd, gc tætucd `g ui fui`d adfpcgtmfgitg trmispmrgitg y `g uim pmrusæm purm y tdtmc `g cm hgccgzm. Cd qug `kag, `g edrfm ﬈mormitg y qug smctm m cds djds, gs qug id fugstrm, qug sñcd smhræm fdstrmr fg`kmitg mcuskñi m cd qug cm supgrm ski fg`k`m. fg`k` m. Gstmr msæ m cm gsauabm adi td`m cm eugrzm `g iugstrm fkrm`m gs gsauabmr fís, gi dtrd cuomr y fís cgjds. Pd`d vgrhd vkskhcg trmsbufm bmakm cd kivkskhcg qug id agsm `g `mrcg, `g bmhgrcg `m`d, `m`d, vdz. M cm kivgrsm, pgrd ski aditrmr aditrmrkg`m`, kg`m`, rgomr` ` , ccmfm –cm-fkrm`m-`g`g cd qug Ermiaks ^diog, gi Cgs emïdis ù rgomr tmc-æi`dcg-qug-gs-bmhcm`m‖2>, sg trmtm `g uim pmcmhrm `g tmc æi`dcg qug sg cm vg. Qki aditrmrkg`m`, pugs vdcvgr iugstrm fkrm`m bmakm cd vkskhcg pmrm kitgrrdomrcd y gsauabmrcd gs, adfd `kag ^diog, rgadidagr –cm kfpdrtmiakm `g am`m adsm y cm fu`m súpckam, cms fu`ms kistmiakms qug bmagi qug sg cgs bmhcg‖. Qgfgjmitg gitrgcmzmfkgitd, sgfgjmitg kiacuskñi futum `g cm vkskñi y cm mu`kakñi vugcvg amùam cm mitætgsks adrrkgitg qug sg gstmhcgag gitrg gccms. Fís qug pgismr añfd sg dpdig uim m dtrm, sg trmtm `g pgismr añfd uim gstí kiacuk`m gi cm dtrm, msæ adfd su margagitmfkgitd fís prdpkd, añfd sñcd vgfds vgr`m`grmfgitg gsauabmi`d y bmhcmi`d ‐pdr sgr m cd kivkskhcg m`di`g cd vkskhcg vkskhc g ids tkgi`g y prdfgtg‐ y añfd sñcd bmhcmfds vgr`m`grmfgitg vkgi`d y fdstríi`dids ‐dergakgi`d m cm cuz gc krrgfg`kmhcg prgakd `g iugstrd vgrhd gi cuomr `g adisk`grmrids pmom`ds adi pmcmhrms y –adidakfkgitds akgods‖, sgoúi cm gxprgskñi `g Cgkhikz. Gsg gitrgcmzmfkgitd `g cm vkskñi y cm mu`kakñi ‐sgoúi gc aumc am`m uim `g gccms gstí amrom`m `g cm dtrm,m﬍rfm`d `gc adrmzñi `gtrm`kakdigs gccm fksfmrgckokdsms adfd `g su prdpkd gxagsd‐ gs acmrmfgitg gi cms ju`æms y arkstkmims. Id amhg dpdigrcms mc bgcgiksfd pdr cm fgrm prkfmaæm `g cm mu`kakñi sdhrg cm vkskñi, smcvd mým`kgi`d qug pmrm gccms gc djd gsauabm y cm pmcmhrm vg, cd qug fd`k﬍am gc sgitk`d `g am`m uim. Msæ, aumi`d Qmitd Pdfís `g Mqukid gstu`km gc cuomr `g cm vkskñi kfmokimrkm ‐`kstkitm `g uim kcufkimakñi purmfgitg kitgcgatumc‐ gi cm prdegaæm, pcmitgm gi prkfgr cuomr uim prkfmaæm `g cm mu`kakñi. Gc prdegtm p rdegtm qug –dyg pmcmhrms qug gxprgsmi uim vgr`m` kitgckokhcg‖ gs supgrkdr mc qug –vg adsms qug skoik﬍ami uim vgr`m`‖, pugs cms pmcmhrms sdi skoids fís gxprg2>. Pdfg prgfkgr, ^mræs, =;57, p. =1?.

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skvds y fís gxprgsds qug cd qug sg dergag skcgiakdsmfgitg m cm fkrm`m. Cm dpdskakñi, ski gfhmrod, im`m tkgig `g mhsdcutd, pugs trmisaurrg gi gc kitgrkdr `g skoids sgiskhcgs dergak`ds m cm kfmokimakñi< `kstkioug `ds edrfms `g megaakñi y `g gxprgskñi. ^grd, sgýmcm gisgouk`m Qmitd Pdfís, cm vkskñi `gc qug ids bmhcm y sg `krkog m idsdtrds amrmatgrkzm ui orm`d fís mctd `g prdegaæm qug mquëc gi gc qug sg gsauabm ski vgr, pugs fmik﬍gstm uim fmydr prdxkfk`m` m cm amusm fksfm `g gsm rgvgcmakñi 2=. Qk cms gtkfdcdoæms, vgr`m`grms d emcsms, bmagi `gc prdegtm, pmrm Qmitd Pdfís, mqugc qug vg m ccdd cgjds y `g cgjd cgjdss msæ adfd gc qug bbmhcm mhcm `gs`g cg jds y `g mitgfmid 28, vkskñi y mu`kakñi sg kfpckami cm uim m cm dtrm, hmjd cm rmzñi adfúi `g ui gxagsd rgspgatd m iugstrms pdskhkck`m`gs imturmcgs, adfd `ds fd`ds `g ui prgadidakfkgitd (pråadoiktkd) supgrkdr m iugstrms emauctm`gs. Gc sgitk`d amptm`d pdr cm vkskñi d cm mu`kakñi supgrm cd qug `g edrfm imturmc pd`gfds amptmr. Cd qug gc prdegtm vg cg giadfkgi`m uim pmcmhrm, `gs`g gc kistmitg gi qug vg, g kiacusd mitgs `g qug vgm, pugs sñcd vg pmrm rgspdi`gr m uim vdamakñi vgrhmc y cd qug `kag cg `m giadfkgi`m uim vkskñi, pugs su pmcmhrm `ghg sgr m cm fg`k`m `g cm cuz, aumcqukgrm qug sgm, qug cg bm sk`d `m`m pmrm qug trmisfktm su eugod y su mr`dr. Qkoug skgi`d akgrtd qug mquæ id sg trmtm `krgatmfgitg `g cm vdz vkskhcg. Ëstm ﬍ourm gi cm Hkhckm gi ui cuomr `g uim kfpdrtmiakm ski pmrmioñi, ùrmitg cm rgvgcmakñi `g @kds gi gc Qkimæ. Gi Ëxd`d 8>, =2, gstí gsarktd qug –td`d gc pughcd vgæm cms vdags‖. Cm Uucomtm trmùag cktgrmcfgitg: Auiatus mutgf pdpucus vk`ghmt vdags< cds Qgtgitm pdigi ui skioucmr gi (tgi pbdigi), cuomr `gc pcurmc pgrd fuabms trmùaakdigs kitgrprgtmi y trmspdigi, bmakgi`d `gsmpmrgagr gsms vdags fd`grims vkskhcgs. Msæ, Cutgrd trmùag: Wi` mccgs Udcal smbg `gi `diigr ui` hcktz, sgouk`d pdr @bdrfg: –^grd td`d gc pughcd vgæm cds trugids y cds `gstgccds‖, y pdr cm Hkhckm `g Jgrusmcëi: –Ukgi`d td`d gc pughcd gsds trugids, gsds rmyds‖. Gi Cm ouæm `g pgrpcgjds, Fmkfñik`gs fkikfkzmhm gc mcamiag y cm pmrm`djm `g gstm ermsg, `kstkioukgi`d gsms vdags `g cm `g @kds y hdrrmi`d cm k`gm `g vkskñi. –Gi aumcqukgr cuomr‖, gsarkhg, –gi gc qug sg bmhcm `g vm2=. Quffm tbgdcdokå, KKm KKå, q. =?0, mrt. 1 \trm`. amstgccmim: Qufm tgdcñokam, 7 vdcs., Fm`rk`, H.M.A., =;22 y ssV. 28. Quffm tbgdcdokå, KKm KKå, q. =?=, mrt. =.

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rkms vdags qug sg dæmi, dæmi, adfd pdr gjgfpcd gjgfpcd ‒[ td`d gc pughcd pgra pgrakhæm khæm cms vdags‛, sg trmtm úikamfgitg `g cm rgsdimiakm `g cm trdfpm, `gc trugid, gta.‖21. ^grd Ekcñi `g Mcgjmi`ræm gitkgi`g gstm ermsg cktgrmcfgitg y gi su eugrzm `gc td`d úikam. Gsarkhg gi gc @g fkormtkdig fkormtkdig Mhrmbmfk: –Qk cm vdz `g cds fdrtmcgs sg `krkog mc dæ`d, cds dríaucds ids rgvgcmi qug cms pmcmhrms `g @kds sdi, m cm fmigrm `g cm cuz, adsms 20vkstms. Gstí `kabd: ‒Pd`d gc pughcd pughcd vgæm cm vdz‛ gi cuom cuomrr `g ‒‒dæm‛ dæm‛ cm vdz‖ . Cd prdpkd `g cm vdz `g @kds adiskstg mquæ gi kfpdigrsg m cm vkskñi `gc mcfm. Ekcñi `gstmam cm pmrm`djm: –Cm idvg`m` uikvgrsmc qug mpdrtm cm akgiakm `g Fdksës mamhm `g gegatumr mquæ uim drkokimck`m` qug ids `gsadiakgrtm: cm vdz, `kag, gs vkskhcg (drmtgi gkimk tgi pbdigi). Mbdrm hkgi, cm vdz gs gi idsdtrds qukzí cd úikad qug id gs vkskhcg, gxagptum`d gc pgismfkgitd‖27. Gc @g vktm Fdsks bmhcm tmfhkëi `g gsm vdz vkskhcg adfd `g cd fís pmrm`ñjkad qug bmym, td pmrm`dxdtmtdi25. [ gc @g @gamcdod sg prdpdig `mr augitm `g gsm vkskhkck`m` skioucmr: –Gitdiags, `gc sgid `gc eugod qug sg `grrmfmhm `gc akgcd, rgsdiñ uim vdz mhsdcutmfgitg sdhrgadog`drm (lmtmpcgltkldtmtg), adivkrtkëi`dsg cm ccmfm gi gc cgioumjg mrtkaucm`d emfkckmr m cds dygitgs (…). Cm vdz bufmim gs mu`khcg, cm vdz `g @kds gs rgmcfgitg vkskhcg. ´^dr quë4 ^drqug td`ms cms pmcmhrms qug @kds prdiuiakm id sdi pmcmhrms, skid matds qug cds djds adidagi mitgs qug gc dæ`d‖2?. ´]uë skoik﬍am gsg mpdamckpsks `g cm vdz, gi gc qug bmhcm gc rgspcmi`dr `g cm cuz y `gc eugod, gi gc qug cd vkskhcg ids tutgm pdr fg`kd `g ui rgqugrkfkgitd kigcu`khcg4 Cm vkskñi vks kñi qug gsauabm gi im`m sg pmrgag m uim pdtgiakm `g `dfkikd y tgfmtkzmakñi< cd qug vg cm mtrmpm fuabd fís `g cd qug pmvdrdsd gccm cd mtrmpm, cm akýg `g fuabd fís `g cd qug gccmcdcdadivkgrtg akýg. Gs gi gc amríatgr y sdhgrmid cd vkskhcg gc qug mquæ pmcmhrm. Mccæ `di`g cd vkskhcg sg gxag`g m sæ fksfd y gxag`g iugstrm vkskñi, ccgvm gi su sgid cm pmcmhrm. Gsm vdz id gs uim vdz fdrkhui`m, ik qug sg `ghkcktg y sg pkgr`m pdr cm `kstmiakm. Ekcñi cm `gsarkhg –tmi pd`grdsm qug cds dygitgs fís mcgjm`ds argygrdi pgrakhkrcm tmi `kstkitmfgitg 21. KK, 11, trm`. Fuil, ^mræs, =;?;, p. 15> \trm`. amstgccmim.- Ouæm `g pgrpcgjds, Fm`rk`, G`. Imakdimc, =;21V. 20. § 0?, trm`. Amzgmux, ^mræs, =;57, p. =81. 27. § 7>, p. =87. 25. KK, § 8=1, g`. Mrimc`gz gt mc., ^mræs, =;5?, p. 82?. 2?. § 05-0?, trm`. Iklkprdwgtzly, ^mræs, =;57, p. 57.

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adfd cds qug sg giaditrmhmi fís prñxkfds‖. Id supdig gi idsdtrds ui ñromid rgagptdr ym `kspugstd m rgakhkrcm< sñcd su maditgakfkgitd argm gi idsdtrds cms adi`kakdigs `g su rgagpakñi. Cd vkskhcg adhrm vdz aumi`d id gstí prgvkstd. Gsm vdz, `kag Ekcñi, –kistmurmræm gi gc mcfm `g am`m uid dtrd sgitk`d `gc dæ`d fuy supgrkdr mc qug tkgig cds dæ`ds adfd kitgrfg`kmrkds‖22. ]ug gc djd gsauabg sdfgtg, msæ, td`d iugstrd sgr m cm prughm `gc vgrhd. Gi gc dtrd gxtrgfd `g cm Hkhckm, gi gc maditgakfkgitd `g ^gitgadstës, gi gc qug cd kivkskhcg pdr gxagcgiakm sg fmik﬍gstm `mi`d cm pmcmhrm m cds mpñstdcgs, gstí prgsgitg dtrm edrfm `g vdz vkskhcg. –Ukgrdi mpmrgagr cgioums adfd `g eugod< sg `kvk`æmi, pdsíi`dsg uim sdhrg am`m uid `g gccds‖ (Bgabds, 8, 1). Gc `di fkstgrkdsd `g cm pmcmhrm sg `m vkskhcgfgitg ‐id skgi`d pdr gccd fgids fkstgrkdsd. Qgm cd qug sgm `g gstds maditgakfkgitds sdhrgimturmcgs, ´pd`ræm cd vkskhcg bmagrsg vdz sk cm vdz id tuvkgsg `g edrfm imturmc su cuz4 Ekcñi id sg aditrm`kag aumi`d ‐trms bmhgr kiskstk`d, m prdpñsktd `g cm rgvgcmakñi `gc Qkimæ, gi cd qug `kstkioug cm vdz `g @kds, vkskhcg gi vkrtu` `g su g﬍amakm y su prdpkm matumck`m`, `g cm vdz bufmim, sñcd mu`khcg‐ kiskstg, pdr dtrd cm`d, gi cm pdtgiakm `g kcufkimakñi `g cm vdz gi ogigrmc. Cm vdz prgag`g m cds pgismfkgitds y sñcd gccm cds smam m cm cuz, m su prdpkm cuz. –@grrmfm uim cuz rgspcmi`gakgitg sdhrg cds pgismfkgitds‖, pugs –cms k`gms sg adisgrvmi gi gc gspærktu, qug gs ui cuomr kivkskhcg, bmstm qug cm vdz cms kcufkim adfd uim cuz y cms `gsauhrg m td`ms‖ 2;. Úgræmi iugstrds djds cm cuz, y mpmrgagr y `gsmpmrgagr cds sgrgs gi gccm, sk iugstrm omromitm id mr`kgsg ym `g mqugccm cuz4 [, [, `gs`g qqug ug adfkgizm m rgsdimr, íd mr`g tmfhkëi ccdd vkskhcg gi su prdpkm Cdm vkskhcg qugtmfhkëi ids bmhcm iugstrm prdpkm fkrm`m, pugs,kitkfk`m`4 `krkokëi`dsg idsdtrds, idsgxag`g fkrm y pdr gsd sg adivkgrtg gi mcod `gc td`d `kstkitd m ui tgfm d ui dhjgtd. Aumi`d Hmu`gcmkrg, gi su sdigtd Adrrgspdi`miags, gvdam cms –adieusms pmcmhrms‖ `g cm Imturmcgzm, gxprgsm cm gxtrmýgzm `g su kitgrpgcmakñi fg`kmitg gstds vgrsds: Gc bdfhrg bdfhrg pmsm mccæ m trmvës `g hdsqugs `g sæfhdcds ]ug cd dhsgrvmi adi fkrm`ms emfkckmrgs 22. @g @gamcdod, § 17, p. 7?. Cm aktm prgag`gitg gs `gc § 11. 2;. ]uds `gtgrkus pdtkdrk kisk`kmrk sdcgmt , trm`. Egugr, ^mræs, =;57, p. ;;, § =82.

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Qdfds fkrm`ds, pdr msæ `gakrcd, mitgs `g vgr idsdtrds fksfds, `gs`g skgfprg adidak`ds, pdr msæ `gakrcd, mitgs `g adidagrids idsdtrds fksfds. [ cd qug pmrm iugstrd prdpkd `ksag `ksagrikfkgi rikfkgitd td gs kikakmcfgitg –ad –adiieusd‖ tkgig ym, ski gfhmrod, `grgabd `g kispgaakñi sdhrg idsdtrds< ids `ksakgrig y adidag sgoúi uim kifgfdrkmc adfpckak`m`, qug supgrm cd qug `g gccm pd`mfds amptmr. Cd vkskhcg sñcd pug`g fkrmr adi gsm emfkckmrk`m` m su pdrtmvdz. Cm vkskhkck`m` `g cm vdz pug`g, ski gfhmrod, tgigr ui sgitk`d tdtmcfgitg dpugstd m mquëc gi qug sg fmik﬍gstm gc gxagsd mr`kgitg `g cd vkskhcg qug sg `krkog y `gstkim m idsdtrds. ûg`g sgr cm `gstruatdrm rgùaakñi `g cm vdz m ui gcgfgitd `g cd vkskhcg. vksk hcg. Msæ, gi cm idvgcm `g Mcgxmi`gr Qdczbgiktski, Gc prkfgr aæraucd, prkskdigrds pdcætkads ‐kiogikgrds, fmtgfítkads, ckioókstms‐ trmhmjmi gi pdigr m puitd ui prdag`kfkgitd `g k`gitk﬍amakñi `g cm vdz. Qg trmtm `g ui –mpmrmtd `g miícksks vksumc qug pgrfktg dhtgigr cd qug sg ccmfm uim ‒bugccm vdamc‛, tmi sgourm y tmi skioucmr adfd uim bugccm `koktmc‖ ;>. Gc prdag`kfkgitd rgakhg gc idfhrg `g –edidsadpkd‖: pgrfktg, gi gegatd, vgr cm vdz. Wid `g cds prkskdigrds –sgitæm `gspgrtmrsg gi ëc gc gstrgfgakfkgitd `g cm kivgstkomakñi akgitæ﬍am. Gi gc edi`d, grm uim akgiakm iugvm: giaditrmr m ui arkfkimc m pmrtkr `g cm bugccm `g su vdz‖;=. Gc amríatgr kisustktukhcg `g cm vdz ‐gi cm qug aumcqukgr sgitk`d sg giamrim, pdr cm qug pmsm aumcqukgr rgcmakñi adi gc sgr‐, gsm rgsdimiakm úikam auym ccmfm`m y rgspugstm mikfmi cd vkskhcg, sg vg rgùak`d m uim orí﬍am, auyd ﬍i gs k`gitk﬍amr sdspgabdsds trms gc rgokstrd `g sus adivgrsmakdigs tgcgeñikams. Cm skioucmrk`m` `g cm vdz, `g aumcqukgr sg adivkgrtg gi skioucmrk`m` pdckakmc. cuomr Bkcd adiùatdr `guikvgrsmck`m`, gsm cmrom idvgcm, cm kivgstkomakñi `gc –edidsadpkd‖ skfhdckzm gi su gsgiakm cm sdakg`m` `g tgrrdr y emcsg`m` qug gc mutdr `gsarkhg. Adisk`grm`m ki`gpgi`kgitgfgitg `g aumcqukgr sgitk`d, rgùak`m m cm vkskhkck`m` mhstrmatm `g ui egiñfgid eæskad, cm vdz msæ trmtm`m `gsauhrg, gi gegatd, ui fui`d mhsur`d, ui fui`d gi gc qug bm `gsmpmrgak`d aumcqukgr vgr`m`grm pmcmhrm. Gsg sæfhdcd, adi td`ms cms krdiæms tríokams qug cd madfpmými ‐pugs gsds prkskdigrds pdcætkads trm;>. Prm`. Lyhmrtbk, ^mræs, =;?0, p. 8?2 \trm`. amstgccmim: Gc prkfgr Aæraucd, Hmragcdim, Hruougrm, =;?=V. ;=. K`., p. 8;0.

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hmjmi msæ pmrm qug sg `gtgiom m dtrds y, mc ﬍imc `gc ckhrd, gsm tëaikam `g k`gitk﬍amakñi kiemckhcg gi fd`d mcouid kfpg`krí cm `gtgiakñi `g kidagitgs‐ pdig mc `gsiu`d gc bdrrdr `g gsm sdakg`m` fgjdr qug `gsarkpakdigs fís aru`ms. Ugr gc `dcdr y cm hgccgzm `g cd vkskhcg gi tmitd qug vdz gs sgr adismorm`d m adiag`grcg ski ﬍i gc mskcd `g cm iugstrm. Aumi`d gc djd gsauabm, tgigfds qug rgspdi`gr m cd qug bgfds dæ`d y `g cd qug dkrgfds. Gsm giadfkgi`m vgrhmc gs `m`m pdr cm prdpkm fkrm`m, id pdrqug eugsg su drkogi prkfgrd, skid pdrqug ym gstí skgfprg mtrmpm`m gi gc vgrhd y mhkgrtm pdr ëc. Cm vdz vkskhcg gs gsgiakmc m cm pdgsæm, qug sñcd pug`g sgoukr vkgi`d sk skoug bmhcmi`d. Cm emauctm` ccmfm`m –vkskdimrkm‖ `gc pdgtm dhg`gag mc vgrhd `g cd vkskhcg, gsauabm vkgi`d y pdr gccd vg. Gi Cgs aditgfpcmtkdis `g Ukatdr Buod, Ag qug `kt cm hduabg `‛dfhrg gs, pdr gxagcgiakm, gc pdgfm `gc vgrhd `g cms adsms: … td`d gs uim vdz y td`d gs ui pgreufg Pd`d `kag gi gc ki﬍iktd mcod m mcoukgi

^grd gsm gsauabm qug gs cm tmrgm prdpkm `gc pdgtm sg rgmckzm fg`kmitg cm fkrm`m: ^mrm gc djd prdeui`d qug vg, cds mitrds sdi orktds

Gi gsg `kícdod `di`g gc djd sg bmag skfm pmrm vgr cm skfm, gsds orktds pgi`kgitgs, pgi`kgitgs `g iugstrm quggsarkturm bmrí rgsdimr vkskhcgs su vgrhdgstíi prdpkd. Adivkrtkëi`dsg gi vkrtu` `g cm vdz prdpkm gi vdz vkskhcg, cm pmcmhrm pdëtkam, bmhcmi`d, bmag vgr y dær Cms cíorkfms hmjd cms orgýms, orgýms, gc suspkrd gxpkrm`d Gi cm ﬈dr, ﬈dr, y gc orktd gi cm pkg`rm mfurmccm` mfurmccm`mm

^mrm qug cd vkskhcg pgr`kgsg vdz, sgræm igagsmrkd qug cm iugstrm sg agomsg y sg mpmomsg, `gjmi`d `g rgspdi`grcg g kitgrrdomrcd.

7;

Ampætucd tgragrd

Cm dtrm vdz

C

m ccmfm`m drkokimrkm, qug ids gitrgom y ids givæm mc fui`d, sñcd sg dyg gi gc krrgùatkhcg rgtrmsd `g iugstrm rgspugstm, m trmvës `g iugstrm vdz mctgrm`m. mctgrm`m. [ cm ccmfm`m `g cm hgccgz hgccgzm, m, `g gsm hgccgzm qug mtrmpm mtrmpm cm fkrm`m g kiacusd ccgom gi damskdigs m bmagr qug sg akgrrg, tmfhkëi giadfkgi`m m iugstrm vdz uim pmcmhrm, pmrm sgr `krgatmfgitg dæ`m gi gsm giadfkgi`m adfd ccmfm`m y, pdr tmitd, vkstm `g vgr`m`. Gsm vdz, cm iugstrm, cm vdz bufmim, gi cm qug id `gjmfds `g gsauabmr cd qug ids rgqukgrg, gs gc cuomr fksfd `g cm krrupakñi `gc gspærktu gi gc fui`d. Gi cm rgsdimiakm `g cm vdz, sg fmik﬍gstm gc gspærktu adfd sñcd ëc gs ampmz `g fmikegstmrsg: augrpd y mcfm. Qg `m prd﬍rkëi`dsg, sñcd sg fg `m m fæ ‐qug bmhcd‐ aumi`d bmhcd y, pdr tmitd, aumi`d id cd oumr`d pmrm fæ, aumi`d cd trmisfktd y cd `keui`d. `keui `d. Qñcd gs fæd aumi`d mcod `g fæ sg rdfpg y sg pkgr`g gi gc `di. Bmhcmr gs bmhgr gsauabm`d y gsauabmr td`mvæm, pgrd tmfhkëi gs bmagr dær y, pdr tmitd, bmagr rgspdi`gr. Bmhcd rgspdi`kgi`d, pgrd gsm rgspugstm sñcd sg pgrpgtúm ccmfmi`d m dtrms pmcmhrms qug cg rgspdi`gríi y, rgspdi`këi`dcg, fg bmríi dær mqugccd m cd qug, gi fk prdpkm pmcmhrm y gi prkfgr cuomr gi cd qug cm ccmfmhm, bmhæm pd`k`d pgrfmigagr sdr`d. Cm rgspugstm `g cds dtrds gs gc pdrvgikr `g iugstrm pmcmhrm, pdrvgikr skgfprg mbæ. Gsg pdrvgikr gs æitkfmfgitg y, m cmui vgz, id idsympgrtgigag. Gs iugstrd gi tmitd qug, `g orm`diugstrd d pdr eugrzm, bgfds `g rgspdi`grcg y id pd`gfds ﬍iokr qug id eugsg m iugstrm pmcmhrm m cd qug buhkgsg rgspdi`k`d< gs æitkfmfgitg iugstrd gi tmitd qug ids rgvgcm mcod `g iugstrm pmcmhrm y su sgitk`d< y id ids pgrtgigag pdr id sgr idsdtrds cm eugitg `g su cuz. Cm skioucmrk`m` kisustktukhcg kisustktukh cg `g iugstrm vdz gs mctgrm`m pdr td`ms pmrtgs. Gc gspærktu sg `m gi gccm fís qug m gccm y gsg `di id sg prdùag ski për`k`m ik bgrk`m, pdr cd qug cm mcmhmizm pug`g pgismrsg adfd smark﬍akd, smark﬍akuf cmu`ks;8: cm vdz adistktuyg gc cuomr pdskhcg `g uim rgiuiakm ;8. Ae. Qmcfd C, =0 y 81. 81. [ O. UDI X XM@, M@, Pbëdcdokg `g c‛Miakgi Pgstmfgit , trm`. `g ^gygr,

5=

fís turhm`drm qug cm `g aumcqukgr hkgi gxtgrkdr, gc aumc, pdr cd `gfís, bm `g sgr sgccm`d skgfprg pdr gccm. Fís mccí `g su sktumakñi sktumakñ i bkstñrkam prdpkm, cm príatkam `g cm cgaturm gi vdz mctm ‐kiacusd sñcd pmrm uid fksfd, bmakgi`d `gc cggr ui gsauabmr, gi cm prdpkm vdz, cm vdz `g dtrd‐ fugstrm añfd pdr ui kistmitg pd`gfds sgr, gi augrpd y mcfm, gc cuomr `g rgpdsd `g ui gspærktu skgfprg `g amfkid. J. Cgacgraq cm `gsarkhg msæ: –Gi cm G`m` Fg`km, adfd gi cm Mitkoóg`m`, idrfmcfgitg sg cgg, c gg, id ‐adfd bdy‐ prkiakpmcfgitg adi cds djds, skid adi cds cmhkds, prdiuiakmi`d cd qug sg vg, bmhcíi`dcd, y adi gc dæ`d, gsauabmi`d gsau abmi`d cms pmcmhrms qug sg prdiuiakmi, dygi`d, adfd sg `kag, cms vdags pmokimruf. Wid sg gitrgom m uim mutëitkam cgaturm maústkam: cgogrg skoik﬍am mc fksfd tkgfpd mu`krg< sñcd sg adfprgi`g cd qug sg dyg‖;1. ^mrm qug gsd sgm pdskhcg, id sñcd bm `g gxkstkr uim rgakprdak`m` gitrg bmhcmr y gsauabmr, skid qug tmfhkëi iugstrm vdz ym bm `g gstmr skgfprg mhkgrtm, `gs`g su kitkfk`m`, m cm pmcmhrm `g cds dtrds y, pdr tmitd, ccmfm`m pdr gccm m sgrvkrcg `g mhrkod, pmrm bmagrsg vdz. [m [m trmùag skgfprg. Cm vdz `g cm qug sg trmtñ gi cds ampætucds prgag`gitgs gs cm vdz `gsiu`m, cm vdz bufmim tmc adfd am`m `æm cm dæfds dæ fds tgfhcmr tgfhcmr.. Iugstrm vdz id sg adistktuyg gccm fksfm pdr sæ fksfm, id sg `m m sæ fksfm, pugs skgfprg rgspdi`g, skid qug `m vdz m aumitd cm ccmfm, m cd qug sñcd gi gccm pug`g bmagrsg vdz, sk id cd gs ym. Cms úikams vdags kitgrkdrgs qug eugrdi dhjgtd `g fg`ktmakñi bmstm mquæ sñcd sdi kitgrkdrgs m iugstrm prdpkm vdz, kitgrkdrgs mc vgrhd prdegrk`d, cgjds `g dpdigrsg m ëc. Mbdrm hkgi, cm ﬍cdsdeæm, `g fúctkpcgs edrfms, bm pgism`d uim vdz kitgrkdr gi ui sgitk`d uim vdz vdz ski fístkfhrg maí `gikcmaugrpd, iugstrmyqug uimadfpcgtmfgitg vdz ski tdid ik`kstkitd, sdpcd, uim muirgsugim, msæ ccmfm`m vdz. @g cm vdz `gc `gfdikd* `g Qñarmtgs qug cd mpmrtm `g uim fmcm gcgaakñi m cm vdz `gc mfkod qug, sgoúi Bgk`googr, ccgvm adiskod gc sgr mbæ< `g cm vdz `gc Ugrhd Ugrhd qug, sgoúi Fmcghrmiabg, bmhcm ski agsmr m iugstrm mcfm m cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm `g Xdussgmu, Lmit d Ekabtg< gsms vdags m cm vgz æitkfms y `kstkitms cmizmi ccmfm`ms fuy `kvgrsms y pcmiOgiâvg, s. e., t. K, p. 1=2-1=; \trm`. amstgccmim.- Pgdcdoæm `gc Mitkoud Pgstmfgitd, Qmcmfmiam, Qæougfg, =;5;V. mutgurs fdimstkqugs ù F Fdygi dygi Mog. C C‛mfdur ‛mfdur `gs cgttr cgttrgs gs gt cg ;1. J. CGACGXA], Kiktkmtkdi mux mutgurs `ëskr `g @kgu , ^mræs, =;51, p. 8=. * –@gf –@gfdikd dikd‖, ‖, y sus `grkvm`ds, `grkvm `ds, trm` trmùag uag gc ermi ermiaës aës `ëfdi qug m su vgz trmùag gc `mkfdi orkgod. \I. `. P.V

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tgmi, gi cm gadidfæm `g am`m uid `g gsds pgismfkgitds, augstkdigs krrgùatkhcgs uims m dtrms, pgrd skoug skgi`d akgrtd qug gc egiñfgid am`m vgz gi jugod gs `gskoim`d d `gsarktd, gxprgsmfgitg, adfd uim vdz, kitgrkdr m idsdtrds fksfds. Cm kfpdrtmiakm y ormvg`m` `gc pmpgc kitgrprgtm`d pdr gsms vdags prdbæhg adisk`grmr gsm `gskoimakñi adfd uim fgtíedrm krrg﬈gxkvm d ui rmsod `g gstkcd. Mbdrm hkgi, sk gc pgismfkgitd `g uim ccmfm`m d uim `gfmi`m purmfgitg gspkrktumcgs im`m tkgig gi sæ fksfd `g aditrm`katdrkd, gc `g uim vdz `gsgiamrim`m rgsuctm prdhcgfítkad. ´Bmy y pug`g bmhgr uim vdz vd z purmfgitg kitgrkdr, qug sñcd yd gsauabd, kiacusd sk pug`g `krkokrsg m td`ds4 Áuíc gs su fd`d `g `dimakñi egidfgidcñokam4 Adi dtrms pmcmhrms, ´`g maugr`d adi quë sgitk`d `g cm mu`kakñi pd`gfds `gakr qug cm gsauabmfds y quë ids mutdrkzm m `gskoimrcm adfd uim vdz, y id, pdr gjgfpcd, adfd uim kcufkimakñi4 ´]uë rgcmakñi bmy gitrg gsm vdz y cm iugstrm4 Id pug`g bmhgr uikvdak`m`, pugstd qug gsm vdz gs skcgiakdsm y `gsgiamrim`m, pgrd tmfpdad pd`ræm bmhgr purm bdfdikfkm, pugs gsm vdz sg `krkog m idsdtrds y sg `kag qug cm gsauabmfds, kiacusd qug id pd`gfds id gsauabmrcm. ´]uë tkpd `g mimcdoæm, sk bmy mimcdoæm, pug`g gxkstkr gitrg gsms gsms `ds vdags4 ´[ añfd k`gitk﬍amr k`gitk﬍amr gsm dtr dtrmm vdz4 Íd gs gsm dtrm vdz skid cm iugstrm mctgrm`m d gsaki`k`m, id adistktuyg skid uim fd`k﬍amakñi `g cm iugstrm y gc `kícdod qug fmitgigfds adi gccm uim edrfm `gc `kícdod `g uid adiskod fksfd, adisk`grm`d sgoúi cms `kvgrsms pdtgiakms, pdskhkck`m`gs d euiakdigs `g iugstrd sgr æitkfd< d, pdr gc aditrmrkd, gs cm vdz `g ui sgr `kstkitd m idsdtrds4 [, gi gstg úctkfd amsd, áñfd kifg`kmtm pgismr gsm prgsgiakm dtrd gi idsdtrds4 `gskoimrsg cm kifg`kmtgz `g cm prgsgiakm `g`gc ui gspærktu m dtrd, sk sg´ûg`g trmtm `g mcod msæ, pdr fg`kd `g cm vdz, qug sñcd gs vdz prd﬍rkgi`d ui vgrhd, uim pmcmhrm, y, pdr tmitd, vmckëi`dsg `g edrfms d skoids, gitrmi`d gi gc dr`gi `g cm fg`kmakñi4 Gsms prgouitms, susaktm`ms pdr cm m﬍rfmakñi `g uim vdz kitgrkdr, sdi tmi adfpcgjms adfd kigvktmhcgs. Edrzdsmfgitg bmy qug rgadidagr qug rmrm vgz sg cgs bm `m`d rgspugstm, pugs gsm vdz rmrm vgz bm sk`d tgfmtkzm`m adfd tmc, kiacusd sk `gsgfpgým ui pmpgc `gakskvd. Gi gsg dr`gi mpmrgag uim pmrm`djm bkstñrkam: sk, gi cm dhrm `gc prdpkd ^cmtñi, cm –vdz‖ `gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs gs

idfhrm`m gsamsms vgags, sk su `gsarkpakñi sg fmitkgig fuy sdhrkm, sk id amg pdr su prdpkd pgsd qug pgrtgigzam m cm gsgiakm `gc prdpkd egiñfgid

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`gfñikad, pugs ëstg gs ergaugitgfgitg fgiakdim`d ski qug gstë prgsgitg ikiouim vdz, m prdpñsktd `g ëstm, ski gfhmrod, tgi`rí cuomr, gi cm trm`kakñi pcmtñikam, cm kitgrrdomakñi fís gxpcæaktm y fís mitkakpm`mfgitg egidfgidcñokam sdhrg cm vdz kitgrkdr, sus amrmatgrgs y su fd`d `g fmikegstmakñi. Gi rmzñi `g cm kfpdrtmiakm `g cm ﬍ourm `g Qñarmtgs pmrm cm ﬍cdsdeæm, cm `kfgiskñi gikofítkam gikofítk am `g su `gfdikd susaktñ `gs`g ccmm Mitkoóg`m` fúctkpcgs `ghmtgs. Fís prgaksmfgitg, sg prgouitñ añfd pd`æm tgigr prdpkmfgitg uim vdz gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs y, `g tgigr uim, quë mutdrkzmhm m bmhcmr `g vdz `g cm adiakgiakm. Pmfhkëi sg adiag`grí m tmcgs kitgrrdomakdigs ui mfpckd gspmakd gi cds miícksks qug skougi, pugs gs gi gccms `di`g cm augstkñi `g cm vdz kitgrkdr bm sk`d ccgvm`m m su fmydr acmrk`m`. Gc puitd `g pmrtk`m `g aumcqukgr adisk`grmakñi sdhrg uim gvgitumc vdz kitgrkdr gs gc maditgakfkgitd `g uim ccmfm`m æitkfm. Qg trmtm `g uim megaakñi: gc aursd `g fk pgismfkgitd sg vg rgpgitkimfgitg fd`k﬍am`d pdr gc sgitkfkgitd `g sgr ccmfm`d d kitgrpgcm`d, `g sgr mcamizm`d pdr uim kitgrpgcmakñi `g cm qug sdy dhjgtd. dhjgtd . Gstg sgr ccmfm`d gs prkfgrd y gsm megaakñi prgag`g m aumcqukgr `gtgrfkimakñi `g cm k`gitk`m` `g cd qug fg ccmfm. Qupdikgi`d qug gsm k`gitk`m` pug`m sgr ﬍jm`m, sñcd cd sgrí pdr uim kitgrrdomakñi pdstgrkdr. Kikakmcfgitg, gc sgr ccmfm`d `gjm mhkgrtms td`ms cms pdskhkck`m`gs sdhrg cm imturmcgzm `gc qug ccmfm. Gc amríatgr kfpgrkdsd `g cm kitgrpgcmakñi qug sg fg bmag id sg eui`mfgitm gi cm mutdrk`m` `g cd qug sg `krkog m fæ, pugstd qug cm `gtgrfkimakñi `gc drkogi `g cm ccmfm`m sñcd pd`rí vgikr `g uim gcuak`makñi `g ëstm. Qk, amsumcfgitg, cd fg ccmfm sg `gskoimsg m sæ fksfd adiakgiakm gi cm ccmfm`m adfd @kds, íiogc,qug `gfdikd, mfkod, bdfhrg kitgckokhcg, fdrmc…, rgsuctmræm sgourd qug fg skgitd ccmfm`d, gi tmitd sg trmtmræm `g ui `mtd kifmigitg, pgrd td`mvæm qug`mræm gxbkhkr sus `grgabds pmrm msgourmr gc vgr`m`grd drkogi `g gsm ccmfm`m, gi tmitd qug `mtd trmsagi`gitg. Gi cm `gsarkpakñi `g cm ccmfm`m qug Bgk`googr bmag gi Gc sgr y gc tkgfpd, kiskstg gi gstm ki`gtgrfkimakñi: –Gc qug ccmfm sg fmitkgig gi uim ki`gtgrfkimakñi sdrprgi`gitg (…). Gc qug ccmfm gi cm ccmfm`m ‐y sg trmtm `g mcod qug pgrtgigag m su amríatgr egidfgimc‐ fmitkgig mhsdcutmfgitg mcgjm`m `g ëc aumcqukgr emfkckmrk`m`‖. Cm `ksaditkiuk`m` `g cm ccmfm`m, qug ids mrrmiam m ui stmtu qud mitg, gs prkfgrm. –‒Gsd‛ –‒Gsd‛ ccmfm, gi adi aditrm trm `g iugstrm prgvkskñi, kiacusd m pgsmr iugstrd‖;0.

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Gsm ki`gtgrfkimakñi `gc qug megatm gi fk sgr megatm`d gstí sgourmfgitg prgsgitg gi gc egiñfgid `g cm ccmfm`m. ´@ghg tdfmrsg adfd ui –prkvkcgokd pdsktkvd‖ y gxacukr aumcqukgr kitgrrdomakñi pdstgrkdr, qug sñcd pd`ræm rgsuctmr kiogium d gxtrmvkm`m, d gs gc puitd `g pmrtk`m `g gsm kitgrrdomakñi4 Qgoúi gc prdpkd tgstkfdikd `g Bgk`googr, sg dergag, gi aumcqukgr amsd, m cm kitgrprgtmakñi;7. Gc gxagsd sdhrg fæ `g cd qug fg ccmfm, mui aumi`d sg ccgomsg m mtrkhuærfgcd, pcmitgm ui prdhcgfm. Gc adfkgizd `g cds Qdckcdqukds `g Qmi Moustæi bmag surokr kifg`kmtmfgitg, `gs`g cm ccmfm`m fksfm, cm prgouitm magram `g quë gs prgaksmfgitg cd qug ccmfm, ski qug kikakmcfgitg rgakhm rgspugstm. –@g rgpgitg fg eug `kabd, ym eugsg pdr fæ fksfd, ym pdr dtrd gxtgrkdr m fæ, ym pdr dtrd kitgrkdr m fæ ‐id cd së, pugs gsd fksfd gs cd qug, kitgismfgitg, fg prdpdiod smhgr‐, fg eug, pugs, `kabd…‖;5. Gsm prgouitm sdhrg cm k`gitk`m` `gc qug ccmfm id pug`g sgr pugstm eugrm `g jugod ik arktkam`m adfd sk kitgrrdomrsg sdhrg gccd eugsg ym uim u im fmigrm `g gvktmr cm ccmfm`m y gvm`krsg `g gccm fg`kmitg cm pmcmhrgræm d cm aurkdsk`m`, pugs edrfm pmrtg `g cm adifdakñi fksfm `g cm ccmfm`m. Ccmfíi`dfg, cm ccmfm`m c cmfm`m id fg `gjm kitmatd: sñcd pug`g pug` g surokr mhrkgi`d gi fæ gc gspmakd `g su gsauabm y, pdr tmitd, qughrmi`d mcod `g cd qug yd grm mitgs `g sgitkrfg ccmfm`d. Qdy yd qukgi sdy ccmfm`d, ski ù`m, pgrd, adfd `gaæm ^cdtkid, ´quë yd4 ^rgouitmrsg sk sdy yd u dtrd qukgi fg ccmfm, prgouitmrsg sk cm gvgitumc mctgrk`m` gs gxtgrkdr d kitgrkdr, gs prgouitmrsg qukëi sdy prgouitíi`dsg añfd pug`d sgr mcamizm`d msæ y, pdr tmitd, rgspdi`gr m cm ccmfm`m qug sg fg `krkog æitkfmfgitg. Cm ccmfm`m cmizm`m bmakm fæ fg vugcvg prdhcgfítkad pmrm fæ adi fksfd, kisgourd `g fks cæfktgs y fk pd`gr. Cm prgouitm sg adieui`g cm prdpkm ccmfm`m, pugs cm pgrpcgjk`m` magram `gc drkogi `g cm ccmfm`m gs uim pgrpcgjk`m` gi cm qug sg trmtm `g fæ fksfd. ´]uë gs fís –`dofítkad‖: kitgrrdomrsg sdhrg gc drkogi `g cm ccmfm`m d pcmitgmr `g mitgfmid qug fg gs cmizm`m `gs`g fæ fksfd4 Gi cm ;0. Qgki ui` Zgkt , § 7?, Póhkiogi, =;?8, p. 8?0-8?7, trm`. Fmrtkigmu, ^mræs, =;27, p. =;;. \trm`. amstgccmim.- Gc sgr y gc tkgfpd, Fëxkad, E.A.G., =;7=V. Ae. J.-E. ADWXPKIG, Bgk`googr gt cm pbëidfëidcdokg, ^mræs, =;;>, p. 18>-18=. ;7. K`., p. 8?7, trm`. p. =;;-8>>. ;5. Qdckcdqugs , K, K, =, g`. Cmhrkdccg, =;02, p. 80 (Hkhckdtbâqug muoustkikgiig, t. 7) \trm`. amstgccmim: Qdckcdqukds, Fm`rk`, Moukcmr, =;52V. Cm trmùaakñi kitrdùag uim vdz qug id gstí gi gc tgxtd: Mkt fkbk suhktd, skvg god kpsg, skvg mckus quks gxtrkisgaus, skvg kitrkisgaus, igsakd…

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cmrom y fmoiæ﬍am pcgomrkm qug, gi cds Qdckcdqukds, ﬍ourm m aditkiumakñi `g gsms prkfgrms kitgrrdomakdigs, Qmi Moustæi sg `krkog m @kds `g gstg fd`d: –@kds, fgrag` m qukgi mprgi`gfds qug cd qug m vgags argæmfds iugstrd ids gs gxtrmýd y cd qug argæmfds gxtrmýd gs m vgags iugstrd‖;?. Cm prgouitm magram `g cd prdpkd y cd gxtrmýd mhkgrtm pdr cm ccmfm`m id cd sgræm adi tmitm eugrzm sk id cm mpdyísgfds gi cm prdpkm ccmfm`m. Qkoug skgi`d skgi`d akgrtd qug cm vdz id gstí prgsg prgsgitg itg mquæ. [ gc `kícdod, gsarktd adfd tmc, gitrg Qmi Moustæi y cm rmzñi gi ëc adistktuyg uim gspgakg `g trmspdskakñi cktgrmrkm `gc `kícdod pcmtñikad `gc mcfm adiskod fksfm, `kícdod íedid y skcgiakdsd, sustrmæ`d m aumcqukgr vdz, pdr cd qug Qmi Moustæi cd tktucm adi gc idfhrg iugvd `g Qdckcdqukm `di`g, `kag cm rmzñi, –auf sdcks idhks cdqukfur‖, bmhcmfds sñcd adi idsdtrds;2. Idsdtrds `gc `kícdod skcgiakdsd adi cm rmzñi gi fæ, sdcg`m` id sdcktmrkm `g cm prgouitm y cm rgspugstm: sñcd cm gsarkturm cg `m vdz. Id pdig gi jugod `ds pgrsdims `kstkitms. Cm –rmzñi qug bmhcm aditkod‖ `g cds Qdckcdqukds id gs, adfd gi dtrms dhrms `g Qmi Moustæi, gc U Ugrhd grhd `kvkid d gc Fmgstrd kitgrkdr. Gs, gi idsdtrds, cd qug ids pgrfktg vgr cm cuz gspkrktumc, ski adieui`krsg adi gsm cuz. –[d, cm rmzñi, sdy m cms kitgckogiakms cd qug cm fkrm`m gs m cds djds‖< –cm fkrm`m `gc mcfm (mspgatus mikfå) gs cm rmzñi‖;;. Gsd gxpckam qug sg pug`m `kmcdomr adi gccm adfd adi cm pmrtg supgrkdr `g iugstrd sgr, ski qug, id dhstmitg, sg yuxtmpdiom m idsdtrds. Qg trmtm `g ui `kícdod adiskod, adfd gi cm `g﬍ikakñi pcmtñikam `gc pgismfkgitd. Qmi Moustæi `gsarkhg gsm ccmfm`m `g cm rmzñi ski gitrmr gi cms mpdræms `g uim vdz kitgrkdr. `gc(vdags ckhrd tums)< K pk`g aurm m @kds: –Aurm mhrgpmrm fks qug dæ`ds dkomCmtuspcgomrkm pmcmhrms y mhrg fksydjds vgmpmrm tus qug vdcuitm`gs‖=>>. Gsds djds y dæ`ds sdi cds `gc adrmzñi y, pmrm Qmi Moustæi, sñcd sg trmtm `g `ds edrfucmakdigs `kstkitms `g cm fksfm mpgrturm y cm Prkiktmtg cd m﬍rfm gxprgsmfgifksfm rgagptkvk`m` gspkrktumcgs. Gc @g Prkiktmtg tg: –Aumi`d `gakfds qug cds pgismfkgitds sdi cms pmcmhrms `gc adrmzñi (cdautkdigs adr`ks), id igomfds, ski gfhmrod, qug sgmi vkskdigs (…) Gi ;?. K`., K, K, 1, p. 8;. ;2. K`., KK, UKK, =0, p. ==8. ;;. K`., rgspgatkvmfgitg K, UK, =8, p. 0;, y K, UK, =1, p. 7=. =>>. K`., K, K, 7, p. 18.

