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VILUFP[LNMN ^FKILKM NF DPVPD EMKVC^MIMKLDIMC NF LIAFILFPLM LIAFILFPLM ]VLOLKM

LI^FAPMI^F[ NF APVRD7

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ECDPF[ LAIMKLD UFPDILKM @CMIKM [MCLIM[ WF@MCCD[ OLKMFCM ^MJFC\[ ^DPPLKD AV^LFPPFW AFPMPND \VAMP UFCM[]VFW OMPLMIM WFI^FID OMOMIL IFCC\ CDVPNF[

 

=. ´]VF F[ F[ FC KJDKDCM^F4

[ustmiklm mclofitlklm quf sf fcm`drm kdi uim pmstm nf kmkmd fi pdcvd y mz÷kmr pucvfrlzmnd y quf sf prfsfitm fi nlvfrsms edroms y vmrlfnmnfs sfa÷i cds prdkfsds nf fcm`drmklûi utlclzmnds y cds liarfnlfitfs mýmnlnds. Fs fc mclofitd quf sf d`tlfif ofzkcmind mz÷kmr kdi nds prdnuktds nfrlvmnds nf cm omilpucmklûi nf cms sfolccms nfc kmkmd7 uim omtfrlm sûclnm (cm pmstm nf kmkmd) y uim omtfrlm armsm (cm omitfkm nf kmkmd). M pmrtlr nf kdo`limklûi `íslkm, sf fcm`drmi cds nlstlitds tlpds nf kjdkdcmtf, quf nfpfinfi nf cm prdpdrklûi fitrf fstds fcfofitds y nf su ofzkcm d id kdi dtrds prdnuktds tmcfs kdod cfkjf y erutds sfkds. Fxlstfi nlvfrsms vmrlfnmnfs nf cm pcmitm nf kmkmd (tjfd`rdom kmkmd), cms kumcfs derfkfi fi fc kjdkdcmtf nlstlitds sm`drfs, tfxturms y kmclnmnfs. Fc kmkmd derfkf fstds nlvfrsds sm`drfs mc prdnuktd elimc, id sdcd pdr su vmrlfnmn slid mnfoís pdr cms kdinlkldifs, kcloítlkms nf cds kuctlvds. k uctlvds. 0. JL[^DP JL[^DPLM LM NFC KJDKDCM^F KJDKDCM ^F Fc prdnuktd euinmofitmc pmrm fcm`drmr kjdkdcmtf fs ui erutd ccmomnd kmkmd. Nfitrd nfc erutd fstíi cms sfolccms. [f sm`f quf fc prlofr cuamr fi ndinf sf kuctlvû euf Oìxlkd. Mccï, fc puf`cd omym nfsku`rlû quf sl cms sfolccms nf kmkmd sf tdstm`mi y sf ofzkcm`mi kdi maum y dtrds liarfnlfitfs kdod fc omïz, fc rfsuctmnd frm uim `f`lnm rlkm y iutrltlvm, m cm quf ccmomrdi –Zdkdcmtc‟, quf pdr cd vlstd slailelkm –maum momram‟.  

Oís tmrnf ccfamrdi cds Mztfkms, qulfifs prfpmrm`mi ui kjdkdcmtf ouy pmrfklnd mc nf cds omyms. Cm nlefrfiklm frm quf cds omyms cd tdom`mi kmclfitf y cds mztfkms erïd. Kumind cds fspmýdcfs ccfamrdi m Moìrlkm, vlfrdi pdr prlofrm vfz fc ír`dc y cms sfolccms nf kmkmd, ym quf fi Furdpm id fxlstïmi. Nlkf cm cfyfinm quf fc kdiqulstmndr fspmýdc Jfriíi Kdrtìs euf fc prlofrd fi prd`mr cm fxtrmým y nfskdidklnm `f`lnm, cf pmrfklû rlquïslom y iutrltlvm. M pmrtlr nf fitdikfs, cds `mrkds fopfzmrdi m rfarfsmr m Fspmým kmramnds nf armids nf kmkmd y cm rfkftm pmrm prfpmrmr fc kjdkdcmtf cïqulnd.

