Chp2 Final
Short Description
Second chapter of Anne Myers' and Christine Hansen's Experimental Psychology....
Description
Research Ethics The American Psychological Association Guidelines Protecting the Welfare of Animal Subjects Fraud in Science Plagiarism Ethical Reports
What are research ethics?
Research ethics are a framework of values within which we conduct research. Ethics help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make responsible decisions in actual situations.
Research Ethics
What are research ethics?
Research ethics are a framework of values within which we conduct research. Ethics help researchers identify actions we consider good and bad, and explain the principles by which we make responsible decisions in actual situations.
Research Ethics
What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
Institutional review boards (IRBs), (IRBs) , which are composed of laypeople and researchers, evaluate research proposals to make sure that they follow ethical standards.
Research Ethics
What is its purpose?
IRBs protect the safety of research participants. Their first task is to decide whether a proposed study increases participants risk of in!ury since psychological research can cause physical and"or psychological discomfort.
Research Ethics
What is its purpose?
#s researchers, we must accurately estimate the degree of risk in our research. $e typically do this by reading the literature and consulting with colleagues. IRBs will also help researchers estimate the degree of risk involved in their studies.
Research Ethics
What do "at risk" or at "minimal risk” mean?
%tudies that place sub!ects at risk increase the chance of harm compared with not participating in the study. Minimal risk studies do not increase the likelihood of in!ury.
Research Ethics
When should an IRB approve an "at risk" study?
IRBs should approve an &at risk' study when a risk/benefit analysis determines that risks to participants are outweighed by gains in knowledge. ( #nother important task of IRB is to safeguard the rights of individuals by making certain that each sub!ect at risk gives informed consent to participate.
Research Ethics
Informed )onsent Informed consent means that the sub!ect agrees to participate after having been fully informed about the nature of the study. Aspects of informed consent: *. Individuals must give their consent freely, without the use of force, duress or coercion. +. They must be free to drop out of the experiment at any time.
Informed )onsent . Researchers must give the full explanation of the procedures to be followed and offer to answer any -uestions about them. . Researchers must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the experiment. /.Researchers must provide assurances that all data will remain private and confidential. 0. %ub!ects may not release the researchers from their liability or to waive their legal rights in the case of in!ury.
Which three principles did the Belmont Report (1!) emphasie?
The Belmont Report proposed three principles1 *. Respect for persons1 individuals have the right of self2determination 3basis of informed consent4.
Research Ethics
Which three principles did the Belmont Report (1!) emphasie?
+. Beneficence1 minimi5e harm and maximi5e potential benefits 3basis of risk"benefit analysis4. . ustice1 fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research.
Research Ethics
What is in#ormed consent?
# sub!ect or guardian agrees in writing to the sub!ects participation after relevant details of the experiment have been explained. This description may include risks and benefits, but does not extend to deception or the hypothesis.
$he %&% 'uidelines
What is in#ormed consent?
6erhaps the most important principle built into ethics codes is the right of a participant to refuse to be in the study or discontinue participation. Ethical researchers, therefore, cannot coerce participants to agree to be in the study or prevent participants from discontinuing the study.
$he %&% 'uidelines
Who is tareted y %&% ethical uidelines?
#6# ethical guidelines apply to psychologists and students when they assume the role of psychologists during research or practice.
$he %&% 'uidelines
E*plain %&% uidelines on deception+
!eception may be used when it is the best way to obtain information. 7eception may not be used to minimi5e the participants perception of risk or exaggerate their perception of potential benefits.
$he %&% 'uidelines
Which steps must researchers take i# deception is used?
%ub!ects must be allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any time and should never face coercion to remain. The experimenter should provide debriefin" 3full disclosure4 after either their personal participation or the completion of the entire study.
$he %&% 'uidelines
What does derie#in involve and when is it re,uired?
7ebriefing involves explaining the true nature and purpose of the experiment. 7ebriefing is an essential component of good experimental research. $e must offer our participants a full explanation of our study any time that we use deception.
$he %&% 'uidelines
What is a con#ederate? Why is the use o# a con#ederate deceptive?
# confederate is an experimenters accomplice. 8se of a confederate is deceptive because sub!ects are led to believe that the confederate is another sub!ect, experimenter, or bystander, when he or she is actually part of the experimental manipulation.
$he %&% 'uidelines
What is the principle o# #ull disclosure?
#ull disclosure means explaining the true nature and purpose of the study to the sub!ect at the end of their participation or at the completion of the entire experiment.
$he %&% 'uidelines
-ow does derie#in accomplish this?
In debriefin" , an experimenter discloses the true nature and purpose of the study to the sub!ect and solicits sub!ects -uestions at the end of the experiment.
$he %&% 'uidelines
E*plain the di##erence etween anonymity and con#identiality+
Anonymity means that sub!ects are not identified by name. $onfidentiality means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the sub!ect.
$he %&% 'uidelines
-ow do researchers achieve these oals?
Researchers achieve anonymity by collecting data without names and assigning code numbers. They achieve confidentiality by storing data in a locked safe and only using the data for the purposes explained to the participants.
$he %&% 'uidelines
-ow do psycholoists protect the wel#are o# animal su.ects?
Animal welfare is the humane care and treatment of animals. Institutions that conduct animal research must establish an Institutional Animal $are and %se $ommittee (IA$%$) to evaluate animal research before it is conducted.
&rotectin the Wel#are o# %nimal /u.ects
-ow do psycholoists protect the wel#are o# animal su.ects?
The I#)8) must determine that the researchers have explored all alternatives and have documented that there are no other feasible alternatives.
&rotectin the Wel#are o# %nimal /u.ects
What does animal rihts mean?
Animal ri"hts is the position that sensate species 3those that can feel pain and suffer4 have e-ual value and rights to humans.
&rotectin the Wel#are o# %nimal /u.ects
What is scienti#ic #raud? What motivates #raud?
&cientific fraud involves falsifying or fabricating data. # researchers graduation, tenure, promotion, funding, or reputation may motivate researchers to commit fraud.
0raud in /cience
What are the main lines o# de#ense aainst #raud?
The peer review process filters submitted manuscripts so that only */2+9: of articles are printed. Replication, where researchers attempt to reproduce the findings of others, is the second line of defense.
0raud in /cience
What are the main lines o# de#ense aainst #raud?
$ompetition by colleagues for scarce resources, while a cause of fraud, is the third line of defense.
0raud in /cience
What is plaiarism? Why is it wron?
'la"iarism is misrepresenting someones &ideas, words, or written work' as your own. 6lagiarism is a form of fraud, in which an individual claims false credit for anothers ideas, words, or written work.
&laiarism
Which ethical issues may e involved in research reports?
#uthorship credit should only be given to those who made a ma!or contribution to the research or writing. Researchers should not take credit for the same research more than once.
Ethical Reports
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