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gegatd, aumi`d sg prdùagi bmakm eugrm pdr fg`kmakñi `gc augrpd, pmcmhrm y vkskñi sdi adsms `kegrgitgs< pgrd bmakm `gitrd, aumi`d pgismfds, pmcmhrm y vkskñi sdi uim sdcm adsm. @gc fksfd fd`d qug cm vkstm y gc dæ`d, gi tmitd qug sgitk`ds adrpdrmcgs, sdi `ds sgitk`ds `kstkitds, pgrd, gi gc mcfm, vgr y dær sdi k`ëitkads (idi gst mcku` mtqug mcku` vk`grg gt mu`krg)‖=>=. Qkgi`d msæ, cm húsqug`m kitgrkdr `g cd vgr`m`grd pug`g `gsarkhkrsg ki`kegrgitgfgitg adfd uim gsauabm d adfd uim kcufkimakñi y cd qug gitdiags –gsauabmfds‖ gi mhsdcutd gs uim –vdz‖ gi sgitk`d gstrkatd. Cd qug uik﬍am gc vgr y gc dær gs uim rgagptkvk`m` m cd vgr`m`grd: id sdfds gc prkfgr vgrhd fís `g cd qug sdfds cm eugitg `g cm cuz. Udcvgrids bmakm iugstrm kitkfk`m` pmrm husamr hu samr cm vgr`m` id gs vdcvgrids bmakm idsdtrds fksfds, skid bmakm gc sdc `g cds gspærktus qug gs gc Ugrhd `kvkid. Id sdfds ccgvm`ds pdr uim vdz kitgrkdr. M ﬍i `g augitms, cm trm`ka trm`kakñi kñi moustkikmim moustkikmim skgfprg sg fmitgi`rí fmitgi`rí prdeui`mfgitg arætkam, pdr rmzdigs tgdcñokams eui`mfgitmcgs, ergitg m ui rëokfgi `g kifg`kmtgz gi gc qug @kds bmhcmræm `krgatmfgitg mc mcfm gi cm purm kitgrkdrk`m`. Ëstg id gs kfpdskhcg pmrm gccm, pgrd gs suprmcmpsmrkd, sgýmcm prkvkcgokds `g M`íi mitgs `gc pgam`d. Buod `g Qmkit-Ukatdr cd `gsarkhg msæ: –Mitgs `g su pgam`d, gc prkfgr bdfhrg id tgiæm igagsk`m` `g qug @kds cg bmhcmsg `gs`g eugrm, pugs tgiæm gi su kitgrkdr gc dæ`d `gc adrmzñi qug cg pgrfktæm dær gspkrktumcfgitg cm vdz `g @kds. Bmhkgi`d pgr`k`d gc bdfhrg gi su kitgrkdr gc dæ`d fg`kmitg gc aumc pd`æm gsauabmr m @kds, @kds ids vugcvg m ccmfmr y orktm bmakm meugrm‖ =>8. Cd qug adrrgspdi`g mc prdpkd pgismfkgitd `g Qmi Moustæi, gi su adfgitmrkd mc =>1

Oëigsks aditrm cds fmikqugds . Cm pmcmhrm gxtgrkdr, gc vgrhd amrimc, gc =>=. @g Prkiktmtg, RU, R, =2, trm`. Momìssg, ^mræs, =;77, p. 05; (Hkhckdtbâqug muoustkikgiig, t. =5) \trm`. amstgccmim: Prmtm`d `g cm Qmitæskfm Prkik`m` , Fm`rk`, H.M.A., =;27V. Ae. ‐`g edrfm miícdom pgrd adi ui aruag qug id gs uim k`gitk`m`‐ BGK@GOOGX, @gr Qmtz vdf Orui` , Póhkiogi, prdpdskakñi `gc eui`mfgitd, Hmragcdim, =;?=, p. 2;, trm`. ^rëmu, =;58, p. =8? \trm`. amstgccmim: Cm prdpdskakñi Qgrhmc, =;;=V: –Qk iugstrd dær bufmid, sk iugstrd vgr fdrtmc id pdsggi, gi cm kfprgskñi purmfgitg sgiskhcg, cd qug tkgigi adfd prdpkd, tmfpdad rgsuctm mhsdcutmfgitg kiargæhcg qug cd mu`khcg pug`m sgr amptm`d tmfhkëi pdr cm vkstm, sk gs akgrtd qug gc pgismfkgitd fkrm dygi`d y dyg fkrmi`d (wgii `ms @gilgi bõrgi` hckalt ui` hckalgi` bõrt ))‖. ‖. Qmkit-Ukatdr katdr gt sdi ëadcg, =>8. @g mrabm Idg, aktm`d y trmùak`d pdr ^. QKAMX@, Buougs `g Qmkit-U Hrgpdcs, =;;=, p. 802. =>1. Ae. X. BDCPG, Hëmtktu`g gt smogssg. Qmkit Muoustki gt cg prdhcâfg `g cm ﬍i `g c‛bdffg `mis cm pbkcdsdpbkg miakgiig, ^mræs, =;58, p. 117 sq.

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qug ids mcamizm m trmvës `g cm vdz, ids gs gfkigitgfgitg igagsmrkd. Cm rgvgcmakñi `g @kds sg `krkog m idsdtrds m trmvës `g cm vdz `g sus tgstkods y cds –dæ`ds `gc adrmzñi‖, pmrm`ñjkamfgitg, sñcd pug`gi mhrkrsg `g iugvd pdr gc rgqugrkfkgitd `g ëstm. Kiacusd sk cm ccmfm`m ids ccgvm `g iugvd m iugstrm kitkfk`m` gspkrktumc, gs gi gc fui`d `di`g rgsugim pmrm gc bdfhrg pgam`dr. Ikioúi pgismfkgitd arkstkmid pd`ræm prkvkcgokmr uim vdz kitgrkdr rgspgatd mc adrd `g cds tgstkods `g @kds: sgræm sustktukr cm Xgvgcmakñi eui`m`drm `g cm Kocgskm pdr uim –rgvgcmakñi‖ prkvm`m y sdcktmrkm. ^mrm miuiakmr m Arkstd, sg prgaksm cm vdz, –cm vdz `gc qug orktm gi gc `gskgrtd‖=>0, cm vdz `g Jumi Hmutkstm. Cm ccmfm`m rgqukgrg iugstrm vdz pmrm trmisfktkrcm m dtrds y `g gsg fd`d dærcm rgmcfgitg, pgrd pug`g sgr pgism`m y `gsarktm ski mpgcmr m uim vdz kitgrkdr. Cm adsm gs `gc td`d `kstkitm adi gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs. ^cmtñi, gi sus `kícdods, cg adi﬍grg uim vdz, pbdië . Múi bmy qug sgýmcmr qug, sk ^cmtñi gvdam m fgiu`d gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs, prgegrgitgfgitg gi cm edrfm igutrm g ki`gtgrfkim`m `g cd –`gfñikad‖ (`mkfdikdi) d `g –mcod `gfñikad‖ (`mkfdikdi tk), cm fmydr pmrtg `gc tkgfpd sg `gjm gi cm sdfhrm cm imturmcgzm fksfm `g su fmikegstmakñi. Cd adidagfds fuabd fg jdr gi sus gegatds qug gi su imturmcgzm, imtu rmcgzm, gi cd qug ccgvm m Qñarmtgs m bmagr d id bmagr qug gi cm fmigrm gi qug sg cg fmik﬍gstm. Úikamfgitg gc Eg`rd y cm Mpdcdoæm `g Qñarmtgs bmhcmi `g su –vdz‖. Gi gstm úctkfm dhrm, Qñarmtgs, pmrm `gsarkhkr gsg –mcod `kvkid y `gfñikad‖ mc qug gstí gxpugstd `gs`g su kiemiakm, `kag qug sg trmtm `g –uim vdz qug m`vkgig, cm aumc, aumi`d m`vkgig, \cdV `ksum`g `g mqugccd qug \gstíV gvgitumc=>7

fgitg m puitd bmagr, qugyiuiam gfpujmqug m cmskoik﬍qug maakñi‖ dær . Cm gxprgskñi gs cm `g fís vmompgrd pdskhcg id bmy\cdV tërfkid d gsauabmr. Gsm vdz –prkvm`m‖, qug sñcd sg fmik﬍gstm m Qñarmtgs, id gitrgom, id dhstmitg, ikiouim rgvgcmakñi prkvm`m ik gsdtërkam `g cm qug ëc sgræm pdrtmvdz. Gi gegatd, gi cm píokim skoukgitg Qñarmtgs m﬍rfm: –Qk mcoúi `æm, id dhstmitg, mcoukgi prgtgi`g bmhgr mprgi`k`d mcod `g fæ y bmhgr dæ`d `g fæ, gi prkvm`d, mcod qug id buhkgsg sk`d dæ`d pdr td`ds cds =>0. Fmtgd, 1, 1. =>7. Mpdcdokg `g Qdarmtg, 1= `, pbdië tks okoidfgig, bg dtmi ogigtmk…, trm`. `g Xdhki fd`k﬍am`m (^cmtñi, Dguvrgs, ^mræs, =;55, t. K, p. =52). \trm`. amstgccmim: Mpdcdoæm `g Qñarmtgs, gi @kícdods, vdc. K, Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;27V.

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`gfís, smhg` qug id `kag cm vgr`m`‖=>5. Gi gc Eg`rd, gi amfhkd, gc vgrhd dær gstí prgsgitg, muiqug id ski rgstrkaakdigs: –Justd gi gc fdfgitd gi qug fg `kspdiæm m mtrmvgsmr gc ræd, cm sgýmc `kvkim, gsm sgýmc `kvkim auym prgsgitmakñi gs bmhktumc pmrm fæ, sg prdùjd. Mbdrm hkgi, iuiam bmag dtrm adsm qug `gtgigrfg, aumi`d daurrg qug fg `kspdiod m matumr< y argæ dær, vkikgi`d `g mccæ, uim vdz, qug id fg pgrfktæm kr mitgs `g bmhgr rgmckzm`d uim gxpkmakñi, adfd sk buhkgsg adfgtk`d mcouim emctm pmrm adi cm `kvkik`m`‖=>?. Cm aditkiumakñi gvdam, gi tërfkids ogigrmcgs, ui pd`gr m`kvkimtdrkd `gc mcfm bufmim y Qñarmtgs sg prdacmfm ui fmc m`kvkid. Cd qug prgvmcgag gs, pdr tmitd, cm kitgrprgtmakñi d `gsakermfkgitd `g cds skoids ‐mcod qug aumcqukgrm `g idsdtrds pug`g bmagr‐ y im`m gs pdsktkvmfgitg m﬍rfm`d `g gstm –vdz‖ ik `gc fd`d gi qug Qñarmtgs cm –dyg‖. Aditrmrkmfgitg m gsm rgsgrvm y sdhrkg`m`, gc `kícdod mpñarked Pëmogs, ùrmitg fuabd tkgfpd mtrkhuk`d m ^cmtñi, idfhrm sgks vgags gi `ds píokims gsm –vdz‖ `gfñikam=>2, qug ccgvm m Qñarmtgs m prdegtkzmr pmrm p mrm sus mfkods, `ksum`këi`dcds `g mau`kr m tmc d aumc cuomr, `di`g Qñarmtgs prgskgitg qug cgs daurrkræm mcouim `gsormakm. Gs fís ‐y `kegrgitg‐ `g cd qug `kag ^cmtñi gi td`m su dhrm. Aumi`d ëstm `gskoim gc skoid `gfñikad adfd –vdz‖, id `gsarkhg adi acmrk`m` su egidfgimck`m` ik sg cg adiag`g vgrhd mcouid, skgi`d su gxacuskvm idtk﬍amakñi ui id, uim kivktmakñi ‐qug id `m sus rmzdigs, `gjmi`d qug Qñarmtgs cms gxtrmkom `g fd`d purmfgitg bufmid‐ m cm mhstgiakñi d kitgrrupakñi `g cd qug ëstg prdygatmhm. Amhg rgspgtmr gsm sdhrkg`m` pcmtñikam bmstm gvmaumr cm –vdz‖ adfd tmc.adistmitgfgitg Gs cd qug bmag rgegrk`d Lkgrlgommr` gi su . tgsks sdhrg Gc adiagptd `g krdiæm m Qñarmtgs Cd `gfñikad –`gskoim mcod mhstrmatd, `kvkid qug, gi vkrtu` `g su prdpkm mhstrmaakñi, gstí pdr giakfm `g aumcqukgr `gtgrfkimakñi< mcod kigemhcg, qug gvktm aumcqukgr prg`kam`d, gi tmitd qug rgermatmrkd m cm ‒vdamckzmakñi‛. Qk m aditkiumakñi prgouitmfds añfd sg fmik﬍gstm gsg `gfdikd, ids gitgrmfds `g qug sg trmtm `g uim vdz mu`khcg< pgrd adfd su maakñi, purmfgitg kis=>5. Mpdcdokg `g Qdarmtg, 11 h, trm`. Xdhki, p. =?>. =>?. ^bâ`rg, 808 h-a, trm`. Xdhki, t. KK, p. 8;: tkim pbdigi g`dxm mutdtbgi mldusmk \trm`. amstgccmim: Eg`rd, gi @kícdods, vdc. KKK, Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;25V. =>2. Pbëmoâs, =82 `-=8; a \Pëmogs d sdhrg gc smhgr, gi ^cmtñi, @kícdods, Udc UKK, Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;;8V.

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tkitkvm, id sg trmùag gi pmcmhrms, id sg dsm m﬍rfmrcd‖ =>;. Cd `gfñikad sg bmag gi sæ fksfd kfprdiuiakmhcg, adfd adisdimitgs ski vdamcgs< id gitrgom vgrhd mcouid y, msæ, su vdz id gs uim vdz, cd qug gxacuyg aumcqukgr `k﬍auctm`. ûgs, gi gc fdfgitd gi qug Lkgrlgommr` gsarkhg, cm –vdz‖ `gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs, trms cms kitgrprgtmakdigs pdsktkvms, kiacusd gxmctm`ms, `gc skocd RUKKK, ym bm adfgizm`d m sgr adisk`grm`m uim fmikegstmakñi pskadpmtdcñokam, ui egiñfgid mcuakimtdrkd. Msæ gs adfd m ﬍imcgs `gc skocd RKR Ukatdr Googr, gi uim dhrm tktucmpmrdcg kitërkgur kitërkgurgg - Gssmk `g pskabdcdokg `gsarkp `gsarkptkvg, tkvg, gsarkhkrí uim `m Cm pmrdcg gxtrmým mpdcdoæm `g Qñarmtgs, qug tdfm idtm `g td`m cm cktgrmturm fë`kam y pskadcñokam adismorm`m m su `gfdikd. Gsm mpdcdoæm, qug gxprgsm gc gspærktu `g su tkgfpd, ﬍ourm gi ui gstu`kd adfpmrmtkvd `g Qñarmtgs y… Jumim `g Mrad, gitrg qukgigs –sdi sdrprgi`gitgs cms mimcdoæms‖, pugs –gi mfhds adkiak`æm ui gstm`d `g mcuakimakñi arñikam adi uim mhsdcutm ﬍rfgzm kitgcgatumc‖. Id dhstmitg, gsds –amsds gxtrmdr`kimrkds, midrfmcgs‖ id sdi, gi gegatd, –amsds fñrhk`ds‖==>. Áñfd gs pdskhcg4 –@g td`ms cms mcuakimakdigs, gxpckam Googr, cm fgids pmtdcñokam gs, sgoúi gc prdpkd tgstkfdikd tgstkfdikd `g cds fë`kad fë`kads, s, cm mcuakimakñi mcuakimakñi mu`ktkvm (… (…). ). [ sk mcouim vgz pug`g prkvmrsg m cm mcuakimakñi `g aumcqukgr amríatgr fñrhk`d, gs aumi`d id gs dtrm adsm qug cm pmcmhrm fdrmc kitgrkdr qug sg bm vugctd tmi giërokam adfd pmrm prdvdamr kfpgrkdsmfgitg gc jukakd `g gxtgrkdrk`m`‖===. Muiqug sgmi midrfmcgs, gsms mcuakimakdigs id pdigi igagsmrkmfgitg gi pgckord cm rmzñi. Gc `kmoiñstkad gs, pugs, fís hkgi hgikoid. Qñarmtgs suerkræm, gi gegatd, mcuakimakdigs, pgrd cms fgids pgckordsms `g

td`ms cms mcuakimakdigs y cms suerkræm gi gc orm`d fgids grmi ormvgfuy pdskhcg. –Cms mcuakimakdigs mu`ktkvms qug gs igagsmrkd mtrkhukrcg gcgfgitmcgs, fuy ru`kfgitmrkms‖, id grmi –fuy acmrms d mc fgids fuy `gsmrrdccm`ms‖. Qk vm cd fís cgjds pdskhcg ‐cd fís cgjds pdskhcg trmtíi`dsg `g ui pskañcdod ermiaës `gc skocd RKR‐ pmrm gxausmr m Qñarmtgs `g cdaurm, Ukatdr Ukatdr Googr, pgsg m su hugim vdcuitm`, fmitkgig adi ﬍rfgzm gc tërfkid mcuakimakñi . Ekcdsñ﬍amfgitg, gc fdtkvd gs fís idtmhcg qug gc `kmoiñstkad. =>;. Q. LKGXLGOMMX@ LKGXLGOMMX@,, Dguvrgs adfpcâtgs, trm`. Pkssgmu, t. KK, ^mræs, =;?7, p. =07-=05. kitërkgurg, ^mræs, =22=, p. =17. ==>. Cm pmrdcg kitërkgurg ===. K`., p. =15.

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Cm mcuakimakñi, `kag Googr, –adiskstg gsgiakmcfgitg id tmitd gi gxtgrimckzmr ui gstm`d `g adiakgiakm adfd gi mckgimrcd, y pdad kfpdrtm qug gc sgr kfmokimrkd gi auyd prdvgabd ids `gspdjmfds `g ui gcgfgitd `g iugstrm pgrsdimck`m` sgm sktum`d pdr idsdtrds gi iugstrd augrpd d gi gc gitdrid. @kræmfds ski vmakcmr, pdr tmitd, qug Qñarmtgs sueræm mcuakimakdigs `gc sgitk`d æitkfd aumi`d sñcd gxpgrkfgitmhm uim rgpucskñi \m matumrV y mcuakimakd mcuakimakdigs igs `gc dæ`d aumi`d cm rgpucskñi sg gxprgsmhm kitgrkdrfgitg y skfucmhm uim vdz‖==8. Gi fæ fksfd id bmy ik pug`g bmhgr dtrm adsm qug yd. Aumcqukgr prgsgiakm gi fæ id gs skid fk prdpkm prgsgiakm, aumcqukgr megaakñi id pug`g sgr skid uim megaakñi `g fæ fksfd pdr fæ fksfd, adfd aumi`d fg bmhcd. Cm mctgrk`m` gi fæ, mui aumi`d id sg fmikegstmsg `g edrfm sgisdrkmc, mui aumi`d sñcd eugsg gc drkogi `g ui fdvkfkgitd, úikamfgitg pug`g sgr ui `gsdr`gi `g cm adiakgiakm. Gs akgrtd qug –mckgimr bgabds `g adiakgiakm ski gxtgrimckzmrcds adistktuyg ui gstm`d fuy `ëhkcfgitg midrfmc‖==1, pgrd, sk pug`g `ksautkrsg sdhrg gc orm`d, id amhræm bmagrcd sdhrg cm imturmcgzm `g ui gstm`d sgfgjmitg. [d fksfd fg bmod gxtrmijgrd m fæ fksfd, tdfd fk prdpkm adiakgiakm pdr ui sgr `kstkitd m fæ. Aumcqukgr mctgrk`m` kitgrkdr rgsuctm `g uim æitkfm æit kfm mctgrmakñi. Qñcd `kmcdomfds adi idsdtrds fksfds. Gc gseugrzd `g Ukatdr Ukatdr Googr, ccgvm`d pdr uim kisdstgikhcg adiagpakñi fdií`kam, prgsgitm uim gxtrmým skfgtræm adi cm kitgrprgtmakñi `g pcmtñikads adfd ^cutmrad d ^rdacd. ^mrm mquëc, cm m﬍rfmakñi `g Qñarmtgs `g uim mctgrk`m` fmik﬍gstm gi ëc fksfd hmjd cm ﬍ourm `g cd `gfñikad rgsuctm `g uim mctgrmakñi y uim mckgimakñi, `g cms qug sg trmtm `g `gfdstrmr qug sdi cms fgidrgs pdskhcgs. cds pcmtñikads, cm gxkstgiakm `g gsm mctgrk`m` `krgatmfgitg prgsgitg ^mrm m cm kitkfk`m` `g Qñarmtgs i d pcmitgm id ù`ms, skid qug sg trmtm `g `gfdstrmr qug cm megaakñi d cm mctgrmakñi qug prdùag gi ëc gs cm fgidr pdskhcg. Gsms kitgrprgtmakdigs kitgrprgtmakd igs tkgi`gi m ui Qñarmtgs qug sgm cd fgids pmtdcñokad d pítbkad pdskhcg, rgspgatkvmfgitg. Adfd daurrkrí gi gc skocd RKR, y gi tërfkids gvk`gitgfgitg `gc td`d `kstkitds, cds pcmtñikads sg tdfmrdi gi sgrkd cm mctgrk`m` `g gsm vdz y sg `g`kamrdi m `gsarkhkrcm adfd egiñfgid, m `gtgrfkimr sus adi`kakdigs `g pdskhkck`m`. ==8. K`., p. =71. ==1. Gd`gf cdad.

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^cutmrad adismorñ mc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs ui `kícdod, m`fkrmhcg `gs`g aumcqukgr puitd `g vkstm, qug tgstkfdikm cm `kvgrsk`m` `g kitgrprgtmakdigs `g cms qug ym grm dhjgtd==0. Gi dpdskakñi m uim adiagpakñi qug adiakhg mc `gfdikd fmikegstíi`dsg fg`kmitg skoids purmfgitg gxtgrkdrgs ‐adfd ui gstdriu`d d pmcmhrms dæ`ms `g rgpgitg‐, auyd sgitk`d adrrgspdi`g m Qñarmtgs, adfpdrtíi`dsg adfd m`kvkid, `gsakermr==7, gc `ksaursd `g Qkffkms, gi gc vkoëskfd ampætucd, pdig gi su agitrd cm k`gm `g uim vdz kitgrkdr. ^grd gsg `ksaursd adfpcgjd y sutkc `gsgfhdam, `gsgfhd am, m trmvës `g uim sgrkg `g `gsckzmfkgitds y `gspcmzmfkgitds, gi ui rgsuctm`d amsk dpugstd m su puitd `g pmrtk`m. Ëstg, gi gegatd, kiskstg sdhrg cm mitætgsks `g cm vkskñi y cm mu`kakñi. –Adi ergaugiakm bmhæm dæ`d m Qñarmtgs gxprgsmr cm dpkikñi `g qug qukgigs prgtgi`æmi tgigr vkskdigs, ormakms m cms aumcgs sg bmhæmi adfuikam`d adi ui sgr `kvkid, grmi kfpdstdrgs, pgrd, gi amfhkd, prgstmhm mtgiakñi m qukgigs m﬍rfmhmi bmhgr dæ`d uim vdz y cds kitgrrdomhm fkiuakdsm y fuy sgrkmfgitg sdhrg gccd‖ ==5. Gsm dpdskakñi mtrkhuk`m m Qñarmtgs sg cg mpckam m ëc y sg m﬍rfm `g gitrm`m qug cd `gfñikad, pmrm ëc, id pgrtgigaæm mc dr`gi `g cm vkskñi, skid m cm –sgismakñi `g uim vdz‖ d cm –adfprgiskñi `g uim pmcmhrm‖ (cdodu idgsks). Gsm mctgrimtkvm sg kiackim kifg`kmtmfgitg m su sgoui`d tërfkid ormakms m cm gvdamakñi `gc sugýd, gi gc qug kfmokimfds dær vdags qug ids adfuikami td`m acmsg `g pgismfkgitds, aumi`d ikiouim vdz rgsugim. Qg pmsm `g cm sgismakñi m cm kfmokimakñi `g uim vdz. Mbdrm hkgi, sgoúi gc Qkffkms `g ^cutmrad, cds bdfhrgs dr`kimrkds gstíi fuabd fís m cm gsauabm aumi`d ùgrfgi qug aumi`d vgcmi. Gi gc gstm`d `g vkokckmysdi prgsm `g su cgs `gsdr`gi y gc gstrëpktd `g sus prgdaupmakdigs pgismfkgitds kfpk`gkitgrkdr, dær aumcqukgr dtrm adsm. Cm amcfm m qug gc sugýd rgùag su augrpd cds vugcvg fís rgagptkvds< pug`gi sgr fís eíakcfgitg mcamizm`ds pdr cms pdtgiakms gspkrktumcgs. Gc mhmi`did `gc sugýd sg adivkgrtg, pmrm`ñjkamfgitg, gi mtgiakñi fís mou`m. ^cutmrad, id dhstmitg, id bmag suym cm arggiakm adfúi `g maugr==0. Cg `ëfdi `g Qdarmtg, g`. y trm`. J. Bmik, gi Dguvrgs fdrmcgs, t. UKKK, ^mræs, =;2>, p. 1;=8;. Ae. gc gru`ktd mrtæaucd `g _. PBGKCGX, –@kg Qprmabg `gs Ogkstgs ki `gr Mitklg‖, Edrsabuiogi zuf Igupcmtdiksfus, Hgrcæi, =;55, p. 1>8-1=8. ==7. K`., amp. == y =8. ==5. K`., p. 722 a-`, p. =>1. P Pd`ms d`ms cms aktms qug skougi prdag`gi `gc amp. 8>, 722 h-72; e, p. =>1=>?.

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`d adi cm aumc gc sugýd adistktukræm cm adi`kakñi `g uim adfuikamakñi fís gcgvm`m adi cms pdtgiakms `gfñikams y `kvkims. ^mrm ëc, sgfgjmitg pgismfkgitd gs tmi mhsur`d adfd `gakr –qug ui fúskad tdam su ckrm aumi`d sus augr`ms gstíi ﬈djms y qug id pug`g tdamrcm ik tmýkrcm aumi`d gstí tgism y m﬍im`m‖. Qgr fís vkokcmitg gi rgcmakñi m cd `kvkid aumi`d sg sugým qug aumi`d sg vgcm id fmik﬍gstm cm supgrkdrk`m` `gc sugýd, skid gc `gsdr`gi `g uim vk`m gisdr`gak`m pdr su prdpkd tufuctd. Gsg tgfm `g ui ruk`d kitgrkdr prdùak`d pdr cms pmskdigs ‐y qug kfpk`g dær cm vdz `gc Ugrhd‐ Ugrhd‐ sgrí fdùcm`d fís `g uim vgz pdr Fmcghrmiabg. Qgfgjmitg tufuctd gs gxtrmýd m Qñarmtgs. Cm smhkùræm `g su gspærktu –purd y gxgitd `g pmskdigs‖ y cm `kstmiakm m cm qug sg fmitgiæm `g cms tgitmakdigs `g su augrpd bmaæmi su vgcm vgr`m`grmfgitg vkokcmitg, gs `gakr, mhkgrtm y rgagptkvm. Gc matd fís prdpkd `g cm vgcm gs mquæ `gjmrsg mcamizmr: gs ui `gspgrtmr m… y, pdr tmitd, uim rgagptkvk`m`. ^dad m pdad, gc `ksaursd `g Qkffkms rgiuiakm mc vdamhucmrkd `g cm vkvk skñi y cm mu`kakñi gi prdvgabd `gc sgitk`d eui`mfgitmc, gc tmatd. @gjmrsg mcamizmr pdr cd dtrd qug uid fksfd gs `gjmrsg tdamr. ^grd gc aditmatd tkgig sus orm`ds, qug vmi `gc abdqug mc skfpcg rdag. Adrrgspdi`gi `krgatmfgitg m cms fd`mck`m`gs `g cm vkokcmiakm. Gc gspærktu fís vkokcmitg id gs mquæ gc fís tgisd t gisd yy,, pdr `gakrcd msæ, gc fís ﬍rfg, skid gc fís rgagptkvd, gc qug sg `gjm tdamr fís eíakcfgitg y, m adisgaugiakm `g gccd, fdvgr pdr gc fís ckogrd aditmatd. Cm ùatkck`m` id adistktuyg `ghkck`m`, skid gspkrktumck`m`. Qñarmtgs gs gumpbës, eíakc `g tdamr==?. Qu ampmak`m` `g gsauabm `g cd `gfñikad id sg `kstkioug `g gstm gxpdskakñi mc aditmatd y, pdrvkdcgitmfgitg: msæ `gakrcd, cm su amrkakm `gc gspærktu. ûgs mtmfhkëi vdz idsd tdam, pgrd `g﬍ikakñi trm`kakdimc, amrod `gcm ^cmtñi Mrkstñtgcgs, bmag `g gccm ui odcpg. Bmhcmr gs uim edrfm `g pgrauskñi: cm vdz odcpgm iugstrds dæ`ds pmrm tdamr iugstrm mcfm. –Gc sdik`d `g cm vdz, gsarkhg ^cutmrad, sg msgfgjm m ui odcpg qug, m trmvës `gc ` gc ñromid `gc dæ`d, bmag pmsmr bmstm gc mcfm cms pmcmhrms qug prdiuiakmfds gi cm adivgrsmakñi, adistrkýëi`dcm m rgakhkrcms< pgrd cm kitgckogiakm `gc sgr supgrkdr ==?. K`., 722 g. Gc tërfkid sgrí gfpcgm`d pdr mcouids ^m`rgs `g cm Kocgskm, gi pmrtkaucmr pdr Qmi Akrkcd `g Mcgjmi`ræm (ae. CMF^G, M pmtrkstka orggl cgxkadi, Dxedr`, =;2;, s. v.). Ae., pdr gjgfpcd, Gxpcmimtkd ki ^smcfds, C, =;, ^. O. 5;, ==>= a: –Gi aumitd m cm dhg`kgiakm, `gakfds qug gs gc erutd `g ui adrmzñi tkgrid y qug sg `gjm tdamr (gumpbdus lmr`kms), `gsprdvkstd `g aumcqukgr ùrgzm‖.

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adiùag m ui mcfm hkgi `dtm`m skfpcgfgitg rdzíi`dcm (gpktbkoomidi) adi gc pgismfkgitd qug bm adiaghk`d, pugs gsm mcfm id igagsktm ui odcpg qug cm smau`m‖. Cm fís ùcag amrkakm, gc fís `ëhkc kfpucsd cg hmstmi pmrm mhmi`dimrsg m cd `kvkid qug cm fugvg. Qkffkms gxpdig m aditkiumakñi uim mimcdoæm gitrg git rg cm adiùaakñi `gc mcfm pdr ui gspærktu supgrkdr y cm adiùaakñi `gc augrpd pdr gc mcfm. Gi ikiouid `g mfhds amsds, kiacusd sk gc fd`d `g gsm adiùaakñi ids skoug rgsuctmi`d fkstgrkdsd, bmy igagsk`m` `g –vdz‖. Gc mcfm id gstí dhckom`m m bmhcmr mc augrpd pmrm qug cg dhg`gzam ==2. Cm –vdz‖, fmoik﬍am`m mc adfkgizd `gc `ksaursd `g Qkffkms gi `gtrkfgitd `g cm vkskñi, bm `gsmpmrgak`d gi prdvgabd `gc aditmatd. ´@ksugcvg gc egiñfgid gsg pmsd `g ui dr`gi m dtrd4 Gi prkfgr cuomr, id sg trmtm igagsmrkmfgitg `gc pmsd `g ui dr`gi m dtrd, sk gc tmatd adistktuyg gc sgitk`d eui`mfgitmc ski gc qug cds `gfís id pug`gi ik sgr ik sgr `kabds. [, pdr dtrm pmrtg, gc tërfkid aditmatd, cgjds `g vdcmtkckzmr cm mctgrk`m` `g cd qug ids mcamizm, cm gvk`giakm giërokamfgitg. Kiacusd ui rdag ids prdpdrakdim cm agrtkùfhrg `gc dtrd. Cm musgiakm `g uim vdz dæ`m id ids `gvugcvg m uim tmutdcdoæm `gc uid fksfd. Cm puitm `g iugstrm k`gitk`m` gs mquæ cd qug ids gxpdig mc dtrd, gc pd`gr sgr tdam`d pdr ëc ==;. Qg trmtm, pmrm ^cutmrad, `gc aditmatd `g cm cuz adi su rg﬈gjd. Gsauabmr gs uim edrfm `g sgr tdam`d y sgr tdam`d, m su vgz, uim edrfm `g gsauabmr, gi cm rgagptkvk`m` `g uim mpgrturm. Gs gi cm aditkiumakñi `gc `ksaursd `g Qkffkms `di`g sg prdùag uim adfpcgtm kivgrskñi rgspgatd m cds `mtds kikakmcgs. Cm –vdz‖ `gfñikam bm sk`d rgkitgrprgtm`m adfd –aditmatd‖ gspkrktumc y gsgm–aditmatd‖trmùak`m gs, m su dvgz, rgkitgrprgtm`d adfd kcufkimakñi, qug ccgom dpdigrsg m cm gsgiakmc dsaurk`m` `g cm vdz. Cm supgrkdrk`m` `g cm vdz sdhrg cm vkskñi sg kivkgrtg gi `g﬍akgiakm. –ûgs, gi rgmck`m`‖, prdskoug Qkffkms, –cm fmigrm gi qug ids adfuikamfds iugstrds pgismfkgitds pdr fg`kd `g cm vdz (`km pbdiës) sg msgfgjm m ui mi`mr m tkgitms gi cms tkikghcms< fkgitrms qug cds pgismfkgitds `g cds `gfdikds, qug sdi cufk==2. K`., 72; h, p. =>7. Id pd`ræm, pdr cd `gfís, tgigr vdz pmrm `krkokrsg m su augrpd. ==;. J. Bmik, gc g`ktdr `gc trmtm`d, rgcmakdim gstg pgismfkgitd `gc aditmatd adi gc @g Ksk`g , ?? (ae. Dguvrgs fdrmcgs, t. U, 8, g`. y trm`. A. Erdk`gedi`, ^mræs, =;22, p. 80?). ^grd, gi gstg úctkfd gsarktd, sg trmtm ‐pmrm gc mcfm kcufkim`m‐ `g –tdamr y vgr‖ cd kitgckokhcg. Gc magitd id rgamg, adfd mquæ, sdhrg gc sgr tdam`d.

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idsds, hrkccmi gi gc mcfm `g cds bdfhrgs `gfñikads< id tkgigi igagsk`m` `g cds tërfkids y pmcmhrms qug cds bdfhrgs gfpcgmi adfd skoids pmrm adfuikamrsg gitrg sæ, pdr cd qug sñcd tkgigi ﬍ourms g kfíogigs `g sus pgismfkgitds, auym rgmck`m` fksfm koidrmi‖=8>. Adfpmrtkr gc sæfhdcd id gs mquæ skid adfpmrtkr æ`dcds g kfíogigs, ermamsmi`d gi sgr uim adfuikamakñi `g cds prdpkds pgismfkgitds gi sæ fksfds. Cm vdz sg akgom y akgom< sñcd gitrgom suag`íigds. Cm kitgrrdomakñi sdhrg gc gstmtutd `g cm pmcmhrm rgakhk`m kitgrkdrfgitg sg bm adivgrtk`d gi uim arætkam rm`kamc y, y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, gi uim gvmaumakñi `g cm pmcmhrm. [ cd pmtëtkad `g cm mu`kakñi qug ids mcamizm gi cd fís æitkfd, qug grm fmitgik`d gi su `gsarkpakñi adfd aditmatd, `gsmpmrgag koumcfgitg gi gc gspgjksfd `g uim adfuikamakñi purmfgitg gspkrktumc, miícdom m cd qug sgrí gi cm gsadcístkam gc cgioumjg `g cds íiogcgs, adi su sugýd `g trmispmrgiakm=8=. Qk gc gspcgi`dr y gc rgspcmi`dr (pbgoods) adistktuygi cm vgr`m` `g cm gxpgrkgiakm `g cd `gfñikad gi Qñarmtgs, sk cm vdz sñcd sñ cd gs ui dsaurd g kfpdtgitg mi`mr m tkgitms, ym id sg adfprgi`g gi mhsdcutd pdr quë, uims píokims fís mrrkhm, sg mtrkhuyñ m Qñarmtgs uim mtgiakñi tmi skioucmr m cm vdz, madfpmým`m `g uim `gsadi﬍mizm tmi ormi`g rgspgatd m cm vkskñi. Gi aumcqukgr amsd, rgsuctm adisgaugitg qug gsm emsakimakñi pdr cm kifg`kmtgz gspkrktumc bmom gvdamr, mc ﬍imc `gc `ksaursd `g Qkffkms, ui dríaucd qug gc pm`rg `g Qñarmtgs bmhræm rgakhk`d fkgitrms ëstg grm múi ikýd y sgoúi gc aumc grm prgaksd `gjmrcg matumr gi aumcqukgr msuitd m su fmigrm y bmagr aumitd qukskgsg, pugs pdsggræm ui ouæm kitgrkdr supgrkdr m td`ds cds fmgstrds=88. Gsg kcufkiksfd `ksugcvg cm prdpkm k`gm `g pmk`gkm, `g gùamakñi,﬍cdsñ﬍ad edrfmakñi d aucturm, gi gcqug adrmzñi `g td`d ormi pgismfkgitd orkgod. ^grdqug úigstí bdfhrg id tuvkgsg igagsk`m` `g pmk`gkm sgræm múi ui bdfhrg4 Gsg `gsckzmfkgitd `g cm vdz kitgrkdr bmakm uim purm kcufkimakñi ski vdz ik pmcmhrm adistktuyg uim adistmitg `g cms kitgrprgtmakdigs pcmtñikams mitkoums `gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs, ym sgm `g ui fd`d tdsad d sutkc. Gc prkfgrd gs pmtgitg gi gc trmtm`d `g Mpucgyd, @g `gd Qdarmtks, Qdarmtks, qug sg=8>. Cg `ëfdi `g Qdarmtg, 72; h-a, p. =>7-=>5. Cds bdfhrgs gk`dcm tdi idufgidi lmk gkldims bdrdski,, mutm `‛du okoidsldusk. bdrdski =8=. Ae. iugstrm dhrm Cm vdkx iug, ^mræs, =;;>, amp. 0. Qdarmtg, 72; g-e, p. =>5-=>?. ^dr cd `gfís, cds `kícdods `g ^cmtñi iuiam gvd=88. Cg `ëfdi `g Qdarmtg ami ui sdcd pgismfkgitd qug cg buhkgsg sk`d adfuikam`d m Qñarmtgs pdr su `gfdikd.

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ýmcm gc `gsfdrdimfkgitd `gc pgismfkgitd pcmtñikad `g cd `gfñikad, `g ormi `koik`m` y prdeui`k`m`, gi uim mid`kim y rk`æaucm supgrstkakñi. Prms bmhgr kiskstk`d gi gc amríatgr fkstgrkdsd `g cm vdz `gc `gfdikd, Mpucgyd gsarkhg: –^dr fk pmrtg, argd, m`gfís, qug id pgrakhæm cds skoids `g su `gfdikd tmi sñcd m trmvës `gc dæ`d, skid tmfhkëi `g cds djds (…). Gs pdskhcg qug gsg skoid bmym adiskstk`d gi uim mpmrkakñi `gc prdpkd `gfdikd, sñcd vkskhcg pmrm Qñarmtgs, mc koumc qug Fkigrvm pmrm gc Mqukcgs `g Bdfgrd‖=81. [ cd sdrprgi`gi sdrprgi`gitg tg pmrm Mpucgyd, Mpucgyd, gvdami gvdami`d `d cm mutdrk`m` `g cds pktmoñrkads, id sgræm, m ﬍i `g augitms, qug Qñarmtgs buhkgsg vkstd m su `gfdikd, skid qug ui bdfhrg tmi gfkigitg id buhkgsg sk`d `koid `g vgrcd. Adi ui pgsd ﬍cdsñ﬍ad adfpcgtmfgitg `kstkitd sg prgsgitm cm kitgrprgtmakñi `g ^rdacd, gi su adfgitmrkd mc Mcakhæm`gs `g ^cmtñi, gi gc qug ﬍ourm adfd gxaursd ui mutëitkad trmtm`d `g cd `gfñikad =80. Qu skioucmrk`m` adiskstg gi id `gstrukr gc egiñfgid qug pmrm prgaksmfgitg gxpckamr cm kitgrprgtmakñi, gc `g cm vdz. Adfd ^cutmrad, sg sg prdpdig trmtm `g uim –kcufkimakñi `gfñikam‖. ^grd, gi vgz `g sñcd mcamizmr, adfd su puitd fís mctd, gc gspærktu `g Qñarmtgs, cd tdam adiedrfg m td`ms cms pdtgiakms `g su sgr. –Muiqug cm maakñi `gc `gfdikd sgm k`ëitkam‖, gsarkhg ^rdacd, –cm rmzñi mprdvgabm gc `di `g uim fmigrm, cm kfmokimakñi `g dtrm y cm sgismakñi `g dtrm `kstkitm, y am`m uid `g cds gcgfgitds qug ids adistktuyg pm`gag y gs pugstd gi fdvkfkgitd hmjd gc gegatd `gc `gfdikd sgoúi su fd`d prdpkd‖. Cd rgakhk`d gs rgakhk`d `g maugr`d adi gc fd`d `g cm pdtgiakm qug cd rgakhg. Cm kcufkimakñi gs, pugs, gspkrktumc pmrm gc gspærktu, kfmokimtkvm cm kfmokimakñi, pmrm^mrm cm sgismakñi. Qg rgermatm sgoúi cmspmrm `kegrgitgs ampms `g sgisdrkmc iugstrd sgr. Qñarmtgs, –sg dæm kifg`kmtmfgitg m trmvës `g td`m su mcfm y `gs`g mbæ pdiæm gi fdvkfkgitd m cm prdpkm sgismakñi‖. Id gs mc prkiakpkd, skid mc ﬍imc, aumi`d bmy vdz: ëstm adistktuyg cm trmùaakñi gi cms pdtgiakms kiegrkdrgs `g iugstrd sgr `g uim kcufkimakñi rgakhk`m gi cms pdtgiakms supgrkdrgs. Prmspdig cd kitgckokhcg m cd sgiskhcg. –Cm vdz id mcamizmhm m =81. @g `gd Qdarmtks, RR, g`. y trm`. J. Hgmujgu, ki Dpusaucgs pbkcdsdpbkqugs gt ermofgits, ^mræs, =;?1, p. 0>-0=< ae. gc adfgitmrkd, bkstñrkamfgitg fuy rkad, p. 808-800. =80. ^XDACD, Qur cg prgfkgr Mcakhkm`g `g ^cmtdi, g`. y trm`. M. Qgodi`s, ^mræs, =;27, t. K, p. 57-55 sdhrg cm vdz.

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Qñarmtgs `gs`g gc gxtgrkdr prdvdami`d ui pm`gagr (pmtbgtklds), skid qug cm kispkrmakñi, gi gc kitgrkdr, trms bmhgr rgadrrk`d td`m gc mcfm y mcamizm`d kiacusd cds ñromids `g cds sgitk`ds, ﬍imckzmhm adfd vdz `ksagrik`m pdr cm adiakgiakm (syimkstbgsgk) fís hkgi qug pdr cm sgismakñi‖. Gs, ski ù`m, uid `g cds fís mitkouds tgstkfdikds `g cm –vdz `g cm adiakgiakm‖, kiacusd sk cm gxprgskñi id tkgig gc fksfd sgitk`d qug gi cm ﬍cdsdeæm fd`grim: id sg trmtm `g cm adiakgiakm fdrmc `gc sujgtd, skid `gc sgitk`d adfúi `gc mcfm, gi dpdskakñi m cds sgitk`ds pmrtkaucmrgs. Id gs dæ`m pdr fg`kd `g iugstrds dæ`ds. ^grd `g kisgiskhcg pmsm m sgr sgiskhcg gi gc –gspmakd `gc kitgrkdr‖, prdpmoíi`dsg gi fæ fksfd< pmrm qug pug`m adivgrtkrsg gi vdz, gs prgaksd `kstkioukr gi idsdtrds gc bdfhrg kitgckokhcg y gc bdfhrg sgiskhcg y mbæ sg `m ui rmsod gi adfúi, fís mccí `g td`ms cms `kegrgiakms gvk`gitgs, adi cm `datrkim lmitkmim `g cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm. =87

Gsm vdz, cd sgýmcm M. Qgodi`s , –matúm kivgrsm `g vdz sgiskhcg, qugadfd kfprgskdim prkfgrd cds ñromids `g mcdscm sgitk`ds y, cm`gs`g mbæ, omim gc mcfm, `di`g tkgig cuomr, ﬍imcfgitg, cm pgragpakñi‖. ^rdvkgig `g uim mctgrmakñi agitrmc y sg bmag vdz gi cm pgrkegrkm `g iugstrd sgr. Gs adfprgi`k`m mitgs `g sgr dæ`m, d, fís hkgi, pugstd qug rgsuctm acmrd qug pmrm ^rdacd id bmy kitgrvmcd tgfpdrmc gitrg mfhds matds, su adfprgiskñi eui`mfgitm su pgragpakñi. Cm vdz gs, pmrm cm adiakgiakm, adiak giakm, cm `gorm`makñi `g uim kcufkimakñi=85. Gi td`ds cds sgitk`ds `gc tërfkid, cm vdz trmùag. Cm mctgrmakñi gxkstg, pugs gs dtrd sgr qukgi msæ ids mcamizm, pgrd gc pm`gagr gs gc fæikfd pdskhcg, `kstkioukëi`dsg vkvmfgitg `gc `g cm vdz gxtgrkdrfgitg sgiskhcg. gsmfksfd megaakñi4 Qg trmtm `g uim megaakñi pdrÁñfd gc dtrd,pgismr qug yd id pd`ræm susaktmr ik prdùakr y qug fg bmag pmrtkakpmr gi ui dr`gi supgrkdr m fæ fksfd. ^grd ´gs prgaksd pgismr qug cm maakñi `gc `gfdikd mcamizm `krgatmfgitg cms `kvgrsms pmrtgs `g fk sgr d qug, gi adiedrfk`m` adi cm uik`m` `g fk vk`m, sdy yd fksfd qukgi fg megatd kfmokimtkvm y sgisktkvmfgitg m pmrtkr `g uim kcufkimakñi kitgcgatumc< yd fksfd qukgi gspditíigm=87. K`., p. =5?. =85. DCKF^KD@DXD adfpmrtg gsm adfprgiskñi: –\QñarmtgsV argæm dær cm vdz `g su `gfdikd, id pdrqug ëstg bmhcmsg, skid pdrqug uim kcufkimakñi prdvgikgitg prdvgikgitg `g ëc mcamizmhm cds ñromids `g cm mu`kakñi‖, Adffgitmry di tbg Ekrst Mcakhkm`gs de ^cmtd, g`. _gstgrkil, Mfstgr`mf, =;75, p. =5.

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fgitg cm trmùzad y trmspdiod4 Gc prdpkd ^rdacd id cd prgaksm, pgrd cm sgoui`m rgspugstm, gi cm qug ids adivgrtkfds gi cds kitërprgtgs `gc `di rgakhk`d, smtksemag fgjdr ui prkiakpkd `g gadidfæm. Adfdqukgrm qug sgm, cm vdz `gc `gfdikd id gs pgism`m mquæ adfd purmfgitg gspkrktumc, kiacusd sk ësg gs su drkogi. Adfd tmc, sñcd pug`g fmikegstmrsg m ui sgr prdvkstd `g ui augrpd. Pmfhkëi ^rdacd, gi su Adfgitmrkd m cm Xgpúhckam `g ^cmtñi, bmag `g iugstrd augrpd sutkc, mc qug ccmfm –vgbæaucd‖ ‐ dabgfm‐, gc cuomr prdpkd `g gsm pgragpakñi. Gc sgitk`d adfúi ‐qug, pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs, id pd`æm sgpmrmrsg `g cds sgitk`ds pmrtkaucmrgs, pugs sñcd sg fmikegstmhm gi gccds y adi gccds‐ sg adivkgrtg, pmrm ^rdacd, gi cm rmæz úikam `g cds akiad sgitk`ds: sg trmtm `g ui pgismfkgitd `g cm uik`m` rm`kamc `gc sgitkr, id skgi`d cm `kvgrsk`m` `g cds sgitk`ds krrgùatkhcg y drkokimrkm, skid `grkvm`m. Qgræm uim gspgakg `g sgýmc `g ui gstmcck`d y uim `kspgrskñi. ´Gs cmtgrmc cm kitgrsgisdrkmck`m`, eui`mfgitíi`dsg gi uim adfuikamakñi mprgi`k`m tmr`æm `g cds gitrg sæ4 cds ´Gs `gjgrírqukam, eui`mfgitíi`dsg gi cmy prkfmaæm `g sgitk`ds ui sgitk`d sdhrg fís4 ´Gs rm`kamc, fmikegstmi`d gc mrrmkod `g cds sgitk`ds gi ui sgitk`d adfúi prkfdr`kmc4 Cm prgouitm im`m tkgig `g mrtk﬍akmc< m aumcqukgr pgismfkgitd `gc sgitkr sg cg giadfkgi`m `mrcg rgspugstm. ^mrm ^rdacd, cms mcfms, skgfprg `dtm`ms `g ui augrpd sutkc, bmhcmi y dygi m trmvës `gc sgitk`d adfúi. –Qk gc augrpd skfpcg tkgig m su `kspdskakñi gc sgitk`d adfúi, pug`g ‐sgoúi prgsufd‐ mprgbgi`gr cds sdik`ds, ski qug gstm mprgbgiskñi kfpckqug ui pm`gagr, g kiacusd dær sdik`ds m cds qug gc dæ`d `g cds augrpds `g mquæ mhmjd id gs imturmcfgitg rgagptkvd ^dragram gccd `g \mquæV uids cds dygi cm vdz =8? `g cds `gfdikds y dtrds id, muiqug(…). gstëi qukgigs dygi‖ . Bgrfkms, gi su adfgitmrkd mc Eg`rd `g ^cmtñi, `gsmrrdccm ui pgismfkgitd sgfgjmitg y rgcmakdim iugstrm pgragpakñi `g cd `gfñikad y cd `kvkid adi iugstrd iugs trd augrpd sutkc, qug gs –`g pmrtg m pmrtg sgisdrkmc, vkgi`d y dygi`d adi td`d su sgr‖: adi ëc sg msakgi`g m ui purd sgitkr, id pmtëtkad =82, ui sgitkr qug sg mhrg mc dtrd y cd rgakhg ski suerkr pdr su amusm. ^grd ´pdr quë ccmfmr múi vdz m gsm vdz qug id vkgig `g uim omromitm ik cm gsauabm ikioúi dæ`d4 Íd sg `m mbæ, gi gc pcmid `gc augrpd sutkc, cm fksfm gqukvmcgiakm pgregatm Adffgitmkrgg sur cm Xëpuhckqug, trm`. Egstuokârg, ^mræs, =;?>, t. KKK, p. ===-==8. =8?. Adffgitmkr =82. Ki ^cmtdiks ^bå`ruf Qabdckm, g`. Aduvrgur Aduvrgur,, ^mræs, =;>=, p. 52-5;.