 

Kdod frm uim `f`lnm momram, fi Fspmým sf cf mýmnlû mz÷kmr y vmlilccm y fc rfsuctmnd euf fspfktmkucmr. Fc kjdkdcmtf fopfzû m sfr kdisuolnd pdr cm afitf oís rlkm pdrquf frm ui mclofitd `mstmitf kmrd. Mýds nfspuìs, nurmitf fc slacd ZULL, fc kjdkdcmtf fopfzû m sfr kdidklnd fi fc rfstd nf Furdpm kdivlrtlìindsf fi ui prdnuktd ouy mprfklmnd. Fi fc slacd ZULLL, fi Liacmtfrrm, sf em`rlkû fc prlofr kjdkdcmtf sûclnd, fs nfklr, ui kjdkdcmtf quf sf pdnïm omstlkmr. Jdy fi nïm, fc kjdkdcmtf sf kdidkf fi tdnd fc ouind y armklms m cds mnfcmitds tìkilkds, nlserutmods nf oukjds tlpds y vmrlfnmnfs, kdod fc edinmit, fc kjdkdcmtf kdi cfkjf, fc kjdkdcmtf kdi erutds sfkds , fc kjdkdcmtf listmitíifd,ftk.. listmitíifd,ftk.. [l sf kdof kdi odnfrmklûi, fc kjdkdcmtf fs ui mclofitd smcunm`cf. Muofitm iufstrm fifraïm y ids ofgdrm fc juodr. Mnfoís, fs `ufid pmrm fc kdrrfktd euikldimolfitd nfc kfrf`rd y nfc kdrmzûi. KPDIDCDAÏM NFC KJDKDCM^F7  

Mýd 522 m.K.7 Rrlofrds linlklds nf kdisuod nf kmkmd fi vmslgms nf `mrrd nf drlafi dcofkm.

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Mýd =60:7 Rrlofrm oufstrms nf kmkmd ccfvmnms m Furdpm pdr cds fspmýdcfs nfspuìs nf cm kdiqulstm.

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Mýd =5257 Fc ltmclmid Ermikfskd Kmrcfttlm mkm`m kdi fc odidpdcld nf cds fspmýdcfs f litrdnukf fc kmkmd fi Ltmclm.

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Mýd =5=67 Cds ermikfsfs nfsku nfsku`rfi `rfi fc kmkmd fi cm `dnm nf cm jlgm nf Efclpf LL kdi fc rfy ermikìs Culs ZLLL.

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Mýd =5:>7 Ermiklm fo foplfzm plfzm m prd prdnuklr nuklr kmkmd fi sus prdp prdplms lms lscms nfc Kmrl`f.

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Mýd =1==7 Cm kdrtf fspmýdcm nf Kmrcds LU sf trmscmnm m Ulfim, ndinf litrdnukf fc austd pdr fc kmkmd.

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Mýd =:0>7 M`rfi cms eí`rlkms nf kjdkdcmtf nf Kmn`ury y [ukjmrn.

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Mýd =:0:7 Fc jdcminìs Kdfirmmn vdi Jdutfi nfsku`rf cm omifrm nf sfpmrmr fc kmkmd fi pdcvd nf cm armsm,

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Mýd =:>67 M`rf cm eí`rlkm nf kjdkdcmtfs Clint.

 

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Mýd =:>17 Cm omrkm liacfsm G. [. Ery & [dis prdnukf cm prlofrm tm`cftm nf kjdkdcmtf nf cm jlstdrlm.

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Mýd =:617 Fc kjdkdcmtfrd sulzd Nmilfc Rftfr livfitm cm omifrm nf jmkfr kjdkdcmtf kdi cfkjf.

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Mýd =:1 =:1% nf sdclnds cíktfds, ;.6% nf armsm cíktfm y mprdxlomnmofitf 66% nf mz÷kmr u dtrds fnuckdrmitfs. Fstd slailelkm quf fi cm fcm`drmklûi nf fstf prdnuktd id sf utlclzm kmkmd purd.