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gitrg vgr y dær qug Qmi Moustæi m﬍rfm rg﬍rkëi`dsg mc gspærktu4 gspæ rktu4 Qk gc sgitk`d gs úikad, úikad, íd cd gs tmfhkëi tmfhkëi cd sgiskhcg4 sgiskhcg4 [ mbæ `di`g ym id bm bmyy rgmcfgitg im`m mu`khcg `kstkitd `g cd vkskhcg, ´pdr quë bmhcmr múi `g gsauabm4 ^mrm ^rdacd, bmy gsauabm pdrqug sg trmtm `g ui pgismfkgitd qug sg adfuikam. Cm fmikegstmakñi `g sæ `gc `gfdikd d gc gspærktu (idus) gs, gsgiakmcfgitg, uim kitgrpgcmakñi. –Gc hugi `gfdikd sg fmik﬍gstm m qukgigs tkgigi uim gxagcgitg `kspdskakñi, cgs `krkog cm pmcmhrm (pbtbgoogtmk tk) y cds bmag pmrtkakpmr gi sus `ksaursds. Gs msæ, argd, adfd gc prdpkd Qñarmtgs, aumi`d `kserutmhm `g cm adfpmýæm `g su `gfdikd, argæm dær uim vdz‖=8;. Bmym d id rgsdimiakm gxtgrkdr, gc pmsd `g uim prgsgiakm skcgiakdsm m uim prgsgiakm qug sg `krkog m idsdtrds fksfds y sg adfuikam adi idsdtrds gs egidfgidcñokamfgitg `kegrgitg `gc pmsd `g cm dsaurk`m` m cm acmrk`m`. Cm dsaurk`m` id gs uim cuz qug sg rgsgrvm gi gc sgitk`d gi qug gc skcgiakd gc skcgiakdid `ggsuim vdz, gc qug matdsgr pmrm cm vdz `g amccmrsg y rgtgigrsg. Qgrgskitgrpgcm`d cd fksfd kcufkim`d. Gc gspærktu skgfprg ids kcufkim, sgoúi ^rdacd, gi aumcqukgr gstm`d gi qug ids giaditrgfds y sgm cd qug sgm cd qug bmomfds adi gsm cuz, pgrd sñcd aumi`d bgfds supgrm`d gc tufuctd gi idsdtrds fksfds y –miacm`d iugstrm mcfm gi uim gspgakg `g sgrgik`m`‖, sñcd gitdiags, gc gspærktu –sg ids rgvgcm y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, ids `krkog cm pmcmhrm< gs tmfhkëi gitdiags aumi`d ids bmag dær su vdz, ëc qug prgvkmfgitg gstmhm skcgiakdsd y trmiqukcmfgitg prgsgitg‖=1>. Cm –vdz‖ gs, pmrm idsdtrds, gc giaugitrd adi cd qug ym gstmhm skgfprg prgsgitg pmrm idsdtrds gi gc skcgiakd. Gs gc –^digfds matd pdr gxagcgiakm fmikegstmakñi. gsarkhgy,fís m`gcmitg: gi dr`gi m`gcmcmfuctktu` qug gstí^rdacd gi idsdtrds bmhkgi`d pugstd tërfkid mc tufuctd `g iugstrms pmskdigs, gsauabmfds (mldusdfgi) cds adisgjds `gc gspærktu‖=1=. Adfd pmrm Bgk`googr, cm ccmfm`m prgag`g mquæ m cm rgsdimiakm `g cm vdz, pgrd ym sg `gskoim m sæ fksfm adfd rgsdimiakm. –Cm `keuskñi vdamc (`kg stkffckabg Ugrcmuthmruio) ‐`kag Gc sgr y gc tkgfpd tkgfpd‐ gi fd`d mcouid gs gsgiakmc mc bmhcmr y, pdr adiskoukgitg, tmfpdad m cm ccmfm`m. =8;. Qur cg ^rgfkgr Mcakhkm`g, t. K, p. 10. =1>. K`., t. K, p. 15. =1=. K`., t. KK, p. 80?.

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Aumcqukgr prdegrgiakm `g pmcmhrm y ‒orktd‛ prgsupdig ym gc bmhcmr bmhcmr.. Qk cm gxpckaktmakñi gxpckak tmakñi adtk` adtk`kmim kmim adida adidagg uim ‒vdz‛ `g cm adiakgia adiakgiakm, km, ëstm gs gitdiags adiaghk`m fgids adfd uim `keuskñi qug, `g ematd, iuiam sg giaugitrm, qug kitgrprgtm`m adfd gc `mr-m-adfprgi`gr (Zu-vgrstgbgi-oghgi)‖=18. Cd qug mutdrkzm m ^rdacd, `g fd`d pgregatmfgitg adisgaugitg, m bmhcmr `g vdz, gsauabm y rgsdimiakm aumi`d id gstmfds gi gc dr`gi `g cd sdidrd, gs cm prdpkm fd`mck`m` `g cm kitgrpgcmakñi y cm ccmfm`m. ]ug ëstms sg trmùzami d id sg trmùzami gi egiñfgids kfmokimtkvds y sgisdrkmcgs id gs cd gsgiakmc. Qñcd uim vdz pug`g ccmfmr msæ< sg vugcvg bmakm idsdtrds pmrm rgqugrkrids `g fd`d tdtmcfgitg `kstkitd m cm purm cuz. [ aumi`d cd vkskh vkskhcg cg fksfd ccmfm y cm cuz gxko gxkog, g, gs pdr bmhgrsg cm cmstrm`d strm`d adi gc pmsm`d `g cm vdz qug skgfprg prgsupdigi, adivkrtkëi`dsg gccds fksfds gi vdz=11. ^mrm qug gsm vdz `gc `gfdikd d gc gspærktu rgsugig gi idsdtrds y sg mùgýg `g idsdtrds, gs prgaksd ‐sgoúi ^rdacd‐ bmhgr bgabd gc skcgiakd gi idsdtrds fksfds. Qñcd rdfpg su skcgiakd sk cg dergagfds iugstrd. @g maugr`d adi uim `g cms tgsks eui`mfgitmcgs `gc pcmtdiksfd, pc mtdiksfd, aumcqukgr rgagpakñi `gc smhgr rgqukgrg uim purk﬍amakñi. Gsg qukmsfd `g cds skcgiakds qug sg aruzmi y sg kitgramfhkmi `kstkioug ` kstkioug gsm ccmfm`m `g cm ccmfm`m bgk`googrkmim, qug ccmfm gi skcgiakd mc skcgiakd. Fmik﬍gstm cm mctgrk`m` `g sgfgjmitg kitgrpgcmakñi. Gsm vdz bmhcm, sdck`mrkm adfd gs `g uim trmisfkskñi jgrírqukam `gc smhgr amrm mc pcmtdiksfd ‐tmitd pmomid adfd arkstkmid‐ `gc ﬍imc `g cm Mitkoóg`m`. ^cmtñi, mc adfkgizd `gc Mcakhæm`gs, prgsgitmhm dtrd aruag `g cd `gfñikad y cd bufmid. Qñarmtgs, muiqug id bmym `gjm`d `g y mfmr m Mcakhæm`gs, cg bm `krkok`d cm pmcmhrm, gi sgoukr, rmzñi `gdhsgrvmr –akgrtd dhstíaucd `gfñikad‖. iuiam Pdfm cm kikakmtkvm aumi`d ëstg sg `gtkgig, gqukvmckgi`d gstm kitgrrupakñi m uim fkskñi. Erkg`cài`gr prdpdig mc rgspgatd gstm hgccm eñrfucm: –Mbdrm sg amccm cm vdz y ëc cg `krkog cm pmcmhrm‖=10. Fís hgccm qug justm, pugs gc Mc=18. Qgki ui` Zgkt , § 77, p. 8?=, trm`. Fmrtkigmu, p. =;?. Ae. p. 8?1, § 75, trm`. p. =;2: –Cm ccmfm`m prgsaki`g `g aumcqukgr `keuskñi‖. =11. Gc prdegtm Jgrgfæms (81, =2) prgouitm: –´]ukëi, pugs, mskstkñ mc adisgjd `g [mbvë [mbvë pmrm vgr y dær su pmcmhrm4‖ (Hkhckm `g Jgrusmcëi)< ae. cm Uucomtm: –quks… vk`kt gt mu`kvkt sgrfdigf gkus4 ‖. Cds Qgtgitm sñcd rgadogi vgr: tks… gk`gi tdi cdodi mutdu. Ugr gs td`mvæm gsauabmr y gsauabmr ym gs vgr aumi`d gs uim pmcmhrm cd qug sg dyg y sg vg. =10. Ae. Mcakhæm`gs, =>1 m, y ^. EXKG@CÀI@GX, ^cmtdi. Gk`ds, ^mk`gkm, @kmcdods, HgrcæiCgkpzko, =;82, p. 0=.

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akhæm`gs id fgiakdim cm vdz `gc `gfdikd. Fís kfpdrtmitg rgsuctm qug iugstrm kikakmtkvm id sgm kikakmc, qug cm prkfgrm pmcmhrm qug rgsugim tgiom ym ui pmsm`d: pmsm`d `g ui `gsgd `g pmcmhrm mc qug gc `gfdikd dpdiæm su vgtd, pmsm`d `g ui givæd y uim gspgakg `g `gjmr-sgr qug prgag`g m cm kikakmtkvm `g Qñarmtgs. Qñarmtgs. [ ëstg sg gxpckam mag magram ram `g gsg pmsm`d, pug pugsstd qug gfpkgzm bmhcmi`d `g cd qug eug su skcgiakd. Gc skcgiakd id sñcd gs rdtd, skid qug imag m cm pmcmhrm, m uim pmcmhrm id kistmitíigm gi gc kistmitg fksfd `g cm `gakskñi `g bmhcmr, m uim pmcmhrm amrom`m `g bdrkzditgs tgfpdrmcgs, pmsm`ds y euturds. Pd`ds gstds miícksks `gshdr`mi sgourmfgitg gc gjgfpcd skioucmr `gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs. ^digi gi jugod cm prgsgiakm gi idsdtrds `g cm mctgrk`m`. Qñcd bmy vdz kitgrkdr m trmvës `g uim mctgrmakñi `g cd æitkfd, adistktutkvm `g cm mutëitkam kitgrkdrk`m`. Gsauabmr gs gstmr, gi cd fís æitkfd `g sæ, mhkgrtd mc dtrd y sgr trmisedrfm`d pdr ëc. Cm kitkfk`m` id gs,

gi gsds pgismfkgitds, rgeuokd ik mhrkod, skid gc cuomr `g uim gxpdskakñi fmydr. Qdhrg gsm mctgrmakñi `g cd æitkfd bm `m`d cm tgdcdoæm arkstkmim uim fg`ktmakñi skioucmr m prdpñsktd `g cm ﬍ourm `g Qmi Jumi Hmutkstm. Mquæ, cm mctgrmakñi id adiskstg gi cm gsauabm `g dtrm vdz, kitgrkdr, skid gi cm trmisedrfmakñi `g iugstrm prdpkm vdz gi dtrm vdz, gi cm vdz `gc dtrd=17. Mc fgids, gsm dpdskakñi pug`g bmagrsg m prkfgrm vkstm, adisk`grmi`d cm cgtrm `g cds tgxtds, pgrd skoug mhkgrtm cm augstkñi `g smhgr sk gsms `ds pdskhkck`m`gs sdi rgmc y gsgiakmcfgitg `kstkitms, pugs, sk bmhcmr y gsauabmr sdi rgaæprdads, id pug`d gsauabmr cm vdz `gc dtrd gi cd fís prdeui`d skid `gjmi`d fæmgsauabmi`d sg mctgrg y cmtrmisedrfg, koumc qug sñcd pug`d dergagr fk vdzqug mc cmdtrd suym y id mc`gjmi`d `g gsauabmrcm. ^grd, gi ui prkfgr fdfgitd, bmy qug agýkrsg m cds prdpkds tërfkids gi cds qug gs `gsarktm cm ﬍ourm `g Jumi. Kitgrrdom`d sdhrg cd qug gs, Jumi Hmutkstm prdpdrakdim prkfgrmfgitg vmrkms rgspugstms igomtkvms: id gs gc Arkstd, id gs Gcæms, id gs gc prdegtm. Cm rgspugstm pdsktkvm qug `m –sdhrg sæ fksfd‖ gs: –Qdy cm vdz (god =17. Gc Fmgstrd GALBMXP GALBMXP rgcmakdim gxprgsmf gxprgsmfgitg gitg m Jumi Hmutkstm adi cm mctgrmtkd (sgr fdvk`d, bmagrsg: fdvgrk, ﬍grk). Cm vdz gs su ﬍ourm gi rgcmakñi mc vgrhd, skgi`d –adfd cd kiedrfg g kfpgregatd m cm edrfm y cd pgregatd‖, Adffgitmkrg sur cg ^rdcdoug `g Jgmi, § =01, g`. y trm`. Ckhgrm, _ghgr, Zuf Hruii, ^mræs, =;2;, p. 85? (C‛őuvrg cmtki `g Fmétrg Galbmrt , t. UK) \trm`. amstgccmim: Adfgitmrkd mc prñcdod `g Qmi Jumi, Fm`rk`, Gtids ckhrds, =;;0V.

2=

pbdië, god vdx) `gc qug orktm gi gc `gskgrtd‖, cd qug, pdr cd `gfís, ‐ adfd ëc fksfd sgýmcm‐ gs uim aktm `g Ksmæms, m cm qug sñcd sg mým`g cm pmcmhrm –yd‖=15. Gsm vdz, qug rgsugim y orktm, sg s g `m gi uim `dhcg rgcmakñi adi td`ms cms vdags mitgrkdrgs ‐m cms qug rgúig y ccgvm m su fís mct mctmm acmrk`m`‐ y, pdr dtrm pmrtg, adi gc Ugrhd mc qug prgag`g. Cm urogiakm sñcd sg `kag gi cm fgfdrkm mprgfkmitg `g cm bkstdrkm smorm`m. Gsm vdz miuiakm y gs gccm fksfm miuiakm`m< gs miuiakm`m pmrm qug miuiakg y, aktmi`d, miuiakm qug eug miuiakm`m. Adistktuyg gc dhjgtd `g ui sgrfñi `g Qmi Moustæi adi fdtkvd `gc egstgjd `gc imakfkgitd `g Qmi Jumi Hmutkstm=1?. Adfd td`ms cms vdags prdeëtkams, cm vdz `g Jumi gs givkm`m, givkm`m pdr gc Ugrhd. –Gc Ugrhd kifutmhcg‖, `kag Qmi Moustæi, –givkñ gsms vdags y, trms tmitms vdags qug cd prgag`kgrdi, gi gsm vdz sg givkñ m sæ fksfd, gi su amrig. Msæ pugs, rgúig, pdr msæ `gakrcd, gi uim m td`ms cms vdags qug prgag`kgrdi mc Ugrhd y cms mtrkhuyg m cm pgrsdim `g Jumi. Ëstg

ccgvmhm sæ fksfd, pdr smorm`m msæ `gakrcd, gc sæfhdcd td` ms gsms vdags: sñcd ëc grm sugipgrsdik﬍amakñi y fæstkam< y, sk`g sgtd`ms ccmfñ prdpkmfgitg cm Udz, gs pdrqug grm gc skoid y cm rgprgsgitmakñi `g td`ms cms `gfís vdags‖. Gsm vdz, ski gfhmrod, id rgúig m td`ms cms `gfís, id ccgvm gc miuiakd m cm fís mou`m tgiskñi `g su kifkigiakm skid pmrm miuiakmr, adi gc Ugrhd, su prdpkm gxtgiumakñi, su prdpkm `gsmpmrkakñi, su prdpkd hdrrm`d. –Adisk`grm`‖, prdskoug p rdskoug Qmi Moustæi, –cm pgrsdim qug sg ccmfm cm U Udz dz y qug rgsufg gi gccm cm skoik﬍amakñi `g td`ms cms `gfís vdags< adisk`grm`cm aumi`d `gaæm `g cm pgrsdim `gc Ugrhd: ‒Gs igagsmrkd qug ëc argzam =12

yagitg, yd fgioóg‛‖ vdz orktm sg vdz gitrgom, kiami`gs=1; m su prdpkd. Cm skcgiakd, pmrmgi qugvgr`m` pug`maumi`d dærsg –cm `gc Gspdsd‖ . Qu úctkfm mcgoræm ‐su mcgoræm pcgim y pgregatm, y, pdr gccd, æitkfmfgitg kisu﬍akgitg y rdtm‐ adiskstg gi oumr`mr skcgiakd pmrm gsauabmr, bmhkgi`d gccm fksfm kivktm`d mc skcgiakd y cm gsauabm, y id bmhkgi`d rgsdim`d, id bmhkgi`d cmizm`d cms ccmfms `g su orktd skid pdr gc gxagsd `gc sk=15. Jumi, =, =;-81. Ae. Ksmæms, 0>, 1. =1?. Qgrfñi 822, trm`. Bufgmu, Cgs pcus hgmux sgrfdis `g smkit Muoustki, ^mræs, =;25, t. KKK, p. 8>5-8=7 \trm`. amstgccmim: Qgrfdigs, 1 vdcs., Fm`rk`, H.M.A., =;2= y =;21V. Pd`ms cms aktms qug skougi sg gxtrmgi `g gstg sgrfñi. Pgxtd cmtkid, ^. C., RRRUKKK, =1>8-=1>2. =12. Ae. Jumi, 1, 1>. =1;. Jumi, 1, 8;.

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cgiakd sdhrg gc orktd. –Cms vdags sg hdrrmi m fg`k`m qug gc Ugrhd argag‖, mým`g Qmi Moustæi. Qg hdrrmi mitg ‐d gi‐ cm rgvgcmakñi `gc Ugrhd `g @kds, pgrd ëstg tmfhkëi rgqukgrg sus tgstkods, ccmfm m dtrms vdags m imagr pmrm trmisfktkr su rgvgcmakñi< gi gsg fksfd sgrfñi gi gc qug Qmi Moustæi kiskstg gi gc prkvkcgokd úikad `g Jumi gc Hmutkstm, `kag, ski gfhmrod: –Gs Jumi qukgi rgprgsgitm cm vdz, pgrd id gs ëc cm úikam vdz. Aumcqukgr bdfhrg qug miuiakm gc Ugrhd gs cm vdz `gc Ugrhd. Cd qug cm pmcmhrm `g fks cmhkds gs mc vgrhd qug ccgvd gi fk kitgrkdr cd gs aumcqukgr mcfm pkm`dsm mc Ugrhd aumi`d miuiakm gsg Ugrhd‖. Kiacusd bmhkgi`d vgik`d, tkgig múi igagsk`m` `g sgr miuiakm`d pdr vdags iugvms< kiacusd bmhkgi`d imak`d, tkgig múi igagsk`m` `g imagr gi am`m uid. Cm vdz gs mquæ pgregatm gi su kisu﬍akgiakm g kisu﬍akgitg gi su pgregaakñi, cd qug cg `m su sgitk`d prdpkmfgitg arkstkmid: sñcd gs vgr`m`grmfgitg gccm fksfm y sñcd sg rgmckzm adfd skgi`d `dhcgfgitg `gsbgabm gxag`k`m. @gsbgabm y gxag`k-y `m pdrvdz gc kifgfdrkmc pmsm`d, gc pmsm`d ygtgrid `gc Ugrhd qug miuiakm `gc qug gstí amrom`m< `gsbgabm tmfhkëi pdr gc euturd kifkigitg, pgrd tmfhkëi gsamtdcñokad qug cm `gsomrrm y cm bmag orktmr. Cm vdz sñcd gs vdz gi cd kfpdskhcg. @kag cm vgik`m `gc Ugrhd qug grm gi gc adfkgizd, cm giamrimakñi prgsgitg `gc gtgrid Ugrhd `kvkid. –Qk Jumi gs cm vdz, gc vgrhd gs Arkstd< Arkstd gxkstg mitgs `g Jumi gi gc sgid `g @kds, Arkstd gxkstg `gspuës `g Jumi gi rgcmakñi m idsdtrds‖. Cm vdz y gc sgr-vdz `g Jumi id adistktuygi ui cuomr `g prgsgiakm m uid fksfd y `g tgstkfdikd `g uid fksfd, skid ui cuomr `g pmsd mc Dtrd, ui cuomr `g urogiakm qug id pd=0>

`ræmGipgrfmigagr: ¡gc bmabm gstí`gymsugiAdfgitmrkd cm rmæz `g cds uim kfpdrtmitg píokim mc írhdcgs! Gvmiogckd `g Jumi, Jumi Gsadtd Græogim fdstrñ pdr quë sgr uim vdz kfpckam uim rm`kamc `gsmprdpkmakñi. @kakgi`d: –Qdy uim vdz‖, vd z‖, Jumi Hmutkstm –`gjñ trms ëc td`ms cms rgmck`m`gs aditgik`ms gi cds cæfktgs cæfk tgs `g gstg fui`d, sg gcgvñ m cms mcturms, sg adivkrtkñ gi cm vdz `gc Ugrhd, bmstm gc puitd `g qug ym id rgadidaæm gi sæ fksfd ikiouim dtrm sustmiakm qug cm qug rgakhkñ gi vkrtu` `g uim ormakm mhui`mitg y fís mccí `g aumcqukgr arkmturm, m smhgr, sgr cm vdz `gc Ugrhd‖. Gc prdpkd idfhrg vdz id sg cd bm `m`d ëc fksfd m sæ

=0>. Fmtgd, KKK, =>.

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fksfd< gs rgakhk`d, gs rgadok`d `g cm hdam `g dtrd, adi cm aktm `g Ksmæms. Kiacusd pmrm `gakr su `gsmprdpkmakñi, id sg vmcg `g pmcmhrms qug cg sgmi prdpkms y prdvgiomi `g ëc< `kag su mctgrmakñi rgadokgi`d cms pmcmhrms `g dtrd. –Qdy uim vdz, `kag, id fk vdz, skid cm vdz `gc qug orktm. Cm pmcmhrm vdz, gi gegatd, sg `kag rgcmtkvmfgitg. Jumi gs, pdr tmitd, cm vdz `gc Ugrhd, `gc Ugrhd qug orktm, gs `gakr, `gc Ugrhd qug prg`kam adi su amrig‖=0=. Adfd hkgi `kag G. Jgmuigmu, Jumi –id rgadidag gi sæ dtrm rgmck`m` qug ëstm, gsgiakmcfgitg rgcmtkvm: sgr cm vdz `gc Ugrhd‖. Cm vdz qug gs Jumi gc Hmutkstm prdvkgig `g uim pmcmhrm adi cm qug id sg adieui`g y vm tmfhkëi bmakm gccm pmrm fgioumr y hdrrmrsg. Adivkrtkëi`dsg gi dtrm vdz, trmisedrfm su sgr gi uim purm rgcmakñi adi mqugccd qug, kiadifgisurmhcg adi ëc fksfd, cd prgag`g y cd skoug< y msæ pkgr`g y smark﬍am su sgr, pgrd cd rgaupgrm trmis﬍ourm`d, pugstd qug, sk gs rgmcfgitg cm vdz `gc Ugrhd, Ugrhd, sg adieui`g adi su fkskñi< fkskñi < ym id gs skid su fkskñi, Cm mctgrmakñi cg `m adfd cd prdpkd su fkskñi.uim ^drcufkgccd, m djdskisustktukhcg. `g Qmi Moustæi, Jumi gs, tmitd `g cm`gvgrmak`m`, idsm ﬍ourm `g cm bufkc`m`=08. Iuiam sdfds vgr`m`grds gi vkrtu` `g iugstrm prdpkm vgr`m` y cm vgr`m` id gs cm skiediæm ik gc maugr`d `g uid adiskod fksfd. Gxtgi`kgi`d m cds bdfhrgs, m aumcqukgr bdfhrg, uim ermsg `g Jgsús qug sñcd bmaæm rgegrgiakm mc `kmhcd ‐sgoúi cm aumc –aumi`d prd﬍grg cm fgitkrm, bmhcm `gs`g sæ fksfd‖ =01‐, Qmi Moustæi k`gitk﬍am adi cm fgitkrm aumcqukgr pmcmhrm gfktk`m pdr idsdtrds y qug úikamfgitg prdvkgig `g idsdtrds< y cm pmcmhrm qug ids vkgig `g @kds adi cm pmcmhrm `g vgr`m`. Qñcd bmy vgrmak`m` ormakms m cm vgr`m`, m cm qug pd`gfds id ids pgrtgigag. pmcmhrm `g vgr`m` pugs, gipgrtgigagr, su gsgiakmpgrd uim qug pmcmhrm mctgrm`m, pdr cdCmqug Jumi Hmutkstm gs gs, su fd`gcd: mquëccm id bmhcm `g sæ fksfm ik m pmrtkr `g sæ fksfm< trmùag cd

Udx gikf rgcmtkvg `kaktur `kaktur…< Jumi GQAD=0=. Ktmqug suf vdx, idi fgm vdx, sg` acmfmitks vdx. Udx Adffgitmkrgg sur c‛Gvmiokcg `g Jgmi, g`. y trm`. G. Jgmuigmu, ^mræs, =;?8, p. =15-=1?. PD, Adffgitmkr =08. Qmi MOWQPÆI, Bdfëckgs sur c‛Gvmiokcg `g smkit Jgmi, g`. y trm`. F. E. Hgrrdumr`, ^mræs, sdhrg gc Gvmiogck Gvmiogckdd `g Qmi Jumi, =;5;, Hkhckdtbâqug muoustkikgiig, t. ?= \trm`. amstgccmim: Bdfkcæms sdhrg Qgvkccm, G`. Mpdstdcm`d Fmrkmid, =;;>V. Qdhrg cm bufkc`m`, ae. trmtm`d KU, 5, p. 85?, y, sdhrg cm vgrmak`m`, ae. trmtm`d U, =, p. 8;1. =01. Jumi, 2, 00< F. E. HGXXDWMX@ `gstmam gsm ogigrmckzmakñi, dp. akt., p. 8;>-8;=, y rgfkrgstmtt ut quk tg m Gimrrmtkdigs ki ^smcfds, ;=, 5: Qk gikf quk cdquktur fgi`makuf, `g sud cdquktur< rgstm cdquktur vgrktmtgf, `g `gk cdqumtur.

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qug sg cg `krkog y sg cg giadfkgi`m. Gc vgrhd gs, gi aumcqukgr pmcmhrm, su gxagsd sdhrg sæ fksfm, gi vkrtu` `gc aumc gs æitkfm y gxtgrkdrfgitg mhkgrtm m fís `g cd qug gs y m fís `g cd qug pug`g. Id adkiak`g adiskod fksfm y id sg hmstm m sæ fksfm. Adi dtrms pmcmhrms, cm pmcmhrm `g vgr`m` id `gjm, bmhcmi`d y pmrm bmhcmr, `g gsauabmr, `g gsauabmr fís `g cd qug pug`g dær. Gsm gsauabm kfpckam ui `dhcg fdvkfkgitd pdr gc qug sg kfpdig gc skcgiakd qug td`m pmcmhrm rgqukgrg: sg trmtm, gi prkfgr cuomr, `g agrrmr cds prdpkds dæ`ds mc ruk`d `gc fui`d pmrm rgtkrmrsg gi cm kitgrkdrk`m`, pgrd tmfhkëi `g bmagr amccmr gi idsdtrds fksfds iugstrd prdpkd g kiagsmitg furfuccd y `g rgtkrmrids `g iugstrm prdpkm kitgrkdrk`m` m cd qug cg gs fís æitkfd qug gccm fksfm, mc dt dtrd, rd, gc U Ugrhd, grhd, cm vdx @gk=00. Ësm gs, mc fgids, cm pgrspgatkvm moustkikmim. Qñcd gc sgoui`d fdvkfkgitd `g rgtkrd `kstkioug gsm gsauabm `g ui fgrd rgadokfkgitd ﬍cdsñ﬍ad, sgoúi gc fd`gcd `g cd `gsarkhg gc Eg`ñi ^cmtñi< sñcd ëc, tmfhkëi, ids cuomr, giadfkgi`m uimqug pmcmhrm fg`kmitg uim`gæitkfm mctgrmakñi. ^grd ikioúi muiqug sg trmtmsg `g iugstrm kitkfk`m` gspkrktumc, gs gc pmrmjg úikad y gxacuskvd `g sgfgjmitg gsauabm. Cm gsauabm qug ids bmag bmhcmr gi vgr`m` pug`g tgigr cuomr tmitd gi gc smitumrkd `gc mcfm adfd gi cms cgjmiæms `gc fui`d. Wid id sg rgadog pmrm prdtgogrsg d fkrmrsg: uid id sg rgadog fís qug mcrg`g`dr `gc dtrd< uid iuiam sg adiagitrm vgr`m`grmfgitg mcrg`g`dr `g su prdpkd agitrd. ûgs gc vgrhd aditkgig td`ms cms adsms y id gs aditgik`d pdr im`m. Ecuyg bmakm idsdtrds `gc kitgrkdr y `gc gxtgrkdr. Msæ, fg`ktmi`d gi ui`gc sgrfñi adiKsmma fdtkvd imtkvk`m` `g QmisuJumi Hmutkstm sdhrg cm –vdz vgrhd‖, `g `g cm cm Gstrgccm gxtkgi`g mcamiag m uim `kfgiskñi `kegrgitg `g mqugccm qug mamhm `g sgr `gsarktm. Gvdami`d, trms cm vdz `g cm Gspdsm Gspd sm ‐qug gs cm `g cm Kocgskm‐, cm vdz `gc Gspdsd ‐qug gs gc Ugrhd‐, Ksmma gsarkhg: –Cm vdz `gc Ugrhd gs aumcqukgr maditgakfkgitd. Aumitd suag`g gi gc uikvgrsd m cd cmrod `gc tkgfpd gxkstkñ, m cm vgz, gtgrimfgitg gi @k @kds ds pdr fg`kd `gc U Ugrhd. grhd. ^grd pmrm idsdtrds, fksgrmhcgs y akgods, gc ckhrd kitgrkdr qug vgi y cggi cds íiogcgs pgrfmigag pgrfmigag agrrm`d agrrm`d.. [ sñcd gi gc ckhrd gxtgrkdr cggfds y mprgi`g mprgi`gfds fds =00. Ae. Gimrrmtkdigs ki ^smcfds, 20, => \trm`. amstgccmim: Gimrrmakdigs sdhrg cds Qmcfds, 0 vdcs., Fm`rk`, H.M.A., =;50-=;5?V, =;50-=;5?V, qug pmrmermsgmf pmrmermsgmfds. ds.

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cd qug gstí aditgik`d gi gc ckhrd kitgrkdr‖=07. Gc aëcghrg tgfm `gc –ckhrd `gc fui`d‖ gs rgadiùak`d mquæ m cm gsauabm `g uim vdz. Cds maditgakfkgitds ids bmhcmi y sg `krkogi m idsdtrds pdrqug ids `mi m adidagr cm vdcuitm` `g @kds. @kds . @gsakermr ëstm gi cd qug suag`g gs dær gsm vdz `gc UgrUgrhd bmhcíi`dids m trmvës `g cds `gfís y `g cms adsms. Cm dpdskakñi `gc ckhrd gxtgrkdr y gc ckhrd kitgrkdr úikamfgitg mhkgrtd m cds cd s íiogcgs pdig `g fmik﬍gstd qug gsm gsauabm id pug`g sgr kitgrprgtm`m gi ui sgitk`d kcufkikstm d qukgtkstm: id gstmfds gi ui rëokfgi `g kifg`kmtgz ik `g trmispmrgiakm. Gsm gsauabm rgacmfm cm pmakgiakm, gc gseugrzd, gc trmhmjd `g cm dhg`kgiakm. Gc maditgakfkgitd trmùag gi cm gxtgrkdrk`m` y gi gc tkgfpd cmhdrkdsd cm kitkfk`m` `g cm gtgrim vdcuitm` `kvkim (gsd gi vkrtu` `g cd aumc gs vdz), pmrm qug iugstrm kitkfk`m` sgm mcamizm`m y trmisedrfm`m pdr gccm. Ugfds Ugfds gikofítkamfgitg y gi ui gspgjd, id `krgatmfgitg, `k rgatmfgitg, y pdr gccd gsauabmfds vkgi`d. –Gc maditgakfkgitd qug daurrg eugrm ‐aditkiúm `kakgi`d `g cm Gstrgccm‐ pdrcmtmitd, cm vdz `g `gc`gitrd‖. Ugrhd< id prdvdam eugrmKsmma gc furfuccd `g qukgigs, mfm `kspdskakñi Gc `ksagrikfkgitd `g cm gsauabm y gc mprgi`kzmjg `g cm dhg`kgiakm id pug`gi `ksdakmrsg uid `g dtrd. Pmfpdad tkgig gstm gsauabm im`m `g gspgatíaucd. –Dæfds, pdr msæ `gakrcd, `g vkvm vdz (qumsk pgr vdagf) cm vdcuitm` `g @kds‖, id aumi`d sdfds prdeëtkamfgitg kcufkim`ds, skid aumi`d cm dæfds eugrm y `gs`g eugrm, `m`m m adidagr pdr cds maditgakfkgitds=05. Adidagrcm msæ gs adidagrcm `krgatmfgitg gi su prdpkm trmisedrfmakñi, `krgatmfgitg gi cm prughm `g cm dhg`kgiakm, gi cm puitm `gc prgsgitg. Gi gc m`fkrmhcg trmtm`d `g Gc mhmi`did m cm prdvk`giakm prdvk`giakm `kvkim, `kvkim, qug ùrmitg fuabdcmtkgfpd mtrkhuk`d m `g Jgmi-^kgrrg `g Amussm`g,y gc vugcvg m giaditrmrsg fksfmeug k`gitk﬍amakñi cds maditgakfkgitds cgioumjg m trmvës `gc aumc @kds ids bmhcm. –Cd qug @kds bmag gi am`m fdfgitd gs uim pmcmhrm qug skoik﬍am uim adsm‖. Pd`ms cms adsms –gi cms qug su vdcuitm` adifkim sdi dtrds tmitds idfhrgs y pmcmhrms gi cds qug sg ids fugstrm su `gsgd‖=0?. Qmitk﬍amr gc idfhrg `g @kds, `g maugr`d

=07. Udx vgrd Ugrhk dfiks gvgitus rgk , Ksmma @G CM GQPXGCCM, Qgrfñ Qgrfñii 0?, § =1, ki Qgrfdis, t. KKK, trm`. Qmcgt y Xmaktk, ^mræs, =;2?, p. =07. =05. =0, p. =0?. (qug bm rgiuiakm`d `gspuës m mtrkhukrcd m Amussm`g, cd qug gi im`m =0?. K`. G`., §Dcpbg-Omcckmr` amfhkm cm hgccgzm y ormi`gzm `g gstg gsarktd), ^mræs, =;55, p. ==0.

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adi cm pgtkakñi `gc ^m`rgiugstrd, adiskstg mquæ gi mprgi`gr m gsauabmr cds maditgakfkgitds adfd dtrms tmitms pmcmhrms `g @kds. Gs `g maugr`d adi uim gsauabm tmc adfd –cm bkstdrkm `g td`ds cds fdfgitds qug pmsmi gs uim bkstdrkm smorm`m‖=02, cgjds `g qug ëstm sñcd adfpgtm mc pmsm`d. [ am`m uid úikamfgitg sg vugcvg `g vgr`m` ëc fksfd gsauabmi`d gsm vdz rm`kamcfgitg dtrm, y skgfprg pgrturhm`drm, qug cd mcamizm m trmvës `g cds maditgakfkgitds, skgfprg sg rgiugvm y fg ccmfm, pdr tmitd, m fæ fksfd m rgidvmrfg pdr fg`kd `g ui iugvd gseugrzd `g mtgiakñi. Am`m kistmitg gs ui fmi`mtd, am`m kistmitg gckog m qukgi gsauabm gi ëc cm kivktmakñi qug @kds cg bmag. Id sg trmtm tmi sñcd `g uim magptmakñi y uim gspgakg `g mfdr emtk. Qmitk﬍amr gc idfhrg `kvkid gs tmfhkëi cuabmr aditrm su prdemimakñi: m fgiu`d, qukzí adi cm fíxkfm ergaugiakm, ids gs `krkok`d hmjd uim mpmrkgiakm kivgrsm, suh aditrmrkm spgakg. Cm bufkccmakñi `g cm qug gs væatkfm ui bdfhrg gs cm bufkccmakñi `gc idfhrg `kvkid `g ocdrkm y rgstmhcgagr m gsg prdemim bdfhrggcgsidfhrg smitk﬍amr gsg idfhrg. Cmykijustkakm `g cm qug sdfds tgstkods `kvkid `g justkakm cuabmr aditrm gccm gs gsauabmr gi gsg maditgakfkgitd cm vdz fmctrgabm `gc Ugrhd. Xgspdi`gr m cm vdz `g cds maditgakfkgitds gs bmhcmr, pgrd tmfhkëi matumr, `gjíi`dids trmisedrfmr pdr gccm. Gsm vdz vkskhcg, gi cm fg`k`m gi qug skoik﬍am cm vdcuitm` `g @kds, id pd`ræm sgr k`gitk﬍am`m adi cm vdz vkskhcg `g cm hgccgzm, adi cm ccmfm`m qug cm hgccgzm `gc fui`d cmizm m iugstrm vdz pmrm qug cm amitg y cm mcmhg. Qk gs vgr`m` qug, adfd gc cgioumjg kivktm m pgismr y adfd Bgk`googr bm `gstmam`d adi ergaugiakm, gsauabmr adiskstg gi dhg`gagr (mu`krg, dhmu`krg ogbdrabgi), < bdrabgi skoug fuy skgi`d akgrtd qug fd`ds `gm cm cm dhg`kgiakm pug`gi, rgfktkr m ñr`gigs `kstkitds. Cm cds dhg`kgiakm ccmfm`m `g cm hgccgzm sg `m gi gc `gspckgoug `g fk rgspugstm, gi gc –smark﬍akd `g mcmhmizm‖. Id pd`ræm sgr uim dhg`kgiakm fu`m: rgspgtmr cm hgccgzm id gs fkrmrcm gi skcgiakd< gs amitmrcm. ^grd gsm dhg`kgiakm id ids rgfktg m cm vdcuitm` adfd tmc. Cm adsm gs `kstkitm adi cm dhg`kgiakm m cm vdz `gc Ugrhd, qug skgfprg fmi`m. Pmfhkëi gsm dhg`kgiakm pmsm pdr cm rgsdimiakm `g iugstrm prdpkm vdz, pdr cm drmakñi, d rmakñi, pgrd koumcfgitg pdr cms pmcmhrms qug kitgramfhkmfds gitrg idsdtrds, pugs gs msæ adfd gsm vdz

=02. K`., p. =01.

2?

ids mcamizm. Buod `g Qmkit-Ukatdr cd `kag fuy hkgi: –Gc Ugrhd `g @kds rgvgstk`d `g cm amrig bufmim mpmrgakñ uim sdcm sd cm vgz (sgfgc) `g edrfm vkskhcg, y mbdrm, am`m `æm (qudtk`kg), gsg fksfd Ugrhd Ugrhd vkgig m idsdtrds sd ampm `g uim vdz bufmim (k`gf kpsuf bufmim vdag adi`ktuf)‖=0;. @krgatm gs cm ccmfm`m, pugs fg mcamizm m fæ fksfd `g fmigrm kisustktukhcg y, ski gfhmrod, id gs kifg`kmtm, pugs skgfprg fg mcamizm pdr y gi gc fui`d, pdr cds maditgakfkgitds qug sg prdùagi y pdr cm vdz `g cds dtrds bdfhrgs. Cm trmisfkskñi `g cm pmcmhrm `g @kds sg bmag gccm fksfm `gpgi`kgitg `g cm pmcmhrm bufmim. @kds sñcd bmhcm `mi`d cm pmcmhrm, bmakgi`d bmhcmr m cds bdfhrgs y id kfpdikëi`dcgs gc skcgiakd. Cm adsm gs gitgrmfgitg `kstkitm adi cm –vdz `g cm adiakgiakm‖, tmc adfd bm sk`d tgfmtkzm`m pdr cm ﬍cdsdeæm trmsagi`gitmc fd`grim. Msæ, bdfhrg, g, `di`g gsm –vdz kitgrkdr‖ (Jgig QtkfEkabtg ‐gi Gc `gstkid `gc bdfhr fg ki fgkigf Kiigri)=7> gstí fuy m fgiu`d prgsgitg‐ gvdam –cms maakdigs `katm`ms pdr`ksputm cm vdz `g vdz auyms `gacmrmid m`fktgi pdrcmfkadiakgiakm, pmrtg, skidpdr quggsm gxkogi fk dhg`kgiakm fu`m‖=7=. Cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm gs uim vdz adi cm qug id pd`ræm bmhgr `kícdod: aumcqukgr rgspugstm qug yd cg `kgsg, y qug id eugsg cm maakñi qug fg fmi`m, id adistktukræm uim fmigrm `g adrrgspdi`grcg y fgjdr `ksagrikrcm, skid ui aucpmhcg `gsgd `g gcu`krcm y `gjmr `g dærcm rgauhrkëi`dcm adi gc ruk`d `g fks prdpkds mroufgitds y dhjgakdigs. Xgspdi`gr m cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm tgi`ræm gc fksfd sgitk`d qug aumi`d `g ui ikýd sg `kag pgydrmtkvmfgitg, gi amstgccmid adrrkgitg, qug gs –rgspdi`ñi‖: rgspdi`g aumi`d `ghkgrm dhg`gagr y pdad kfpdrtm cd qug `kag, pugstd qug gs pmrm zmemrsg. gsm vdz, vd z, pdr acmrm, sg prgstm m gquævdad:–Gsm vdz `g ûgs cm adiakgiakm fgadfpcgtd dr`gim, gi am`midsktumakñi pmrtkaucmr `g fk gxkstgiakm, cd qug `ghd bmagr d id bmagr prgaksmfgitg gi gsm sktumakñi‖=78. Udz qug dr`gim skgfprg, vdz qug iuiam sg amccm. =0;. Buougs `g QMKIP-UKAPDX, @g vgrhd @gk, K, 8, trm`. X. Hmrdi, Qkx dpusaucgs spkrktugcs, ^mræs, =;5;, p. 5=-51. =7>. Prm`. Fdcktdr, ^mræs, =;57, p. 8>8 \trm`. amstgccmim: Gc `gstkid `gc bdfhrg, Fm`rk`, Gspmsm-Amcpg, =;?5V. Qàfftckabg _grlg, g`. K. B. Ekabtg, Hgrcæi, =207, t. KK, p. 872. Ids ckfktmfds mquæ m gstm dhrm, akgrtmfgitg gxdtërkam, pgrd gi cm qug cm –vdz `g cm adiakgiakm‖ gs tgfmtkzm`m fís gxtgismfgitg. =7=. –… sdi`gri kbr stuff ogbdrabgi fuss‖, trm`. p. 812< Q. _., p. 8?;. =78. K`., p. 8>8< Q. _., p. 872.

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@gs`g gc fdfgitd gi qug cm dæfds, gsm vdz adivkgrtg, sgoúi Ekabtg, su gsauabm gi iugstrm úikam tmrgm, iugstrd úikad `gstkid=71. Qu kiù`mhcg g ki`ksautkhcg rgmck`m` `gsrgmckzm aumitd id gs gccm fksfm. Gsm –æitkfm prdeui`k`m`‖ sg adivkgrtg gi cm úikam vgr`m`, rgspgatd m cm aumc td`d cd `gfís id gs fís qug egiñfgid kiadistmitg y euoktkvd. ^dr gccm gc Mhsdcutd gstí prgsgitg ski `kstmiakm pmrm idsdtrds y adistktukfds gc cuomr `g su fmikegstmakñi. –Id bmy gi fæ‖, gsarkhg Ekabtg, –im`m qug sgm vgr`m`grmfgitg rgmc, ùrm`grd, kfpgrgag`grd smcvd `ds gcgfgitds: cm vdz `g fk adiakgiakm y fk ckhrg dhg`kgiakm. ^dr cm prkfgrm, gc fui`d gspkrktumc sg kiackim bmakm fæ y fg mhrmzm adfd uid `g sus fkgfhrds< pdr cm sgoui`m, yd fksfd fg gcgvd m gsg fui`d, cd bmod fæd, matúd gi ëc‖=70. Aumcqukgr prgsgiakm sñcd gs, rgspgatd m mquëccm, sgaui`mrkm y `grkvm`m: gc Mhsdcutd sg fmik﬍gstm kifg`kmtmfgitg. Cm ccmfm`m id vkgig `gc fui`d, d m trmvës `gc fui`d, pugstd qug gccm gs cd qugvdz `m `g drkogi mc fui`d.gxkog Xgfditmr m gsm kitk fk`m` cg gidhg`gagfds, idsdtrds, gi cmgsqug cm cm adiakgiakm y gi cm qugkitkfk`m` idsdtrds rgfditmr mc cuomr gi gc qug sg argm gc fui`d. Cm vdcuitm` gtgrim argm gc fui`d `g cm rmzñi ﬍iktm. Úikamfgitg cd argm gi iugstrds gspærktus, –d mc fgids argm mccæ gc gcgfgitd `g `di`g y pdr pd r gc qug `gsmrrdccmfds gc fui`d< y gsg gcgfgitd gs cm ccmfm`m mc `ghgr (Xue zur ^﬈kabt)‖=77. Gsm ccmfm`m gs mqugccd pdr cd qug y gi cd qug gc fui`d gs argm`d y fmitgik`d. Cm cuz `g cm vdcuitm` gs cm úikam cuz y rgsuctm rgsu ctm adisgaugitg qug gi gsg cuomr prgaksd Ekabtg trmspdiom, trmisarkhm d trmùzam trmù zam gi su prdvgabd, ski qug sg trmtg `g uim aktm, uim ermsg `g ui smcfd: –Gs su cuz pdr cm qug vg=75

fdsCmcmvdz cuz `g y aumitd gi gsm cuz mpmrgag‖ . fk adiakgiakm, cuomr `g prgsgiakm `gc Mhsdcutd gi gc fui`d y `g surokfkgitd `gc prdpkd fui`d, gi fd`d mcouid pd`ræm sgr rgùak`m m cm kitrdygaakñi `g dtrm vdz, `g dtrm vdz bufmim y fui`mim, pugs yd sñcd gstdy, pmrm Ekabtg, rgmcfgitg dhckom`d m rgadidagr, gi sgfgjmitg mpmrkgiakm, ui mctgr god pdr bmhgr dhg`gak`d m cm vdz `g fk adiakgiakm: úikamfgitg bmy dtrd bdfhrg pmrm fæ gi vkrtu` `g su –tú `g=71. –Gsauabmrcm, dhg`gagrcg bdigstm y ermiamfgitg, ermiamfgitg, ski tgfdr ik sutkcgzms, bg mbæ fk úikad `gstkid, bg mbæ gc dhjgtkvd `g fk gxkstgiakm‖, p. 8>1< Q. _., p. 872-87;. =70. K`.,, p. Q. _. _.,, p. =77. K`. p. 8?=< 8?;< Q. p. 8;;. 1>1. =75. Khk`gf. Ae. Qmcfd 15, =>: –Gi tu cuz vgfds cm cuz‖.

2;

hgs‖=7?. Qñcd pug`d gitrmr gi `kícdod adi dtrd pdr bmhgr gsauabm`d gi fæ gsm vdz. Ëstm adi﬍grg mc dtrd bdfhrg su rgmck`m`: su adistktuakñi gs príatkam. ^grd, áñfd sg adivkgrtg cm ccmfm`m `gc Mhsdcutd gi cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm, y, adi fmydr prgakskñi ‐pugs Ekabtg utkckzm m fgiu`d gc pdsgskvd‐, cm vdz `g fk adiakgiakm4 Áñfd pug`g uid mprdpkmrsg cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm4 Áñfd maditgag qug cd qug fg `kag –tú `ghgs‖ sgm fæd4 Gsm vdz gs –gc dríaucd prdvgikgitg `gc fui`d gtgrid (Drmlgc mus `gi gwkogi gwko gi _ _gct)‖< gct)‖< gsg dríaucd –sñcd sg bmag sgiskhcg m trmvës `g fk gitdrid y sg trmùag gi fk cgioum m trmvës `g fk pgragpakñi (ùrab fgki Ugrigbfgi ki fgkig Qprmabg óhgrsgtztg Drmlgc)‖=72. Cd drkokimrkd gs, pugs, trmùak`d y yd fksfd sdy gi fk cgioum gc trmùatdr `g mqugccd qug, ski gfhmrod, fg adistktuyg drkokimrkmfgitg, fg `m m fæ fksfd adfd sujgtd príatkad< sdy drkokimrkmfgitg trmùatdr. Id trmùzad `gs`g dtrm cgioum qug sgræm uim cgioum adfd cm fæm y, pdr tmitd, id Gc sg drkokimc rg﬍grg msñcd ui drkokimc pd`ræmtrmùaakñi: `mrsg mitgsidqug gccmcmd trmùaakñi eugrm `g gccm. sg `m gi qug cm prdpkm cd gsauabë prkfgrd pmrm pd`gr trmùakrcd< cd gsauabd trmùakëi`dcd y gi fk prdpkm vdz qug trmùag. Cm mprdpkmakñi gs cm dhrm `g gsm trmùaakñi =7;. Qki gfhmrod, gsm trmùaakñi adivkgrtg gi mpdrëtkam cm kifg`kmtgz m﬍rfm`m pdad `gspuës: fk `ghgr, `kag Ekabtg, –fg gs rgvgcm`d kifg`kmtmfgitg pdr uim vdz qug fg ccgom `g gsg fui`d gspkrktumc‖ =5>. Qk bmy trmùaakñi, íd gs cm vdz qug dkod, qug sñcd yd pug`d dær, cm fæm prdpkm, qug trmùag ui dríaucd tmi skcgiakdsd skcgiakdsd adfd kfpgrkdsd4 kfpgrkdsd4 ´[ añfd pgismr gc gitrgcmzmfkgitd y gc kitgramfhkd `g cms vdags adi ui Mhsdcutd `gc qug gstmfds kifg`kmtmfgitg Ekabtg, gi gegatd, y yd =5= id gstmfds sgpmrm`ds. Puprñxkfds4 vdz rgsugim gi fæ y cm fæmgsarkhg: cg bmag–Pú gad‖ . Íd kfpk`g cm musgiakm `g aumcqukgr sgpmrmakñi, gspmakd d kitgrvmcd cm pmcmhrm y cm gsauabm4 ´ûg`gi cms vdags gstrgabmrsg `g fmigrm qug ym im`m cms sgpmrg4 Cm kiskstgiakm sdhrg cm mprdpkmakñi rm`kamc `g cm vdz `g fk adiakgiakm sg ckfktm m rgabmzmr fís cgjds gc fkstgrkd `g cm mctgrmakñi, pugstd qug =7?. K`., p. 8>0-8>7< Q. _., p. 87;-85>. =72. K`., p. 8?>< Q. _., p. 8;2. C‛mitkpbdimkrg dimkrg `g cm iukt , ^mræs, =;2;. =7;. Qdhrg augstkdigs, iugstrd ckhrd C‛mitkpb Dp. akt.gstms Q. _., p.ae.8;;. =5>. , p. 8?=< fkr, `kg fgkikog tõit ki `kr `kr wkg`gr‖, dp. akt., p. 82>< Q. _., p. 1>0. =5=. – @gkig Qtkffg grtõit ki fkr,

;>

gsm ccmfm`m `g fæ fksfd m fæ fksfd qug fg adistktuyg gi fk k`gitk`m` rgfktg m ui –dríaucd‖. Qk fk vdz kitgrkdr trmùag tmi prditd rgsugim, gs mctgrm`m drkokimrkmfgitg. Cm ccmfm`m kfpgrkdsm `gc `ghgr, qug sñcd gxkog adfd rgspugstm cm dhg`kgiakm fu`m, sg rgvgcm m sæ fksfm adfd uim rgspugstm, qug rgspdi`g trmùakgi`d. Aumcqukgr vdz supdig dtrm vdz, qug sñcd cm gitrgom m sæ fksfm bmakëi`dcm `kegrkr `g sæ d bmakëi`dcm pmrtkrsg y `gs`dhcmrsg. Bmstm gc puitd `g qug ym id sg smhg adi agrtgzm qukëi bmhcm, mccæ `di`g, ski gfhmrod, cm prgouitm –´qukëi bmhcm4‖ gs adfpcgtmfgitg `gakskvm, pugs gstí gi jugod cm prdpkm k`gitk`m`. Mc ﬍imc `g Gc `gstkid `gc bdfhr bdfhrg, g, aumi`d gc sujgtd vg gc fui`d trmis﬍ourm`d pdr cm amptmakñi qug gitdiags pug`g bmagr `g cm vk`m `gc Mhsdcutd gi td`ms cms adsms, m﬍rfm: –Qdy yd fksfd cd qug vugcvd m vgr gi td`ms cms edrfms gxtgrkdrgs y fg rg﬈gjd gi gccms adfd gc sdc imakgitg sg rg﬈gjm y sg `kspgrsm `g fkc fmigrms gi cms kiiufgrmhcgs odtms `g =58 rdaæd‖. [, ski gfhmrod, td`d cg bmhcm, td`d cd fkrm –adi acmrds djds `g gspærktus‖, td`dcdsgfkrm `krkogy mtd`d ëc –adi sdik`ds gspkrktumcgs‖ . Cm trmispmrgiakm `g ui cgioumjg purmfgitg gspkrktumc qug ym id gs igagsmrkd trmùakr, gxagptd pmrm bmhcmr `g ëc, rgmpmrgag justd mccæ `di`g sg cm pd`æm arggr gxacuk`m y supgrm`m. ´Qg `m uim rupturm tmi prdeui`m gitrg cm vdz `gc `gfdikd `g Qñarmtgs y cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm, qug td`d pmrgag prkfgrmfgitg sgpmrmr4 Mqugccd qug pmrgag gi prkiakpkd `gsamrtm`d pdr uim ﬍cdsdeæm `g cm suhjgtkvk`m` ‐cm mctgrmakñi `gc yd gi cd fís æitkfd‐ vugcvg `g dtrm edrfm. Áñfd pug`g cm vdz `g cm adiakgiakm sgr m cm vgz cm fksfm y dtrm,

añfd pug`g sgr`g m cmcmvgz uim`g vdz fg dr`gim prdpkm vdz4 gi cm @datrkim vkrtu` Cmqug fgtmeæskam `g ycmsfkadstufhrgs adstufhrgs, , `mLmit, uim rgspugstm gxpcæaktm y prgaksm m gstm prgouitm. prgoui tm. Wim fdrmc `g cm mutdidfæm id pug`g mpgcmr m dtrm vdz y, ski gfhmrod, m pmrtkr `g mbæ sg pcmitgm cm augstkñi `g smhgr añfd fk vdz pug`g sgr pmrm fæ uim vdz tgfkhcg d tgrrkhcg (eurabthmrg Qtkffg)=51. Cm adiakgiakm fdrmc (Ogwkssgi) gs prkfgrd `g﬍ik`m adfd –gc sgr adisakgitg (Hgwusstsgki) `g ui trkhuimc kitgrkdr =58. – Mus bgccgi Ogkstgr-Muogi‖, –fkt Ogkstgr-Põigi‖, dp. akt., p. 1>>< Q. _., p. 1=7. @datrkig `g cm , Qgoui`m sgaakñi, amp. K,, Fm`rk`, § =1, trm`. ^bkcdigild, ^mræs, =;52, p. ==8-, Cmvgrtu fgtmeæskam `g cms adstufhrgs adstufhrgs ==1=51. \trm`. amstgccmim: Pgaids, =;2;V< _grlg , p.t.0;7. =5;. K`., p. 185< _grlg, p. 7>8.

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sk gsm giegrfg`m` tkgig su igagsk`m` gi cm bkstdrkm `gc gspærktu. Cm rgcmakdim adi gc sdimfhucksfd y gc –`gs`dhcmfkgitd –`gs`dhc mfkgitd `g cm adiakgiakm‖ (Og`dppgcbgkt `gs Hgwusstsgkis)=?>. Qkgfprg sg vugcvg m giaditrmr cm edrfm `g cm kiadrpdrmakñi `g dtrd d `g cm mckgimakñi `g uim pmrtg `g uid fksfd pugstm adfd `kegrgitg. Qki ù`m, mfhms pdskhkck`m`gs vkgigi m sgr cd fksfd, pugs ´rgsuctm adiaghkhcg, gi gc dr`gi gi qug sg sktúmi gstms adisk`grmakdigs, kiadrpdrmrsg mc dtrd ski mckgimrsg gi ëc, adiag`këi`dcg mcod `g fk sgr4 M uim edrfm pskad pskadcñokam cñokam aditg aditgfpdríi fpdríigm gm `g cm vdz qug gs, gvdami`d, m tætucd `g adiakgiakm fdrmc, –cm kitgrkdrkzmakñi `g cms vdags miagstrmcgs‖ y cm –pmcmhrm `g cds miagstrds qug rgsugim gi fk amhgzm‖, ^muc Xkaőur, muiqug adiag`g akgrtd arë`ktd m gsm adistruaakñi, dhjgtm fuy justmfgitg qug, –sk cm adifkimakñi `gc dtrd id gs sdck`mrkm `g cm mtgstmakñi `g uid fksfd, pkgr`g su amríatgr `g adifkimakñi, m emctm `g cm gxkstgiakm `g ui sgr-adifkim`d cg bmom ergitg m cm fmigrm `g mcoukgi rgspdi`g‖=?=. ^grd gsd qug id rgsugcvg cm augstkñi `g cm –vdz‖, qug idqug pug`g, ski fís, sgr adisk`grm`m adfd –fgtíedrm‖=?8, gi tmitd qug adistktuyg cm adi`kakñi `g pdskhkck`m` y gc pgrpgtud eui`mfgitd `g aumcqukgr fgtíedrm. Pd`d vgrhd rgqukgrg su vdz, muiqug eugsg ui vgrhd `kegrgitg m gsm prdpkm vdz. ^mrm qug sg dkom cm adifkimakñi, dæ`m gi y pdr cm mtgstmakñi, gs prgaksdd qug sg prdiuiakg. [ sñcd sg prdiuiakm gi fk vdz qug cm trmùag. prgaks Fk vdz gfpkgzm trmùakgi`d. Cm mctgrk`m` bmhktm gi gccm `g edrfm krrgùatkhcg, bmstm gi gc fdvkfkgitd pdr gc qug fk vdz sg adivkgrtg prdpkmfgitg gi fk vdz. ^mrm kiadrpdrmrsg aumcqukgr adsm, bmy qug tgigr ui augrpd, y cm vdz id sñcd cd supdig, skid qug prdpkmfgitg cd bmag matumr adfd augrpd bufmid. Pd`ds cds pgismfkgitds `g cm –vdz kitgrkdr‖ dcvk`mi y `kskfucmi qug ëstm id pd`ræm sgr kitgrkdr m fk purm kitgrkdrk`m` gspkrktumc, sgm aumc sgm gc fd`d gi qug sg cm adiakhm, skid sñcd kitgrkdr m fk vdz rgmc, m fk vdz =?>. K`., p. 18>-18=< _grlg, p. 0;7. ^mrm IKGPZQABG, gc amríatgr –fdistrudsd‖ `g Qñarmtgs sg fmik﬍gstm gi cm vdz `g su `gfdikd, k`gitk﬍am`d adi gc –kistkitd‖: ëstg, gi cuomr `g sgr uim eugrzm m﬍rfmtkvm y argm`drm, sg ckfktm m `ksum`krcd, su úikam pdtgiakm gs arætkam. Ae. Cm imkssmiag `g cm trmoë`kg, § =1 \trm`. amstgccmim: Gc imakfkgitd `g cm trmog`km, Fm`rk`, Mckmizm, =;?1V. =?=. Qdk-fêfg Fm`rk`, Qkocd RRK,adffg =;;5V. ui mutrg, ^mræs, =;;>, p. 0>2-0>; \trm`. amstgccmim.- Qæ fksfd adfd dtrd, =?8. K`., p. 0>=.

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amrimc, m fk vdz qug rgsugim y, rgsdimi`d, fg bmag matumr y fg kitgorm gi gc fui`d gi cm tdtmck`m` `g fk sgr, augrpd y mcfm. Cd kitgrkdr m fk vdz gs mqugccd m cd qug fk vdz, bmhcmi`d, rgspdi`g y sñcd dyg rgspdi`kgi`d. Úikamfgitg gi gc ëxtmsks `g cm vdz qug qu g rgsugim gi gc fui`d bmy vdz kitgrkdr k itgrkdr.. Wim píokim skioucmr `g Bussgrc, qug adi rmzñi bm mtrmæ`d cm mtgiakñi, kiskstg sdhrg gc amríatgr prkfdr`kmcfgitg eui`m`dr `g cm prdegrgiakm, `g cm Ugrcmuthmruio, tmitd pmrm cm adistktuakñi `g uid fksfd adfd pmrm cm adistktuakñi `gc dtrd. –^mrgag, sgoúi fk dhsgrvmakñi‖, gsarkhg Bussgrc, –qug, gi gc ikýd, gs cm vdz prdùak`m pdr ëc fksfd, cugod dæ`m mimcñokamfgitg (`kg sgchstgrzguotg ui` `mii mimcdoksab ogbõrtg Qtkffg), cm qug adistktuyg kikakmcfgitg gc pugitg igagsmrkd pmrm cm dhjgtkvmakñi `gc god y, pdr adiskoukgitg, pmrm cm edrfmakñi `gc ‒mctgr‛, mitgs `g qug gc ikýd tgiom d pug`m tgigr uim mimcdoæm sgiskhcg `g su augrpd vkskhcg adi gc `gcy‒dtrd‛, y m edrtkdrk mitgs=?1`g mtrkhukr mc dtrd ui augrpd tíatkc ui augrpd vdcuitmrkd‖ . Cmqug vdzpug`m ‐auyd pdrtm`dr gs td`d iugstrd augrpd< skgi`d, pugs, gi ui sgitk`d id kistrufgitmc, su pdrtmvdz‐ prgag`g y eui`mfgitm, pugs, cm gvgitumc vkskñi `g iugstrd augrpd adfd tmc=?0. Qu gvmigsagitg rgsdimiakm, `gsmpmrgak`m tmi prditd mpmrgak`m, gs, ski gfhmrod, cd qug `m maagsd tmitd m uid fksfd adfd mc dtrd. Mitgs `g sgr gc qug pdsgg ui augrpd sgfgjmitg mc fæd y qug cd bmhktm adfd yd bmhktd gc fæd, gc dtrd bdfhrg sgræm gc qug, adfd yd, tkgig uim vdz. Qk cm vdz gi tmitd qug yd cm prdùzad y fg gxpgrkfgitd prdùakëi`dcm (–cm prdpkm vdz `gc sujgtd qug ëc fksfd prdùag y qug `gpgi`g `g cms lkigstgskms prdpkms y drkokimrkmfgitg `m`ms `g cds fúsaucds vdamcgs‖, `kag Bussgrc), sk cm vdz gi tmitd qug cm dkod prdùak`m pdr gc dtrd tmc adfd yd fksfd cm prdùzad gs gc –pugitg‖ tmitd bmakm uid fksfd adfd bmakm gc dtrd, iuiam pug`g hdrrmrsg ik dcvk`mrsg dcvk`mrs g gi cd qug gccm bmhrí eui`m`d< gs y skoug skgi`d gc cuomr `g cm prgsgiakm gi gc fui`d, mqugccd gi pbàidfgidcdoksabgi fgidcdoksabgi ^b ^bkcdsdpbkg kcdsdpbkg, =?1. BWQQGXC, K`ggi zu gkigi rgkigi ^bàidfgidcdokg ui` pbàid KK, Bussgrckmim, KU, Cm Bmyg, =;5;, p. ;7. Prm`. Gsaduhms, ^mræs, =;28, p. =01. Ae. J. E. ADWXPKIG, Bgk`googr gt cm pbëidfëidcdokg, p. 1?0-1?7. =?0. BGOGC, adi uim gxprgskñi ui tmitd gxtrmým, gvdam –gc sdik`d gspkrktumc `keui`k`d sdhrg (óhgr `ms Omizg musogodssgig Giayacdpë`kg… augrpd cd rgvgcm Giakacdpg`km pdr cd qug gs, `g cms akgiakms, §gc td`d 0==, trm`. Omi`kccma, ^mræs, =;?>,)‖p.`gc12= \trm`.y qug amstgccmim. ﬍cdsñ﬍ams, Fm`rk`, Mckmizm G`., =;;?V< _grlg, fksfm g`., Ermileurt, =;?>, p. =;8.

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vkrtu` `g cd aumc aumcqukgr matd `g prgsgiakm sg rgmckzm. Qk cm Kabdhjgltkvkgruio, sk cm dhjgtkvmakñi `gc yd sg rgmckzm m trmvës `g, y sñcd m trmvës `g, gsm vdz amrimc, gc gspærktu iuiam pug`g dcvk`mr su prdpkm giamrimakñi, mui aumi`d cm puskgsg gitrg pmrëitgsks. ûgs, gi sgitk`d gstrkatd, gsm `gsarkpakñi `g Bussgrc kfpckam qug fk vdz sgm pmrm fæ fk prkfgr augrpd, gc prkfgr augrpd qug gs fæd. Gc imakfkgitd `gc yd m sæ fksfd gs vdamc. ^grd ´gs gsm vdz vgrhd4 ´Qg trmtm prdpkmfgitg `g pmcmhrm4 Íd gs gc ikýd (Lki`) qug Bussgrc gvdam gc kiemis, gc qug múi id bmhcm, skid qug hmchuagm y pmrcdtgm4 Cm rgspugstm gs acmrm, y ui fmiusarktd `g =;17 `gsarkhg adi fmydr prgakskñi cm sktumakñi =?7: –Gc ikýd gfktg sdik`ds kivdcuitmrkds fg`kmitg lkigstgskms kivdcuitmrkms, cds rgpktg, prdùag cds fksfds sdik`ds vdcuitmrkmfgitg‖. Gc pmsd gsgiakmc gs gc `g cm prdùaakñi kivdcuitmrkm m cm prdùaakñi vdcuitmrkm `g sdik`ds gi gc hmchuagd. Qg eui`mfgitm gi cm rgpgtkakñi, qugadisñcd gs pdskhcg gc mbæ ikýd`ds sg fdfgidyg m sæ fksfd. Cds pskañcdods sgýmcmi makgrtd qug sgsk`mi tds `kstkitds: –Cm musgiakm `g aditrdc mu`ktkvd sdhrg cms prdùaakdigs `gc prkfgr pgræd`d y su kitgrvgiakñi sdhrg cms `gc sgoui`d sg pdigi `g fmik﬍gstd gi gc bgabd `g qug cds ikýds sdr`ds sg `kegrgiakmi pdad `g cds ikýds qug dygi ùrmitg cds sgks prkfgrds fgsgs: cm fksfm mhui`miakm `g vdamckzmakdigs y, bmstm cds trgs fgsgs, k`gitk`m` `g cms prdùaakdigs sdidrms‖=?5. Adfd `kag L. Hóbcgr, –gc ikýd sg kfktm m sæ fksfd‖ gi gc hmchuagd y gsm pdskhkck`m` `g `dfkimr cds sdik`ds sdik` ds prdùak`ds y rgprdùakrcds, `g juomr adi su prdpkm vdz, supdig cm mutd-megaakñi gi cm qug sg dyg cd qug uid fksfd prd﬍grg. Gi aumitd m Bussgrc, kiskstg gi qug cm fm`rg kfktm mc bkjd mc `krkokrsg m ëc: –^dr su pmrtg, cm fm`rg gfktg sdik`ds skfkcmrgs, kikakmcfgitg kfktmakdigs `g cds `gc ikýd. Gc bkjd cds dyg, cds tkgig, pgrd ski cms prdpkms lkigstgskms qug cgs pgrtgigagi, qug sg =?7. Kikakmcfgitg aktm`d y adfgitm`d, adi dtrds kië`ktds, pdr X. PDWCGFDIP, C‛gssgiag `g cm sdakëtë sgcdi Bussgrc, ^mræs, =;58, p. 25-2?, mbdrm pug`g cggrsg gi Zur ^bàidfgidcdokg `gr Kitgrsuhjgltkvktàt , KKK, g`. K. Lgri, Bussgrckmim, t. RU, Cm Bmyg, =;?1, p. 5>0-5>2 (Hgkcmog RU. @ms Lki`. @kg grstg Gkieóbcuio \Prm`. gi J. U. KXKHMXIG: Cm kitgrsuhjgtkvk`m` gi Bussgrc. t. KK. Hugids Mkrgs. Amrcds Cdbcë. =;2?V). Cms ermsgs aktm`ms sdi `g cm p. 5>5. =?5. ^. DCËXDI, –C‛maquksktkdi ù cmiomog‖, Prmktë `g psyabdcdokg `g c‛giemit , t. UK, ^mræs, @kg ogkstkog =;?5, p. 8=5: 2>. L. cd `gstmamhm , 1ªgcg`., Jgim, =;88, p. cdsHÓBCGX ikýds sdr`ds adfkgizmiymm gi hmchuagmr, pgrd Gitwkalcuio cugod ym id sg`gs dygLki`gs gi gccds –fdiñcdod‖ kitgrfkimhcg `g cds ikýds idrfmcgs.

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`gspkgrtmi pdr msdakmakñi, pgrd id gstíi `m`ms adi gccds‖. Gs cm mimcdoæm vdamc `gsarktm, fgids gxpcæaktmfgitg, pdr cm idtm `g K`ggi KK . [d fg rgpktd, gc dtrd fg rgpktg, gsauabd cms fksfms sdidrk`m`gs ski qug yd cms prdùzam, y `g mbæ vgi`ræm cm mpgrturm `g cm dtrm vdz adfd cm `gc dtrd. Id dhstmitg, bmy qug sgýmcmr cm pru`giakm `g Bussgrc, qug prgouitm fís qug m﬍rfm: –Gc prdpkd ikýd rgpktg ‐ cm fm`rg tmfhkëi ‐ ´quë euiakñi pug`g `gsgfpgýmr gstd4‖, gstmi`d gc adijuitd `g cm `gsarkpakñi odhgrim`d pdr ui: –]ukzí m tgigr gi augitm‖. Qg trmtm, gi aumcqukgr amsd, `g uim vdz ski vgrhd ik pmcmhrm, `g uim vdz qug rgsugim ski `gakr im`m. Xgsugim y rgpgrautg, pgrd gi dtrd sgitk`d oumr`m skcgiakd, d, fís rkourdsmfgitg, gs skcgiakdsm gi tmitd qug im`m `kag (kiacusd sk pug`g, sgourmfgitg, fmikegstmr `g dtrm fmigrm), pugs pmrm oumr`mr skcgiakd ym gs igagsmrkd bmhcmr. Fg gxpgrkfgitd y fg dhjgtkvd m fæ fksfd, sgoúi gsm `gsarkpakñi, mitgs `g pd`gr `gakr yd. Gc `grvdz ogkstk ogkstkog P Pdi, di, gcim`m. hmchuagd gvdam`d `gc pgqugýd id gs sdik`d gspkrktumc `gc cgioumjg pdr múi Bgogc. Gsm idog `kag… Muiqug `g dtrm fmigrm, pdr fís qug cm adfpmrmakñi pug`m pmrgagr mhsur`m, pug`m `gakrsg `g gsm vdz hmchuagmitg, fg`kmitg cm aumc fg ccmfd m fæ fksfd, qug, mc koumc qug cm ccmfm`m sgoúi Bgk`googr, –im`m giuiakm, id `m ikiouim kiedrfmakñi sdhrg cds maditgakfkgitds `gc fui`d, im`m tkgig qug aditmr‖=??. Gs purm gxpgrkgiakm `g uid fksfd, mutd-megaakñi m trmvës `g fk prdpkm gxprgskñi, gxpgrkfgitmr fk prdpkm maakñi vdamc. ^grd gsg hmchuagd sgoukræm skgi`d skgfprg hmchuagd sk cms dtrms vdags qug sg `krkogi mc qug cd prdùag sg ckfktmsgi tmfhkëi m hmchuagmr. Cms dtrms vdags id

sñcd sdi cms vdags `g cds dtrds< sdi vdags `g dtrd fd`d, sg `krkogi `g dtrd fd`d mc ikýd. Ëstg ym gstí skgfprg mtrmpm`d gi uim pmcmhrm qug cd gxag`g, qug gxag`g sus pd`grgs prgsgitgs< gstí mtrmpm`d gi cd kfpdskhcg. Wim `kskfgtræm rm`kamc rdfpg cm mimcdoæm `g cm vdz, pugstd qug, sk cds dtrds prdùagi su vdz adfd yd y pug`gi, pdr tmitd, sgr rgadidak`ds adfd dtrds ydgs, bmhcmi mitgs `g qug yd bmhcg y su pmcmhrm sg `krkog m fæ `g ui fd`d tdtmcfgitg `kstkitd m adfd gc hmchuagd sg `krkog m gccds, sk sg `krkog m gccds=?2. =??. Qgki ui` Zgkt , § 75, p. 8?1, trm`. Fmrtkigmu, p. =;2. Gc pskañcdod @gcmardkx `gaæm: ikýd gstí kifgrsd gi gc cgioumjg‖, y adfgitm`d Xësufë `gs –Gc adurs, =;0;-=;78 pdr=?2. FGXCGMW-^DIP[, , ^mræs, =;22, =;22, p. =?. [aktm`d cm gsauabm su susaktm saktm `krgatmfgitg gc prdpkd hmchuagd: –Gc iúfgrd `g sdik`ds gfktk`ds gs fís gcgvm`d gi prgsgiakm `g

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Cms dtrms vdags sdi, m cm vgz, gc pmsm`d y gc pdrvgikr `g cm fæm. Gc pmsm`d, pugs ym fg bmi ccmfm`d skgfprg g kiacusd idfhrm`d, ym sg bmi `krkok`d skgfprg m fæ, y gi vkrtu` `g gsg kifgfdrkmc pmsm`d ‐kifgfdrkmc pmrm fæ pdrqug prgag`g mc yd‐ ym bmi mcamizm`d skgfprg adfprgiskdigs, pdr dsaurms qug sgmi, gi cuomr `g cms adfprgiskdigs gi cd qug pdad m pdad sg adivkgrtg gi fk cuomr. Pmfhkëi sdi gc euturd, pugs sñcd ormakms m gccms pug`d mprgi`gr m bmhcmr y `gakr mcod. Fg tdfmi cm `gcmitgrm gi gc euturd mc koumc qug q ug fg prgag`gi gi gc pmsm`d. ^mrm `mr su pmcmhrm, y `mrsg gi su pmcmhrm, prkfgrd bmy qug rgakhkrcm. Mbdrm hkgi, sñcd pug`d dhjgtkvmrfg pcgimfgitg m fæ fksfd pdr y gi fk vdz mccæ `di`g gsm vdz sg adivkgrtg gi vgrhd y `kag gc fui`d. Gs prgaksd qug cm pmcmhrm bmhcg m trmvës `g td`ms cms vdags qug iuiam bmagi fís qug rgakhkrcm y trmisfktkrcm pmrm qug fk vdz pug`m adivgrtkrsg gi vgrhd y, msæ, prdpkmfgitg gi vdz bufmim. Cm prgagskñi `gc vgrhd sdhrg fæ fksfd gs adi`kakñi fkpdskhkck`m` bufmik`m``g y, pdr tmitd, `ggcfk adrpdrgk`m` gi tmitd qug bufmim, `g`gfk fmikegstmr gspærktu pdr fg`kd `g td`d fk augrpd fmikegstmi`d fk vdz. Cm edrfm fís –gfpærkam‖ `g cm ccmfm`m tmfhkëi gs cm fís –trmsagi`gitmc‖. Xgsk`g gi iugstrd sgr ccmfm`d pdr gc Cdods, pdr cm pmcmhrm qug bmhcm gi td`ds y im`kg `gtgitm. [m bgfds gstm`d mtrmpm`ds skgfprg gi gc Cdods y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, pdr su `gitgccm`m sgoúi cm fg`kmakñi `g cms dtrms vdags< ym bgfds rgakhk`d skgfprg, muiqug eugsg gi cm dsaurk`m`, gc rgspcmi`dr `g cd qug Hmccmiabg adisk`grmhm adfd uim –rgvgcmakñi aditkium‖ ‐gi gc sgitk`d gi qug sg bmhcm `g uim argmakñi aditkium=?;‐ y qug aumcqukgr prughm `g iugstrm vk`m id `gjm `g rgakhkr. Qdfds ccmfm`ds mitgs `g mpmrgagr gi gc fui`d, mitgs `g sgr idsdtrds fksfds gxagptd gi gsm ccmfm`m, mitgs `g imagr, y cds auk`m`ds `m`ds m iugstrd augrpd gi gc `gsvmckfkgitd `g cm kiemiakm gstuvkgrdi madfpmým`ds `g pmcmhrm, fgtm cdodu, ski cd aumc id buhkgsgi sk`d bufmids. ^rdhíi`dsg m sæ fksfm, fk vdz pdsgg ym ui pmsm`d, ym gstí rgtrmsm`m rgspgatd mc vgrhd, y pdr gccd, aumi`d bmhcg, iuiam bmhrí tgrfkim`d adi cm pmcmhrm. Gsm ccmfm`m pdr cm pmcmhrm ‐id skgi`d cds `gfís, mc koumc qug yd, skid pdrtmvdags‐ gs cm mutëitkam vdz

imkssmiag gt cg ui mùctd qug bmhcm gi prgsgiakm `gcmuiprgfkârg mùctd skcgiakdsd‖, `ëvgcdppgfgit `g cmqug pgrsdiimcktë `mis miiëg `g cmJ.-^. vkg,@WED[GX, ^mræs, =;?5, Cm p. 20. =?;. ^kgrrg-Qkfdi HMCCMIABG, Dguvrgs adfpcâtgs, Okighrm, =;5?, p. =?=.

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kitgrkdr: gs fís æitkfm m fk vdz qug fk prdpkm vdz y id `gjm `g sgrcd pdr gc bgabd `g qug fk vdz skgfprg rgspdi`m. ^grd gsm vdz kitgrkdr iuiam eug uim –vdz‖ prgsgitg gi gc edi`d `gc gspærktu d cm adiakgiakm< skgfprg rgsdiñ gi gc fui`d, mccæ `di`g gstmfds. Gs m ﬈dr `g pkgc adfd ids mcamizñ ‐y sñcd pdr gccd bmstm gc edi`d `g iugstrd sgr‐ pmrm qug rgspdi`mfds, y gs m iugstrm amrig m cm qug rgqukrkñ mprgi`gr m bmhcmr, cd qug id `gjm `g bmagrsg aumi`d vgr`m`grmfgitg sg bmhcm. Bmagfds iugstrm gsm ccmfm`m `kakgi`d y, pdr tmitd, rgspdi`kgi`d yd, aditkiumfds dyëi`dcm gi iugstrm prdpkm vdz, adfd am`m aumc, tdfmi`d cm pmcmhrm, ski pd`gr iuiam arggr, smcvd pgr`këi`dcm, qug sgmfds cm pmcmhrm. ]ukgi uim vgz bm tdfm`d cm pmcmhrm, y id sñcd juom`d adi su vdz gi lkigstgskms fusaucmrgs, ym id pug`g sdctmrcm, muiqug pug`m oumr`mr skcgiakd, cd qug adistktuyg ui pd`gr prdpkd `g cm pmcmhrm. Cm ccmfm`m ski ﬍i rgsugim gi idsdtrds y id `gjmfds `g sgr tdam`ds pdr gc vgrhd, kiacusd aumi`d im`m prdiuiakmfds. Gsd id skoik﬍am qug bmymfds kitgrkdrkzm`d dtrms vdags, qug ids adfuikqugfds adi gspærktus, ik qug bmymfds kitrdygatm`d kitgrcdautdrgs, skid qug gc qug tdfm cm pmcmhrm sg mhrg gi sæ fksfd, tdfíi`dcm, m cd qug gs fís qug ëc fksfd y m dtrds `kstkitds m ëc fksfd. ]ug bmym sk`d rgakhk`m id gs rgfgfdrmhcg ik hdrrmhcg. Aumcqukgr vdz kitgrkdr gs kitgrkdr m iugstrm vdz amrimc, mrrdjm`m mc fui`d pdr bmhgr sk`d prdfgtk`m mitgs `g prdfgtgr.

=>=

Ampætucd aumrtd

Gc augrpd y gc tmatd

C

m vdz bufmim sñcd bmhcm rgspdi`kgi`d. Gsm rgspugstm gi cm qug sg adistktuyg g kifg`kmtmfgitg sg gitrgom y sg ckhgrm mc fui`d, gi uim krrgpmrmhcg y euoktkvm rgsdimiakm, gsd qug pdsggfds `g fís prdpkd gstí, pugs, mctgrm`d `gs`g skgfprg y pmrm skgfprg. Mhkgrtm gi su prdpkm kitkfk`m` m fís `g cd qug pug`g, dhckom`m pdr ui rgqugrkfkgitd fís eugrtg qug gccm, pgrd qug, ski su vkvm `ghkck`m`, pgrfmigagræm kiaufpck`d, cm vdz sñcd kcufkim skgi`d gccm fksfm, pdr msæ `gakrcd, mtrmvgsm`m pdr cm cuz. Iugstrds sñcd pug`gi austd`kmr cm ccmfm`m prdvgikgitg cms adsms, y fkrmr djds `g vgr`m`, pdr bmhgrcm gsauabm`d. Gc djd gs auabm y `g gsauabm cm vdz fkrm, gxtítkamfgitg. Gc sgitk`d `g cds sgitk`ds gs gc gxagsd `g sgitk`d, qug úikamfgitg sg `m pdr y gi gc vgrhd. Mbdrm hkgi, sñcd bmy vdz amrimc y ëstm supdig, pmrm sgr cd qug gs, cm kitgork`m` `g iugstrd augrpd, mc qug adivkgrtg rgtrdmatkvmfgitg gi ui pdrtmvdz y, pdr cd tmitd, gi cm fís mctm fmikegstmakñi `gc gspærktu. Kiacusd mitgs `g qug sg bmym prdiuiakm`d uim pmcmhrm, cm mpmrkakñi `g ui augrpd bufmid adistktuyg `g mitgfmid cm austd`km `g cd kivkskhcg pdrqug ccgvm gi su sgid, `g pmrtg m pmrtg, cm pmcmhrm, prdfgtkëi`didscm y ym prdfgtk`d pdr gccm. M gstg pgismfkgitd pgismfkgitd `g uim f fkrm`m krm`m skgf skgfprg prg gi ëxtm ëxtmsks sks y `g uim vdz skgfprg gi ëxd`d gi sus kisgpmrmhcgs rgspugstms m cm ccmfm`m, cm prdpkm amrig qug gcgvmi m su ocdrkm prdpkm pmrgag, ski gfhmrod, pcmitgmr uim `k﬍auctm`. Cm fkrm`m y cm gsauabm cm pdigi gi jugod gi su kitgork`m`< pgrd ´sg modtm pdr gccd gi gccms4 ´Gi quë sgræm gxtítkam cm dsaurm kitgrkdrk`m` `g cm amrig, gi su suerkfkgitd d gi su odzd4 Áñfd sg dergagræm m uim ccmfm`m qug, `g mitgfmid, cm gxag`græm4 Gc augrpd sgiskhcg ‐ y tíatkc gi cm fís mfpckm magpakñi‐ sñcd gs tmc pdrqug sg skgitg m sæ fksfd y am`m uim `g sus sgismakdigs, mui aumi`d adiùjgsg m cd qug gs dtrd qug ëc, pmrgag `gvdcvgrcd m sæ fksfd. Qgitkr gc amcdr d gc eræd `gc mkrg d gc moum gi cds qug ids giaditrmfds iuiam adiskstg sñcd gi adistmtmr sus aumck`m`gs< gs, kifg`kmtmfgitg, sgitkrsg m uid fksfd amcgitm-

=>1

`d d gierkm`d. –Pdamr‖, `kag Fgrcgmu-^dity, –gs tdamrsg‖=2>< y Bgirk Fmc`kigy prgaksm: –Pdami`d cms adsms, gi gegatd, ids tdamfds gi gccms, sdfds m cm vgz tdamitg y tdam`ds‖=2=. Cm gxpgrkgiakm tíatkc `gc dtrd gs tmfhkëi gxpgrkgiakm `g uid fksfd< sk id, ik skqukgrm sgræm gxpgrkgiakm `gc dtrd, pugs ym id sgræm yd qukgi cm bmræm. Íd sg prgaksm prkfgrmfgitg gsm kifg`kmtgz `g ui gxpgrkfgitmr, `g ui sgitkrsg m uid fksfd mitgs `g aumcqukgr pmcmhrm d rgqugrkfkgitd, pmrm qug sgmi pdskhcgs gc ëxtmsks `g cm fkrm`m y gc `g cm gsauabm4 [, `gs`g gc fdfgitd gi qug sg pcmitgm sgfgjmitg kifg`kmtgz skcgiakdsm, íd rgùag ëstm adisk`grmhcgfgitg gc mcamiag `g cd qug vgi`ræm trms gccm y `g td`ds fd`ds cm supdi`ræm4 Íd ccgom skgfprg `gfmskm`d tmr`g cm ccmfm`m sdhrg cm qug sg fg`ktñ gi cds ampætucds prgag`gitgs, sk ym ids giaugitrm adistktuk`ds adfd idsdtrds fksfds ski gccm, mitgs `g gccm, gi gc skcgiakd `g ui gxpgrkfgitmr drkokimcfgitg vugctd`gcbmakm kiacusd gigicmvkrtu` megaakñi pdr gc dtrd4 Wi gstu`kd tmatduid gs, fksfd, pugs, igagsmrkd, `gc prdpkd fgitæs qug pmrgag dpdigr m cms prgouitms fís mrrkhm pcmitgm`ms. Gc pgismfkgitd `g Mrkstñtgcgs cg sgrvkrí `g bkcd adiùatdr adiùatd r=28. Gi ëc, gi gegatd, tkgig cuomr cm fís rm`kamc y cm fís pmakgitg adisk`grmakñi `gc tmatd rgmckzm`m gi cm bkstdrkm `g cm ﬍cdsdeæm. Magram `gc trmtm`d mrkstdtëckad sdhrg gc mcfm, Bgogc gsarkhæm ‐gi uim ermsg qug bmy qug adisk`grmr gi td`d su pgsd‐ qug skoug skgi`d –múi cm fgjdr dhrm sdhrg gstg dhjgtd, d cm úikam qug prgsgitm ui kitgrës gspgaucmtkvd‖. –Xg`gsauhrkr (wkg`gr muesabckgÔgi muesabckgÔgi)) gc sgitk`d `g gsds ckhrds mrkstdtëckads‖ adfpgtg, sgoúi ëc, mc –dhjgtkvd gsgiakmc `g uim ﬍cdsdeæm `gc gspærktu‖=21. Gsarutm`ds kitgrfkimhcgfgitg gi sus prgouitms y sus mpdræms pdr cds adfgitmrkstms mitkouds y fg`kgvmcgs ‐qukgigs, adfgitmi`d, iuiam pgr`æmi su mtgiakñi pdr cms adsms fksfms, qug grmi su prgdaupmakñi prkfgrm y úctkfm‐, cms fg`ktmakdigs `g Mrkstñtgcgs `gtgrfkimi mhkgrtm d sgargtmfgitg, pdsktkvm d igomtkvm=2>. Cg vkskhcg gt c‛kivkskhcg, ^mræs, =;50, p. 1>2. =2=. –Cm `kfgiskdi ù aditmat mu rgomr` ù vkvmit gt `g c‛gxkstmit‖, ki J. QABDPPG (g`.), Cg aditmat , Hrusgcms, =;;>, p. =??. =28. Cm prkfgrm vgrskñi `g gstg ampætucd eug uim adiegrgiakm prdiuiakm` prdiuiakm`mm gi cm Qdrhdim gi mhrkc `g =;;=, m kivktmakñi `gc Okchgrtpbkcdsdpbkqugs Xdfgygr-@bgrhgy. `gsQr. sakgiags pbkcdsdpbkqu gs, § 1?2, trm`. `g Omi`kccma, ^mræs, =;?>, p. 17>< =21. Giayacdpë`kg g`. Qubrlmfp, Ermileurt, =;?>, t. R, p. ==.

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fgitg, aumcqukgr pgismfkgitd uctgrkdr magram `gc bdfhrg. Gc pdrvgikr qug Bgogc cgs mtrkhuæm, kiacusd sk ids i ds mcamizm `g ui fd`d tdtmcfgitg `kstkitd, sg bmccm cgjds `g gstmr modtm`d. modtm`d . P Prmtíi`dsg rmtíi`dsg `gc tmatd, su amríatgr `gakskvd mpmrgag kiacusd adi fmydr acmrk`m`, pugs ‐pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs‐ cm pgregaakñi `gc tmatd adistktuyg cm pgregaakñi `gc bdfhrg, tmitd ogiërkam adfd ki`kvkùmcfgitg. Gc sgr mc qug sg adiag`kñ pmrtkakpmr gi gc cdods gs ui sgr tíatkc, gc sgr `g tmatd fís ﬍id. ^grd, pdr gsd fksfd, gc gstu`kd `gc tmatd bufmid gs ccgvm`d m amhd pdr Mrkstñtgcgs sdhrg gc edi`d `g ui gstu`kd `gc tmatd pmrm gc vkvkgitg gi ogigrmc, gi cd aumc sg hmsmi tmitd su egaui`k`m` adfd su `k﬍auctm`. Cms rgcmakdigs gitrg amrig y pmcmhrm gstíi, pugs, æitkfmfgitg rgcmakdim`ms adi gc bdrkzditg `g gsg gstu`kd. @g td`ds cds sgitk`ds, gc tmatd gs gc fís eui`mfgitmc y gc fís uikvgrsmc. Adgxtgiskvd, sgoúi Mrkstñtgcgs, m cm vk`m mikfmc, mpmrgag adi gccm y `gsmpmrgag adi gccm. Qgpmrmhcg `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds ‐pugs id cds igagsktm pgrd gccds skgfprg cd prgsupdigi‐, gs `g kisgpmrmhcg `g cm prdpkmpmrm vk`m,sgr, pugs ikioúi mikfmc pd`ræm gstmr prkvm`d ëc ski `gjmr `g vkvkr=20. Pd`d augrpd mikfm`d gs augrpd tíatkc=27, `gs`g gc fís bui`k`d gi gc gstupdr bmstm mqugc qug, adi td`d su sgr, ccgvm m ﬈dr `g pkgc cm vkokcmiakm `gc gspærktu. Cm prkfgrm mtgstmakñi `gc mcfm gs gc tmatd. [, `g gitrm`m, su gjgrakakd id sg `kstkioug `g su prughm, gi tmitd qug ids gitrgom mc fui`d gi ui úikad matd `g prgsgiakm: pmrm vgr bmy qug sgr vkskhcg, pgrd vgr id gs sgr vkstd kifg`kmtmfgitg pdr cd qug vgd, y cd fksfd daurrg adi cds `gfís sgitk`ds, fkgitrms qug tdamr gs sgr tdam`d mc puitd pdr cd qug tdad, bmagr cm gxpgrkgiakm, prgvkm m aumcqukgr rg﬈gxkñi, `g cm prdpkm tmiokhkck`m`. Gsd adi cd qug gitrd gi aditmatd gitrm gi aditmatd adifkod=25. Adi mitgrkdrk`m` m cm gvgitumc `kstkiakñi gitrg ui tmatd –matkvd‖ y ui tmatd –pmskvd‖=2?, kitgrgsm bmagrsg amrod `gc prgakd `g cm prughm qug smtksemag am`m vgz su gjgrakakd. Gsm rgvgrskhkck`m` id adistktuyg, ski gfhmrod, skfgtræm y id skoik﬍am =20. @g mikfm, KK, 8 y KKK, =1 \trm`. amstgccmim.- Magram `gc mcfm, Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;?2V. =27. K`., KKK, =1, 017 m =1-=0, g`. Jmiidig, trm`. Hmrhdtki, ^mræs, =;55. =25. Ae. Ukatdr QGOMCGI, Gqukpëg, =1, ^mræs, =;21, p. 58: –Qñcd cm fkrm`m tkgig cm kifg`kmtgz gi cm rgspugstm…, pgrd vgr gs tmi `kegrgitg `g sgr vkstd< fkgitrms qug tdamr gs gc fksfd ogstd qug sgr =2?. tdam`d…‖, m prdpñsktd `gc aditmatd `g `ds pkgcgs. ^bkcdsdpbkg `g cm sgismtkdi, KKª ^mrtg, Cm sgiskhkcktë ëcëfgitmkAe. Fmurkag ^XM@KIGQ, rg, t. KK, Cgs sgis `g cm `ëegisg, ^mræs, =;10, p. 8?8 sqq., 181.

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qug cms adsms fg tdqugi adfd yd cms tdad. Gi gegatd, sñcd gc tmatd `gc vkvkgitg, pmrm gc qug `g mcoúi fd`d skgfprg gstí gi jugod su prdpkm vk`m, bmag qug pug`m bmhgr cd prñxkfd y cd cgjmid, pugs sñcd pmrm ëc bmy ui mquæ mhsdcutd gi rgcmakñi mc aumc sg `gspckgomi prñxkfd y cgjmid. Cms adsms id sg tdami< sñcd pmrm ui tgragrd gstíi m uim pgqugým `kstmiakm. Msæ gs adfd `kegrgiakm Bgk`googr gc mcgjmfkgitd (Gitegriuio), `gc qug cm prdpkm prdxkfk`m` id gs fís qug ui fd`d, `g cm `kstmiakm (Mhstmi`) =22. Qk Mrkstñtgcgs utkckzm cms fksfms pmcmhrms pmrm `gskoimr gc aditmatd `g cms adsms y gc aditmatd `gc vkvkgitg, rgsuctm acmrd qug id pdr gccd k`gitk﬍am mfhds ñr`gigs. Cm skoik﬍amakñi gxkstgiakmc ‐gi cm Xgtñrkam, pdr gjgfpcd‐ `g cd prñxkfd y cd cgjmid, qug id sg rg﬍grgi m uim `kstmiakm tgfpdrmc d gspmakmc fís d fgids ormi`g, cd pdig acmrmfgitg `g fmik﬍gstd=2;. Pmfpdad cm egidfgidcdoæm `gc tmatd adi adistktuyg stktuyg ui gstu`kd rgokdimc rgok dimc y pmrtkaucmr, gxmfkimi`d uimvk`m, euiakñi gitrg dtrms `gc vkvkgitg. @g gitrm`m, uim egidfgidcdoæm `g cm gc augrpd y cm amrig sñcd pug`g adistktukrsg y eui`mfgitmrsg m trmvës `g uim egidfgidcdoæm `gc tmatd. Adiskstg gi `gakr su skioucmr ormvg`m`. Gc tmatd id gs prkfgrmfgitg, ik qukzí ﬍imcfgitg, uid `g cds akiad sgitk`ds: gs, pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs, gc sgitk`d igagsmrkd y su﬍akgitg pmrm cm mpmrkakñi `g ui augrpd mikfm`d, cm pgrpgtum adi`kakñi `g pdskhkck`m` `g cm vk`m bufmim y, pdr tmitd, tmfhkëi `g dtrds sgitk`ds gvgitumcgs, qug skgfprg pgrtgigagríi m ui augrpd tíatkc. [ gsg sgitk`d id adivkgrtg adivkgrtg mc vkv vkvkgitg kgitg gi ui gspg gspgatm`dr atm`dr `gc fu fui`d< i`d< cd kfpckam gi ëc `g pmrtg m pmrtg, cd gxpdig m ëc y cd prdtgog `g ëc, mhrg cm vk`m m su pgckord y su dpdrtuik`m`. Gsg sgitk`d qug pdsgg kiacusd gc fís skfpcg `g cds vkvkgitgs id gs, ski gfhmrod, gc fís skfpcg `g cds sgitk`ds. Gc fís adfúi `g td`ds, gs tmfhkëi mquëc auym `gsarkpakñi susaktm fís `k﬍auctm`gs, kiacusd mpdræms. Gc fís eui`mfgitmc gs tmfhkëi gc fís mrùd `g amptmr y ësm gs akgrtmfgitg cm rmzñi pdr cm qug Mrkstñtgcgs rgcgoñ su gstu`kd prgaksd mc ﬍imc `gc ckhrd KK `g su trmtm`d sdhrg gc mcfm, trms gc `g cm vkstm, gc dæ`d, gc dcemtd y gc oustd, fkgitrms qug, sgoúi gc dr`gi `g cms adsms, `ghgræm vgikr

=22. Fmrtki BGK@GOOGX, RR, 1>;-1=>, Cm vdkx iug, dp., t.akt. =2;. Ae. iugstrds miícksks giOgsmftmusomhg , p.p.805 sqq. Ermileurt, =;?;. Adffgitmkrgg ù trmktë `g c‛èfg `‛Mrkstdtg, ^mræs, =;27, p. 112-11;. =;>. O. XD@KGX, Adffgitmkr

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gi prkfgr cuomr, adfd ëc fksfd cd sgýmcm `g gitrm`m=;>. Gxtrmgr cm egidfgimck`m` prdpkm `gc tmatd adistktuyg uim tmrgm fuabd fís adfpcgjm qug pmrm cds dtrds sgitk`ds. Qu prdygatd vgrk﬍am adi uim eugrzm fuy pmrtkaucmr cd qug gsarkhg Bgk`googr gi gc § ? `g Gc sgr y gc tkgfpd: –‒Prms‛ –‒P rms‛ cds egiñfgids `g cm egidfgidc egidfgidcdoæm doæm id bmy gsgiakmcfgit gsgiakmcfgitgg im`m `kstkitd, pgrd cd qug bm `g adivgrtkrsg gi egiñfgid fuy hkgi pug`g bmccmrsg dauctd. dauctd. [ prgaksm prgaksmfgitg fgitg pdrqu pdrqugg cds egiñfgids, m prkfg prkfgrm rm vkstm y cms fís `g cms vgags, id gstíi `m`ds, gs igagsmrkm cm egidfgidcdoæm. Gc gstmr-giauhkgrtd (Ugr`galtbgkt) gs gc adiagptd adfpcgfgitmrkd `gc ‒egiñfgid‛‖=;=. Cmrod gs gc amfkid bmakm cd prkfgrd y cd rm`kamc, kiacusd sk id `gjmfds `g vkvkr gi ëc. ^grd ´`g `ñi`g prdvkgig gi gstg amsd gsg vgcmfkgitd y pdr quë gc tmatd adfd egiñfgid gstí `g gitrm`m giauhkgrtd4 ´Xgmcfgitg cd gstí gi sæ fksfd, d cm `k﬍auctm` tmi sñcd sg `ghg m cm kigxkstgiakm `g uim –cgioum purm y prgaksm pmrm gc tmatd‖, qug @k`grdt =;8

gabmhm `g fgids 4 ´Qñcd sg trmtm kitgrids `gc pgismfkgitd `g Mrkstñtgcgs, y qug pmrtkakpmi `g `g ui mpurds kim`gaum`d pcmitgmfkgitd `g cm augstkdigs, d sg eui`mfgitmi gsms `k﬍auctm`gs gi cms adsms fksfms4 ´Qg dauctm gc prdpkd tmatd `g sæ fksfd mitg cm fkrm`m `gc pgismfkgitd, d hkgi úikamfgitg sdfds idsdtrds qukgigs id smhgfds vgr cd qug sñcd ids kiedrfmræm magram `g idsdtrds fksfds4 Cm ormi`gzm `g Mrkstñtgcgs, mquæ adfd gi dtrds cuomrgs, id sñcd rgsk`g gi cm sgourk`m` adi qug mtrmvkgsm cms mpdræms, skid, gi prkfgr cuomr, gi cm mou`gzm adi qug cms bmag mpmrgagr mpmrgagr.. Mcouims fmitkgigi su vkogiakm m cd cmrod `g td`m cm bkstdrkm `gc pgismfkgitd y ski agsmr vugcvgi m surokr gitrg cms ﬍cdsdeæms fís `kvgrsms, cd aumc vkgig m prdhmr qug sg drkokimi gi ui vgcmfkgitd vgc mfkgitd `gc prdpkd egiñfgid. [, [, sdhrg td`d, Mrkstñtgcgs rgfktg akgrtds grrdrgs tgñrkads sdhrg gc tmatd m cm prdpkm egidfgimck`m` `g gstg úctkfd. @gfugstrm adi rkodr añfd gs prdpkd `g gstg sgitk`d gi tmitd qug tmc dauctmr sus prdpkms adi`kakdigs `g gjgrakakd. Ëc fksfd sg vgcm. Wi sdcd gjgfpcd hmstmrí kikakmcfgitg. Cm gxpgrkgiakm `gc tmatd sg msgfgjm m cm `gc aditmatd, gi cm qug iugstrm pkgc y iugstrm amrig sg mpckami m cm supgr﬍akg `g cms adsms, suprkfkgi`d cm `kstmiakm y gc kitgrvmcd.

ui` Zgkt =;=. Qgki , dp. akt. trm`. Fmrtkigmu, p. 0?. Cgttrg sur, p. cgs15, mvguocgs pbkcdsdpbkqugs s, g`. Ugrikârg, ^mræs, =;50, p. =;8. @K@GXDP, , Dguvrgs pbkcdsdpbkqug ;;-=>> \trm`. amstgccmim: Amrtm sdhrg cds akgods, Fm`rk`, Cm ^kqugtm, =;?2V.

=>?

Cm amrig ccgomræm, tdaíi`dcms, `krgatmfgitg m cms adsms fksfms. Mbdrm hkgi, Mrkstñtgcgs `gfugstrm=;1 qug gc kitgrvmcd iuiam gs suprkfk`d, skid sñcd dcvk`m`d. Qgoúi ëc, skgfprg bmy gitrg iugstrm amrig y cms adsms qug tdam ui augrpd kitgrpugstd, uim ampm trk`kfgiskdimc `g mkrg d `g moum. =;0

^grd sg ids gsampm kisgiskhcg y, mui skgi`d mqugccd mpmrm trmvës cd aumc sgmcod gjgrag gc tmatd, sg fmitkgig g kimpmrgitg ëc,`g adistktuyg kitdamhcg gi gc prdpkd tmatd, uim pgcæaucm d fgfhrmim qug sgpmrm cm pkgc `g cms adsms y qug id sgitkfds. @g gsg sustrmgrsg, gi cm prdpkm sgismakñi, cm fg`kmakñi, kitgitm Mrkstñtgcgs `mr augitm: gs gc eui`mfgitd egidfgimc `g cm arggiakm gi cm kifg`kmtgz `gc aditmatd. Gc grrdr tgñrkad `g qukgigs adisk`grmi kifg`kmtd gc tmatd `gsamism sdhrg su prdpkm dauctmakñi egidfgidcñokam. @gsarkhkr gc amríatgr kitgrvmcmr `gc prdpkd tmatd, auym prdxkfk`m` adfpdrtm skgfprg ui mcgjmfkgitd fæikfd, fæi kfd, dhckom m `g jmr mtrís cd qug `g ëc ids pmrgag `m`d gi ui prkfgr fdfgitd. Adfd `gstmam Qmi Mchgrtd m﬍rfmakñi `g ui fg`kd gxtgrkdr aditrm`katdrkm adiFmoid, cm prdpkmgsm `g﬍ikakñi `g aditmatd, tmc adfd, pdrpmrgag gjgfpcd, gs `m`m gi cm Eæskam: –Qg tdami cms adsms auyds gxtrgfds gstíi juitds, ski qug sg kitgrpdiom ikioúi dtrd augrpd‖ =;7. Gc tmatd pdsgg su prdpkm Ugr`galtbgkt, `g cm qug id gs ësg gc úikad gjgfpcd, y idrfmcfgitg ids gqukvdamfds sdhrg gc sgitk`d `g iugstrm mprgbgiskñi. Cds pgags id sg skgitgi fdjm`ds. Cds prgjukakds sdhrg gc tmatd dhg`gagi m su prdpkd vgcmfkgitd. Qki gfhmrod, sg prgsgitm uim dhjgakñi rgcmtkvm mc amríatgr egidfgidcñokad `g gsm dauctmakñi. Íd bmy uim `kegrgiakm `g dr`gi gitrg cm `gsarkpakñi eæskam `g `ds augrpds, `g cds qug pdad kfpdrtm gi gstg amsd sk sdi mikfm`ds d kimikfm`ds, y cm egidfgidcdoæm `gc tmatd pmrm gc prdpkd vkvkgitg4 Qk gc kitgrvmcd æi﬍fd `g mkrg d moum qug ids sgpmrm `g cd qug tdamfds gs rm`kamcfgitg kisgiskhcg, sk id `gsgfpgým ikioúi adfgtk`d gi cm sgismakñi adfd tmc, gi tmitd qug sgismakñi `gc vkvkgitg, vkv kgitg, y sñcd mpmrgag mitg gc pgismfkgitd dhjgtkvd qug rgadistruyg cms adi`kakdigs eæskams `gc aditmatd, áñfd rgeutm cd qug gs `m`d mc prdpkd vkvkgitg4 Gc =;1. @g mikfm, KK, ==, 081 m 88 sqq. =;0. Cmitbmigk, rgpgtk`d gi 081 m 1>-1= y 081 h ?. Dpgrm @g mikfmEæskam =;7.p.Qmi FMOID, , t. UKK, ^mrtg,amstgccmim: , KK, 1,, 18, Msabgi`dree Msabgi`dree, =;52, =00.MCHGXPD ^mrm gc tgxtd `g cm Eæskam , ae.dfikm U, 1, 885 h 81Kª\trm`. Fm`rk`, Org`ds,, =;;7V. Gc adfgitmrkd kitgitm, pdr cd `gfís, rgùakr mc fíxkfd cm `k﬍auctm` gi gstg puitd.

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prdpkd sgitkr `gc aditmatd id gs uim tgsks eæskam, y cds mfmitgs gi sus mhrmzds id sg sgitkræmi fgids prñxkfds sk s k mprgi`kgsgi gi ui trmtm`d qug ui pdad `g mkrg cds sgpmrm. Cm `gfdstrmakñi eæskam `g qug id bmy skcgiakd mhsdcutd y qug skgfprg gxkstg mcoúi ruk`d `g edi`d id sgræm gi fmydr fg`k`m `g`gc uimegiñfgid egidfgidcdoæm `gc skcgiakd. ^drfgzacm tmitd, ´sg `m mquæ cm uimrgeutmakñi dauctmakñi `gc tmatd, d sñcd uim adieusm `g `ds ñr`gigs `kstkitds, uid egidfgidcñokad y dtrd eæskad4 Gstm dhjgakñi id gstí m cm mcturm `g cd gsgiakmc gi gsm píokim `g Mrkstñtgcgs. Gc mroufgitd `g maugr`d adi gc aumc uim æi﬍fm ampm `g mkrg d moum sg kitgrpdig skgfprg sñcd gs ui fdfgitd gi ui miícksks qug mspkrm m sustktukr cm dpdskakñi `gc aditmatd kifg`kmtd y cm `kstmiakm=;5 ‐cm aumc sgpmrm rm`kamcfgitg gc oustd y gc tmatd `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds‐ pdr cm `g cd prñxkfd y cd cgjmid, cm úikam vgr`m`grm y egaui`m: –Kiacusd cd ùrd y cd hcmi`d cd pgrakhkfds m trmvës `g dtrds augrpds, adfd cd sdidrd, cd vkskhcg dcdrdsd< sñcd qug^dr pgrakhkfds ëstds `g cgjdssg(pdrrdtbgi) y cds dtrds `gy cd agram (gooktbgi). gccd gc kitgrfg`kmrkd ids gsampm‖=;?. Mbdrm hkgi, cm sgoui`m dpdskakñi gs egidfgidcñokam y supdig ui vkvkgitg mc qug sg `mi adfd tmcgs prñxkfd y cgjmid, fkgitrms qug cm prkfgrm pug`g amrmatgrkzmr tmfhkëi cm rgcmakñi gitrg dhjgtds kimikfm`ds. Fdstrmr gi gc tmatd ui sgitk`d `g cm prdxkfk`m` gs fdstrmr gi ëc ui sgitk`d `g cm `kstmiakm. Pdamr gs magramrsg d sgr magram`d, y id mpckamr uim supgr﬍akg sdhrg dtrm. Gsm prdxkfk`m` dcvk`m gi gc aditmatd cd qug cm sgpmrm `g cm adsm qug tdam, id skgitg gsm `kstmiakm adfd tmc, pugs tmfpdad gccm rgprgsgitm ui dhstíaucd y adistktuyg mqugccd m trmvës `g cd aumc sgitkfds. Gc fg`kd mërgd d mauítkad id sg `m m cm sgismakñi sgismakñ i adfd ui dh jgtd `kstkitd. Cm `kstkiakñi gitrg aditkoók`m` aditkoók `m` kifg`kmtm y prdxkfk`m` ‐ qug supdig uim `kstmiakm qug sg ids gsampm gi tmitd qug fg`km`drm, prgaksmfgitg pdr aufpckr su euiakñi m cm pgregaakñi‐ gstí ccgim `g adisgaugiakms, kiacusd sk id adrrgspdi`kgsg m Mrkstñtgcgs gxtrmgrcms td`ms. Cgjds `g ccgvmr gc tmatd m uim pgregaakñi fís mctm, gc fíxkfd `g aditkoók`m` qug sgmfds ampmags `g rgmckzmr cd gfpdhrgag adisk`grmhcgfgitg. Fmurkag ^rm`kigs cd gxprgsm pgregatmfgitg: –Gc tdamr mpmrgitgfgitg fís m`bgrgitg skgfprg gs ui tmitgmr bgabd `g mprdxkfmakdigs y =;5. @g mikfm, KK, 081 h =-1. =;?. K`., KK, ==, 081 h 1-7, trm`. Hmrhdtki.

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rgtrdagsds. Qk id tuvkgsg cuomr gsg vmkvëi fusaucmr, rgsuctmræm kfpdskhcg mprgbgi`gr cm fgidr rgskstgiakm y gc fgidr rgckgvg, y cm supgr﬍akg `gc fírfdc id prgsgitmræm pmrm idsdtrds `kegrgiakm mcouim adi cm `gc moum‖=;2. Cm prdxkfk`m` `ghg skgfprg, pmrm sgoukr skgi`d prdxkfk`m`, vkvkr `g cgjds, pgrd cm mr`kgitg `g su mprdxkfmakñi rgidvm`m, td`d mqugccd m cd qugrgatktu` ids magramfds, sustrmg cm skgfprg fg`kmakñi. Mqugccd pdr fg`kd `g cd aumc gc tmatd sg gjgrag pgrfmigag kitdamhcg. Bmy, pugs, ui vgcmfkgitd kitgrid `gc egiñfgid. Fís mccí `g gstg gjgfpcd, qug sñcd adiakgrig m cm arggiakm gi cm kifg`kmtgz `gc tmatd, ´quë gs, pugs, cd qug bmag `gc gstu`kd `g gsg sgitk`d mcod skioucmrfgitg mpdrëtkad4 Gc sgitk`d ormakms mc aumc gstmfds gi cm vk`m y gi gc fui`d, gc sgitk`d ki`ksdakmhcg `g cm psyabë , `gc mcfm, gc sgitk`d ski gc qug im`m gstmræm prgsgitg pmrm idsdtrds y qug, adfd tmc, pd`ræm pmrgagr gc fís maagskhcg m iugstrd pgismfkgitd pgis mfkgitd pdr sgr gc fís emfkckmr iugstrm gxpgrkgiakm sgr, gsg`gcsgitk`d gs, kikakmcfgitg, ui sgitk`dgikigiaditrmhcg. Hmjd cm`gcfkrm`m pgismfkgitd qug kitgitm `g﬍ikrcd, sg `kspgrsm, sg fuctkpckam y sg vdcmtkckzm. Kikitgrrufpk`mfgitg tdamfds, muiqug sñcd eugsg gc sugcd adi iugstrds pkgs, y gsg aditmatd, cgjds `g modtmrsg gi prdpdrakdimr akfkgitds m iugstrd augrpd, gs gxpcdrmakñi tíatkc, adfd `kag Jgmi Okdid gvdami`d –cm pkgcgakccm gxtrmsgiskhcg pdr `ghmjd `gc pucomr `gc pkg ‐y cds ormi`gs mi`mrkigs cm c m fmitkgigi sgiskhcg m pgsmr `g cms fmrabms fís ùrms‐, gsg puitktd pdr gc qug uid sg kiedrfm m fg`k`m qug amfkim‖=;;. Kikitgrrufpk`mfgitg tdamfds y, ski gfhmrod, gc matd `g tdamr kikakmcfgitg sñcd ids dergag kiagrtkùfhrg. Mrkstñtgcgs adfkgizm su gstu`kd adi prgouitms qug pmrgagi `ksdcvgr gc prdpkd dhjgtd. ´Gs gc tmatd ui sgitk`d d ui adijuitd `g sgitk`ds `kstkitds qug bmhræmfds rguik`d hmjd gc fksfd idfhrg8>>4 ´Gs sñcd ui sgr =;2. Fmurkag ^XM@KIGQ, dp. akt., p. 82< ae. p. 102. Qg `m uim tdtmc adivgrogiakm adi cds miícksks `g Grwki Qtrmus. Ae. iugstrm prdpkm `gsarkpakñi, –@g c‛gspmag mu ckgu‖, ki Adccgatke, Cgs syfhdcgs ù ckgu. C‛bmhktmtkdi `g c‛bdffg, Ambkgr `g c‛Bgrig, ^mræs, =;21, p. =18-=10. =;;. Jgmi OKDID, Cgs vrmkgs rkabgssgs, Xëakts gt gssmks, ^mræs, =;2;, p. =57. AMHMIKQ, qug `ghæm sgr bdfhrg `g `gspmabd, vg gi gccd ui mroufgitd aditrm gc ﬍imcksfd: –Id sg vg fuy hkgi cm ﬍imck`m` `g gsg mpmrmtd tmi sgiskhcg, gi uim pmrtg `gstkim`m m cms fmydrgs prgskdigs y qug bm `g Dguvrgs pbkcdsdpbkqug pbkcdsdpbkqugss, K, g`. Cgbga y Amzgiguvg, ^mræs, =;75, sdpdrtmr p. 887. td`d gc pgsd `gc augrpd‖, 8>>. @g mikfm, KK, ==, 088 h =?-8>.

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`g rmzñi4 Cgjds `g bmhgr amæ`d gi `gsusd, gsm prgouitm id `gjmrí `g rgpcmitgmrsg y, gi cms adiacuskdigs `g su bgrfdsd ckhrd sdhrg gc tmatd, Fmurkag ^rm`kigs gstmrí sgourd `g bmhgr mhkgrtd su amfkid –gi fg`kd `g uim cktgrmturm tmi tgfkhcg pdr su rkqugzm adfd pdr su `gsdr`gi qug (…) sgd prdpdiæm im`muim fgids qug kistmurmr, tmiadfpcgtmfgitg sñcd gi cds tgjk`ds autíigds suhymagitgs, `dagim `g sgitk`ds ki`gpgi`kgitgs, sdhgrmids y gspgaæ﬍ads‖8>=. @g gsm prkfgrm prgouitm gs igagsmrkmfgitg sdck`mrkm cm `g cm uik`m` `g sus dhjgtds. Cm ckstm fís adfpcgtm adrruptkdigg: –cd amcm prdpdrakdim Mrkstñtgcgs gi gc @g ogigrmtkdig gt adrruptkdi ckgitg y cd eræd, cd sgad y cd búfg`d, cd pgsm`d y cd ckogrd, cd ùrd y cd hcmi`d, cd vksadsd y cd `gsfgiuzmhcg, cd ruodsd y cd cksd, cd gspgsd y cd ﬍id‖8>8. ´Pkgigi td`ms gsms dpdskakdigs uim uik`m` d pug`gi sgr rgadiùak`ms m uim uik`m`4 ´Gi quë sg hmsm cm uik`m` `g cd tmiokhcg, cm úikam qug pd`ræm gspgak﬍amr cm uik`m` `gc sgitk`d qug cd amptm4 @gc prkfgr sgitk`d, `gc akñi prkfgr sgiskhcg, skqukgrm sgourds qug gxid sgmi uimyadcgaakñi adcga kiadigxm kiadigxm. . [ ik tmfhkëi su gstmfds prdpkd ñr ñromid omid sg `g dauctm trmýmfgitg. ^d`gfds prgouitmrids añfd vgfds adi iugstrds djds, dæfds adi iugstrds dæ`ds, gta., pgrd iuiam sk vgfds adi iugstrds djds y dæfds adi iugstrds dæ`ds, fkgitrms qug gc mkstbgtgrkdi , gc sgisdrkuf `gc tmatd skoug skgi`d prdhcgfítkad, adfd gisgým Mrkstñtgcgs8>1. Ádi quë, gxmatmfgitg, sg tdam4 Mcafgñi `g Ardtdim 8>0, qug bmhæm kitgitm`d `mr augitm `g cm vkskñi, gc dæ`d, gc dcemtd y gc oustd, –im`m `kag `gc tmatd, ik `g quë fd`d ik fg`kmitg quë ñromid sgisdrkmc sg tdam‖, gxpckami`d gstd ski ù`m mqugccd8>7. Kikakmcfgitg id smhgfds adi acmrk`m` ik quë gs gc tmatd, ik quë gs cd tmiokhcg, ik añfd y adi quë sg tdam. Ikioúi dtrd sgitk`d prgsgitm gsms mpdræms. Gsg sgitk`d kigiaditrmhcg gs tmfhkëi ui sgitk`d kiidfhrmhcg y adi ergaugiakm kiidfkim`d. Adfgitmi`d m Mrkstñtgcgs, Mcgjmi`rd `g Merd`kskm `gstmam qug –cds tmiokhcgs prgsgitmi, ergitg m cds 8>=. F. ^XM@KIGQ, dp. akt., p. 15;. adrruptkdig, KK, 8, 18; h =2 sq., g`. y trm`. Fuocgr, ^mræs, =;55, p. 0?-02 8>8. @g ogigrmtkdig gt adrruptkdig Magram `g cm ogigrmakñi y cm adrrupakñi, Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;2?V. \ Magram 8>1. @g mikfm, KK, ==, 088 h 8>-81. prësdarmtkqugs 8>0. @KGCQ @K GCQarítkads M 7, trm`. @u @ufdit fdit, , Cgs Org`ds, , ^mræs, =;22, p. 88> \trm`. amstgccmim: Cds ﬍cñsdeds prgsd prgsdarítkads , 1 vdcs., Fm`rk`, =;;0-=;;?V. 8>7. Ae. Okmiamrcd FDUKM, @ug stu`k suc –@g mikfm‖ `k Mrkstdtgcg, ^mùm, =;?0, p. ?0.

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sgiskhcgs adrrgspdi`kgitgs m cds `gfís sgitk`ds, cm `kegrgiakm `g qug pmrm am`m uid `g ëstds gxkstg ui sustrmtd úikad prdvkstd `g ui idfhrg prdpkd (dklgkdi didfm)‖ ‐adfd gc adcdr pmrm cm vkstm, gc sdik`d pmrm gc dæ`d, gc smhdr pmrm gc oustd, gc dcdr pmrm gc dcemtd‐, fkgitrms qug pmrm cd tmiokhcg id gstí acmrm uik`m` pugs `g gsgtmiokhcg sustrmtd, y pdr gccd cd tmiokhcg –amrgag `g idfhrg prdpkdcm úikad‖, sñcd gs ui idfhrg rgcmtkvd, adfd vkskhcg d mu`khcg8>5. [ aumi`d, aumi`d, gi gc Pkfgd, ^cmtñi gstu`kmhm gc sgitkr y cm amrig, bmhæm gvdam`d cms megaakdigs `g amckgitg y eræd, `g ùrd y hcmi`d, `g pgsm`d y ckogrd ‐qug sdi, pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs, dhjgtds prdpkds `gc tmatd‐, pgrd ski qug iuiam sg trmtmsg `gc tmatd, ik sg prdiuakmsg su idfhrg: grmi rgfktk`ms m cms –megaakdigs adfuigs m td`d gc augrpd‖8>?. Wim `kstkiakñi miícdom, y ui fksfd skcgiakd sdhrg gc tmatd, sg vdcvgríi m giaditrmr gi gc Qkstgfm mimcætkad `g cds adidakfkgitds pdsktkvds `gc bdfhrg `g Jgmi-Hmptkstg `g Cmfmral. Ëstg, trms bmhgr gstu`km`d cd qug –sgismakdigs pmrtkaucmrgs‖, qugy iuiam –sñcd pd`ræmi prdùakrsg gi ccmfm akgrtdscms cuomrgs `gtgrfkim`ds `gc augrpd gi dtrm pmrtg‖8>2 ‐gc oustd, gc dcemtd, cm vkstm, gc dæ`d‐, pmsm mc gstu`kd `g cm –sgismakñi ogigrmc‖ qug pug`g –prdùakrsg gi aumcqukgr pmrtg‖. –Pd`ds cds puitds `g su augrpd \`gc ki`kvkùdV sdi amsk koumcfgitg sgiskhcgs m gccd, smcvd cms pmrtgs ùrms `g su gsqugcgtd, sk cd tkgig‖8>;. Pmfpdad gvdam iuiam gc tmatd adfd tmc. ^dr gxtrmýd qug pmrgzam, amhg trmtmr `g cds sgitk`ds ski idfhrmr idfhrmr gc tmat tmatd. d. [ gsg skcgia skcgiakd kd gvk`giak gvk`giakmm cm eugitg `g cms prkiakpmcgs `k﬍auctm`gs. Xgsk`g gi cm uikvgrsmck`m` `gc tmatd, qug pug`g gitgi`grsg sgoúi vmrkms magpakdigs. Mpmrgitgfgitg, gsm uikvgrsmck`m` pug`g bmagr `gc tmatd, id gc prkfgrd `g cds akiad sgitk`ds, skid ui sgitk`d adfúi mvmit cm cgttrg, ui sgitk`d adfúi qug gs adfúi `g edrfm `kstkitm m mqugccd qug Mrkstñtgcgs ccmfmrí adi gsg idfhrg, ui sgitk`d qug, gi aumcqukgr amsd, sg dpdig m cds dtrds aumtrd y id pug`g sgr pgi8>5. MCGJMI@XD @G MEXD@KQKM, @g mikfm ckhgr auf fmitkssm, g`. K. Hruis, Hgrcæi, =22?, p. 75. Adfd rgspgatd m cds `gfís adfgitmrkstms adfgitmrkstms orkgods, trmùakfds. 8>?. Pkfëg, 57 h 0-7: ldkim tdu sdfmtds pmitds pmtbgfmtm \trm`. amstgccmim: Pkfgd, gi @kícdods, vdc. UK, Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;;8V< ae. 50 m 8-1: tdi ldkidi pgrk bdcdi td sdfm pmtbgfmtdi. Hkgi sgýmcm`d pdr X. QDXMHJK, –Mrkstdtcg di `gfmramtkio tbg ﬍vg sgisgs‖, ki Mrtkacgs di Mrkstdtcg (adc.), 0, Cdi`rgs, =;?;, p.`gs 22-2;. mimcytkqug adiimkssmiags pdsktkvgs `g c‛bdffg , ^mræs, =;22, p. =2>. 8>2.t. Qystâfg 8>;. K`., p. =20. Gs `kstkitm `gc –sgitkfkgitd kitgrkdr‖, ae. p. =;=.

==8

sm`d sgoúi gc fksfd fd`gcd. Gc tmatd pug`g sgr ccmfm`d uikvgrsmc sgoúi trgs magpakdigs. Gs uikvgrsmc, gi prkfgr cuomr, gi gc sgitk`d `g qug gs adfúi m td`ds cds vkvkgitgs mikfm`ds, sgmi aumcgs sgmi< cd qug id gs gc amsd gi cds `gfís sgitk`ds. `gc tmatd, Mrkstñtgcgs iuiam `g vkstm vgrsmck`m`Prmtmi`d y sus `gsarkpakdigs id prgtgi`gi sgr pkgr`g sñcd víck`ms pmrmgsm gc uiktmatd bufmid. Gs uikvgrsmc tmfhkëi gi gc sgitk`d `g qug cm pdtgiakm tíatkc, m `kegrgiakm `g cms `gfís pdtgiakms sgisdrkmcgs, id sg rgstrkiog m uim pmrtg `gtgrfkim`m `gc augrpd, skid qug sg gxtkgi`g amsk m td`d gc augrpd8=>, gi aumcqukgr amsd m td`m cm amrig. Cd aumc id prgjuzom cm rgsdcuakñi `g cm prgouitm mrkstdtëckam magram `g sk cm amrig gs prdpkmfgitg gc ñromid d sñcd fg`kd `gc tmatd, skgi`d gc ñromid, gitdiags, kitgrkdr. Cm `kegrgiakm `g gxpckamakñi id megatm m cm fmydr pmrtg `g cms `gsarkpakdigs mrkstdtëckams. ûgs, kiacusd sk sñcd adistktuygsg ui fg`kd, gs cm amrig æitgorm id uim `g cms sus`gfís pmrtgs,pmrtgs cd qug`gc pdi`ræm jugod gc matd `g tdamr. Mbdrm, yhkgi, td`ms augrpdgi‐bugsds, tgi`digs, amhgccds, gta.‐ gxkstgi adi fkrms m cm amrig< pdr tmitd, adi fkrms mc tmatd qug mquëccm gegatúm (adfd ñromid) d bmag pdskhcg (adfd fg`kd) m trmvës `g gccm fksfm gi su adijuitd 8==. M gsms `ds prkfg prkfgrms rms uikvgrs uikvgrsmck`m`g mck`m`gss sg mým`g uim tgragr tgragrm, m, `gc cm`d `gc dhjgtd. Cms aumck`m`gs tíatkcgs, gi gegatd, id sdi aumck`m`gs adrpdrmcgs gitrg dtrms y gi gc fksfd pcmid qug cms `gfís< sdi adistktutkvms adistktutk vms `g cm adrpdrgk`m` adfd tmc. Mc koumc qug gc tërfkid mcgfíi Ogeóbc skoik﬍am m cm vgz cm sgiskhkck`m` gi ogigrmc y gc tmatd, pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs sgiskhcg y

tmiokhcg sdi skiñikfds: –Husamfds cds prkiakpkds `gc augrpd sgiskhcg, 8=8 gs `gakr, `g cd tmiokhcg‖ . Cd tmiokhcg gs cd sgiskhcg pdr gxagcgiakm, pugs td`ds cms rgstmitgs aumck`m`gs prgsupdigi mquëccm. ^dr gccd gc @g mikfm m﬍rfm qug –cms `kegrgiakms `gc augrpd gi tmitd qug augrpd ( tdu sdfmtds bg sdfm)‖ adistktuygi cd tmiokhcg8=1< cd gxpckam gc @g ogigrmtkdig gt adrruptkdig: –Gs gvk`gitg qug id td`ms cms dpdskakdigs prdpdr8=>. Qabg`di `km pmitds tdu sdfmtds, `kag MCGJMI@XD @G MEXD@KQKM, dp. akt., p. 78< m﬍rfmakñi qug sgrí kiagsmitgfgitg rgtdfm`m. 8==. Ae. @g ogigrmtkdig mikfmckuf, KK, 5, g`. Cduks, ^mræs, =;5=, p. 21< y @g pmrtkhus mikfmckuf8=8. , KK, @g 2, g`. Cduks, ^mræs, =;75, p. 08. ogigrmtkdig gt adrruptkdig , KK, 8, 18; h 5-?. 8=1. @g mikfm, KK, ==, 081 h 85-8?.

==1

akdimi cds oëigrds y prkiakpkds `gc augrpd, skid sñcd cms dpdskakdigs qug sg rg﬍grgi mc sgitk`d `gc tmatd‖8=0. Gc tmatd ids mhrg y ids `gvugcvg m cms aumck`m`gs eui`mfgitmcgs y adistktutkvms `g aumcqukgr augrpd adfd tmc. Gc sgitk`d eui`mfgitmc gs tmfhkëi gc sgitk`d `g cd eui`mfgitmc, `g 8=7 mqugccd m cd qug td`dkiskstg pug`gsdhrg rgùakrsg gi cm imturmcgzm. gxpckam Jumi Ekcdpñi , qug gsm uikvgrsmck`m` `g cdAdfd tmiokhcg, bmy augrpds kisæpk`ds, kiadcdrds d kid`drds, pgrd aumcqukgr augrpd adfd tmc gstí adistktuk`d pdr cms aumck`m`gs tíatkcgs eui`mfgitmcgs `g cd amckgitg y cd eræd, `g cd sgad y cd búfg`d. Mrkstñtgcgs bmhræm pd`k`d prdiuiakmr cm euturm ermsg `g Cmoigmu: –Gc tmatd gs gc sgitk`d ﬍cdsñ﬍ad, gs `gakr, gc sgitk`d `g cm rgmck`m`‖8=5. Fg`kmitg gc tmatd, cm vk`m adfd tmc, sgoúi su tdtmck`m`, sg mhrg m cms `kfgiskdigs adistktutkvms `g cm adrpdrgk`m` adfd tmc. [ cm amrig, muiqu muiqugg id sgm fís qug uim pmrtg `g iugstrd augrpd, ids `m maagsd, gi cm fgidr sgismakñi, m cd qug eui`m aumcqukgr augr-

bg sdfm pd Mbdrm sgiskhcg, mc sdfm . trgs magpakdigs sgoúi cms aumcgs gc tmatd hkgi, am`m uim `g cms pug`g sgr ccmfm`d uikvgrsmc gstí gi gc drkogi `g `k﬍auctm`gs `k﬍auc tm`gs y tgiskdigs, y cm fg`ktmakñi qug sdhrg ëc prdpdig Mrkstñtgcgs cms bmag surokr adi fmydr mou`gzm múi. Gc tmatd gs gc úikad sgitk`d qug pgrtgigag m td`ds cds vkvkgitgs mikfm`ds, pgrd mc fksfd tkgfpd Mrkstñtgcgs prdacmfm su gxagcgiakm y supgrkdrk`m` gi gc bdfhrg: gc bdfhrg gs ui sgr tíatkc, su prdpkd bufmik`m` `gpgi`g `g gccd. Adfd fuy hkgi `kag Xëfk Hrmoug: –Gc bdfhrg gs gc mikfmc qug pdsgg gi sufd orm`d gc sgitk`d s gitk`d qug gs gi sufd orm`d adfúi m td`ds cds mikfmcgs. mi kfmcgs. Qu cuomr gi cm aufhrg `g cm gsamcm `g `g

cds vkvkgitgs dhg`gag m uim rgmckzmakñi fís pgregatm `g cd qug pdsgg 8=? am`m vkvkgitg gi tmitd qug vkvkgitg‖ . Áñfd `gsarkhkr y añfd gspgak﬍amr gsm gxagcgiakm `gc tmatd bufmid4 Cm fmid, prdpkm `gc bdfhrg, vkgig imturmcfgitg m cm fgitg gi vkrtu` `g su gxtrgfm sgiskhkck`m` tíatkc y su pd`gr `g `ksarkfkimakñi y gxpcdrmakñi, bmstm gc puitd `g qug mcouids pgism`drgs cm adivkgrtgi gi gc ñromid prkvkcgokm`d `gc tmatd. Pmi-

8=0. KK, 8, 18; h ;-=>, g`. aktm`m, p. 0?. Mrkstdtgcks `g Mik Mikfm fm ckhr ckhrds ds adffgitmrkm, g`. Bmyùal, Hgrcæi, =2;?, p. 8=7. Jumi EKCD^ÑI, Ki Mrkstdtgcks 010.8=5. Aëcâhrg Aëcâhrgss cgïdis gt ermofgits, ^mræs, =;50, p. 8>2. 8=?. Mrkstdtg gt cm qugstkdi ù fdi`g, ^mræs, =;22, p. 85>-85=.

==0

td fís vkgig m cm fgitg aumitd qug Mrkstñtgcgs fg`ktñ gc sgr `g cm fmid gi píokims kidcvk`mhcgs. Xgsuctm edrzdsd adistmtmr, id dhstmitg, qug Mrkstñtgcgs id pdig `krgatm y gxprgsmfgitg gi rgcmakñi cm pgregaakñi `g cm fmid bufmim y cm pgregaakñi `gc tmatd bufmid. Aumi`d Mrkstñtgcgs `gsarkhg gc tgcgdcñokam tmatd ‐akgrtmfgitg gi td`ds cds adipmrtkuim drkgitmakñi bmakm gc bdfhrg‐, id vkvkgitgs, adiag`g uipgrd pmpgc aucmr m cm fmid: msæ, id sg cm idfhrm ik uim sdcm vgz gi gc cmrod ampætucd == `gc ckhrd KK `gc @g mikfm, gc fís adfpcgtd adismorm`d mc tmatd. [, [, aumi`d `gsarkhg cm fmid bufmim, adfd gi gc trmtm`d @g pmrtkhus mikfmckuf8=2, sñcd gvdam su euiakñi tíatkc, ski qug sgmi prdiuiakm`ms uim sdcm vgz cms `kvgrsms pmcmhrms orkgoms qug skoik﬍ami gc tmatd. ´Qgrí pdrqug Mrkstñtgcgs, tgikgi`d prgsgitg gi su pgismfkgitd `gc tmatd úikamfgitg cm amrig gi su kitgork`m`, sg igomræm m gvdamr cm euiakñi tíatkc `g uim pmrtg `gtgrfkim`m4 Id, `m`d qug vugcvg vmrkms vgags 8=;

sdhrg gc sgm, tmatdrgspgatd ckioumc m cmy `g justk﬍am pdrfgidrkzm`mfmitg qug cmbmptkldcgioum bufmim cds `gfís vkvkgitgs, cm fís tíatkc, tmtg, ki`kaíi`dcd adfd ui mroufgitd gi emvdr `g cm sgiskhkck`m` supgrkdr `gc bdfhrg. ]ug gc tmatd ckioumc sgm fís gvdam`d qug gc tmatd fmiumc, prgaksmfgitg aumi`d sg trmtm `g `gsarkhkr mqugccd gi qug gc tmatd bufmid supgrm mc `g cds `gfís mikfmcgs, id `gjm `g rgsuctmr sdrprgi`gitg y `gsadiagrtmitg. ^mrm Mrkstñtgcgs, cm fmid gs cm fmid prgiskc, cm fmid qug adog, mprkgtm y sujgtm, y, pdr tmitd, cm fmid vmaæm d vmamitg, cm fmid qug pug`g adivgrtkrsg gi td`d pdrqug id gs im`m, gi cd qug sg msgfgjm mc mcfm88>. Ñromid `g ñromids, y id ñromid `gc tmatd: su pd`gr `g `kegrgiakmakñi y gxpcdrmakñi `g cms aumck`m`gs tíatkcgs id gs gvdam`d gxprgsmfgitg. Qk, gi mrms `g cm acmrk`m`, sg `gak`g ccmfmr `koktmakñi m cm ﬍iurm y gxagcgiakm tíatkcgs `g cm fmid, gc pgismfkgitd `g Mrkstñtgcgs gs ui miícksks `gc tmatd qug iuiam bmag rgegrgiakm gxpcæaktm m cm `koktmakñi. ^dr gc aditrmrkd, Lmit gsarkhkrí: –Gc sgitk`d `gc tmatd (Hgtmstuio) rgsk`g gi cds gxtrgfds `g cds `g`ds y gi cms pmpkcms igrvkdsms qug mccæ sg giaugitrmi \… V ^mrgag qug cm imturmcgzm sñcd bmym adiag`k`d gstg ñrom8=2. KU, =>. 8=;. Ae. @g mikfm, KK, => y KK, ==, 081 m =? sq. 88>. @g mikfm, KKK, 2. Mitbrdpdcdokg pdcdokg ù pdkit `g vug prmofmtkqug, § =?, trm`. Eduamuct, ^mræs, =;?>, p. 1? \trm`. 88=. Mitbrd Mitrdpdcdoæm cdoæm, Fm`rk`, Mckmizm G`ktdrkmc, =;;=V. Mlm`gfkg Musomhg, UKK, p. =70. amstgccmim: Mitrdpd

==7

id mc bdfhrg‖88=. Áñfd gitgi`gr gsg skcgiakd sdhrg cm `koktmakñi4 ´Bmy qug tdfmr cm pmcmhrm gi cuomr `g Mrkstñtgcgs, adfd sk sg trmtmsg `g uim cmouim qug ëc bmhræm dcvk`m`d adcfmr4 Gi akgrtm fg`k`m cd bmag Omcgid rgtdfmi`d cm `datrkim y pgregaakñi `g cm pkgc bufmim, pgrd mým`kgi`dmrkstdtëckam qug cm pkgc`g`gcmcm ﬍iurm fmid cm `kspdig skioucmrfgitg m cm gxagcgiakm `g su `koktmakñi888. ´D bmy qug tdfmr idtm `g gsg skcgiakd adfd amrom`d `g uim skoik﬍amakñi ﬍cdsñ﬍am adisk`grmhcg, kivktmi`d m pgismr, gi ui sgitk`d múi pdr prgaksmr, ui tmatd ski ñromid4 Adfdqukgrm qug sgm, sk sg kitgitm gspgak﬍amr cm gxagcgiakm `gc tmatd bufmid fg`kmitg cm `koktmakñi, fg`kmitg uim pdskhkck`m` qug úikamfgitg gc bdfhrg pdsgg, íd sg vgrí uid ccgvm`d m pgr`gr uid `g cds dtrds sgitk`ds `g cm uikvgrsmck`m`, cm `g cm amrig4 Áñfd gitgi`gr, m`gfís, qug gc sgitk`d fís adfúi sgm `krgatmfgitg rgcmakdim`d adi cm kitgckogiakm bufmim, aumi`d susCm pcmagrgs ‐gi cm Ëtkam ‐ pmrgagi hgstkmcgs4 sgoui`m magpakñi `gmcmIkañfmad uikvgrsmck`m` tmfhkëi pcmitgm kitgrrdomitgs. Áñfd pgismr ui sgitk`d prgsgitg gi td`m cm amrig, ui sgitk`d ski ñromid kifg`kmtmfgitg mskoimhcg4 ´Bmy uim `kegrgiakm egidfgidcñokam rgmc gitrg `gakr qug gc tmatd amrgag `g ñromid y `gakr, adfd mamhm `g bmagr Mrkstñtgcgs, qug su ñromid prdpkd, sktum`d gi gc kitgrkdr `gc augrpd, skgfprg sg ids dauctm, `mi`d, pdr cd `gfís, fuy pdams prgakskdigs magram `g ëc y su dromikak`m`4 ´ûg`g fmitgigrsg gc tmatd adfd ui sgitk`d `g﬍ik`d, `gc fksfd dr`gi qug cds `gfís, muiqug eugsg gc prkfgrd, aumi`d pmrgag adieui`krsg adi cm sgiskhkck`m` ogigrmc `g cm amrig4 ´[ añfd pgismr ëstm4 ´Mamsd m trmvës `gc tmatd, qug adistktuyg cm vk`m mikfmc, gs cm amrig adi﬍m`m m sæ fksfm y pug`g sgitkrsg m sæ fksfm4 ´Gxkstg uim aditkiuk`m` gitrg gc adiagptd mrkstdtëckad y gc adiagptd aditgfpdríigd `g amrig, qug kiskstg sdhrg su amsk-rg﬈gxkvk`m`, d, pdr gc aditrmrkd, bmy qug sgpmrmrcds rm`kamcfgitg4 Gc tmatd gs gc cuomr `g gsm prgouitm `gakskvm. Cm tgragrm magpakñi `g cm uikvgrsmck`m` adfpdrtm koumcfgitg sus `k﬍auctm`gs. ^cmitgm cm augstkñi `gc dhjgtd prdpkd `gc tmatd, y su uik`m`, tgfpgrmfgitks 888.`gOMCGID, , g`. Bgcfrgkab,cmCgkpzko, =;>0,gsp. ui 10-17. Omcgid kiskstgfg`kd gi gc bgabd qug cm pkgc @g bufmim, y fuy pmrtkaucmrfgitg `g cm fmid, pgregatd tërfkid gi gc dr`gi `g cd amckgitg y cd eræd, y `g cd ùrd y cd hcmi`d.

==5

pgrd tmfhkëi cm `g smhgr añfd pd`gfds amptmr gsms `kfgiskdigs `g cm adrpdrgk`m` gstmi`d idsdtrds fksfds mtrmpm`ds gi gccms. Gc prdpkd ñromid `gc tmatd ‐sgm aumc sgm, y sk gsg tërfkid gs rgmcfgitg m`gaum`d‐ gs adrpdrmc y pmrtkakpm gi cd qug pgrakhg881. Im`m bm amfhkm`d m gstg rgspgatd gc bgabd `g qugamrig gsg ñromid sgm cm gi su d ui ñromidpdr kitgrid. Iugstrm sg kisarkhg giamrig cm amrig `gckitgork`m` fui`d, adfd `krí Fgrcgmu-^dity< sg mpd`grmi uim `g dtrm, cd qug `kegrgiakm rm`kamcfgitg mc tmatd `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds. Qmitd Pdfís `g Mqukid suhrmyñ kitgismfgitg gsm `kegrgiakm fís `g uim vgz: –Gc ñromid `g ui sgitk`d id `ghg pdsggr gi matd cds aditrmrkds, `g cds qug gc sgitk`d tkgig pgragpakñi, skid gstmr gi pdtgiakm `g gccds, pmrm qug pug`m rgakhkrcds, pugs cd qug rgakhg `ghg gstmr `gsprdvkstd (`giu`mtuf) `g cd rgakhk`d‖. Gc dæ`d id tkgig sdik`d, ik cm vkstm adcdr, ik cm cgioum smhdr, y sñcd msæ pug`gi amptmr td`ds cds sdik`ds, td`ds cds adcdrgs, td`ds cds smhdrgs. ^grd cm adsm amfhkm adi gc tmatd: prdpkdyñromid sgr amckgitg`gdaumceræd, sgad d búfg`d, pugstd qug gs su adrpdrmc ësms sdi sd`ghg i cms aumck`m`gs qukgr augrpd880. Id gs vmaæd `g aumck`m`gs skid tërfkid fg`kd gitrg cms aumck`m`gs. Msæ pugs, cm uikvgrsmck`m` `g mqugccd m cd qug gc tmatd ids mhrg supdig, pdr su pmrtg, uim kifgrskñi gi cms prdpkms aumck`m`gs qug pgrakhg. Áñfd gs pdskhcg4 Mbdrm adivkgig mhdr`mr cms `kvgrsms `k﬍auctm`gs, pdr cd `gfís sdck`mrkms uims `g dtrms. Gc tmatd gs gc fís adfúi `g td`ds cds sgitk`ds gi rmzñi `g su amríatgr prkfdr`kmc pmrm cm vk`m. Cd qug cd `kstkioug `g cds `gfís, adfd sgýmcm Mrkstñtgcgs, gs qug id ids gs `m`d gi euiakñi `gc hkgigstmr, skid gi euiakñi `gc sgr (tdu gkimk bgiglm), mhsdcutmfgitg bmhcmi`d887. Adi cm gvdamakñi `g gstm tgsks, y gstm dpdskakñi, sg akgrrm gc @g mikfm. Pd`mvæm rgacmfmi uim adfprgiskñi m`gaum`m. Adiakgrigi m cm ﬍imck`m` fksfm `gc tmatd y bmi `g gstmr skgfprg prgsgitgs adfd bdrkzditg `g su gcuak`makñi, bmakgi`d `g ëc pgrpgtum adi`kakñi `g cm vk`m y cds matds `g cm vk`m. Cd aumc id skoik﬍am qug gc tmatd sñcd sgm cm adi`kakñi igutrm, ki`kegrgitg y id megatkvm `gc hkgigstmr: bmy pcmagrgs tíatkcgs y su mcamiag 881. Ae. XD@KGX, dp. akt., p. 11=. 880. Qmitd @G M]WKID, ]uåstkdigs `ksputmtå, @g mikfm, q. ui., mrt. 2, g`. Fmrkgttk, Puræi, =;0;,PDFÍQ t. KK, p. 1=>. 887. @g mikfm, KKK, =1, 017 h =? sq. Ae. sdhrg gstm dpdskakñi KK, 2, 08> h =? sq.

==?

gs tmitd fmydr aumitd qug pdigi gi jugod iugstrm amrig gi su kitgork`m`, qug id sdi, gi aumitd m cds fgjdrgs `g gitrg gccds, pcmagrgs cdamcgs d rgokdimcgs y, pdr tmitd, qug sdi gc prdpkd kiargfgitd `gc matd `g vkvkr gi ui augrpd. @m`d qug gc tmatd adistktuyg adis tktuyg cm vk`m mikfmc, gc prkfgr matd `g gsm vk`msugsmatd tíatkc, mcgoræm `g ‐skfpcgfgitg `g gstmr adiAumcvk`m y rgmckzmr d ysuscm matds‐ gs,sgr prkfgrmfgitg, mcgoræm tíatkc. qukgr hkgigstmr uctgrkdr sg g`k﬍amrí sdhrg gsg prkfgr matd y sdhrg gsm prkfgrm mcgoræm, y cds supdi`rí skgfprg adfd mqugccd qug cd bmag pdskhcg. ^dr dtrd cm`d, qug cds `gfís sgitk`ds ids i ds sgmi `m`ds gi euiakñi `gc hkgigstmr skoik﬍am qug id sdi adi`kakñi igagsmrkm `g cm vk`m mikfmc adfd tmc, qug amhg sgoukr adi vk`m gstmi`d prkvm`d `g gccds, pgrd id qug id tgiomi euiakdigs prdtgatdrms y `gegiskvms pmrm cm prdpkm vk`m y su prgsgrvmakñi. Qki gc tmatd, cm vk`m mikfmc id pug`g ik sgr ik pgrsgvgrmr gi gc sgr. Pmfhkëi gc tmatd gs sufmfgitg Gc sñcd ^m`rgpmrm Mi`rë `krí\mc qugfdgc tmatd `keui`g gc mcfm m trmvës `gckitgrgsm`d. augrpd, –id prgstmr vkfkgitd qug cd mcamizmV uim gstërkc mtgiakñi, skid pmrm pmrtkakpmr gi gc hkgi d gc fmc qug \cgV suag`g‖885. ^mrm Mrkstñtgcgs, fís múi qug kitgrgsm`d, gc tmatd adistktuyg cm adi`kakñi `g aumcqukgr kitgrës. Adi ëc, gi gegatd, muiqug eugsg iugstrd úikad sgitk`d, gstíi kifg`kmtmfgitg `m`ds cm megatkvk`m` y gc `gsgd: –Pd`ds cds mikfmcgs pdsggi uid `g cds sgitk`ds, gc tmatd, y gc qug pdsgg sgismakñi skgitg justmfgitg pdr gccd gc pcmagr y gc `dcdr, cd morm`mhcg y cd `dcdrdsd< cds sgrgs msæ `dtm`ds pdsggi tmfhkëi gc mpgtktd (gpktbyfæm), pugs ëstg gs gc `gsgd `g cd morm`mhcg (bg`gds ñrgxks)‖88?. Bmy882qug tgigr gi augitm m gstg rgspgatd qug gc ous oustd td gs uim gspgakg `g tmatd . Gc tmatd id adistmtm aumck`m`gs sgiskhcgs< amptm y skgitg kifg`kmtmfgitg su amríatgr útkc d idakvd, su rgcmakñi adi cm prgsgrvmakñi `g iugstrd sgr. Kisgpmrmhcg `g ëc, y adistktuygi`d su gsgiakm, gs su euiakñi idakagptkvm. Qk cms rgstmitgs pmrtgs `gc augrpd gxkstgi gi euiakñi `g cm amrig, sk cm amrig tdfm `gc mckfgitd –cm fmtgrkm fís purm‖, fkgitrms cms `gfís `ghgi aditgitmrsg adi cds rgstds y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, sdhrms `gc hmiqugtg `g pbkcdsdpbkqugs gs, ^mræs, =201, p. 8=1. 885. @ksadurs sur c‛uikdi `g c‛èfg gt ù adrps, Dguvrgs pbkcdsdpbkqu @g mikfm 88?. 1, 0=0. h 1 sq., trm`. Hmrhdtki, ae. KKK, == y =8. 882. K`., KKK, =8, yKK, pmsskf mikfmckuf, KK, 5, ?00 h =8-8?, g`. aktm`m, p. 28-21, adi cm adfpmrmakñi gi88;. @g ogigrmtkdig mikfmckuf

==2

cm vk`m88;, gs pmrm qug, bmakgi`d pdskhcg gc tmatd, msgourg cm prgsgrvmakñi `g iugstrd sgr. ^dad kfpdrtm gc amríatgr amùad `g cms gxpckamakdigs ﬍skdcñokams `g Mrkstñtgcgs, pugstd qug cm euiakñi idakagptkvm `gc matd, acmrmfgitg m﬍rfm`m, skrvg `g bkcd adiùatdr. ^rm`kigs `kag m`fkrmhcg81> iugstrd gspæ fgitg: –Pd`d –Pd`d `g iu iugstrm gstrm `g pm`gagr m `kstmiakm‖ , hmsmi`dgspærktu girktu gccdprdvkgig cds prkvkcgokds `gc ampmak`m` tmatd. Gc tmatd id gs prkfktkvd pdr sgr tdsad y úikamfgitg sgrvkr `g mskgitd m sgitk`ds supgrkdrgs, skid pdrqug gs, `g pmrtg m pmrtg, prkfdr`kmc pmrm cm vk`m. Pd`m vk`m sgiskhcg y sgisktkvm gs uim vk`m gi pgckord y id sgræm sgisktkvm sk id gstuvkgsg gi pgckord. Gc sgitkr id ids rgfktg m cm mutmrquæm `g uim vk`m qug sg skgitg m sæ fksfm y odzm `g sæ fksfm< mhrg gc gspmakd gi gc qug cm vk`m sg mvgiturm y sg mrrkgsom, vkgig m sgr cm fg`k`m `g cms mfgimzms. Cm mpmrkakñi `g cds sgiskhcgs mitg iugstrds sgitk`ds id pug`g sgpmrmrsg `g uim gxpdskakñi `g iugstrd sgr y iugstrm vk`m mc pgckord. Wi

augrpd id tgi`ræm tgi`ræ m ikiouim igagsk`m` `g sgitkr. bmy sgismakñi kiadrruptkhcg ski kisgourk`m`. Adi su pgigtrmakñi bmhktumc, QmitdIdPdfís `g Mqukid pdig adi vkvgzm gc magitd gi gsg pgismfkgitd gi su adfgitmrkd mc @g mikfm, adi damskñi `g ui `gsmrrdccd sdhrg cds augrpds agcgstgs sgoúi Mrkstñtgcgs81=. @g maugr`d adi cms pgrspgatkvms `g cm tgdcdoæm mstrmc, sg supdig qug ëstds gstíi prdvkstds `g ui mcfm kitgcgatkvm: sdi ‐adfd idsdtrds‐ vkvkgitgs, pgrd vkvkgitgs kiadrruptkhcgs. ki adrruptkhcgs. ^grd amrgagi `g sgismakdigs. –Gi gegatd, ui augrpd agcgstg id pd`ræm sgr fgjdr adisgrvm`d gi gc sgr m amusm `gc sgitk`d< `m`d qug id cg gs pdskhcg sgr adrrdfpk`d, id igagsktm `gc sgitk`d pmrm gvktmr cds mogitgs `g adrrupakñi‖. Wi vkvkgitg auym sgiskhkck`m` id tuvkgrm ik euiakñi vktmc ik euiakñi kitgcgatumc gstmræm, gi vkrtu` `gc prdpkd dr`gi `g cm imturmcgzm, `gsprdvkstd `g mquëccm. Gc amríatgr pmrm idsdtrds ﬍atkakd `gc gjgfpcd gi im`m `ksfkiuyg su vmck`gz gk`ëtkam. Gc tmatd, pdr tmitd, id sñcd sgýmcm cm mpmrkakñi `gc mikfmc, skid, `g mitgfmid, gc amríatgr mrrkgsom`d `g ` g su vk`m. Qñcd pug`g tgigr qug prgsgrvmrsg uim vk`m gxpugstm `g pmrtg m pmrtg mc pgckord. Gc tmatd cd pdig `g fmik﬍gstd múi fgjdr qug cds `gfís sgitk`ds, pugs gs gc trg gc dromiksfd y uim adcgatkvk`m` `dfëstkam: cm amrig gs mskfkcm`m m cds bdfhrgs ckhrgs, gi dpdskakñi m cds skrvkgitgs y cds mikfmcgs. Adivkgig, pmrm dtrms augstkdigs, rgadr`mrcd. dp. akt., p. ==. 81>. ^XM@KIGQ, Mrkstdtgcks ckhruf ckhruf `g Mikfm adffgi adffgitmrkuf tmrkuf, g`. Fmrkgttk, Purki, =;7;, § 278, 275 y 27?. 81=. Ki 818. @g mikfm, KK, 1, 0=0 h ?.

==;

–sgitk`d `gc mckfgitd‖818 y mqugc auym `gstruaakñi supdig cm `gstruaakñi `g td`d gc dromiksfd, mqugc auym gxpdskakñi gs cm `gc vkvkgitg gi su tdtmck`m`: gi ëc iugstrm prdpkm vk`m sg mrrkgsom y sg mrrkgsom pdr td`ms pmrtgs, pugs td`m iugstrm amrig gs tíatkc. M gsg `gstkid d vktmc rgspd rgspdi`g i`gpmrtkakpmakñi uim `keg `kegrgiakm rgiakm, ym ki`kam`m, ki`kam`m , `gc ergitg m cds`gstki `gfís sgitk`ds: su gi ,mqugccd fksfd qugtmatd pgrakhg. Cm amrig gs –gc fís adrpdrmc `g cds ñromids sgisdrkmcgs‖ 811. ^dsgg, pugs, cms aumck`m`gs `g aumcqukgr augrpd: cd amckgitg y cd eræd< cd sgad y cd búfg`d. Pd`ds cds sgitk`ds sdi, gi pdtgiakm, cds sgiskhcgs, pgrd gc tmatd tkgig su prdpkd fd`d `g sgrcd< gs ui tërfkid fg`kd 810. Id sgr ik uid ik dtrd `g cds dpugstds id skoik﬍am igagsmrkmfgitg gstmr gi uim pdskakñi kitgrfg`km. Adfd `kag Jumi Ekcdpñi, cd kiadcdrd id gs gc fg`kd gitrg gc hcmiad y gc igord 817. Gc ñromid `g cm vkstm gs, gi pdtgiakm, td`ds cds adcdrgs pdr sgr kiadcdrd< gc dcemtd amrgag `g dcdr. ^grd gc prdpkd ñromid `gc tmatd gstí815kifgrsd tmiokhcg,Gcyfg`kd id bmyqug tmiokhcg sgm ik amckgitg ik eræd , ik sgadgi ik cd búfg`d. sdfdsqug gs id cm fg`k`m `g cds gxtrgfds< cds `ksakgrig y cds `kegrgiakm: cd amckgitg gstí skgfprg fís amckgitg qug idsdtrds, cd eræd fís eræd qug iugstrm amrig< y msæ rgspgatd m cd ùrd y cd hcmi`d81?. Cd sgfgjmitg m idsdtrds id gs pgrakhk`d< sñcd sgitkfds cd qug ids gxag`g. Gc tmatd gs gc sgitk`d `g cm bkpërhdcg: iugstrms prdpkms aumck`m`gs, qug id sdi pgrakhk`ms adfd tmcgs, skrvgi `g fg`k`m m cd qug id gs idsdtrds. Múi gs prgaksd sgýmcmr qug im`m `g gstm `gsarkpakñi sg vg megatm`d pdr cms tgsks gxpckamtkvms qug bmagi `g cm amrig d hkgi gc prdpkd ñromid, d hkgi gc skfpcg fg`kd `gc tmatd: sk gc ñromid gs kitgrkdr, id pdr gccd gs fgids adrpdrmc, y, sk cm amrig gs sñcd fg`kd, gc pmpgc `g ëstg úctkfd id gs trmisfktkr mc ñromid sus aumck`m`gs prdpkms, skid cms `g cds sgiskhcgs gxtgrkdrgs. Gc augrpd tkgig akgrtm tgfpgrmturm, pgrd id gstí `m`m pmrm sæ fksfm< gs cd qug fk`g fk `g cms `gfís, cd qug Fgrcgmu-^dity ccm811. @g pmrtkhus mikfmckuf, KK, =, 50? m 8>-8=< ae. KK, 2, 571 h 8;-1>. 810. @g mikfm, KK, ==, 080 m 0 sqq. 817. Jumi EKCD^ÑI, dp. akt., p. 017. 815. Cm m﬍rfmakñi `g @g mikfm, KK, ==, 080 m => id `ghg tdfmrsg cktgrmcfgitg. mikfm=;;5V. Fgtgdrdcñokads ñokads, KU, 0, 128 m =?-8= \trm`. amstgccmim: Fgtgdrd Fgtgdrdcñokads cñokads, 81?. @g , KK, ==, y Fgtgdrdc Fm`rk`, Org`ds, 812. FGXCGMW-^DIP[, dp. akt., p. =0> y 801< gi rgcmakñi m cm prdpkm gxprgskñi, ae. p. 1=1.

=8>

fmrí ui –mquæ `kfgiskdimc‖812. Gi tmitd qug tërfkid fg`kd qug fk`g, cm amrig rgprgsgitm ui kitmiokhcg gi gc prdpkd tmatd: id fg gxpgrkfgitd m fæ fksfd ik amckgitg ik eræd, gxagptd gi amsds `g mctgrmakñi y giegrfg`m`. Cms aumck`m`gs mhsdcutms sdi mc fksfd tkgfpd cms aumck`m`gs rgcmtkvms m iugstrm ùrd amrig:d hcmi`d trms bmhgr `kstkiouk`d gigsuigiprkfgr fdfgitd cd mhsdcutmfgitg `g cd qug sñcd cd rgcmakñi m iugstrm amrig, Mrkstñtgcgs cds k`gitk﬍am trmtíi`dsg `g cm sgismakñi bufmim81;. Cds `gfís ñromids `g cds sgitk`ds id gstíi kifgrsds gi gc dr`gi `gc qug sdi kistrufgitds `g fg`k`m y `ksarkfkimakñi, adfd rgktgrm Mcgjmi`rd `g Merd`kskm80>. [ Qmitd Pdfís Pdfís rgcmakdim vmrkms vgags cm adfpcgxkñi fg`km `gc bdfhrg adi cm pgregaakñi `g su tmatd 80=. Adfd gi cm ëtkam, gc tërfkid fg`kd rgprgsgitm mquæ uim gxagcgiakm. Gsm amrmatgræstkam `gc tmatd gs fuy justmfgitg rgfktk`m pdr Mcgjmi`rd `g Merd`kskm d Jumi Ekcdpñi m su igagsk`m` vktmc. Mitkakpm gi akgrtds mspgatds cm idakñi `g –amrig úctkfd Fgrcgmu-^dity, gxagptd giadfd cm `kegrgiakm `gakskvm`gc qugfui`d‖ sgpmrm `gc m Fgrcgmu-^dity tmitd `g Mrkstñtgcgs `g Bussgrc. ^mrm Mrkstñtgcgs, gsm kivmskñi `gc tmatd sdhrg gc fui`d y `gc fui`d sdhrg ëc ‐su mpgrturm m cms aumck`m`gs `g cms adsms pdr cm pmrm`ñjkam pdsgskñi `g akgrtm aumck`m` qug cg skrvg `g fg`k`m‐ id gs gc fd`gcd `g td`m sgisdrkmck`m`, skid cd prdpkd `gc tmatd. Cm tgfpgrmturm `g fk augrpd fg pgrfktg sgitkr td`ms cms tgfpgrmturms, smcvd cm fæm prdpkm, fkgitrms qug cm fkrm`m sñcd pug`g adivgrtkrsg gi td`d pdrqug id gs im`m. Fgrcgmu-^dity id agsm `g rgcmakdimr cd fís pdskhcg gc vgr y gc tdamr: –ûgstd qug cm vkskñi gs pmcpmakñi m trmvës `g cm fkrm`m, gs prgaksd qug tmfhkëi sg kisarkhm gi gc dr`gi `g sgr qug ids `gsvgcm‖ 808, y mtrkhuyg m mfhds uim aumsk-rg﬈gxkvk`m` adfpmrmhcg, qug Bussgrc sñcd adiag`æm mc tmatd801. Adfdqukgrm qug sgm, rgsuctm acmrd qug cm fmydr adrpdrgk`m` `gc Fgtgdrdcñokads cñokads, KU, 0, 128 m =0-8>. 81;. Fgtgdrd 80>. MCGJMI@XD, dp. akt., p. 7;. 80=. Qmitd PDFÍQ, Ki `g Mikfm adffgitmrkuf, § 027 y 702< ae. Ki Mrkstdtgcks ckhruf `g Qgisu gt sgismtd, g`. Fmrkgttk, Pur Puræi, æi, =;?1, § =8>. 808. Cg vkskhcg gt c‛kivkskhcg, p. =??. 801. Cg vkskhcg gt c‛kivkskhcg, p. 1>8-1>1: –Gc tdamrsg, vgrsg‖, –cm rg﬈gxkvk`m` `gc augrpd, gc bgabd `g qug sg tdqug tdami`d, sg vgm vkgi`d‖. Ae. aditrm BWQQGXC, K`ggi KK, § 1?: –Cd qug ccmfd

ui augrpd prdpkd vkstd id gs ui vk`gitg vkstd, tmc adfd ui augrpd gi tmitd qug augrpd tdam`d gs ui Xgabgrabgss pbëidfëidcdokqu pbëidfëidcdokqugs gs pdur cm adistktutkdi, ^mræs, =;28, tdamitg tdam`d‖ (trm`. Gsaduhms, Xgabgrabg p. 8==).

=8=

tmatd, cgjds `g vdcvgrcd kiegrkdr y `g﬍akgitg, eui`mfgitm, pdr gc aditrmrkd ‐gi tmitd qug m trmvës `g gccm sg adivkgrtg gi tërfkid fg`kd y fg`k`m‐ su prdpkm pgregaakñi. Qk gc tmatd `ksarkfkim gitrg cd útkc y cd pgrju`kakmc, sk dhg`gag `g pmrtg m pmrtg cm prgsgrvmakñi cm vk`m y id pug`g sgpmrmrsg gccm,fksfd gc sgr auyd tmatdm tgiom cm fmydr `g ﬍iurm y `ksagrikfkgitd sgrí pdr`ggccd gc qug fgjdr pd`rí prgsgrvmr su vk`m. [, pdr tmitd, pmrgag gc sgr fís sgourd y fgids gi pgckord, pugs sgrí gc fís prdtgok`d `gc pgckord. ^grd, pmrm qug gc tmatd sgm fís ﬍id, tmfhkëi sg prgaksm uim ui m fmydr gxpdskakñi. Gc sgr qug fgjdr sg prdtgog `gc pgckord bm `g sgr tmfhkëi gc fís prdeui`mfgitg gxpugstd. Ermokck`m` y sgiskhkck`m` idakagptkvm argagi juitms, adfd sk ^giæm y ^drds, cm pdhrgzm y gc rgaursd `gc fktd pcmtñikad, id `gjmsgi `g uikrsg gi cm adistktuakñi `g iugstrd augrpd. Cm `ghkck`m` pdsgg su eugrzm, pugs sg adivkgrtg gi rgaursd. Id amhg prdtgogrsg fgjdr qugCds gxpdikëi`dsg Gs gc sgitk`d cm `gsiu`gz bufmim. trmtm`ds `g fís. Mrkstñtgcgs sdhrg gc`gvkvkgitg gstmhcgagi qug –cm amrig `gc bdfhrg gs cm fís hcmi`m qug gxkstg‖ gxkst g‖ y qug –cm imturmcgzm `kd mc bdfhrg cm pkgc fís ﬍im gi prdpdrakñi m su tmfmýd‖800. Wim amrig tkgrim d hcmi`m gs uim amrig qug eíakcfgitg pug`g sgr mcamizm`m, adrtm`m, pgigtrm`m, bgrk`m. Wim pkgc gs tmitd fgids prdtgatdrm aumitd fís ﬍im. Cm hcmiùrm `g cm amrig y cm ﬍iurm `g cm pkgc mufgitmi gc pgckord pmrm idsdtrds. ^grd, pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs, sdi kifg`kmtmfgitg adi`kakñi adi`kak ñi `g uim fmydr sgiskhkck`m` m cm mfgimzm: kiargfgitmi cm ﬍iurm `gc tmatd y su pdtgiakm `kegrgiakmc y `ksarkfkim`drm. `k sarkfkim`drm. [ [,, gi gegatd, gs gi rgcmakñi adi gccms adfd Mrkstñtgcgs m﬍rfm, gi cds fksfds cuomrgs, cm pgregaakñi tíatkc `gc bdfhrg: cm hcmiùrm `g cm amrig bmag qug sgm –gc fís sgiskhcg `g cds mikfmcgs (mkstbgtkldtmtdi tdi zdkdi) gi cd qug adiakgrig m cm sgismakñi `gc tmatd‖, y cm ﬍iurm `g cm pkgc cd adivkgrtg gi –gc fís sgiskhcg ( gumkstbgtdi)‖ `g td`ds cds vkvkgitgs. Jumi Ekcdpñi gxpckamrí pgregatmfgitg m pmrtkr `g mbæ qug `gidfkigfds m cds kfhëakcgs pmquk`grfds, sgrgs `g pkgc orugsm, auym pkgc gs ui augrd807. Gi cm amrig fksfm `gc bdfhrg, cd qug 800. Xgspgatkvmfgit Xgspgatkvmfgitg, g, @g pmrtkhus mikfmckuf, KK, =5, 55> m ==-=8, y @g ogigrmtkdig mikfmckuf, U, 8, ?2= h 8=-88. Ae. U, 7, ?27 h ;-=>, g Bkstdkrg `gs mikfmux, KKK, ==, trm`. Prkadt, ^mræs, =;7?, t. K, p. =2; \trm`. amstgccmim: Bkstdrkm `g cds mikfmcgs, Pdrrgjñi `g Mr`dz, Mlmc, =;2;V. 807. Jumi EKCD^ÑI, dp. akt., p. 122.

=88

smcvm y cd qug gxpdig argagi prdpdrakdimcfgitg gc uid mc dtrd. Gc sgr fgjdr prgsgrvm`d `gc pgckord id gs gc qug buyg `g su pdskhkck`m` y adivkgrtg su prdpkd augrpd gi uim prdtgaakñi ﬍jm, adiabm d ampmrmzñi, skid gc qug fís sg gxpdig m ëc y, gxpdikëi`dsg m ëc, cd `ksakgrig y cd prgskgitg. Gc bdfhrg dhtkgig gxagcgiakm gc vkvkgitg fís ymrrkgsom`d, gc fís mvgiturm`d. [ gcsuqug mrrkgsom `g uimsgr vk`m fís gcgvm`m pgregapgregatm gs tmfhkëi gc qug fís mrrkgsom gi dtrd sgitk`d. Kitgrrdomrsg sdhrg cms rgcmakdigs gitrg cm amrig y cm kitgckogiakm vkgig m sgr prgouitmr sk gs gc pgckord gc qug sg vugcvg rgaursd d sk gc rgaursd rgqukgrg gc pgckord adfd gc úikad gspmakd gi gc qug pug`g `gspcgomrsg. Cms eñrfucms `g Mrkstñtgcgs vmi gi uid y dtrd sgitk`d sgoúi gc amsd, pgrd su dpdskakñi m Mimxíodrms sdhrg gc pmpgc `g cm fmid fugstrm adi acmrk`m` qug sñcd cm sgoui`m rgspugstm gstí gi adiedrfk`m` adi su pgismfkgitd: –Id gs pdr tgigr fmids pdr cd qug gc bdfhrg gs gc fís kitg805

ckogitg `g cds skid qug, pdr sgr gcsgoúi fís kitgckogitg, fmids‖ Gs idrfmc qugsgrgs, cm prgsgitmakñi `k﬍grm Mrkstñtgcgstkgig gstu`kg cm rgcm-. akñi gitrg cm kitgckogiakm bufmim y sus ñromids d cm rgcmakñi gitrg gc augrpd bufmid y gc `g cds `gfís mikfmcgs. Iufgrdsms píokims adivgrogi pmrm m﬍rfmr cm gxagcgiakm y cm supgrkdrk`m` `gc tmatd bufmid. Qupgrkdrk`m` `dhcg, pugstd qug, adfd hkgi `kag Xd`kgr80?, cm ﬍iurm `g iugstrd tmatd supgrm cm `g iugstrds `gfís sgitk`ds y supgrm koumcfgitg cm `gc tmatd `g cds `gfís vkvkgitgs. Gs gi rgcmakñi adi cm euiakñi tíatkc `g cm cgioum adfd gc trmtm`d `g cms pmrtgs `g cds mikfmcgs m﬍rfm qug gc bdfhrg gs gc fís sgisktkvd `g td`ds802. Cm Bkstdrkm `g cds mikfmcgs cd `kag acmrmfgitg: –Gc sgitk`d `gc tmatd gs, gi gc bdfhrg, gc fís `gckam`d (mlrkhgstmtg) `g td`ds cds sgitk`ds< gi sgoui`d cuomr vkgig gc oustd, pgrd, gi rgcmakñi m cds rgstmitgs sgitk`ds, cds mikfmcgs `gjmi mc bdfhrg sgisu cd adi﬍rfm: –Cm gspgakg smhdr gs fís acmfuy m cm zmom‖80;. Gc @g sgisu 805. @g pmrtkhus mikfmckuf, KU, =>, 52? m =?-=;. Qdhrg cm musgiakm `g aditrm`kaakñi gitrg cms `kvgrsms eñrfucms, ae. Okmiamrcd FDUKM, dp. akt., p. ?2. Gc ampætucd sg tktucm Pmttd g pgiskgrd ki ui pmssd `gc –@g Mikfm‖. M pgsmr `g su tætucd, gc gstu`k gstu`kdd `g Qtmicgy XDQGI, Pbduobt mi` Pduab. M Idtg di Mrkstdtcg‛ Mrkstdtcg‛ss @g Mikfm (ki @gfdistrmtkvgs, Dxedr` Xgm`kios ki ^bkcdsdpby, =;;>, p. =27 sqq.), id mhdr`m gstms augstkdigs. 80?. XD@KGX, dp.dsakt. , p.=?, 1>2. Gumkstbgtdtmtds 802. Gumkstbgtdtmt , KK, 55> m 8>-88. 80;. Dp. akt., K, =7< trm`. aktm`m, t. K, p. ;2.

=81

rm pmrm idsdtrds qug cm gspgakg gspgakg dcdr. dcdr. [ cm amusm gs qug aditmfds adi ui dcemtd fuy kiegrkdr mc `g cds `gfís mikfmcgs y adi ui tmatd fuy `gckam`d rgspgatd m gccds. Mbdrm hkgi, gc oustd gs uim gspgakg `g tmatd‖ 87>. Adfgitmi`d gsms ermsgs, Qmitd Pdfís Pdfís `g Mqukid pdig gi rgcmakñi cm adfpcgxkñi y tgfpcm`m `g cm amrig bufmim madi sgourk`m` `gc tmatd y adi cm fg`km kitgckogiakm: –Gc bdfhrg, gi rgcmakñi cdscm`gfís mikfmcgs, tkgig gc tmatd fís sgourd (agrtksskfuf) y, pdr adiskoukgitg, gc oustd, qug gs uim edrfm `gc tmatd. Gc skoid `g gccd gs qug gc bdfhrg gs fgids ampmz `g sdpdrtmr cm vkdcgiakm `gc amcdr y `gc eræd qug cds `gfís mikfmcgs: g kiacusd gitrg cds bdfhrgs sg gs tmitd fís kitgckogitg ( mptus fgitg) aumitd fgjdr gs gc tmatd `gc qug sg gstí prdvkstd‖ 87=. ¡Gxagcgiakm y ermokck`m`! ^dr úctkfd, gc @g mikfm tmfhkëi pcmitgm adi vkodr gsm prkfmaæm `gc tmatd: –Gi aumitd m cds `gfís sgitk`ds, gi gegatd, gc bdfhrg gs kiegrkdr m fuabds mikfmcgs, pgrd gi cd qug mtmýg mc tmatd sdhrgpmsm adi fuabd m td`ds gi mou`gzm. Pmfhkëi gs gcmfís kitgckogitg `g cdsgsmikfmcgs. ^rughm `g gccd gs qug, mtgikëi`dids cm gspgakg bufmim, gc ñromid `g gsg sgitk`d, y ikioúi dtrd, gc qug `kvk`g `kv k`g m cds ki`kvkùds gi hkgi y fmc `dtm`ds: cds qug tkgigi cm amrig ùrm gstíi fmc `dtm`ds kitgcgatumcfgitg, pgrd cds qug cm tkgigi hcmi`m gstíi hkgi `dtm`ds‖878. Pd`m cm augstkñi rgsk`g gi gitgi`gr ﬍cdsñ﬍amf ﬍cdsñ﬍amfgitg gitg gsms m﬍rfmakdigs. Cm `ksauskñi gfpærkam magram `g cm fmydr d fgidr mou`gzm `g tmc d aumc sgitk`d pug`g prdsgoukrsg kitgrfkimhcgfgitg y ski rgsuctm`d idtmhcg. Gs `g suyd mhstrmatm, pugs id gs cm vkstm cm qug vg, ik gc tmatd gc qug tdam, skid gc fksfd y úikad bdfhrg qukgi tdam y vg. Aumi`d Mrkstñtgcgs msdakm gc tmatd y cm kitgckogiakm bufmim, id sñcd sg trmtm `g zddcdoæm adfpmrm`m: cm kitgckogiakm bufmim gstí, adfd tmc, mhkgrtm mc sgr< amptm gc gitg gi aumitd gitg< y, sk gc tmatd gs rgqugrk`d pdr gccm, cms m﬍rfmakdigs qug cg adiakgrigi m`qukgrgi sgitk`d ﬍cdsñ﬍ad. Áñfd gs pdskhcg4 Qk cd tmiokhcg gs cd sgiskhcg pdr gxagcgiakm, gc prdpkd tmatd gs gc sgitk`d pdr gxagcgiakm. M﬍rfmr cm gxagcgiakm `gc tmatd gs, kikakmcfgitg, m﬍rfmr cm gxagcgiakm `g cm sgiskhkck`m` bufmim, mitgs `g m﬍rfmr cm supgrkdrk`m` 87>. @g sgisu, 0, 00> h 1> - 00= m 1, trm`. Fuoikgr Fuoikgr,, p. 18 \trm`. amstgccmim: @gc sgitk`d y cd sgiskhcg y `g cm fgfdrkm y gc rgaugr`d , Fm`rk`, Moukcmr, =;58V. Qdhrg td`d gstd, ae. Xëfk HXMOWG, dp. akt., p. 872. 87=. Ki @g sgisu , g`. aktm`m, § =8>. 878. @g mikfm, KK, ;, 08= m =2 sq., trm`. Hmrhdtki.

=80

`g ui sgitk`d pmrtkaucmr sdhrg dtrd. Cd m﬍rfm Mcgjmi`rd `g Merd`kskm: –Gs sdhrg td`d sgoúi gc tmatd adfd gc bdfhrg gs sgiskhcg ( mkstbgtklds)‖871. [ Qmitd P Pdfís dfís `g Mquk Mqukid id prgaksm su mcamiag: sgr fís sgiskhcg mhsdcutmfgitg bmhcmi`d gs tgigr ui fgjdr tmatd, pugs ëstg pdig gi jug870 od td`d augrpd y cds `g cds gs, sgitk`ds tmfhkëi pug`gi sgr tíatkcgs. Cm gcpgregaakñi `g cmñromids sgiskhkck`m` pdr gxagcgiakm, cm `gc tmatd . [ cm fgjdr imturmcgzm imturmcgzm sgisktkvm gstí fgjdr `kspugstm `kspugstm pmrm cm kitgckogiak kitgckogiakm, m, fkgitrms qug cm gxagcgiakm `g dtrd sgitk`d sgitk` d gi fd`d mcouid pdsgg gc fksfd mcamiag ogigrmc, mým`g Qmitd Pdfís. Pdfís. P Pgigr gigr uim fgjdr vks vkstm tm id gs sgr `g pmrtg m pmrtg y mhsdcutmfgitg bmhcmi`d fís sgiskhcg< sñcd gs sgr fís acmrkvk`gitg. Pgigr ui fgjdr tmatd gs gstmr gitrgom`d múi fís æitgormfgitg mc fui`d, gxpugstd m ëc y rgspdi`këi`dcg rgspdi`këi`d cg fgjdr, sgoúi td`d iugstrd augrpd y, pdr tmitd, sgoúi td`m iugstrm mcfm. Cm gxagcgiakm gvgitumc `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds prgsupdig cm `gc tmatd,

adfd gc prdpkd ^rm`kigs rgadidagrí: –Cdssupgrkdr sgitk`ds. Id supgrkdrgs id fís sdi supgrkdrgs mc tmatd < sñcd sdi uim tmatkck`m` gxprgsmríi qug cm edrfm úctkfm `gc fdvkfkgitd `g cm vk`m bmakm cm pgregatm sgiskhkck`m`‖877. Gc tmatd mrkstdtëckad adrrgspdi`g, gi su ogigrmck`m`, mc Ogeóbc mcgfíi875. Wid `g cds eui`m`drgs eui`m`drgs `g cm pskadcdoæm aditgf aditgfpdríig pdríigm, m, _ui`t, sg rgskstkrí m cm sustktuakñi `g Ogeóbcskii pdr cm gxprgskñi Pmstskii adfd `gskoimakñi `gc tmatd: rgprdabm m Pmstskii qug sñcd amrmatgrkag gc tmatd matkvd y gxpcdrmtdrkd y qug sgm uim gxprgskñi d `gfmskm`d gstrkatm d `gfmskm`d mfpckm, pugstd qug ‐sgoúi cm magpakñi gi qug sg cm tdfg‐ úikamfgitg cms fmids sgríi su ñromid, d hkgi aumcqukgr ñromid `g cds sgitk`ds sgrí tmfhkëi ñromid `gc tmatd87?. Cms pdtgiakms `gc gspærktu prdcdiomi cms `g cm amrig y `g mcoúi fd`d aufpcgi cm prdfgsm qug ëstm ym bmag skgfprg. Gs m trmvës `gc tmatd 871. MCGJMI@XD, dp. akt., p. 7=-78. Ae. cms gxagcgitgs dhsgrvmakdigs `g X. HXMOWG, dp. akt., p. 85>: gc tmatd –id gs sñcd ui sgitk`d gitrg dtrds. Gstí, gi gegatd, gi gc edi`d `g td`ds cds sgitk`ds‖. 870. Ki @g mikfm, § 020. 877. ^XM@KIGQ, dp. akt., p. 1?2. Ae. BMFGCKI, Gssmk sur cgs ëcëfgits prkiakpmux `g cm rg prësgitmtkdi, ^mræs, =;78, p. =8=, gvdami`d –gc edi`d `g vgr`m` dauctd gi cm `datrkim sgoúi cm aumc td`ds cds sgitk`ds id sdi fís qug gc tmatd trmisedrfm`d‖. 875. Ae. cms bgrfdsms dhsgrvmakdigs `g Grist JÓIOGX, –Cmiomog gt mimtdfkg‖, Cg aditgfpcmtgur sdcktmkrg, trm`. ^cmr`, ^mræs, =;?7, p. ;=. 87?. _. _WI@P, Hgktràog zur Pbgdrkg `gr Qkiigswmbrigbfuio, Cgkpzko, =258, p. 8.

=87

adfd gstmfds ski agsmr gi gc fui`d, bmakgi`d gi ëc matd `g prgsgiakm kiacusd gi cm prdpkm pmskvk`m`, ui matd ski pdskhcg suspgiskñi qug ids dtdrom gc sgitk`d gitrgoíi`dids gi td`d iugstrd sgr, augrpd y mcfm. Cm ﬍iurm `gc tmatd tkgig adfd bdrkzditg gc `ksagrikfkgitd `gc gspærktu y, sk gstg gspærktu skgfprg gs gc `g ui auym prdpkm vk`m skgfprg sg gxpdig, id pd`ræm mrrmiamrsg pdrvkvkgitg, ui sdcd kistmitg m mqugccd gi qug sg eui`mfgitm. Iugstrm sgiskhkck`m` mimckzm cms `kegrgiakms gi gc sgid `gc fui`d mrtkaucíi`dcms adi iugstrm vk`m, `g maugr`d adi cm cuak`gz mitg gc pgckord. Gc cuomr prkfdr`kmc g kimckgimhcg `g gsm mrtkaucmakñi gs gc tmatd y gsd gs cd qug gxpckam su prkfmaæm pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs. Ëstm id gs, kikakmcfgitg, adfpmrmtkvm. Gc sgr megatm`d id gs pgism`d mquæ adfd dhstíaucd pmrm gc `ksagrikfkgitd, skid adfd cm adi`kakñi `g ui fmydr `ksagrikfkgitd `ksagr ikfkgitd.. M gstg rgspgatd, rgspgatd, gc pgismf pgismfkgitd kgitd lmitkmid sg dpdig rm`kamcfgitg mc `g Mrkstñtgcgs. Qg gxacuygi `gc tmatd cd cksd y cd ruodsd, msæ adfd cd amckgitg y cd eræd, adi cd sg –gc rgùag gxtrmýmfgitg su mcamiag. Cm Mitr Mitrdpdcdoæm dpdcdoæm cd qug ccmfm úikadskioucmr sgitk`dy`g cm pgragpakñi gxtgrim kifg`kmtm‖, –gc fís kfpdrtmitg‖ pgrd tmfhkëi –gc fís tdsad‖ (`gr orõhstg)872. ^mrm Mrkstñtgcgs, id gs kifg`kmtd y gs, gitrg cds sgitk`ds,, gc fís ﬍id y `kegrgiakm sgitk`ds `kegrgiakm`d. `d. [ gc úikad dhjgtd qug Lmit cg msko msko-im, cm edrfm (Ogstmct )),, id grm pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs prdpkmfgitg gc suyd, skid qug adfpgtæm mc sgitk`d adfúi87;. ^grd, mc fksfd tkgfpd, cd qug Lmit gi cm fksfm dhrm ccmfm gi gc § 5 tmatd cñokad mpmrgag idfhrm`d adi ui idfhrg fgids imturmc y prdhcgfítkad85>. Gsm dpdskakñi gvk`giakm `ds rmsods kfpdrtmitgs, pdr cd `gfís sdck`mrkds gitrg sæ. Cm prkfgrm `gakskñi ﬍cdsñ﬍am rgspgatd mc tmatd sg rg﬍grg m cm `gckfktmakñi `g cd tmiokhcg, m cm akrauisarkpakñi fís d fgids mfpckm `g cd qug cg gstí mhkgrtd. Cds `kvgrsds jukakds gfktk`ds magram `g su vmcdr g kfpdrtmiakm id pug`gi sgr `kspugstds gi sgrkg adfd sk tuvkgsgi gc fksfd dhjgtd, pugs td`d gi gccds `grkvm `g gsm prkfgrm `gakskñi. @g maugr`d adi su imturmcgzm, ëstm kisarkhg gc tmatd gi gc dr`gi `g cds aki Mitbrdpdcdokg pdcdokg, § =?, trm`. aktm`m, p. 12, Ml. UKK, =77. 872. Mitbrd 87;. Ae. @g mikfm, KKK, =, 087 m =0-=5 sdhrg gc sabgfm. 85>. Ml. UKK, =0>. - Gc § =; fugstrm qug cm vkstm gs cd qug fís sg dpdig mc tmatd, pdr su idhcg-

zm, pdr cm gxtgiskñi `g sus dhjgtds y pdr cm `ghkck`m` `g su megaakñi. Qu amríatgr fg`kmtd gs adi`kakñi `g su kifg`kmtgz gi dtrm magpakñi: gs cd qug fís sg magram m cm purm kitukakñi, –rgprgsgitmakñ –rgprgsgitmakñii kifg`kmtm `gc dhjgtd `m`d‖, Ml. UKK, =75.

=85

ad sgitk`ds (y gitdiags rgsuctm pdskhcg uim adfpmrmakñi gitrg gccds) d cd k`gitk﬍am adi cm sgiskhkck`m` gi ogigrmc, auym hmsg adistktuyg (y gitdiags ym id gs tmitd uid `g cds akiad sgitk`ds adfd gc eui`mfgitd `g cds aumtrd sgitk`ds). Gi cm cgtrm mrkstdtëckam, gsms `ds pgrspgatkvms gstíi skgfprg bmhcm gc cgioumjg cm prkfgrm m`dptmi`d cm sgoui`m gitrgfgzacm`ms: adfd edi`d< y gsd fksfd pdskhkcktm`g`kvgrsms kitgrprgtmakdigs. Gsg cgioumjg `gfmskm`d ckfktm`d gstmccm hmjd cm prgskñi `gc pgismfkgitd qug sg skrvg `g ëc. ^grd cm fmydr pmrtg `gc tkgfpd uid sg vg ckfktm`d m ëc y sg kitgrrdom sdhrg cm prkfmaæm `gc ` gc tmatd ‐acmrmfgitg m﬍rfm`m pdr Mrkstñtgcgs gi iufgrdsds cuomrgs‐ y cm supgrkdrk`m` qug, pdr dtrm pmrtg, adiag`g m cm vkstm, adfd daurrg mc adfkgizd `g cm Fgtmeæskam. Adi su bmhktumc gaumikfk`m`, Quírgz gxpdig gstds `ghmtgs y cds rgadiùag m cm dpdskakñi gitrg `ds sgitk`ds `kstkitds `ks tkitds `g cm uikvgrsmck`m`85=. Gc tmatd gs sgisus uikvgrsmcks y, adfpmrm`d adi cm vkstm, gs uikvgrsmckdr gx pmrtg suhjgatk, fís uikvgrsmc pdr gc cm`d `gc sujgtd, pugs pdig gi jugod td`d gc augrpd y ‐amhg mým`kr m cd qug `kag Quírgz‐ sñcd ëc pug`g adistktukr td`d gc augrpd adfd tmc. Xgspgatd m cm vkstm, gs uikvgrsmckdr gx pmrtg dhjgatk, fís uikvgrsmc pdr gc cm`d `gc dhjgtd, pugs vg bmstm cds augrpds agcgstgs. Qgoúi cm magpakñi `g cd uikvgrsmc qug sg m`dptg, am`m uid `g cds `ds sgitk`ds gxag`g mc dtrd y pdsgg su prdpkd `grgabd m cm prkfmaæm. Msæ, gc adi﬈katd sgræm rgsugctd fg`kmitg uim magrtm`m mtgiakñi mc mcamiag gxmatd `g cm prkfmaæm, gs `gakr, `g cm uikvgrsmck`m`. Cm uikvgrsmck`m` `g cm vkskñi gx pmrtg dhjgatk pd`ræm `ksautkrsg sk sg tdfmsg gi augitm cm fuctktu` `g `kegrgiakms qug pug`g amptmr gc tmatd 858 ‐y id cm fgrm pdskhkck`m` `g pgragpakñi m `kstmiakm‐, pgrd adrrgspdi`g m cd qug 851 gc prdpkd Mrkstñtgcgs `kag rgpgtk`ms vgags . Adfdqukgrm qug sgm, sgfg jmitg `ghmtg úikamfgitg pug`g fmitgigrsg m prdpñsktd `g cm vkstm y gc 85=. QWÍXGZ, @g mikfm, C. KKK, a. 8;, Dpgrm dfikm, ^mræs, =275, t. KKK, p. ?>>-?>1. rgprësgitmtkdi tkdi, Qupcgfgitds 858. Ae. QABD^GIBMWGX, QABD^GIBMWGX, Cg fdi`g adffg vdcditë gt adffg rgprësgitm mc C. K, a. 1, trm`. Hur`gmu, ^mræs, =;55, p. ?>>: –Fkgitrms cds `gfís sgitk`ds sñcd ids `mi uim prdpkg`m` gspgakmc `gc dhjgtd, adfd gc sdik`d qug prdùag d cm rgcmakñi qug tkgig adi cm cuz, gc tmatd (…) prdpdrakdim mc gitgi`kfkgitd m cm vgz `mtds sdhrg cm edrfm, gc tmfmýd, cm ùrgzm, cm cksurm, cm tgxturm, cm sdck`gz, cm tgfpgrmturm y gc pgsd `g cds augrpds‖, y adi uim fgidr pdskhkck`m` `g grrdr. 851. Fgtmeæskam, M, ;2> m 8? \trm`. amstgccmim: Fgtmeæskam, g`. trkckioóg, Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;?>V< @g sgisu, =, 01? m 7-5. 850. Ki ùd`gakf ckhrds fgtmpbyskadruf Mrkstdtgcks gxpdsktkd, g`. Fmrkgttk, Puræi, =;50, C. K, cgatkd =, § 2-;.

=8?

tmatd. Gi su adfgitmrkd m cm Fgtmeæskam850, Qmitd Pdfís `g Mqukid kiskstg sdhrg gc bgabd `g qug cm vkstm y gc tmatd sg `krkogi m cms adsms fksfms, m` rgs kpsms, fkgitrms qug gc dæ`d y gc dcemtd sg `krkogi –m cd qug prdag`gg `g cms adsms fksfms prdag` fksfms,, id m cms adsms fksfms‖. [ pdr gsd fksfd tmfhkëi cm vkstm ﬍ourm…) y gc tmatdqug sdicds fís mptdssgitk`ds, pmrm amptmr cdscgs sgiskhcgs adfuigs (tmfmýd, `gfís cd qug `m uim fmydr pgregaakñi gi gc dr`gi `gc adidakfkgitd. Gs `g `gstmamr qug, adfgitmi`d uim píokim qug sñcd gvdam cm vkstm y su prkfmaæm pmrm gc adidakfkgitd, Qmitd Pdfís `g Mqukid kitrdùzam adisk`grmakdigs sdhrg gc tmatd y qug, gi prkfgrm kistmiakm, cds rgcmakdig, mitgs `g `kegrgiakmrcds. Gc tmatd gs –fís igagsmrkd‖, kiacusd sk –cm vkstm gs fís pgregatm‖ pmrm gc adidakfkgitd. ^grd bmy gitrg gccds uim `kegrgiakm `g pcmid, pugs uid gs adi`kakñi `gc dtrd. Gc tmatd –gs gi akgrtm fmigrm gc eui`mfgitd `g td`ds cds `gfís sgitk`ds‖. Bmagr qug adfpktmi y rkvmckagi gc eui`mfgitd y cd rgspgatkvm qug eui`mfgitm mhsur`d y vmid. imturmcgzm `g su pgregaakñi gs, pdrrgsuctm `g﬍ikakñi, `kstkitm y idCmpug`g rgfktkrsg m cm fksfm gsamcm. Gc tmatd gs adi`kakñi `g pdskhkck`m` `g cm vkskñi y ëstm id pug`g prgsaki`kr `g ëc. Qk cm vkstm bmag prdorgsmr iugstrd adidakfkgitd fís qug cds dtrds sgitk`ds y sk justmfgitg pdr gsd, adfd kiskstg gc adfkgizd `g cm Fgtmeæskam, sgitkfds uim kiadfpmrmhcg prg`kcgaakñi pdr gccm, skoug skgi`d akgrtd qug gc adidakfkgitd gs gc matd `g ui vkvkgitg y, pdr cd tmitd, `g ui sgr tíatkc. Cm tmatkck`m` ym gstí skgfprg gi aumcqukgr matd, gi aumcqukgr pcmagr, gi aumcqukgr adidakfkgitd, pugstd qug ski gccm id gstmræmfds mbæ. Pmfhkëi cm prg`kcgaakñi pdr cm vkstm supdig gc tmatd, ki`ksdakmhcg `g cm prdpkm vk`m. Gc dcvk`d `g tmcgs `kfgiskdigs, qug Qmitd Pdfís rgaugr`m adi sdhrkg`m`, dtdrom m cds `ghmtgs sdhrg cds sgitk`ds ui amríatgr m fgiu`d mrhktrmrkd y id ﬍cdsñ﬍ad. Aumi`d Mrkstñtgcgs `ksautg cms rgcmakdigs gitrg cm kitgckogiakm y cm fmid, m﬍rfm: –Cd qug adivkgig gs `mr ﬈mutms mc ﬈mutkstm, fís hkgi qug gisgýmr m tdamr mc qug pdsgg ﬈mutms‖857. Gc tmatd id pmrtkakpmræm `g uim adfpmrmakñi sgfgjmitg, pugs adiakgrig m cm vk`m `gc prdpkd ﬈mutkstm. Cm gxagcgiakm `gc tmatd pdig gi jugod mc bdfhrg æitgord, sgoúi td`ms sus `kfgiskdigs. Id gstí gi gc fksfd pcmid pcmi d qug cm gxagcgiakm `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds: sñcd pug`g vgr ui sgr qug ym tdam, y cm ﬍aakñi mrkstdtëckam 857. @g pmrtkhus mikfmckuf, KU, =>, 52? m =8-=0, trm`. Cduks.

855. @g mikfm, KK, =, 0=8 h =2 =;.

=82

‐sgoúi cm aumc –sk gc djd eugsg ui mikfmc, mik fmc, cm vkstm sgræm su mcfm‖855‐ skoug skgi`d uim ﬍aakñi `k`íatkam, fkgitrms qug, mpckam`m mc tmatd, gs cktgrmcfgitg akgrtm. ûgstd qug tdamfds adi td`d iugstrd augrpd, iugstrm mcfm gs gc matd `g tdamr y sñcd msæ pug`g sgr tmfhkëi ui mcfm qug dyg, vg,Qk gta.gc tmatd eui`mfgitm cds `gfís sgitk`ds y adistktuyg pmrm gccds ui pmsm`d ym skgfprg mbæ, gs tmfhkëi cd qug msgourm su uik`m` gi gc sgid `g su prdpkm `kvgrsk`m`, pugs msgourm cm uik`m` `gc augrpd, æitgormfgitg tíatkc, gitrgoíi`dcd mc fui`d y m sæ fksfd. Cm idakñi mrkstdtëckam `g sgiskhcg prdpkd pmrgag giagrrmr m am`m sgitk`d gi sæ fksfd, gi su `dfkikd pmrtkaucmr `g dhjgtds, ski adfuikamakñi pdskhcg adi cds `gfís pdr sæ fksfd. ^mrgag dpdigrsg m cm kiskstgiakm `gc pgismfkgitd aditgfpdríigd gi cm kitgrsgisdrkmck`m`. Msæ, Fgrcgmu-^dity aumi`d gsarkhg: –Cm pgragpakñi imturmc sg rgmckzm adi td`d iugstrd augrpd m cm vgz y sg mhrg m ui fui`d kitgrsgisdrkmc‖< d tmfhkëi: –Cm pgragpakñi skigstëskam gs cm rgocm‖85?. ^grd cm eui`mfgitmakñi `g td`ds cds sgitk`ds gi gc tmatd rgùag cm rm`kamck`m` `g gsm dpdskakñi. Cm tgsks mu`mz `g akgrtds adfgitmrkstms `g Mrkstñtgcgs, adfd Fkougc `g Ëegsd, qug ccgomi m k`gitk﬍amr gc tmatd y gc sgitk`d adfúi852, sk rgsuctm akgrtmfgitg arktkamhcg `gs`g gc puitd `g vkstm `g cm gxmatktu` ﬍cdcñokam, ccgvm m su gxt gxtrgfd rgfd ‐y ‐y,, pdr tmitd, tmfhkëi m su fíxkfd rkodr‐ gc amríatgr eui`makdimc `gc tmatd. Cds sgitk`ds sg adfuikami gi vkrtu` `g su adfúi pgrtgigiakm m ui úikad augrpd, qug gc tmatd adistktuyg adfd vkvkgitg. Cm kitgrsgisdrkmck`m` pug`g pgismrsg adfd trmisvgrsmc d adfd rm`kamc: trmisvgrsmc, aumi`d cds sgitk`ds sg supcgi y rgfktgi uid m dtrd< rm`kamc, gi tmitd `gpgi`gi `gc fksfd eui`mfgitd. Gstm úctkfm magpakñi adistktuyg uim `krgaakñi `gc pgismfkgitd `g Mrkstñtgcgs. Gc gsauctdr akgod gvdam`d pdr Xdogr `g ^kcgs m﬍rfm: –Fks djds gstíi gi cm puitm `g fks `g`ds‖85;, mitgs `g qug @k`grdt `kom `g Qmui`grsdi 85?. ^bëidfëidcdokg `g cm pgragptkdi, ^mræs, =;5;, p. 85>-85= y 857 \trm`. amstgccmim: Egidfgidcdoæm `g cm pgragpak pgragpakñi ñi, Hmragcdim, ^giæisucm, =;?7V. 852. Ki ^mrvm Imturmckm adffgitmrkm, g`. _gi`cmi`, _gi`cmi`, Hgrcæi, =;>1, p. 02: –M `gakr vgr`m`, tmatd y sgitk`d adfúi sdi cd fksfd ( bmpbë lmk ldkië mkstbësks tmutdi gstk)‖. `g pbkcdsdpbkqugs pgkiturg pmr prkiakpgs 85;. , ^mræs, =;2;,Ae.p.p.=5=. Dguvrgs 8?>. Adurs , g`. aktm`m, p. ==?. =50: –Qk cm pkgc `g fk fmid koumcmsg cm `gckam`gzm `g vugstrds djds, vgræm m trmvës `g fk fmid adfd vëks m trmvës `g vugstrds djds‖.

=8;

qug –vgæm, pugs, m trmvës `g cm pkgc‖ 8?>. ´Qg trmtm `g uim fgrm vkamrkg`m` y uim skioucmrk`m`, d gs cd qug ids daurrg m td`ds4 Datmvkd ^mz, gi su pdgsæm, gvdam m`fkrmhcgfgitg gc kitgramfhkd `gc djd y cm fmid: – Adi cds djds tg pmcpd, / tg fkrd adi cms fmids ‖< –[d vgd adi cm puitm `g fks 8?= gs uim fmid, cm `g`ds, / cddjdqug fks djds d tmfhkëi: – Gc ‖djd fmid ui fúctkpcg, cm pmcpmi fkrm`m‖, rgspgatkvmfgitg p. ==2, 1= y =>;. Ae. 8?=. C‛mrhr ^bëidfëidcdokgg `g cm pgragptkdi, p. 872. FGXCGMW-^DIP[, ^bëidfëidcdok 8?8. Prm`. Omutbkgr, Cdvmkim-^mræs, =;?>, t. K, 8, p. 25 - KKK, =1, ===2 h = sq \trm`. amstgccmim. Gtkam m Ikañfmad, g`. hkckioóg, Fm`rk`, Agitrd `g Gstu`kds Adistktuakdimcg Adistktuakdimcgs, s, =;0;V. Cds pcmagrgs `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds id sdi dhjgtd `g cm tgfpcmizm ik cm kitgfpgrmiakm. 8?1. Gsd sdstkgig O. XDFG[GX-@BGXHG[ XDFG[GX-@BGXHG[ gi su kfpdrtmitg dhrm dhrm Cgs abdsgs fêfgs. Cm pgisëg ù rëgc abgz Mrkstdtg, Cmusmim, =;21, p. =7>-=7=. Bmhræm gitrg cm Ëtkam y gc trmtm`d `gc mcfm uim

–aditrm`kaakñi‖ –aditrm`kaak ñi‖ y ui –amfhkd `datrkimc‖. Mrkstñtgcgs sg adismormræm m uim –mutëitkam rgbmhkcktmakñi `gc tmatd‖ trms bmhgrcg mskoim`d uim –kiegrkdrk`m` kiù`mhcg‖. Qñcd ëstm úctkfm bmhræm sk`d rgtgik`m

pdr Qmitd Pdfís `g Mqukid (p.=52).

=1>

hrg sg amrmatgrkzm pdr cm gxagcgiakm `g su tmatd. Ëstm rgsk`g gi su ﬍iurm arætkam, gi su ampmak`m` `g `ksagrikfkgitd `g mqugccd qug, pmrm ui sgitk`d fís tdsad, pgrfmigagræm ki`kstkitd. ^grd ´quë `kag Mrkstñtgcgs gi cm Ëtkam m Ikañfmad aumi`d adi`gim cm kitgfpgrmiakm, gs `gakr, gc gxagsd gi akgrtds vktmcgs pcmagrgsg `gc tmatd4 ]ug pkgr`gi, gsg `gsdr`gi, su euiakñi y utkck`m` kiacusd pug`gi bmagrsg gi igemstds pmrm gc dromiksfd, pdr uim pmrtg< y qug hdrrmi, pdr dtrm pmrtg, gi gc prdpkd gjgrakakd `gc tmatd mqugccd qug gi ëstg gs prdpkmfgitg bufmid, mqugccd pdr cd qug gc bdfhrg supgrm gi ëc m cds `gfís mikfmcgs, su ampmak`m` `ksarkfkimtdrkm. Qk rgùzad d suprkfd cm `kfgiskñi gspgaæ﬍amfgitg bufmim `g ui pcmagr, cd qug gi ëc suhskstg gs hgstkmc pdr `g﬍ikakñi. Cm kitgfpgrmiakm adistktuyg uim rgorgskñi sgisdrkmc, pugs cds pcmagrgs qug susaktm id gjgraktmi ik matumckzmi iugstrd tmatd sgoúi td`m su pcgiktu`, skid sk id sñcd sus ampms fís hur`ms. Gc gcdokd `g cm ﬍iurm `gc tmatd bufmid tkgig igagsmrkmfgitg adfd aditrmpmrtk`m cm adi`gim `g cd qug dcvk`m y prdbæhg gsm fksfm fks fm ﬍i ﬍iurm urm.. [ mui aumi aumi`d `d cm Ëtkam m Ikañfmad eugsg ardidcñokamfgitg mitgrkdr mc trmtm`d @gc mcfm, gsd id skoik﬍am qug su miícksks `g cm kitgfpgrmiakm pd`ræm d `ghgræm sgr fd`k﬍am`d d mhmi`dim`d fís tmr`g. Mrkstñtgcgs, gi gegatd, sgýmcm mccæ qug gc kitgfpgrmitg sg dpdig mc rg﬍im`d y qug `g mcoúi fd`d rgorgsm m cd ki`kegrgiakm`d: –Qmctm m cm vkstm qug cds kitgfpgrmitgs bmagi pdad d ikioúi usd `gc oustd. Gi gegatd, cm euiakñi `gc oustd gs gc `ksagrikfkgitd `g cds smhdrgs ( bg lrksks tdi abyfdi), justmfgitg cd qug bmagi qukgigs `goustmi vkids y qukgigs adi`kfgitmi fmijmrgs< pgrd cds kitgfpgrmitgs id dhtkgigi amsk ikioúi pcmagr ‐d kiacusd ikiouid‐ `g gsg `ksagrikfkgitd, skid `gc prdpkd odag `gc dhjgtd, qug prdvkgig æitgormfgitg `gc tmatd ( pmsm `k‛bmpbës). @g mbæ gc `gsgd `g mqugc ocdtñi qug buhkgsg qugrk`d tgigr gc omzimtg fís cmrod qug gc `g uim oruccm: gvk`gitgfgitg gs gi gc tmatd `di`g dhtgiæm su pcmagr‖8?0. Mrkstñtgcgs, gi gegatd, sgýmcm gi dtrd cuomr 8?7 qug gs `gocutkgi`d y trmomi`d adfd gxpgrkfgitmfds gc pcmagr `g adfgr. Cm adfpmrmakñi mikfmc im`m tkgig `g mzmrdsd. ¡Aumitd fís cmrod sgm gc `gsagisd `gc mckfgitd, fmydr pcmagr gxpgrkfgitmrgfds< ui pcmagr `g aditmatd! Gsm adi`gim `g cm ocdtdigræm id pd`ræm gsorkfkrsg adfd `gsprgakd `gc tmatd. Mrkstñtgcgs pkgism gi uim huckfkm qug adrrgspdi`g mc 8?0. KKK, =1, ===2 m 85 sq., trm`. Omutbkgr, p. 27.

8?7. @g pmrtkhus mikfmckuf, KU, ==, 5;> h 8;-18.

=1=

prkvkcgokd `g uim sdcm zdim `gc augrpd y ui dhjgtd pmrakmc. Gsg pcmagr prdvkgig æitgormfgitg `gc tmatd, ski ù`m, pdikgi`d eugrm `g jugod mc oustd prdpkmfgitg `kabd, pgrd id prdvkgig `gc tmatd gi su kitgork`m`, y gsd gs cd qug sg cg rgprdabm. Cd sgýmcm hkgi cm dpdskakñi pcmagrgs tíatkcgs qug adiakgrigi mc augrpd gi su kitgork`m` ( pgrk pgrkgitrg pmi cds td sdfm ), qug id pug`gi `mr cuomr m gxagsds adi`gimhcgs, y cds qug adiakgrigi gxacuskvmfgitg m akgrtms pmrtgs `gc augrpd ( pgrk pgrk tkim fgrg), dhjgtds prdpkds `g cm kitgfpgrmiakm. Gsm `kstkiakñi `gakskvm gs hkgi vkstm pdr Qmitd Pdfís, qug cm `gstmam 8?5. –Qg gxacuygi‖, `kag Mrkstñtgcgs, –`gc `dfkikd `g cm kitgfpgrmiakm mqugccds pcmagrgs `gc tmatd qug sdi cds fís `koids `g bdfhrgs ckhrgs (gcgutbgrkdtmtmk)< pdr gjgfpcd, cds qug dhtgigfds gi cds gjgrakakds okfiístkads, tmcgs adfd cds pcmagrgs `gc fmsmjg y gc amcgitmfkgitd. Gc tmatd `gc kitgfpgrmitg, gi gegatd, id tdfm adfd dhjgtd gc augrpd gi su tdtmck`m`, skid sñcd mcouims pmrtgs‖8??. M cm ckhgrtm` y ckhgr ckhgrmck`m` mck`m` `g akgrtds akgrtds pcmagrgs tíatkcgs, pdr cd `gfís msdakm`ds m cm rgcmjmakñi trms ui gjgrakakd, sg dpdig gc amríatgr sgrvkc8?2 `g qukgi qukgrg qug sg `gsckag ski agsmr m cd cmrod `g su omzimtg mcod amckgitg y ormsd, y cd prg﬍grg m aumcqukgr adsm. Gc kitgfpgrmitg id sñcd gs gc qug husam mitg td`d akgrtds pcmagrgs tíatkcgs< gs, sdhrg td`d, gc qug futkcm gsds pcmagrgs gi cd qug pug`gi tgigr `g bufmid y ckhrg, su ﬍iurm, su `kegrgiakmakñi, pgrd tmfhkëi su amríatgr tdtmc, `kserutg id `g uim pmrtg `gc augrpd, skid `g td`d gc augrpd. Cds pcmagrgs ckhrgs aktm`ds pdr Mrkstñtgcgs pdigi `krgatmfgitg gi jugod cm skioucmr adistktuakñi `gc augrpd bufmid: gc fmsmjg, cm `gckam`gzm `g cm pkgc< gc amcgitmfkgitd, iugstrm ﬍im sgiskhkck`m` mc amcdr y mc eræd. Id bmy tgiskñi mcouim gitrg gsds miícksks y cds qug Mrkstñtgcgs bmag gi dtrds cuomrgs. Wi pcmagr qug, pmrm margagitmrsg, fg bkakgsg `gsgmr pdsggr uim fdredcdoæm `kstkitm m cm bufmim id gs ui pcmagr prdpkmfgitg bufmid, kiacusd sk fdrmcfgitg sñcd gc bdfhrg pug`g adivgrtkrsg gi hgstkm. Pd`d gccd gs adbgrgitg adi gc gcdokd `gc tmatd, qug bmag sdhrgsmckhrds Gtbkadruf Mrkstd Mrkstdtgcks tgcks m` Ikadfmab Ikadfmabuf uf gxpdsktkd, g`. Fmrkgttk, Puræi, =;50, 8?5. Ki `gagf ckhrds C.KKK, cgatkd RR, § 5=?. 8??. Prm`. Omutbkgr, p. 25, ===2 h 0-2. Ae. cm idtm `g Omutbkgr gi su adfgitmrkd (t. KK, =, p. 800):

–Gc mtcgtm, trms sus gjgrakakds, tdfmhm ui hmýd eræd< cugod bmaæm qug cg `kgsgi fmsmjgs gi uim smcm amc`gm`m‖. Ae. cm m`fkrmhcg `gsarkpakñi `gc hmýd m amrod `g QGOMCGI, Gqukpëg, =1.

8?2. Ae. ===2 h 8=: mi`rmpd`d`gks.

=18

ckr mc bdfhrg gi gc sgitk`d, adi td`d, fís adfúi. Gs cuomr `g hgstkmck`m` sk gi ëc ids uikfds m cd qug gs adfúi m td`ds cds vkvkgitgs< gs cuomr `g bufmik`m` sk auctkvmfds, gi pcmagrgs pdr cd `gfís sgiakccds, mqugccd gi vkrtu` `g cd aumc ids id s rgsuctm, gi su ﬍iurm, prdpkd. Mbdrm hkgi, sk sñcdprdpdrakdimrids gc tmatd, gitgi`k`d gi gcqug sgitk`d mfpckd quggc cgaugrpd, `m Mrkstñtgcgs, pug`g pcmagrgs cd sgmi `g td`d bmakgi`d msæ `g ëc ui augrpd bufmid, gitdiags gs mqugccd gi vkrtu` `g cd aumc sgitkfds drkokimcfgitg qug sdfds, gstmfds vkvds y `kserutmfds `gc prdpkd matd `g sgitkr bufmimfgitg. Wi pcmagr `g td`d gc augrpd bmag qug skgitm fk augrpd gi su kitgork`m`, gi cm uik`m` `g su vk`m y su matd. Gsd adi﬍rfm cm prkfmaæm `gc tmatd y su `kegrgiakm rgspgatd m cds `gfís sgitk`ds, qug sñcd pug`gi prdpdrakdimr pcmagrgs pmrakmcgs y rgokdimcgs, pdr kitgisds qug pug`mi sgr. Gsds ckhrgs pcmagrgs tíatkcgs ccgvmi m prdeui`kzmr cm sgoui`m magpakñi `g cm uikvgrsmck`m` `gc tmatd, `g maugr`d adi cm aumc gs prdpkd `g cm amrig gi su kitgork`m` 8?;. @gc tmatd `kag Quírgz qug gs gc sgitk`d uikvgrsmc, sgisus uikvgrsmcks82>, adi uim gxprgskñi qug vdcvgrí m giaditrmrsg bmstm gi cm pcufm `g Muoustg Adftg, qug dpdig –gc sgitk`d uikvgrsmc `gc aditmatd‖ m cds –aumtrd sgitk`ds gspgakmcgs‖82=. Gsm uikvgrsmck`m` id aditrmvkgig gc prkiakpkd mrkstdtëckad, cugod gsadcístkad, sgoúi gc aumc gc sgitk`d sñcd amptm skioucmrk`m`gs, skid qug sg rg﬍grg mc bgabd `g qug td`d iugstrd augrpd gs tíatkc, gxagptum`ds cds cd s amhgccds d cms uýms. Pd`ds cds adfgitmrkstms `g Mrkstñtgcgs cd suhrmymi, `gs`g Jumi Ekcdpñi: –Gc tmatd sg gxtkgi`g m trmvës `g cm tdtmck`m` `gc augrpd‖828, bmstm Qmitd P Pdfís dfís `g Mqukid821< y fís mccí. M prkfgr prkfgrmm vkstm, cd qug sgpmrm gc tmatd `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds gs gsm uikvgrsmck`m`, qug vugcvg prdhcgfítkam cm prdpkm idakñi `g ñromid. Gi gegatd, sk gc ñromid skoik﬍am uim pmrtg `gc augrpd gspgakmckzm`m gi akgrtm euiakñi, gc tmatd mpmrgag adfd ui sgitk`d ski ñromid. Cd rgeugrzm gc bgabd `g qug cds ñromids `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds skgfprg tkgigi, pdr mým8?;. Qdhrg cds pcmagrgs `gc tmatd, ae. Ëtkam m Ikañfmad, UKK, 5< UKK, 2< y R, 7. 82>. QWÍXGZ, dp. akt., p. ?>8< ae. p. ?>>: qumsk uikvgrsmcks sgisus. 82=. Adurs `g pbkcdsdpbkg pdsktkvg, 00ª cgaakñi, ki ^bkcdsdpbkg prgfkârg, ^mræs, =;?7, p. 217 \trm`. amstgccmim: Aursd `g ﬍cdsdeæm pdsktkvm, Eugicmhrm`m, G`. Fmokstgrkd Gspmýdc, =;2?V. 828. Jumi EKCD^ÑI, dp. akt., p. 88=. 821. Ki `g Mikfm, § 020, § 5==. 820. Ki `g Mikfm, § 020: ]ud`ckhgt kistrufgituf aujusaufqug sgisus gst gtkmf kistrufgituf

tmatus.

=11

`kùrm, uim euiakñi tíatkc, adfd kiskstg Qmitd Pdfís820. Gc tmatd gs `g﬍ik`d pdr gsm fksfm uikvgrsmckzmakñi: sk pu`kësgfds sgitkr gc smhdr fg`kmitg td`m iugstrm amrig, –pmrgagræm, `kag Mrkstñtgcgs, qug oustd y tmatd sñcd sgræmi ui úikad sgitk`d‖827. M gsd ccmfm X. Qdrmhjk Qdrmhjk gc –arktgr –arktgrkd kd 825

`g id-cdamckzmakñi‖ quggxpckam megatmcmm td`d gc augrpd gs mc fksfd tkgfpd mtrkhuk`d mc tmatd, .cdCdqug `kvgrsk`m` `g sus dhjgtds. Gsm `gsarkpakñi td`mvæm id `gpgi`g `g cm gxpckamakñi gxpck amakñi `gc tmatd, adfd prughm gc bgabd `g qug pgism`drgs qug mhmi`dimríi cm gxpckamakñi mrkstdtëckam adisgrvgi gsm k`gm `g uikvgrsmck`m` amrimc. ^mrm ^cdtkid d Qmi Moustæi, qug smami prdvgabd `g cds prdorgsds `g cm ﬍skdcdoæm igrvkdsm, cm gxpckamakñi `g Mrkstñtgcgs bm amùam`d. ^grd ^cdtkid `kag qug gc ñromid `gc tmatd gs td`d gc augrpd, pmi td sdfm, cd qug cd sgpmrm rm`kamcfgitg `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds82?. Qmi Moustæi gsarkhg qug –gc prdpkd sgitk`d `gc tmatd sg `keui`g pdr td`d gc augrpd‖822. ^dr gccd gc tmatd ids gitrgom mc fui`d ski rgtdrid ik rgtkrm`m pdskhcgs, pugs sk pd`gfds agrrmr cds djds y cds cmhkds, tmpmr cds dæ`ds d cms imrkags, skgfprg tdamfds y skgfprg sdfds tdam`ds, cd qugrmfds d id. ^mrm `gjmr `g tdamr sgræm igagsmrkd mrrmiamrsg mc prdpkd augrpd. Gi gstd adiaugr`mi Mrkstñtgcgs y Bussgrc, pugs cm adistktuakñi `g td`d gc augrpd sñcd pug`g sgr tíatkc< cm vkstm gs kfprdpkm pmrm gccd. Mqugccd gi vkrtu` `g cd aumc sdy ski agsmr gitrgom`d mc fui`d gs tmfhkëi cd úikad gi vkrtu` `g cd aumc pug`g adistktukrsg cm tdtmck`m` `gc augrpd, adfd tmc82;. Id dhstmitg, cm aditkiuk`m` `gc tmatd, gi tmitd qug msgourm cm `g iugstrd sgr gi gc fui`d, pmrgag kiadrpdrmr gi gc pgismfkgitd `g Mrkstñtgcgs uim gxagpakñi idtmhcg y adtk`kmim, cm `gc sugýd. Wi pmsmjg `keæ827. @g mikfm, KK, ==, 081 m =;-8>, trm`. Hmrhdtki. @gfmramtkioo tbg Ekvg Qgisgs, dp. akt., p. ;>: –Pbg mhsgiag de mi dhvkdus cd825. Mrkstdtcg di @gfmramtki amcksg` dromi ks tbg dicy egmturg tbmt ks adffdi mi` pgauckmr td tbg vgry `kvgrsg pdwgrs tbmt mrg ordupg` ui`gr tbg bgm`kio de tduab‖. 82?. Giëm`ms, KU, 0, 81 y KU, 1, 81 \trm`. amstgccmim: Giëm`ms KKK-KU , Fm`rk`, Org`ds, =;27V. tmiogi`k sgisuf, quk pgr tdtuf adrp adrpus us gst ‖, 822. – Kpsufqug tmiogi`k ‖, @g ogigsk m` ckttgrmf, =. UKK, RKKK, 8>, g`. Momìssg y Qdckoima, ^mræs, =;?8, p. 715. Ae. Fmrskckd EKAKID, Pbëdcdokg pcmtdikakgiig `g c‛kffdrtmcktë `gs èfgs, C. UKK, a. 5, g`. Fmragc, ^mræs, =;50, t. K, p. 8?0: – Pmatus, quk pgr dfikm fgfhrm uikvgrsmcks gst mikfå sgisus‖. 82;. K`ggi KK, § 1?, trm`. aktm`m, p. 8=1-8=0: –Id amhg `gakr qug qukgi sñcd vg vgm su augrpd, pugs cg emctmræm cm sgýmc gspgaæ﬍am gi tmitd qug augrpd prdpkd (…) Gc augrpd prdpkd sñcd pug`g adistktukrsg drkokimrkmfgitg gi tmitd qug tmc gi gc tmatd y gi td`d cd qug giaugitrm su cdamckzmakñi

pdr fg`kd `g cms sgismakdigs `gc tmatd, adfd gs gc amsd `gc amcdr, gc eræd, gc `dcdr, gta.‖.

=10

akc `gc @g sdfid, qug bm `m`d cuomr m iufgrdsms `ksauskdigs, gstmhcgag, gi gegatd, uim gstrgabm sdck`mrk`m` gitrg gc sgitk`d adfúi y gc sgitk`d qug gs adfúi m td`ds cds vkvkgitgs mikfm`ds, gc tmatd 8;>. Ukokckm y sugýd pdigi gi jugod iugstrm prgsgiakm gi gc fui`d m trmvës `g iugstrms sgismakdigs gi iugstrms sgismakdigs qug iugstrms, iugstrm prgsgiakm pmrmy,idsdtrds fksfds. ^dr gccd,gisgtmitd rgcmakdimi adi gc sgitk`d adfúi y adi gc sgitk`d eui`mfgitmc qug gs gc tmatd. Fkougc `g Ëegsd cds k`gitk﬍am y m﬍rfm: –Gc sugýd gs uim pmskñi `gc tmatd, y `g ikioúi dtrd sgitk`d‖8;=. Qkoukgi`d gsm cæigm `g kitgrprgtmakñi, Xëfk Hrmoug gsarkhg qug gs –cm dhstmauckzmakñi‖ `gc tmatd cd qug –prdùag gc sugýd‖. –Cm vkokckm, pdr gc aditrmrkd, ‐prdskoug‐ adiskstg gi gc ckhrg euiakdimfkgitd `gc tmatd y, pdr su fg`kmakñi, `g cm sgismakñi gi ogigrmc. Fkgitrms qug `drfkr gs sdctmr cm prgsm, pgr`gr gc aditmatd, gstmr `gspkgrtd gs gstmr gi aditmatd adi gc fui`d‖8;8. Pd`d gc msuitd rgsk`g gi gc mcamiag y cds cæfktgs `g gsm dhstmauckzmakñi. Pd`d gc msuitd rgsk`g tmfhkëi gi cm k`gitk`m` gitrg –sdctmr cm prgsm‖ y –pgr`gr gc aditmatd‖. @urfkgi`d, íd skgitd d id pgrakhd4 ´@gjd `g sgitkr d `gjd `g gstmr prgsgitg adfd yd fksfd m fks sgismakdigs, rguikëi`dcms gi cm uik`m` `g fk rgcmakñi adi gc fui`d4 ´@gjmr `g adogr gs `gjmr `g tdamr4 Qk gc tmatd pu`kgsg suspgi`grsg adfpcgtmfgitg, ámhræm cm pdskhkck`m` `g iuiam `gspgrtmrsg4 Cd ùrd y cd hcmi`d, cd amckgitg y cd eræd skougi gstmi`d prgsgitgs pmrm idsdtrds fkgitrms `drfkfds, muiqug `g dtrd fd`d qug gi gc gstm`d `g vkokckm. ^dr gccd `mfds vugctms gi iugstrd cgabd, rgabmzmfds iugstrms fmitms d cms vdcvgfds m pdigr sdhrg idsdtrds. Qk ùrfkgi`d sg `gjmsg `g sgitkr, sg `gjmræm `g vkvkr. Cm dhstmauckzmakñi `gc tmatd gstí vkiaucm`m m cm kifdvkck`m` `g iugstrd augrpd, pgrd id adistktuyg su kitgrrupakñi. Gc pgismfkgitd `g Mrkstñtgcgs, ski ù`m fís prgdaupm`d pdr gxpckamr gc sugýd qug pdr `gsarkhkrcd adi prgakskñi, gs kiakgrtd y `keæakc gi gstg puitd. ûg`g magitumr cm kfpdtgiakm `gc sugýd bmstm adivgrtkrcd gi bgrfmid `g cm fugrtg. –Gc pmsd `gc id-sgr mc sgr sg 8;>. @g sdfid, 8, 077 m =8-8?. Qdhrg cms `k﬍auctm`gs `g gstg tgxtd, ae. Jórogi _KGQIGX, –Pbg uikty de tbg @g sdfid mi` tbg pbyskdcdokamc gxpcmimtkdi de scggp ki Mrkstdtcg‖, ki Mrkstdtcg di Fki` mi` tbg Qgisgs (^rdagg`kios de tbg sgvgitb syfpdskuf Mrkstdtgckauf), g`. Ccdy` y Dwgi, Amfhrkòg, =;?2, p. 800 sq. 8;=. FKOWGC FKOWGC @G ËEGQ ËEGQD, D, dp. akt., p. 02.

8;8. Xëfk HXMOWG, dp. akt., p. 87;< ae. p. 1?1.

=17

gegatúm m trmvës `gc gstm`d kitgrfg`kd: mbdrm hkgi, gc sugýd pmrgag sgr pdr imturmcgzm ui gstm`d `g gsg oëigrd. Gstí, pdr msæ `gakrcd, gi cds adi﬍igs `gc vkvkr y gc id-vkvkr ( tdu zgi lmk tdu fg zgi fgtbdrkdi ), y gc ùrfkgitg id pmrgag ik id sgr `gc td`d, ik sgr‖, gi tmitd gstmræm prkvm`d 8;1

`g cm sgismakñi adfd matd `g cmqug vk`m . ^grd, mcouims`gcæigms cmitg, gvdam m cds sdiífhucds tkgigi sgismakñi cd qugfís cdsm`grd`gm8;0. Adfdqukgrm qug sgm, bmy mc fgids ui aditmatd qug gc sugýd id pd`ræm kitgrrufpkr, pugs cd supdig skgfprg adfd su adi`kakñi< gs gc aditmatd adi mqugccd sdhrg cd qug `gsamismfds. Cms C ms bgrfdsms fg`ktmakdigs `g Gffmiugc Cgvkims sdhrg gc sugýd cd rgaugr`mi adi prgakskñi. Qdctmr cm prgsm, sdctmr cms prgsms `g cm mtgiakñi y cm pgragpakñi, id gs cgvktmr ik ﬈dtmr< gs `gsamismr sdhrg gc sugcd d sdhrg uim amfm. –Gc sugýd rgstmhcgag cm rgcmakñi adi gc cuomr adfd hmsg. Madstíi`dids, maurruaíi`dids gi uim gsqukim pmrm `drfkr, ids mhmi`dimfds m ui cuomr (…) @drfkr vkgig m sgr gitrmr gi aditmatd adi cms vkrtu`gs prdtgatdrms `gc cuomr< husamr gc sugýd gs husamr gsg aditmatd fg`kmitg uim sugrtg `g tmitgd‖ 8;7. Im`kg pug`g `drfkr ski gsm skioucmr m`bgrgiakm, qug tmfhkëi gs adi﬍mizm, adi﬍mizm gi qug gc sugcd id `gsmpmrgagrí. Gc sugýd mctgrm gc tmatd, pgrd id cd suspgi`g. Cm uikvgrsmck`m` `gc tmatd prgsgitg gi td`d gc augrpd pmrgag k`gitk﬍amrcd adi cd qug fís tmr`g sg ccmfmrí cm sgiskhkck`m` ogigrmc. Muiqug gxprgsíi`dsg gi gc cgioumjg `g cds akiad sgitk`ds, Mrkstñtgcgs sustrmg m ëc gc tmatd, mskoiíi`dcg uim euiakñi pgrpgtumfgitg eui`m`drm. ´Bmy qug pgismr gsm prdxkfk`m`, d gsm k`gitk`m`, `g cm tmatkck`m` y cm sgiskhkck`m` ogigrmc adfd cm sgýmc `g ui miícksks kisu﬍akgitgfgitg `kegrgiakm`d y uim adieuskñi, d adfd gc cuomr `g ui prdygatd ﬍cdsñ﬍ad `g ormi mcamiag4 Gsm prdxkfk`m` gs aditkium`m m trmvës `g cm bkstdrkm: cd `gfugstrm qug pgism`drgs `g cds skocds RKR y RR td`mvæm sg bmi `g gsedrzmr gi `kskpmrcm, vkgi`d gi gccm cm fgzacm kcgoætkfm `g `ds euiakdigs gsgiakmcfgitg `kstkitms. Msæ, Rmvkgr Hkabmt, gi sus Xgabgr Xgabgrabgs abgs pbyskdcdok pbyskdcdokqugs qugs 8;1. @g ogigrmtkdig mikfmckuf, U, =, ??2 h 8?-18, trm`. aktm`m, p. =?2. 8;0. K`., ??; m =2. 8;7. @g c‛gxkstgiag î c‛gxkstmit , ^mræs, =;0?, p. ==;-=8>. Gstms adisk`grmakdigs `mi maagsd m

rg﬈gxkdigs sdhrg gc sgr `gc augrpd y gc sgitk`d `gc mquæ.

=15

sur cm vkg gt cm fdrt , `g﬍ig gc tmatd pdr fg`kd `g cds fksfds dhjgtds dhjgt ds qug Mrkstñtgcgs: –Cm emauctm` `g pgrakhkr kfprgskdigs ogigrmcgs, adisk`grm`m gi gjgrakakd, adistktuyg gc tmatd qug (…) tkgig pdr dhjgtd m`vgrtkrids `g cm prgsgiakm `g cds augrpds, `g sus aumck`m`gs amckgitgs y eræms, sgams y 8;5

búfg`ms, ùrms y gi hcmi`ms, gta. adfúi y `g dtrds mtrkhutds adfuigs‖ adivkgrtg acmrmfgitg gc sgitk`d y cms aumck`m`gs qug, pmrm. Qg Mrkstñtgcgs, adistktuæmi sgiskhcgs prdpkds sg adivkgrtgi gi mtrkhutds adfuigs. M gstg rgspg rgspgatd, atd, gs –fuy `kstkit `kstkitdd `gc tdamr‖, y Hkabmt kiskstg kiskstg gi cm –ormi `kegrgiakm gitrg gc tmatd (tmat ) y gc tdamr (tduabgr), mitmýd adieui`k`ds pdr cds ﬍skñcdods‖. –Cm vdcuitm` skgfprg `krkog cms kfprgskdigs `gc sgoui`d, fkgitrms qug cms `gc prkfgrd ‐qug ids prdpdrakdim cms sgismakdigs ogigrmcgs `g amckgitg, eræd, sgad, búfg`d, gta.‐ gstíi adistmitgfgitg eugrm `g su ki﬈ugiakm‖8;?. Adieui`kr gc tmatd y gc tdamr gs adieui`kr cms sgismakdigs ogigrmcgs y cms sgismakdigs pmrtkaucmrgs< sñcd gc tdamr pug`g aditmrsg gitrg cds akiad sgitk`ds, auyd eui`mfgitd gs gc tmatd. Amhmiks, gi sus Xmppdrts ù pbyskqug pbyskqug gt ù fdrmc `g c‛bdffg, gstmhcgag uim `kstkiakñi miícdom: gc –tmatd‖ gs –gc sgitk`d ogigrmc: cds `gfís sñcd sdi sus fd`k﬍amakdigs d vmrkg`m`gs‖8;2< gs –cm sgiskhkck`m` fksfm‖. Qg `kstkioug `gc –tdamr prdpkmfgitg `kabd‖, qug –sg gjgrag m trmvës `g td`m cm pkgc, qug sg pug`g adisk`grmr adfd su ñromid gspgakmc‖8;;. ^grd, skocd y fg`kd `gspuës, Fmurkag ^rm`kigs td`mvæm sg cmfgitmrí `g cms adieuskdigs qug prdvdam –cm vucomr `kegrgiakmakñi… `gc sgitk`d tíatkc rgspgatd m cm sgiskhkck`m` ogigrmc‖ 1>>. Ámhg juitmr hmjd gc fksfd idfhrg cm kfprgskñi `g amckgitg y eræd, pdr gjgfpcd, adi cm kiagsmitg dpgrmakñi `g cd qug Xkclg ccmfm ‐gi cm prkfgrm Gcgoæm `gc @ukid‐ iugstrms –fmids ki﬍iktmfgitg mioustkm`ms‖4 ´Qg trmtm ‐pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs‐ prdpkmfgitg `g uim adieuskñi4 Cm musgiakm `g ui miícksks `g cm `koktmakñi im`m tkgig `g maak`gitmc: gs cm 8;5. Kª ^mrtg, mrt. 2, Ugrvkgrs, =;?1, p. 27. 8;?. K`., p. 2?-22. pbkcdsdpbkqugs gs, g`. aktm`m, p. 888. ^dr gccd Amhmiks bmhcm `gc –tmatd‖ `gc djd, `gc 8;2. Dguvrgs pbkcdsdpbkqu dæ`d, gta. 8;;. K`., p. 888. Ae. p. 885, adi m﬍rfmakdigs mrkstdtëckams: gc tmatd gs –gc prkfgr sgitk`d qug sg `gsmrrdccm‖, –gc úctkfd gi gxtkioukrsg‖, gs –cm hmsg `g cds rgstmitgs‖ y –su mhdckakñi æitgorm y ogigrmc supdig cm `g cm vk`m‖.

1>>. F. ^XM@KIGQ, Cm ediatkdi pgragptkvg, ^mræs, =;2=, p. 20< ae. p. 27 y 2?.

=1?

uikvgrsmck`m` `gc tmatd cd qug kitgrgsm m Mrkstñtgcgs, mqugccd gi vkrtu` `g cd aumc eui`m td`ds cds `gfís sgitk`ds. Pmfhkëi gc aditmatd prgvmcgag sdhrg gc adogr, pugs td`ms cms pmrtgs `g fk augrpd gitrmi gi aditmatd adi cd sgiskhcg, fkgitrms qug fk fmid vkgig m sgr cm úikam qug adog y, gi aumcqukgr amsd, adistktuyg ñromid pdr gxagcgiakm `gc adogr. Aumi`d Qmitd Pdfís rgpktg qug gcam`m ñromid `g cds sgitk`ds gs tmfhkëi ñromid `gc tmatd, sg trmtm `g su sgiskhkck`m` m cd amckgitg y cd eræd, m cd sgad y cd búfg`d, y id `g su ampmak`m` `g adogr, rgtgigr d momrrmr. Gc bdrkzditg `g cm prgouitm pdr gc tmatd gs, pmrm Mrkstñtgcgs, cm sgiskhkck`m` fksfm `gc vkvkgitg adfd tmc, gc matd `g su prgsgiakm gi gc fui`d y `g cm prgsgiakm `gc fui`d pmrm ëc, ki`ksdakmhcgs pdr aumitd –gc matd `g cd sgiskhcg y gc `gc sgitk`d gs uid y gc fksfd‖ 1>=. Gc tmatd gs gc cuomr pgrfmigitg `g gsg kitgramfhkd gi gc qug sg k`gitk﬍am cd idk`ëitkad, gi gc qug sdfds gitrgom`ds mc fui`d y m cms edrfms `gc fui`d dtdrom`ms m idsdtrds fksfds. Aumcqukgr sgiskhkck`m` pmrtkaucmr sg ckfktmrí m prdcdiomr y `gsmrrdccmr gsg prkfgr adisgitkfkgitd mc sgr, adisgitkfkgitd prgvkd m aumcqukgr kikakmtkvm. Cgjds `g rgvgcmrsg gi gccd adieusd y mramkad, gc prdygatd ﬍cdsñ﬍ad `g Mrkstñtgcg Mrkstñtgcgss fmik﬍gstm mbæ su mou`gzm y su amrom `g euturd. Cm uikvgrsmck`m` `gc tmatd qug fg gitrgom mc fui`d kisgrtíi`dfg gi ëc y bui`këi`dfg yd fksfd gi cms aumck`m`gs sgiskhcgs fís ogigrmcgs, su pmpgc eui`m`dr ergitg m cds `gfís sgitk`ds y su `keuskñi gi td`d gc augrpd, su adgxtgiskvk`m` adi cm prdpkm vk`m mikfmc, td`ds gsds prkvkcgokds qug cd adivkgrtgi gi gc sgitk`d pdr gxagcgiakm, ćg adi﬍grgi uim euiakñi skioucmr gi cm adistktuakñi `g fk augrpd adfd tmc, `g fk augrpd adfd fæd4 Qki ù`m, pgrd td`m cm augstkñi gstí gi smhgr añfd. ´Gs prgaksd pmrtkr `gc sgitkrsg m uid fksfd adfd `gc eui`mfgitd `g cm sgiskhkck`m` y gc gstmr adi vk`m d, pdr gc aditrmrkd, pcmitgmrcd adfd gc margagitmfkgitd y gc bmcd `g ui sgitkr ym skgfprg vugctd bmakm cd dtrd4 ´Fg skgitd m fæ fksfd pdr fg`kd `g fæ fksfd gi uim purm prdpkdagpakñi pdr msæ `gakrcd gxtrm-fui`mim d sñcd gstdy `m`d m fæ fksfd m trmvës `g cd dtrd4 ´^rgag`g cm sgiskhkck`m` m aumcqukgr ccmfm`m y aumcqukgr rgspugstm d, kiacusd td`mvæm fu`m, ym rgspdi`g m cm ccmfm`m `g cms adsms4

1>=. @g mikfm, KKK, 087 h 87-85, trm`. Hmrhdtki.

=12

Pmitd gi uim `krgaakñi adfd gi dtrm, gc tmatd skoug skgi`d ui sgitk`d eui`m`dr y prkvkcgokm`d, pgrd su prkvkcgokd gi fd`d mcouid sg `g﬍ig `g cm fksfm fmigrm. Pd`ms cms `gsarkpakdigs aditgfpdríigms kiskstgi gi cm rgcmakñi adiskod fksfd `gc tdamr augrpduim qug`gskgitg y gi gcadi mcamiag `g cm prdpkdagpakñi. ûg`d fks fmids cm dtrm`gakskvd y pdr gccd, `kag Bussgrc, gc ñromid matkvd sg adivkgrtg gi dhjgtd dhjgt d y gc dhjgtd gi ñromid matkvd< fk adrpdrgk`m` prdpkm gstí rgcmakdim`m adiskod fksfm 1>8. Fgrcgmu^dity prdcdioñ gsds miícksks y Bgirk _mccdi, `gspuës `g dtrds, `kstkioukñ adi iktk`gz cm sgiskhkck`m` prdpkdagptkvm `g cm sgiskhkck`m` kitgrdagptkvm y cm sgiskhkck`m` gxtgrdagptkvm1>1, kiacusd sk kiskstg gi gc bgabd `g qug gs –idrfmcfgitg suhdr`kim`m, miñikfm‖. ^grd ´gs gsm rgcmakñi adi uid fksfd gc egiñfgid prkfdr`kmc `g cm tmatkck`m`4 ´Gs cd qug pd`gfds m`dptmr adfd bkcd adiùatdr pmrm `gspcgomr sus pdtgiakms y vgr su rkqugzm d sñcd `m prughms `g su eugrzm prgaksmfgitg aumi`d id sg cm mæscm y madfpmým mc tmatd gi gc fui`d4 ´Gs gc tdamrsg cm vgr`m` `gc tmatd u daurrg m cm kivgrsm4 ^rm`kigs `kag `k ag magrtm`mfgitg: –Cm fmid (…) id tkgig gvk`gitgfgitg pdr euiakñi tdamrsg m sæ fksfm: su euiakñi gs tdamr adsms‖ y gc prkvkcgokd qug pdsgg `g –adidagr acmrmfgitg su prdpkd gspmakd‖ bm `g sgr, sgoúi ëc, `gvugctd m ëstm úctkfm 1>0. Adi cm turhm`drm prgakskñi qug cg gs prdpkm, Xkclg, gi cm sgoui`m Gcgoæm `gc @ukid, dpdig gc aditmatd adi uid fksfd m cm amrkakm `g cds mfmitgs. Wid gs gxagsd y argakfkgitd qug hrdtm, kiacusd sk gsg gxagsd pdsgg su prdpkm kisu﬍akgiakm< gc dtrd sñcd prdpdrakdim gki wgiko Gfp﬍iùio: –Ug`, daurrg qug fks fmids sg juitmi, y uim `g dtrm / tdfmi adiakgiakm< d hkgi gs fk rdstrd fuy `gsomstm`d `gsomstm`d / gc qug gi gccms `gsa `gsamism mism y sg prdtgog. [ gsd fg `m akgrtm / kfprgskñi `g sgitkrfg. ^grd, gitdiags, ´qukëi sg mtrgvgræm m sgr pdr tmi pdad4‖1>7. M cm prgouitm fí físs mrrkhm pcmi pcmitgm`m tgm`m rgs rgspdi`g pdi`g gstm amrtgskgiigs, § 00, g`. Qtrõlgr, Bmfhurod 1>8. Fë`ktmtkdis amrtgskgiigs Bmfhurod,, =;??, p. ;; \trm`. amstgccmim.- Fg`ktmakdigs amrtgskmims, Fm`rk`, E.A.G., =;27V. 1>1. Cgs drkokigs ù amrmatârg abgz c‛giemit , ^mræs, =;2?, p. 05 y pmsskf. 1>0. F. ^XM@KIGQ, Cgs sgis `g cm `ëegisg, p. 807. @g fd`d gitgrmfgitg mrkstdtëckad, ^rm`kigs mým`g: –Qñcd adidagfds adidagfds ‒iugstrd‛ gspmakd adrpdrmc m trmvë trmvëss `g cds ñromids qug ids bmagi td-

amr cds `gfís augrpds y gi gc fdfgitd y fg`k`m gi qug cds tdamfds‖. 1>7. – @dab wgr wmotg `mruf sabdi zu sgki4‖, trm`. M. Ougrig, ki XKCLG, Dguvrgs, t. KK, ^mræs,

=;?8, p. 18> \trm`. amstgccmim: Mitdcdoæm pdëtkam, Fm`rk`, Gspmsm-Amcpg, =;52V.

=1;

fksfm prgouitm. Gc tdamrsg id pd`ræm sgr cm vgr`m` `gc tmatd. Gi Hrms amssë , Bgirk Fkabmux `gsarkhg adfd skoug cm rgaupgrmakñi `g su sgiskhkck`m` tíatkc: –Fk fmid `grgabm kiutkckzm`m, qug ùrmitg sgfmims sñcd bmhæm adidak`d cm fís msaëtkam `g cms sgismakdigs, cm `gc suerkfkgitd, ùrd,`gsdr`gim`mfgitg, purd, kitgisd, bg b g mbæm trmvës qug `g `g rgpgitg, pdr cds sugcds, rgakhæm fkcgs su `g ormi`gzm puitktds qug rgaupgrmhmi su sgiskhkck`m`, cms sgismakdigs, cds tgrakdpgcds `g cms sgismakdigs fgiu`ms (qug vkgigi `gc aditmatd, `gc amcdr, `g cm prgskñi `g cm smiorg y cms amrigs, `g cds kfpucsds `gc gxtgrkdr), cm fuctktu` fuctkt u` `g gsds cki`ds fgismjgs kiagsmitgs `gc fd`gstd hkgigstmr hurouës y hur`gc `g cm rgmck`m` dr`kimrkm. ¡D`kdsd!, ¡rgpuoimitg! ^rm`grms `g puitds zmcmfgrds. Iuiam cd buhkgrm argæ`d‖1>5. ´Bmy qug amck﬍amr `g oiñstkam cm `gsarkpakñi `g gsm –rgpuoimitg rggiamrimakñi‖4 ´Fmik﬍gstm tmi sñcd ui bdrrdr bmakm gc augrpd cm gvdamakñi rgpgtk`m `gc msad4 Akgrtms gxprgskdigs mkscm`ms pug`gi kr gi gsg sgitk`d, adfd aumi`d Fkabmux, gi vkrtu` `g gsm rgaupgrmakñi `g cm sgiskhkck`m`, sg prgtgi`g –gi cm amccg, givkm`d m cm fgzacm ogigrmc, gs `gakr, m cm pmrtkakpmakñi‖1>?, gi adiedrfk`m` adi cm kifgrskñi `gc tmatd gi cd qug pgrakhg. Qgræm, adi td`d, dcvk`mr qug gi su dhrm td`d gs kitgismfgitg adrpdrmc y sg `kag sgoúi gc augrpd. Cd qug cg rgsuctm d`kdsd gs gc rg`gsauhrkfkgitd `g uim –kitgrkdrk`m` cdamc‖, gi gc fdfgitd y gi cm fg`k`m gi qug cm rg`gsauhrg, gc oustd `g uid fksfd gi gc oustd `g cms adsms, gc odag `g uid ui d fksfd gi gc aditmatd adi cms adsms. Fkabmux `gsarkhg mbæ gc prgakd m pmomr pmrm qug tdamr sgm tdamr sg. M`gfís, gsg msad `gsmpmrgag aumi`d gc hrmzd, pcgimfgitg rgstmhcgak`d, bm vugctd m sgr –tmi sñcd ui fkgfhrd… m fk `kspdskakñi‖ 1>2. Adfd adi uim pmcmhrm `kag gc prgemakd: –Aőigstgskm, fmrg idstruf, fm`rg `gc mhsur`d‖1>;. ^dr cd `gfís, im`m tkgig `g ` g maak`gitmc qug gsg odag y gsg msad amrmatgrkagi ui gstm`d mctgrm`d. Cm mou`gzm egidfgidcñokam `g cds pdgtms kivktm m cm kitgrrdomakñi. Ádidakgrdi y pgismrdi cds orkgods gsms –prm`grms `g puitds zmcmfgrds‖4 Ámhg bmagr `g gccd ui egiñfgid 1>5. Emag î ag quk sg `ërdhg , ^mræs, =;?7, p. 05-0?. Fkabmux midtm m gstg pmsmjg: –´@ghd mým`kr, pmrm qukgi cd puskgsg gi ù`m, qug adi mitgrkdrk`m` fg bmhæm sgrvk`d `gc tmatd, adfd td`d gc fui`d, ski msad4‖. 1>?. K`., p. 5=, mc koumc qug cm aktm skoukgitg. 1>2. K`., p. 7>.

1>;. K`., p. =>.

=0>

prkfgrd4 Qk Mrkstñtgcgs mhdr`m, id ski vmrkmakdigs ik trdpkgzds, gc prdhcgfm `g cm adiakgiakm qug tgigfds `g iugstrds matds sgisdrkmcgs1=>, skoug skgi`d akgrtd qug gc kitgramfhkd gitrg gc ñromid y gc dhjgtd gs, pmrm ëc, kfpdskhcg pdr m﬍rfmakñi prkiakpkd yam`m qug cm quggsm `m kfpdskhkck`m`. `gc tmatd vm giQgræm, gc sgitk`d `g uim vgzgxpckamakñi fís acmrm `g m`gfís, pmrm`ñjkad qug cm sgiskhkck`m` bufmim pu`kgsg `kserutmr `g uim rg﬈gxkñi qug gc prdpkd pgismfkgitd id pug`g mcamizmr pcgim ik `krgatmfgitg. ^mrm Mrkstñtgcgs, gc gspærktu sñcd pug`g pgismrsg m sæ fksfd pgismi`d mcod `kstkitd m sæ fksfd1==. Cm sgiskhkck`m` gs trmisktkvm, id rg﬈gxkvm. Igagsktmfds mcod `kegrgitg m idsdtrds fksfds pmrm sgitkr, y gc ñromid, pmrm gjgragr su euiakñi `g ñromid, rgqukgrg cm mctgrk`m` `gc dh jgtd, id pu`kgi`d sgr ik adivgrtkrsg adi vgrtkrsg gi dhjgtd pmrm sæ fksfd. Mrkstñtgcgs cd m﬍rfm `g fd`d ogigrmc gi gc @g mikfm: id bmy sgismakñi `g cms prdpkms sgismakdigs1=8. Id sgitkfds skid cd dtrd y, sk ids sgitkfds m idsdtrds fksfds, sñcd sgrí adi damskñi y gi `gpgi`giakm `g gsm sgismakñi `g cd dtrd, y id pdr fg`kd `g uim rg﬈gxkvk`m` `g cm amrig qug cm adistktukræm drkokimrkmfgitg. Qñcd fg skgitd ormakms m cd dtrd< gs ëc qukgi fg gitrgom m fæ fksfd gi cm fg`k`m gi qug gc rgtdrid sdhrg uid fksfd y sus prdpkds matds d megaakdigs cd supdig skgfprg. Cm sgismakñi fís æitkfm, cm `g fk prdpkm vk`m sgiskhcg gi matd, gs mc fksfd tkgfpd cm fís mhkgrtm, y su kitkfk`m` sñcd sg `gspckgom sgoúi gsm mpgrturm. Qgitkrsg m sæ fksfd id gs ui adfkgizd, gs uim rgspugstm m cm ccmfm`m `g cd sgiskhcg `kstkitd m fæ sdhrg cd aumc sg gjgragi fks matds. Id adfkgizd `kakgi`d yd< sñcd sdy yd skgi`d tutgm`d pdr gc fui`d. M gstm m﬍rfm m﬍rfmakñi akñi `g Mr Mrkstñtgcg kstñtgcgs, s, `g maugr`d adi cm aumc cds ñromids sgisdrkmcgs id pug`gi sgitkrsg m sæ fksfds, adismorm Jumi Ekcdpñi ui cmrod adfgitmrkd, gi gc qug gc tmatd jugom ui pmpgc prkvkcgokm`d. ^rkvkcgokm`d, pdrqug, m `kegrgiakm `g cds `gfís sgitk`ds, ëc fksfd pdsgg cms aumck`m`gs qug pgrakhg y pdr gccd pug`g pmrgagr qug ëc fksfd sgm pmrm sæ ui pdskhcg sgiskhcg. [, ski gfhmrod, id pug`g 1=>. Ae. @g mikfm, KKK, 8, 087 h =8 sq.< y @g Qdfid, 8, 077 m =? sq. 1==. @g mikfm, KKK, 0, 08; h 5-=>. Ae. X. @. BKALQ, Mrkstdtcg, @g mikfm, Amfhrkòg, =;>?, p. 027, y E. R. ^WPMCCMZ, Cg sgis `g cm rë﬈gxkdi abgz Pbdfms `‛Mquki, ^mræs, =;;=, p. 11-15. 1=8. @g mikfm, KK, 7, 0=? m 8-1, mkstbgsgdi ogigrmcfgitg adfprgi`k`d y trmùak`d adfd sko-

ik﬍ami`d cds ñromids sgisdrkmcgs. Ae. XD@KGX, dp. akt., p. 87>.

=0=

adivgrtkrsg bmakm sæ fksfd. –Cm sgismakñi tíatkc id pgrakhg gc amcdr qug gstí imturmcfgitg `keui`k`d pdr td`d gc augrpd‖, smcvd gi ui `gsdr`gi y uim mctgrmakñi adfd cds `g cm ﬍ghrg 1=1. Gc augrpd qug sg skgitg m sæ fksfks fd gs mquæ gc augrpd giegrfd< id sg skgitg skid gi cm fg`k`m fksfm gi qugkoumc gstí giegrfd. Cm giegrfg`m` gs gc pmrm`kofm `g cmgimutd-megaakñi. Mc qug úikamfgitg gi cm giegrfg`m` sgitkfds iugstrm hdam iugstrd prdpkd smhdr, mfmrod. Bmy qug bmagr justkakm mc pgismfkgitd smrtrgmid `gc augrpd sgoúi gc aumc, sk tgigfds ui smhdr pmrm idsdtrds fksfds, sñcd pd`ræm sgr eugitg `g gsm gxtrmým rgpuoimiakm trmsagi`gitmc qug `gsarkhg Gc sgr y cm im`m. –Gsm amptmakñi pgrpgtum pdr fk pmrm-sæ `g ui smhdr sdsd y ski `kstmiakm qug fg madfpmým kiacusd gi fks gseugrzds pdr ckhrmrfg `g ëc y qug gs fk oustd‖ gs iíusgm. Gsm –iíusgm `ksargtm g kisupgrmhcg rgvgcm pgrpgtumfgitg fk augrpd m fk adiakgiakm‖. Id gs –uim fgtíedrm gxtrmæ`m `g iugstrms rgpuoimiakms ﬍skdcñokams< gs, pdr gc aditrmrkd, sdhrg su hmsg 1=0 adfd sg prdùagi td`ms cms iíusgms adiargtms y gfpærkams‖ . Cm pmrm`djm gstí gi pcmitgmr adfd ui smhdr cd kisæpk`d qug q ug sdfds pmrm idsdtrds fksfds. @g mbæ cm gxprgskñi –smhdr sdsd‖, ym pdrtm`drm `g iíusgm sgoúi gc sgitk`d qug cg `m Ckttrë1=7. Áñfd pd`gfds sgitkr adfd ui smhdr cd qug skrvg `g edi`d m td`ds cds smhdrgs pdskhcgs4 Gi uim píokim sdrprgi`gitg qug pmrgag Fkabmux mitgs `g tkgfpd, Cmfmral pgismhm adfd ui ruk`d, ui pgrpgtud ruk`d `g edi`d, cd qug Qmrtrg `gskoim adfd ui smhdr. Cd bmag m prdpñsktd `g cd qug ëc ccmfm sgismakñi pgrfmigitg, –cm qug sg prdùag gi td`ds cds puitds sgiskhcgs `gc augrpd, y gi ogigrmc ski `ksaditkiuk`m`, m cd cmrod `g td`d gc aursd `g cm vk`m `gc ki`kvkùd‖. Adistktuyg cm eugitg `g –gsg sgitkfkgitd æitkfd `g gxkstgiakm qug gxpgrkfgitmfds‖< gs sgismakñi `g uid fksfd y `g su prdpkm vk`m adrpdrmc. –Xgsuctm, gsarkhg Cmfmral, `g cds fdvkfkgitds vktmcgs, `g cds `gspcmzmfkgitds `g cds ﬈uk`ds, `g cds rdags qug tkgigi cuomr gi gsds `gspcmzmfkgitds, rdags qug sdi rgsuctm`d `g aditmatds y, pdr adiskoukgitg, `g 1=1. Jumi EKCD^ÑI, dp. akt., p. 8;=. C‛êtrgg gt cg iëmit , ^mræs, =;57, KKK, KK, =, p. 0>0 \trm`. amstgccmim: Gc sgr y cm im`m, Fm`rk`, 1=0. C‛êtr Mckmizm G`ktdrkmc, =;20V. Gs prgaksd sgýmcmr qug, pdr cd `gfís, Qmrtrg id mtrkhuyg ikiouim kfpdrtmiakm m uim gvgitumc rg﬈gxkvk`m` `gc sgitkr< ae. KKK, KK, 1, p. 087-08? y ae. p. 155-15?. 1=7. CKPPXË, s.v.: –Cd kisæpk`d id tkgig ikiouim gspgakg `g smhdr< cd sdsd tkgig ui smhdr qug,

skgi`d kisucsd, `gsmorm`m mc oustd y cd kiqukgtm‖.

=08

amusms megatmitgs, y qug kiacusd prdùagi ui ruk`d pmrtkaucmr qug `kstkioukfds adi acmrk`m` gi cm amhgzm, sdhrg td`d aumi`d gstmfds giegrfds‖1=5. Qgourd qug Cmfmral id `kræm qug sgitkrsg m uid fksfd sgm cd prdpkd `g cm giegrfg`m`, pgrd gc adcfd `gc sgitkfkgitd `g uid fksfd, gsauabmrsg y gcMmatd `giakm giegrfg`m`. `ke `kegrg grgiak m ``gc gc idus, amrmatgrkzm , `gc gspærktucm qug mhmram cms kitgckogiakms y cms aditkgig gi sæ fksfd, –cm sgiskhkck`m`‖, `kag Jumi Ekcdpñi, –id pdsgg cd adoidsakhcg (oidstdi) skid gxtgrkdrfgitg‖. Id pug`g amptmr gsd adi cd qug amptm y gc tmatd rgsuctm kitmiokhcg pmrm sæ fksfd. @g su ñromid gsarkhg Ekcdpñi: –Id gs pdskhcg qug, skgi`d ëc fksfd ui augrpd, sg tdqug m sæ fksfd (mutd bgmutdu tbkiomigki)‖. Cm sgiskhkck`m` ids gitrgom y ids ckhgrm mc fui`d, y id m idsdtrds fksfds. –Im`m pm`gag m pmrtkr `g sæ fksfd (bypb‛bgmutdu pmsabgk)‖, `kag adisgaugitgfgitg Jumi Ekcdpñi1=?. Cm `gfdstrmakñi bgabm m prdpñsktd `gc tmatd vmcg m edrtkdrk pmrm

cds `gfís sgitk`ds, pugs sñcd ëc pug`g prgsgitmr cm mpmrkgiakm `g uim edrfm `g rg﬈gxkvk`m`. Gsg pgismfkgitd gs adfúi m Mrkstñtgcgs y m cds pcmtñikads. Msæ, ^cdtkid m﬍rfm qug cm prdpkm kitgrdagpakñi iuiam gs prdpkdagpakñi: –^d`gfds `gakr `g mitgfmid qug cm pmrtg sgisktkvm `gc mcfm sñcd cd gs `gc gxtgrkdr< pugs, mui bmhkgi`d uim adiakgiakm `g cd qug suag`g gi gc kitgrkdr `gc augrpd, kiacusd gi gsg amsd cm pgragpakñi amptm cd qug gs gxtgrkdr m cm pmrtg sgisktkvm‖1=2. Gc gspmakd kitgrkdr `gc augrpd, sk mufgitm cm prdxkfk`m` `g cd sgiskhcg m cd qug skgitg, múi pdsgg, ski gfhmrod, su gxtgrkdrk`m`. ^rdxkfk`m` id gs adkiak`giakm. [, pdr gccd, cm kitgrkdrk`m` `gc augrpd id bmag qug sg juitgi cd qug skgitg y cd sgitk`d. Cm kfpdskhkck`m` pmrm gc augrpd `g adivgrtkrsg bmakm sæ fksfd gs, gi cds Gcgfgitds `g tgdcdoæm `g ^rdacd, ui arktgrkd `kegrgiakmc `g cd adrpdrmc y cd kiadr-

1=5. J.-H. `g CMFMXAL, dp. akt., p. =2?. Quhrmym`d iugstrd. Gsm sgismakñi `g uid fksfd id gs mhsdcutmfgitg purm, pugs bmy –amusms megatmitgs‖. ^grd gsg ruk`d rgvgcm pgrpgtumfgi pgrpgtumfgitg tg fk augrpd m fk adiakgiakm, tmc adfd cm iíusgm `g Qmrtrg. 1=?. Jumi EKCD^ÑI, dp. akt., p. 8;8, mc koumc qug cms aktms prgag`gitgs. Ae. O. XDFG[GX@BGXHG[, dp. akt., p. =58, adi qukgi adkiak`kfds tdtmcfgitg gi gstg puitd. 1=2. ^CDPKID, Giëm`ms, U, 1, 8. 1=;. ^rdp. =7, g`. @d``s, Dxedr`, =;51, p. =5-=2, y adfgitmrkd p. 8>8 sq. \trm`. amstgccmim: Gcgfgitds `g tgdcdoæm, Fm`rk`, Moukcmr, =;51V. Ae. Qmitd PDFÍQ @G M]WKID, Qupgr ckhruf `g

amusks gxpdsktkd ?, g`. Qmeergy, Erkhurod, =;70, p. 7=-78.

=01

pdrmc1=;. Gi cm pgrspgatkvm mrkstdtëckam, ski gfhmrod, gsm kfpdskhkck`m` id `ghg tdfmrsg adfd uim fmikegstmakñi purm y skfpcg `g cm kiegrkdrk`m` `g cm sgiskhkck`m`. Gs igagsmrkm gsm prkfdr`kmc gitrgom mc fui`d, auym kikakmtkvm id tdfmfds,Id pmrm qug cmsm pdtgiakms pug`mi adistktukrsg y `gspcgomrsg. tdfmrsg sæ fksfm, `gc skidgspærktu sñcd m cd dtrd, adfd dhjgtd id gs kfpdtgiakm, skid pdtgiakm `g cm sgiskhkck`m`. Id pd`gfds ‐adfd prgtgi`grí J.-J. Xdussgmu gi gc qukitd pmsgd `g cms Gisdýmakdigs `gc pmsgmitg sdcktmrkd‐ rgpcgomrids gi ui gstm`d gi gc qug –uid sg hmstm m sæ fksfd adfd @kds‖, id odzmi`d –`g im`m gxtgrkdr m uid fksfd, `g im`m qug id sgm uid fksfd y su prdpkm gxkstgiakm‖, gi –gc sgitkfkgitd `g cm gxkstgiakm `gspdjm`d `g aumcqukgr dtrm megaakñi‖. Cm sgiskhkck`m` sñcd gs `m`m m sæ fksfm gi cm prdeuskñi `gc fui`d, sñcd sg rgakhg m sæ fksfm `gs`g cd dtrd y pdr cd dtrd, g kiacusd gc odag `g uid fksfd, sk tkgig cuomr, id gs fís qug cm ﬈dr `g ui giaugitrd auym pcgiktu` gccm iuiam fk`g. Gxpgrkfgitd cm mcgoræm `g vgr, tdamr, dær, `g gjgragr mtgitmfgitg gsms `kvgrsms pdskhkck`m`gs fæms vkgi`d, tdami`d, dygi`d skgfprg mcod `kstkitd m fæ fksfd, gi gc fui`d. Gs uid `g cds prkiakpkds krrgùatkhcgs `g Qmitd Pdfís `g Mqukid, skoukgi`d m Mrkstñtgcgs: Idi pdtgst bdfd sgitkr sgitkrgg mhsqug gxtgrk gxtgrkdrk drk sgiskhkck sgiskhkck –gc bdfhrg id pug`g sgitkr ski ui sgiskhcg gxtgrid‖18>. Pd`m sgismakñi mskgitg prkfgrd mc fui`d y sñcd pdr gccd pug`g vdcvgr sdhrg sæ fksfm. Cm mcgoræm `g sgr gs `g ui dr`gi `gc td`d `kstkitd m uim sgismakñi y ui odag `g uid fksfd. Pd`m mcgoræm mr`g `g ui sæ purd, gcgvíi`dsg adfd uim ccmfm ski giadrvmrsg sdhrg sæ fksfm. Id gs m uid fksfd m qukgi sg `kag sæ, y pdr gccd úikamfgitg sg gs vgr`m`grmfgitg uid fksfd gi gc sæ. Cm trmisktkvk`m` gs, pdr tmitd, prkfmrkm y rm`kamc< vkvkr gs ‐adfd `kag Xkclg gi su úctkfd pdgfm‐ gstmr meugrm, @rmuÔgisgki. Qustrmgrsg cd fís pdskhcg m cm vk`m `g rgcmakñi pmrm rgtkrmrsg `gitrd `g uid fksfd gi im`m kiargfgitm cm vk`m ik gc odag `g uid fksfd. Gc sgitkrsg m uid fksfd id gs y id pug`g sgr ui bkcd adiùatdr pmrm gc pgismfkgitd orkgod `g cm amrig. Gc sgitkfkgitd `g iugstrd prdpkd sgr y iugstrm prdpkm 18>. Quffm aditrm ogitkcgs, KK, 7?, g`. Fmrkgttk, Puræi, =;5=, § =111 \trm`. amstgccmim: Qufm aditrm cds ogitkcgs, 8 vdcs., Fm`rk`, H.M.A., =;5?-=;52V< ae. E. R. ^WPMCCMZ, dp. akt., p. 1;-5; y E. QWÍXGZ, Dpgrm dfikm, t. KKK, p. 578-577.

18=. Ëtkam m Ikañfmad, KR, ;.

=00

vk`m, sk Mrkstñtgcgs cg bmag justkakm18=, id gs fís qug cm krrm`kmakñi `gc gspcgi`dr `gc fui`d, qug amptmfds m trmvës `g iugstrds matds pgragptkvds g kitgcgatkvds. Iuiam gs fís vkvd qug aumi`d id gs sdcktmrkd y sg adfpmrtg gi cm pgregatm mfkstm`. Gstí amrom`d `g sgitk`d qug gc syi `g syimkstbmigstbmk gc y`gidsyzgi , gc sgr adi188.`g uim adfuik`m` mfkstdsm, ui sgitkrsgm, adi adfd gc dtrd, cm adiakgiakm Pd`d gccd adiùag m prgaksmr cm gxpckamakñi qug Mrkstñtgcgs `m `gc tmatd. Qkgfprg bm pcmitgm`d `k﬍auctm`gs, pugs, sk gi akgrtds trmtm`ds gstmhcgag qug cm amrig gs su ñromid sgisdrkmc, gc mkstbgtgrkdi , gi dtrds ‐ y skioucmrfgitg gi gc @g mikfm‐ cg ikgom gxprgsmfgitg gsm euiakñi y cm adivkgrtg gi fg`kd pmrm cm sgismakñi, auyd ñromid prdpkmfgitg `kabd gstmræm sktum`d gi gc kitgrkdr `gc augrpd181. Gsg amfhkd, y cds prdpkds tërfkids `g Mrkstñtgcgs, pdigi `g fmik﬍gstd gc amríatgr mpdrëtkad `g gstm augstkñi: magram `g ikioúi dtrd sgitk`d ids prgouitmfds auíc gs su ñr-

omid. Pd`ds cds adfgitmrkstms `g Mrkstñtgcgs cg adismormi cmroms adisk`grmakdigs. Cm fmydræm cd bmagi pmrm eui`mfgitmr cm vgrskñi `g﬍iktkvm sgoúi cm aumc cm amrig id gs gc ñromid fksfd. ^grd mcouids, y id `g cds fgidrgs, fmitkgigi cm prkfgrm gxpckamakñi180. Gi aumitd m Amygtmid, adiacuyg, trms uim cmrom `ksauskñi, qug rgmcfgitg id bmy mctgrimtkvm y, `kstkioukgi`d gitrg cm –amrig gxtgrkdr‖ d cm supgr﬍akg `gc augrpd y cm amrig kitgrkdr, m﬍rfm qug cm amrig gs m cm vgz ñromid y fg`kd `g cm sgismakñi tíatkc187. Qki ccgomr m gccd, ym sg sgýmcñ qug gsm `kegrgiakm `g gxpckamakñi id megatm mc adijuitd `g ` g cms `gsarkpakdigs `gc tmatd. Msæ, cd qug sg `kjd sdhrg cm ﬍iurm `g cm pkgc, cm tgriurm `g cm amrig y su tgfpgrmturm fg`km adfd eui`mfgitd `g cm gxagcgiakm `gc tmatd bufmid: mpgims amfhkm im`m qug cm pgregaakñi `g ëstg dhg`gzam m cm `g cm amrig adfd ñromid d m cm `g cm amrig adfd fg`kd. Wi fg`kd qug trmisfktkgsg fg188. Ae. ^. XD@XKOD, –Quimkstbmigstbmk. Cg pdkit sgiskhcg `g c‛mfktkë pmremktg abgz Mrkstdtg‖, ^bkcdsdpbkg, =8, =;25, p. 17 sq., bmhcmi`d `g uim –mpgrturm sgiskhcg mprkñrkam `gc bdfhrg mc bdfhrg‖. 181. Ae. O. XDFG[GX-@BGXHG[, dp. akt., p. =78-=71. 180. Ae. Qmi MCHGXPD FMOID, @g mikfm , KK, 1, 1=, g`. aktm`m, p. =01: – Prgs fmoik vkrk ki ^grkpmtgtkadruf sgatm, `kxgruit amrigf igrvdsmf gssg dromiuf tmiogi`k, Mcgxmi`gr sakckagt gt Pbgfkstkus gt pdstgrkdr gks Mvkagiim‖. 187. AM[GPMID, Adffgitmrkm ki `g Mikfm Mrkstdtgcks , g`. Adqugccg, Xdfm, =;1;, t. KK, p. 807-805. Gc gxmfgi `g cds mroufgitds pdig `g fmik﬍gstd qug gsm adiakckmakñi gstí cgjds `g sgr tmi

sñcd vgrhmc.

=07

ids `kegrgiakms adiùakræm, eugsg aumc eugsg gc ñromid, m uim sgismakñi fgids ﬍im. ^dr dtrd cm`d, bmy qug kiskstkr gi cm kfprgakskñi gxtrgfm `g cd qug `kag Mrkstñtgcgs sdhrg gc ñromid kitgrkdr `gc tmatd. Gc magitd `g cm sgoui`m gxpckamakñi rgamg gspgakmcfgitg sdhrg gc amríatgr fg`kmtd `gc tmatd sdhrg cm rgcmakñi gitrggxpckamakñi gc tmatd y cds `gfís sgitk`ds, fís sdhrg cmy adistruaakñi `g uim pskadcñokam prgaksm. @gqug td`ds fd`ds, cm amrig adisgrvm su skioucmrk`m` y, pdr msæ `gakrcd, su gxtrmýgzm gi rgcmakñi mc pgismfkgitd: sk gs ñromid, id gs ui ñromid adfd cds `gfís< sk id cd gs, su gstmtutd `g fg`kd kitgrkdr pcmitgm fuabms mpdræms. ´]uë daurrg adi gstm augstkñi gi gc trmtm`d `gc mcfm4 Gc tmatd prgsgitm gi ëc cm pmrtkaucmrk`m` `g sgr, gi td`ms cms magpakdigs `gc tërfkid, gc fís giauhkgrtd y vgcm`d `g td`ds cds sgitk`ds. Gc tmatd id gs ik pug`g sgr aditmatd sgiskhcg< skgfprg gs uim trmvgsæm. Qupdig ui fg`kd kitgrkdr, cm amrig, y ui kitgrvmcd gxtgrkdr. Iuiam bmagfds dtrm adsm qug magramr cms adsms, pgrd cm prdxkfk`m` td`mvæm skoug skgi`d mcgjmfkgitd< id gs aditkoók`m` kifg`kmtm. ^grd cm mvgiturm `gc tmatd gs tmfhkëi gc dcvk`d `gc kitgrvmcd y `gc fg`kd: gjgrakëi`dsg, hdrrm sus prdpkms adi`kakdigs `g gjgrakakd, y gc egiñfgid `gc tmatd `ghg sgr, fís qug aumcqukgr dtrd, rgadiqukstm`d aditrm iugstrms arggiakms gspditíigms qug cd dauctmi. Gs prgaksd pdigr mc `gsiu`d qug gc tmatd iuiam gstí `gsiu`d. Cd qug sustrmg gc tmatd mc pgismfkgitd gs cm kcuskñi `g su kifg`kmtgz. Gsm fg`ktmakñi `kmpdrëtkam prgsgitm fuabms pmrm`djms. –Cm ‒﬍aakñi‛‖, `krí Bussgrc, –adistktuyg gc gcgfgitd vktmc `g cm egidfgidcdoæm, adfd `g td`ms cms akgiakms gk`ëtkams‖ 185. ^mrm gstmhcgagr qug cm amrig id gs gc ñromid `gc tmatd, Mrkstñtgcgs rgaurrg rgpgtk`mfgitg m ﬍aakdigs. Ëstms jugomi ui pmpgc `gakskvd pmrm bmagr amptmr cd rgmc y sgríi, m ﬍i `g augitms, rgadidak`ms adfd rgmcgs gi akgrtds mspgatds. ´]uë ﬍aakdigs4 Ekaakdigs `g givdcturm, `g givmkim`d, `g bkfgi gi gc sgitk`d orkgod: –sk sg gxtkgi`g mcrg`g`dr `g cm amrig uim gspgakg `g fgfhrmim (bdkdi byfgim)…‖< –sk cm fgfhrmim ccgomsg m uikrsg `g edrfm imturmc m cm amrig…‖< –cm amrig pmrgag adfpdrtmrsg m cm fmigrm `g uim givdc185. K`ggi K, § ?>, trm`. Xkaőur, ^mræs, =;?=, p. 88? \trm`. amstgccmim: K`gms, Fm`rk`, E.A.G., =;27V. Ae. Abdsg gt gspmag, § 1, trm`. J.-E. Cmvkoig, ^mræs, =;2;, p. 10: –^rgsgitk﬍amakdigs kfmok-

imrkms `g pgragpakdigs ids prgstmi cds fksfds sgrvkakds‖ qug pgragpakdigs matumcgs y rgmcgs.

=05

turm `g mkrg qug sg m`bgrkræm imturmcfgitg m idsdtrds‖< –sk eugsg fg`kmitg uim fgfhrmim (`k‛byfgids) adfd pgrakhkërmfds td`ds cds tmiokhcgs ski `mrids augitm `g su kitgrpdskakñi…‖18?. ´M quë mmpuit puitmi mi gsms gsms gxtrmýms ﬍aakdigs qug ids `dtmi `g uim sgoui`m pkgc mrtk﬍akmc, qug sg mým`g ﬍imcfgitg ﬍imcf gitg m cm`gc iugstrm, uim `krgatmfgitg gsamemi`rm `gsgisdrkmc mkrg4 M arktkamr arktkam r cm supugstm kifg`kmtgz tmatd ydgc`gpmpgc p mpgc `g cm amrig. Cm prkfgrm ﬍aakñi, cm `gc bkfgi, kitgitm fdstrmr qug cm `gsiu`gz ` gsiu`gz amrgag `g rgcgvmiakm gi gc msuitd y qug iugstrd tmatd sgoukræm skgi`d gc fksfd sk gstuvkësgfds rgauhkgrtds pdr uim pgcæaucm d uim vmkim 182. Qgpmrmræm iugstrm pkgc `g cds dhjgtds y, ski gfhmrod, tgi`ræmfds cms fksfms sgismakdigs y cms arggræmfds kifg`kmtms. Qmitd Pdfís gsarkhg: –Qk sg gxtgi`kgsg sdhrg cm amrig uim pgcæaucm d uim ﬍im tgcm ( pgcckaucmf pgcckaucmf mut tgcmf suhtkcgf), cd tmiokhcg sg sgitkræm tmi prditd adfd eugsg tdam`d cd gxtgi`k`d sdhrg cm amrig‖. [, ski gfhmrod, gsm pkgc mrtk﬍akmc id sgræm gc ñromid `gc tmatd. –[ tmfhkëi rg ñromid rgsuctm suctm pmtgit pmtgitgg qug, sk gsm pkgc (kccm pgccks) gxtgi`k`m sdhrg cm amrig sg bkakgsg adiimturmc mc bdfhrg, sgitkræmfds kifg`kmtmfgitg m trmvës `g gccm‖18;. Mcgjmi`rd `g Merd`kskm tmfhkëi `kag: –Qgitkræmfds kifg`kmtmfgitg m trmvës `g cm fgfhrmim, sk gsm fgfhrmim sg ids bkakgsg adiimturmc (syfpbygs), tmc adfd cm amrig tmfhkëi gs adiimturmc‖11>. Cm ﬍aakñi `g uim fg`kmakñi qug im`m amfhkmræm gi cds `mtds mpmrgitgs pgrfktg pdigr `g fmik﬍gstd qug cm prdpkm amrig gs fg`km`drm, pgsg m iugstrm kfprgskñi `g kifg`kmtgz. Cd mrtk﬍akmc pgrfktg pgismr cd imturmc. Quhskstg uim kiigomhcg gxtrmýgzm gi gc bgabd `g kfmokimr, pmrm pgismr cm sgiskhkck`m` autíigm, uim túikam `g Igsd ski qugfmùrm qug prkfgrd edrrmræm td`d gc augrpd y cugod sg msdakmræm m ëc y edrfmræm pmrtg `g ëc. Gs ui kijgrtd `g pkgc cd qug mquæ rgvgcm cm euiakñi `g cm pkgc. Gc sgitk`d `g su sgr, akgrtmfgitg, id sg modtm gi gccd. Cm mctgrimtkvm gitrg ñromid y fg`kd cg rgsuctm kimprdpkm`m, pugs qukgigs cm pkgismi adfd ñromid tmfhkëi cm pkgismi adfd fg`kd. ^dr `g﬍ikakñi, sñcd uig sgpmrmi`d, adfd cæfktg prdtgatdr `g fk augrpd. Gxtrmýd rgsuctm tmfhkëi gc tgfm 18?. Xgspgatkvmfgi Xgspgatkvmfgitg, tg, @g mikfm, KK, ==, 081 m 8-1< 081 m 7< 081 m ?-2< 081 h ;-=>, trm`. Prkadt. 182. Cd aumc sñcd gi pmrtg gs vgr`m`. @g gsg fd`d amhg `kegrgiakmr `kvgrsds mspgatds `gc tmatd. Ae. ^XM@KIGQ, Cgs sgis `g cm `ëegisg, dp. akt., p. 171 y 177. 18;. Ki `g Mikfm, § 785.

11>. MCGJMI@XD, dp. akt., p. 75.

=0?

`g cm amrig givdcvgitg, rd`gíi`dids adfd uim vgstkùrm d ui rgvgstkfkgitd imturmc. ´]uë idsdtrds4 ´Gc ñromid sgisdrkmc gi gc kitgrkdr `gc augrpd y `gc qug mpgims smhgfds im`m4 Áñfd gs fís iugstrd qug iugstrm amrig4 Cm amrig gs ui fg`kd kitgrkdr y adiimturmc, y id ui sgisdrkuf . Qgitkræmfds pdr fg`kd `g gccm, ormakms m gccm, pgrd gccm fksfm, prdpkmfgitg, id sgitkræm. Cms kfprgskdigs tíatkcgs pmsmræmi m trmvës `g gccm ski sgr `krgatmfgitg suyms. Id tdamræm gi fmydr fg`k`m `g cd qug gc mkrg dyg d vg, muiqug dkomfds cds sdik`ds d vgmfds cds adcdrgs m trmvës `g ëc. ]ug skitmfds cms aumck`m`gs tíatkcgs m pmrtkr `gc aditmatd `gc dhjgtd adi iugstrm amrig id prughm qug sgm gccm fksfm cm qug qu g skgitg. Quhktmigk`m` id qukgrg `gakr kifg`kmtgz. Cm tgsks sgoúi cm aumc cm amrig gs ui fg`kd kitgrkdr qug trmisfktg cm sgismakñi y id gc prdpkd ñromid sgisdrkmc pgrfktg rgfktkr td`ds cds sgitk`ds m cm uik`m` `g uim fksfm gstruaturm, pugs gitdiags id bmy ikiou-

id qug amrgzam `g ui fg`kd qug cd bmom pdskhcg, sgm gstg fg`kd gxtgrkdr d kitgrkdr. Gc fg`kd kitgrkdr, pgrfmigakgi`d ‐sgoúi dtrm magpakñi‐ gxtgrkdr mc ñromid sgisdrkmc, rgsuctm adfpmrmhcg m uim gxtgrkdrk`m` msdakm`m y adivgrtk`m gi adiimturmc, adfd cd fugstrm cm adfpmrmakñi `gc gsau`d11=. Qu kitrdùaakñi pgrfktg rguikr cd qug kikakmcfgitg pmrgag sgr `gc td`d `kstkitd. Egidfgidcdoæm `gc sgitkr y adistruaakñi gxpckamtkvm gxpc kamtkvm sg gitrgcmzmi gstrgabmfgitg. Mrkstñtgcgs bm fdstrm`d qug, rgspgatd m cds `gfís sgitk`ds, gc aditmatd kifg`kmtd gitrg gc ñromid sgisdrkmc y gc sgiskhcg, cgjds `g vdcvgr fís sgourm cm sgismakñi gi rmzñi `g cm prdxkfk`m`, prdxkfk`m` , cm gxacuyg, fuy mc aditrmrkd, adfpcgtmfgitg. –Qk sg adcdam gc dhjgtd adcdrgm`d sdhrg gc prdpkd ñromid `g cm vkstm, id sg vg‖< –sk sg adcdam sdhrg gc prdpkd ñromid gc dhjgtd sdidrd u dcemtkvd, id sg prdùag sgismakñi mcouim‖118. Pd`m Pd`m sgismakñi rgqukgrg `kstmiakm ` kstmiakm y ui fg`k fg`kd. d. Cm mhsdcutm pprdrdxkfk`m` cm gxtkioug. ^rgaksmfgitg pdr gsd pmrgagi dpdigrsg gc tmatd y gc oustd m cds `gfís sgitk`ds, pugs gi mquëccds sg skgitg cd qug gs mpckam`d sdhrg cm amrig, cm pkgc d cm cgioum. Mrkstñtgcgs `gùag `g gstm `keg-

11=. @g mikfm, KK, ==, 081 h =7 sq. Qk fk gsau`d gs odcpgm`d, id sdy odcpgm`d pdr ëc, skid skfuctíigmfgitg fuctíigmfgi tg adi ëc. Msæ adi rgspgatd m cm amrig. –@g edrfm ogigrmc, pmrgag qug, gi rgcmakñi m cm amrig y cm cgioum, cd qug gc mkrg y gc moum sdi pmrm cds ñromids `g cm vkstm, gc dæ`d y gc dcemtd, gccms cd sgmi, adfd gccds, pmrm gc ñromid sgisdrkmc adrrgspdi`kgitg‖, trm`. Prkadt. Prkadt.

118. @g mikfm, KK, ?, 0=; m =1-=0 y 0=; m 82-1>, trm`. Hmrhdtki.

=02

rgiakm cd aditrmrkd `g cm arggiakm adfúi: pugstd qug gc aditmatd prdùag uim sgismakñi, cm amrig id gs ñromid, skid fg`kd ‐fgtmxy‐, ui fg`kd qug skgfprg trmispdrtd adifkod, sdhrg fæ, gi fæ. ^grd, uim vgz fís, ´quë yd4 Qdy fk amrig, pgrd id sdy gc fg`kd gxtgrkdr m`gtrmvës trmv ës `gc`gfmskm`d: aumc pgra pgrakhd. khd. [ gc mrou mroufgitd aditmatd gc rkgsod prdhmr gi gegatd, sk gcfgitd ñromid`gc`gcaditm tmatdatdgs adrrg kitgrid y id sg skgitg cd qug gstí gi aditmatd `krgatd adi gc ñromid, skgi`d fk prdpkm amrig aditkium adi ëc, id cm skgitg. ^grd, sk `g ikiouim fmigrm cm skgitg, áñfd pug`d rgadidagrcm adfd fæm4< áñfd `kstkioukr fk amrig `g cd qug id gs gccm4 Pmfhkëi cm kitgormakñi `gc tmatd gi cm cgy adfúi m td`ds cds sgitk`ds ‐pgrakhkr m trmvës `g ui fg`kd‐, rgspgatd m cm qug gi ui prkfgr fdfgitd pmrgag adistktukr uim gxagpakñi, adiùag gi rgmck`m` m skioucmrkzmrcd td`mvæm fís. ûgs gsg fg`kd gs, gi su amsd, `g uim imturmcgzm kiadfpmrmhcg m cds `g cds rgstmitgs sgitk`ds y id `gsgfpgým cm fksfm euiakñi. Cm gxkstgiakm `g gsg fg`kd bmag qug rgsmctg 111 cd qug gc tmatd tkgig `g gspgaæ﬍ad: cm amrig ckfktm cm mimcdoæm . Gc fg`kd `gc tmatd fg pgrtgigag y midtd gi fk prdpkm augitm cms mctgrmakdigs qug pug`g suerkr. Qk fg sufgrjd gi ui hmýd amckgitg d eræd, yd fksfd sdy gierkm`d d amcgitm`d. Qgm aumc sgm gc adfgtk`d gxmatd `g cm amrig gi cm sgismakñi, im`kg pug`g adisk`grmrcm kisgiskhcg< sk id, id gstmræm vkvm ik sgræm iugstrm. ^grd ´pgrtgigag ui fg`kd sgiskhcg mc fksfd dr`gi `gc sgr qug ui fg`kd kisgiskhcg4 @g td`ds fd`ds, sk cm amrig gs fg`kd, su kfpdskhkck`m` `g sgitkrsg `krgatmfgitg m sæ fksfm, `g tdamrsg kifg`kmtmfgitg m sæ fksfm, sñcd sg vg margagitm`m. Gc tmatd vm tmi cgjds adfd cm prdpkm vk`m, m trmvës `g fd`mck`m`gs `kegrgitgs. ^grpgtud eui`mfgitd `g cm vk`m sgiskhcg, gs tmfhkëi cd qug pug`g pgrfktkr idfhrmr, gi su sutkc gxtrgfd, gc matd fís gcgvm`d `gc gspærktu purd. Gc aditmatd gstí prgsgitg, gi gegatd, gi uim ermsg agitrmc `gc ampætucd agitrmc `g cm tgdcdoæm mrkstdtëckam. Amptíi`dsg m sæ fksfd adfd kitgckokhcg, gs adfd gc gspærktu `kvkid gs kitgckogitg gi matd. –Cm kitgckogiakm sg pkgism m sæ fksfm amptmi`d cd kitgckokhcg ( lmtm fgtmcgpski tdu 111. Adfd fuy magrtm`mfgitg kiskstg Jumi EKCD^ÑI, dp. akt., p. 018-010. Gc fg`kd m trmvës `gc qug sgitkfds, aumi`d gs gxtgrkdr, id sg skgitg m sæ fksfd, fkgitrms qug cm amrig adfd fg`kd gs gccm fksfm sgiskhcg. Ae. tmfhkëi AM[GPMID, dp. akt., p. 800. Id gs prgaksd, `kag Jumi Ekcdpñi, qug cm adfuik`m` adi cds `gfís sgitk`ds bmom dcvk`mr cd qug gc tmatd pdsgg `g gspgaæ﬍ad. Ae.

X. HXMOWG, dp. akt., p. 1?8.

=0;

idgtdu), pugs `gvkgig kitgckokhcg tdami`d y pgismi`d, `g fd`d qug cm kitgckogiakm y cd kitgckokhcg sgmi cd fksfd (idgtds omr okoigtmk tbkiomidi lmk iddi, bdstg tmutdi idus lmk idgtdi)‖110. Qk gsg tmatd gspkrktumc ym id prgsgitm fg`kd ik `kstmiakm, sk ‐gi tmitd qug matd purd‐ ym id pgr-

tgigag mc dr`gi `g cm megaakñi, sk, pdr tmitd, ‐m `kegrgiakm `gc`gjm tmatd`gamrimc skgfprg fg`kmtd‐ gs tdtmcfgitg kifg`kmtd, id pdr gccd sgr trmisktkvd. Pdami`d gi matd gc kitgckokhcg qug ëc fksfd gs, gc gspærktu maag`g gtgrimfgitg m sæ fksfd, gstí gi tríisktd `g sæ fksfd m sæ fksfd. Qg adivkgrtg gi cd qug tdam, y adfd tdam. Cm prkfmaæm `g cd kitgckokhcg gs skgfprg m﬍rfm`m adi acmrk`m`. @g gsg fd`d, sg `m uim rm`kamc `kegrgiakm adi –fk aditmatd mhsdcutd adifkod fksfd‖ `gc qug bmhcm Fgrcgmu-^dity117 y adi uim mutd-megaakñi. Qmitd P Pdfís dfís `g Mqukid kiskstg gi su adfgitmrkd m cm Fgtmeæskam gi gsg aditmatd qug gcgvm m cm trmispmrgiakm: –Gc kitgcgatd `gc prkfgr fñvkc `gvkgig kitgckogitg gi matd m trmvës pgr aditmatuf mckqumcgf) adi cm prkfgrm sustmiakm ki`g ui aditmatd ( pgr tgckokhcg (…) Pd`d cd qug sg giaugitrm `g `kvkid y idhcg ‐adfd pgismr y odzmr‐ gi gc kitgcgatd qug tdam td am (ki kitgccgatu mttkiogitg) tmitd fís sg giaugitrm gi gc prkfgr kitgckokhcg qug gs tdam`d (ki kitgcckokhkck prkfd qud` mttkioktur)‖115. Gtgrimfgitg sg ki﬈mfm gc gspærktu m pmrtkr `g ui aditmatd adiskod fksfd adfd kitgckokhcg y, `gjíi`dsg tdamr, ki﬈mfm cd qug vkgig trms ëc. Cd fís igagsmrkd gs, gi gc sgitk`d gtkfdcñokad `gc tërfkid, cm prdpkm aditkiogiakm, gc prdpkd aditmatd `gc qug surog gc gtgrid rgcífpmod `gc qug td`d gstí suspgi`k`d y `gc qug td`d `gpgi`g11?. Qñcd ui pgismfkgitd `gc mfdr, ski gfhmrod, `m m cm amrig td`m su amrom gspkrktumc y adiùag gc tmatd m su fís gcgvm`m pdskhkck`m`. @g cd ﬍iktd m cd ki﬍iktd, gs akgrtd, sg qukghrm aumcqukgr aditkiuk`m` m pmrtkr `g uim `ksaditkiuk`m` skgfprg `gfmskm`d eugrtg, y aumcqukgr skfkcktu` ﬈drgag gi uim `kskfkcktu` múi fís cufkidsm. Gc aditmatd adi cd ki﬍iktd pgrtgigag igagsmrkmfgitg m ui dr`gi `kegrgitg mc `gc aditmatd adi cd ﬍iktd. ^grd gc tmatd, gi y `gs`g su prdpkm ﬍iktu`, ym gstí prgaksmfgitg 110. Fëtmpbyskqug, Cmfh`m, ?, =>?8 h =;-8=, trm`. Prkadt. ^bëidfëidcdokgg `g cm pgragptkdi, p. 108. 117. ^bëidfëidcdok 115. Ki Fgtmpbyskadruf…, C. RKK, cgat. 2, § 8708-8701. 11?. X. HXMOWG bm fdstrm`d kifgjdrmhcgfgitg kifgjdrmhcgfgitg añfd pug`g sgr gfpcgm`d mquæ gc tërfkid tma-

td, dp. akt., p. 1?8 1?1. Ae. P. @G LDIKIAL, Cm pgisëg `g cm pgisëg abgz Mrkstdtg Mrkstdtg , ki (Adc.), Cm qugstkdi `g @kgu sgcdi Mrkstdtg gt Bgogc, ^mræs, =;;=, p. ==?-==2.

=7>

mhkgrtd m uim prgsgiakm ski kfmogi ik rgprgsgitmakñi, m uim prdxkfk`m` æitkfm qug iuiam sg adivkgrtg gi pdsgskñi, m uim gxpdskakñi `gsiu`m m cd kimskhcg. Gc gxagsd sdhrg fæ `g cd qug tdad y `g cd qug fg tdam sg tgstkfdikm ski ﬍i gi cm amrkakm. Qmitd Pdfís pmsm, pdr msæ `gakrcd, adi tdtmc `g cm gvdamakñi `g ui u iyaditmatd purmfgitg eæskad, gi gc quggspditmigk`m` `kstkioug ui aditmatd id rgaæprdad ui aditmatd rgaæprdad ‐aumi`d cd qug tdad tmfhkëi fg tdam‐, m cms rgcmakdigs gitrg @kds y cm arkmturm. –Gc prdpkd @kds tdam gc mcfm (tmiokt mikfmf) amusmi`d gi gccm cm ormakm (…) Gc gspærktu bufmid `g mcouim edrfm tdam m @kds ( tmiokt @guf) mc adidagrcd d mfmrcd‖. Gi akgrtd sgitk`d, sg `m futuus aditmatus112. Fuabds fæstkads bmríi `gc sgitk`d fís eui`mfgitmc pmrm cm vk`m gc fís gcgvm`d pmrm gc gspærktu. Gc prkfgrd gs tmfhkëi gc úctkfd. Qmi Hugimvgiturm gstmhcgag uim adrrgspdi`giakm gitrg cms vkrtu`gs tgdcdomcgs y cds sgitk`ds gspkrktumcgs: cm eg mpgcm m cm vkstm y gc dæ`d y cgs prdpdrakdim su pgregaakñi< cm gspgrmizm adrrgspdi`g mc dcemtd< y gc mfdr mc tmatd y gc oustd. Gsg tmatd gs pgism`d adfd fdvkfkgitd bmakm cd dtrd, adfd gc fís gcgvm`d fdvkfkgitd bmakm cd dtrd, y id adfd rgtdrid m uid fksfd. Príisktd, y id rg﬈gxkvk`m`. Ids bmag pmsmr (trmiskgis) gi @kds pdr ui mfdr gxtítkad11;. Aumi`d gc bdfhrg rgvkstg cds sgitk`ds gspkrktumcgs, –mhrmzm cm sdhgrmim sumvk`m` hmjd gc mspgatd `gc Ugrhd giamrim`d qug bmhktm adrpdrmcfgitg gi idsdtrds y sg `gjm tdamr pdr idsdtrds, hgsmr, mhrmzmr (rg``gitks sg idhks pmcpmhkcg, dsaucmhkcg, mfpcgxmhkcg) pdr cm mr`kgitg amrk`m` qug, pdr gc ëxtmsks y gc mrrghmtd, bmag pmsmr m iugstrd gspærktu `g gstg fui`d mc ^m`rg ( fgitgf idstrmf pgr gastmskf gt rmptuf trmiskrg emakt gx bda fui`d m` ^mtrgf )‖10>. Cm kifg`kmtgz `gc aditmatd id suprkfg mc Fg`km`dr, pugs gs m ëc m qukgi ids ccgvm. Gc fmydr fæstkad arkstkmid `gc tmatd gs gc `g cm idabg dsaurm, Qmi Jumi `g cm Aruz. Bmhcm, gi gegatd, `g –tdqug `g @kds‖, smhdr mitkakpm`d `g cm vk`m gtgrim, pugs gs gc fís gcgvm`d giaugitrd adi @kds. –Gsg td112. ]uåstkdigs `ksputmtå, @g vgrktmtg, q. 82, mrt. 1, Xgsp. Mcouid Mcouidss mutdrgs prgsgitmi gi ui sgitk`d fæstkad gstg pmsmjg, auym drkgitmakñi `krgatm id gs tmc. Ae. M. F. FG[IMX@, Prmktë `g cm vkg kitërkgurg, ^mræs, =2;;, t. KK, p. 02=. 11;. Ktkigrmrkuf fgitks ki @guf, KU, 1, g`. @ufëry, ^mræs, =;5?, p. ?0 \trm`. amstgccmim: Dhrms `g Qmi Hugimvgiturm. t. K. Fm`rk`. HMA. =;77. G`. hkckioógV. Hrgvkcdqukuf Hrgvkcdqu kuf Dhrms `g Qmi Hugimvgiturm.

10>. , U, 5, 7 \trm`. amstgccmim: ræs, =;52, p. ?0-?7.

t. KV., g`. Xgzgttg, ^m

=7=

qug gs tdqug `g sustmiakm, gs m smhgr, `g sustmiakm `g @kds gi sustmiakm `gc mcfm‖10=. Pkgig cuomr –ski edrfm ik ﬍ourm mcouim kitgcgatumc ik kfmokimrkm‖108. Cm –fmid fksgrkadr`kdsm `gc ^m`rg‖, adi cm qug msæ ids tdam, gs gc Bkjd. Gs, pdr tmitd, gc –Ugrhd (…), qug gs gc tdqug qug tdam mc 101

mcfm‖ . Qgr msæ tdam`d gi cm prdpkm sustmiakmgsauabmr pdr gc Ugrhd, fís `g aumcqukgr kfmogi, gs prdpkmfgitg gsauabmr, adi td`d gc mccí prdpkd sgr, augrpd y mcfm, ski qug bmym im`m gi idsdtrds qug gsampg m cm gsauabm y sg fmitgiom eugrm `g gccm, gi vkrtu` `g cm trmis﬍ourmakñi ormakdsm qug gsg fksfd tdqug rgmckzm. Id bmy fís qug gc dæ`d qug gsauabm< tmfhkëi gc djd cd bmag, y rgspdi`g. ^grd su pdskhkck`m` `g bmagrcd gabm rmæags, gi úctkfd cuomr, gi cm tdtmck`m` `g cm amrig. Cm amrig gsauabm. [ gsauabmr msæ gs cd qug bmag qug rgspdi`m. Qmi Jumi `g cm Aruz, rgaupgrmi`d gc vkodr `gc cgioumjg hæhckad, `gsarkhg, gi gegatd, añfd gsg tdqug sdhrgimturmc pug`g krrm`kmr adfd ocdrkm `gc augrpd, adfd ocdrkm `gc augrpd gi su tdtmck`m`: tdtmck`m`: –[ `g gstg hkgi `gc mcf mcfmm m vgags rgùi`m rgùi`m gi gc augrpd cm uiakñi `gc Gspærktu Qmitd, y odzm td`m cm sustmiakm sgisktkvm, td`ds cds fkgfhrds y bugsds y fëùcms (…), adi sgitkfkgitd `g ormi`g `gcgktg y ocdrkm, qug sg skgitg bmstm cds úctkfds mrtgjds `g pkgs y fmids. [ skgitg gc augr augrpd pd tmitm ocdrkm gi cm `gc mcfm mcfm,, qug gi su fmigrm giormi`gag m @kds, skitkëi`dcg gi sus bugsds, adiedrfg m mqugccd qug @mvk` `kag: Pd`ds fks bugsds `kríi: @kds, ´qukëi sgfgjmitg m tk4 ‖100. Aumi`d gc augrpd æitgord krrm`km y mr`g pdr gsg `kvkid aditmatd, sg bmag amitd y vgrhd, pgrd cd qug, adi td`d su sgr rguik`d y rgadok`d pdr gc Dtrd, amitm gs cd qug id pug`g `gakr, cd qug cd gxag`g ki﬍iktmfgitg, ui gxagsd mc qug gc prdpkd tmatd gstí `gstkim`d y qug gi cm fís bufkc`g `g cms sgismakdigs, gi gc fgidr aditmatd mquæ, ym ids gstmhm pmrm skgfprg

10=. Ccmfm `g mfdr vkvm, 8, 8=, gi Dhrm adfpcgtm, vdc.KK, Fm`rk`, Mckmizm G`ktdrkmc, =;;=, p. 8?8. \J.-C. Abrëtkgi aktm cm trm`. ermiagsm `g Ayprkgi `g cm Imtkvktë `g cm Ukgrog, ^mræs, =;5? -I. `gc P.-V. 108. K`., 8, 2, p. 855.

101. K`., 8, =;, p. 8?8. 100. K`., 8, 88, p. 8?1. Cm aktm gs `gc Qmcfd 10, =>.

=78

ADCGAAKÑI GQ^XKP Pætucds puhckam`ds

=. [d y tú Fmrtki Huhgr Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Amrcds @æmz. Qgoui`m g`kakñi

mhsdc utd 8. Gismyds sdhrg cd mhsdcutd Fkougc Omraæm-Hmrñ

1. ^rdcgoñfgids m cm amrk`m` Jgmi-Cua Fmrkdi Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Amrcds @æmz

0. Gc rgsgitkfkgitd gi cm fdrmc Fmx Qabgcgr G`kakñi `g Jdsë Fmræm Ugoms Ugoms

just kakm 7. Mfdr y justkakm ^muc Xkaőur Prmùaakñi `g Pdfís @dfkiod Fdrmtmccm

5. Bufmiksfd `gc dtrd bdfhrg Gffmiugc Cëvkims Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Ormakmid Odizícgz X.-Mrimkz

?. @kgz fkrm`ms sdhrg gc rdstrd `gc dtrd Amrcds @æmz 2. Cm ormvg`m` y cm ormakm

Qkfdig _gkc Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g J. ^gi`ís y M. `gc Xæd Bgrrfmii. Modtm`d

;. Kitrdùaakñi mc arkstkmiksfd arkstkmik sfd Dcgomrkd Odizícgz `g Amr`g`mc • Jumi Fmrtæi Ugcmsad Rmvkgr ^klmzm • Xkamr`d Hcízqugz • Omhrkgc ^ërgz =>. Gc ckhrd `gc sgitk`d sgit k`d adfúi smid y giegrfd Ermiz Xdsgizwgko Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Mcgjmi`rd `gc Xæd Bgrrfmii

==. @g @kds qug vkgig m cm c m k`gm Gffmiugc Cëvkims Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Ormakmid Odizícgz X.-Mrimkz y Jgsús Fmræm Myusd Myusd

=8. Gc giaugitrd adi @kds Jumi Fmrtæi Ugcmsad Iugvm g`kakñi, rgvksm`m rgvksm`m pdr gc mutdr

y tgigr =1. Qgr Omhrkgc Fmragc Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Mim Fmræm Qíiabgz

gxpgrkgi akm `g cm fugrtg =0. Gismyd sdhrg cm gxpgrkgiakm Gc prdhcgfm fdrmc `gc sukak`kd ^muc Cduks Cmi`shgro ^rñcdod `g ^muc Xkaőur. Prmùaakñi `g Mcgjmi`rd `gc Xæd Bgrrfmii

gsa di`k`d y rgvgcm`d =7. Gc @kds gsadi`k`d ^gtgr Qabàegr Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Cmurm Fuýdz-Mcdisd

=5. Gc bdfhrg adfd pgrsdim Fmrkmid Fdrgid Ukccm gspkrktumc gs =?. Cm pmcmhrm y cms rgmck`m`gs gspkrktumcgs Egr`kimi` Ghigr Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Jdsë Fmræm Omrrk`d

=2. Jdh y gc gxagsd `gc fmc ^bkckppg Igfd Prmùaakñi `g Jgsús Fmræm Myusd @ægz

=;. Aditrm cm fgcmiadcæm Gckg _kgsgc Prmùaakñi `g Fkougc Omraæm-Hmrñ

adiakgiak ms 8>. Cm rgakprdak`m` `g cms adiakgiakms

Fmurkag Ië`diagccg

Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Jdsë Cuks Uízqugz Hdrmu y Wrhmid Egrrgr Qmitds

8=. @ds fd`ds `g eg Fmrtki Huhgr Prmùaakñi `g Xkamr`d `g Cuks Amrhmccm`m

88. Cm hmrhmrkg Fkabgc Bgiry Prmùaakñi `g Pdfís @dfkiod Fdrmtmccm

mfdrks 81. Dr`d Fmx Qabgcgr Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Rmvkgr Zuhkrk. G`kakñi `g Jumi Fkougc ^mcmakds

80. ^grsdim y mfdr Jgmi Cmardkx Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Cuks M. Mrmiourgi Odizmcd y Mitdikd Amcvd

Iugvds tætucds M yu`mr@æmz m smimr gc mcfm 87. Myu`mr Amrcds

85. Fduikgr gi cm rgvkstm Gsprkt Gffmiugc Fduikgr G`kakñi y trmùaakñi `g Mitdikd Xukz

8?. Eugrm `gc sujgtd Gffmiugc Cëvkims Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Xdhgrtd Xmiz y Arkstkim Jmrkccgt

82. Gismyd sdhrg gc fmc Jgmi Imhgrt

Prmùaakñi Prmù aakñi `g Jdsë @gfgtrkd Jkfëigz

8;. Wim eg qug argm aucturm Jumi Cuks Xukz `g cm ^gým G`kakñi `g Amrcds @æmz

1>. Cm ccmfm`m y cm rgspugstm Jgmi-Cduks Abrëtkgi

Prmùaakñi `g Jumi Mchgrtd Quamsms

Chretiene J L LA LLAMADA Y LA RESPUESTA

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