Cds mckmcdlnfs kdisuolnds fi fxkfsd pufnfi mefktmr m cm smcun afifrmi tdnds cds sïitdoms nf ui slstfom y kmrnldvmskucmr mctfrmnd, kdodofsurmnm. tmqulkmrnlm, mislfnmn, tfo`cdr, ifrvldslsod, ftk.ifrvldsd Rdr cd quf sf rfkdolfinm uim liafstm CÏRLND[ NFC KJDKDCM^F Cm armsm fs uid nf cds liarfnlfitfs m`uinmitfs fi fc kjdkdcmtf, prfsfitf fi ui pdrkfitmgf nf 66% cufad nf jm`fr pmsmnd pdr fc prdkfsd nf efrofitmklûi, tufstf y sfkmnd. Vim vfz quf sf mpmrtm cm armsm nfc armid nf kmkmd, fstm nlsoliuyf ccfamind m ui 06%. Cm armsm nf kmkmd quf kditlfif fc kjdkdcmtf pdsff m`uinmitfs íklnds armsds smturmnds kdod fc pmcoïtlkd (K=5J;0D0) prfsfitf fi ui 0>% y fc fstfírlkd (K=:J;5D0) fi ui ;6,>%. Cds íklnds armsds lismturmnds tmo`lìi fstíi prfsfitfs fitrf cds cïplnds nfc kjdkdcmtf ;:.=%. kdi fc ouy lopdrtmitf íklnd dcflkd (K=:J;>D0) kdi uim prfsfiklm jmstm fc RDCLEFIÛCLKD[  [V[ MI^LDZLNMI^F[ RDCLEFIÛCLKD[  Fstds fvltmi quf cms odcìkucms sf dxlnfi, pdrquf sl dkurrf afifrm rmnlkmcfs cl`rfs qu pdstfrldrofitf pdstfrldrof itf nftfrldrmi cms kìcucms. Cds mitldxlnmitfs nfc kjdkdcmtf sdi cds ecmvdidlnfs quf myunmi m ofgdrmr fc ecugd smiauïif smiauïifdd fi tdnd fc dramilsod. CM EFCLKLNMN F[ VIM ODCÌKVCM, CM MIMINMOLNM Cm kdopdslklûi quïolkm nf cds mclofitds quf kdisuolods mefktm fc kdopdrtmolfitd nf cms pfrsdims, oukjm oís nf cd quf sf fstlom. Fc kmkmd id qufnm mtrís fi fstf sfitlnd, pufs kditlfif miminmolnm (K00J;1ID0) cm kumc fs uim odcìkucm quf tlfif cm euiklûi nf ifurdtrmisolsdr.

 

Cm miminmolinm fs ui ido`rf quf prdvlfif nfc mitlaud lnldom smiskrltd, nf cm kumc cm pmcm`rm miminm slailelkm efclklnmn efclklnm n suprfom, pmz litfrldr, mcfarïm. Rfrd fstm tmo`lìi mefktm fc slstfom ifrvldsd kfitrmc, mclvlmind fc ndcdr, cm sfismklûi nf jmo`rf. >. RPDRLFNMNF[

M nlefrfiklm nf cd quf oukjms vfkfs krffods, fc kjdkdcmtf tlfif prdplfnmnfs ouy litfrfsmitfs quf pufnfi myunmrids fi iufstrm smcun afifrmc. [li fo`mrad, fc kjdkdcmtf nf`f sfr cd oís ifard pdsl`cf, pmrm msï rfnuklr fc mz÷kmr mýmnlnd y nlserutmr nf tdnds cds `fifelklds nfc kmkmd. Mc jm`cmr sd`rf cms prdplfnmnfs smcunm`cfs nfc kjdkdcmtf, fstmods jmklfind rfefrfiklm m ui tlpd nf kjdkdcmtf ouy pmrtlkucmr7 fc ifard. Il fc `cmikd il fc kjdkdcmtf kdi cfkjf tlfifi fstms olsoms prdplfnmnfs, ym quf fstíi trmtmnds kdi m`uinmitf mz÷kmrfs y armsms. Rfrd fc ifard tlfif ui armi ilvfc nf purfzm y, pdr fsd, fs mctmofitf `fifelkldsd pmrm iufstrd dramilsod.   dramilsod. Fc mpdrtf iutrlkldimc quf ids mpdrtm fc kmkmd fs ouy vmrlmnd7 tlfif olifrmcfs kdod jlfrrd, pdtmsld d kmckld y m`uinmitfs vltmolims nfc arupd @ y F. ^mo`lìi ids mpdrtm uim armi kmitlnmn nf  nf mitldxlnmitfs imturmcfs  imturmcfs quf fvltmríi fc nftfrldrd nf iufstrd dramilsod y myunmrí m quf fc kufrpd fstì fi oís gdvfi y prdtfalnd mitf cds rmnlkmcfs cl`rfs. Ids myunm fi klfrtm omifrm m kdo`mtlr kdi prd`cfoms kmrnldvmskucmrfs, ym quf kditlfif armi kmitlnmn nf ecmvdidlnfs, fstf kdopdifitf myunm m prfvfilr mefkkldifs kmrnlmkms, ym quf prdvff uim omtfrlm quf kditrl`uyf m cm smcun nfc kdrmzûi. Cms prdplfnmnfs nfc kjdkdcmtf oís litfrfsmitfs pmrm iufstrm smcun sdi cms slaulfitfs7  

Mkt÷m kdod ui mitldxlnmitf mitldxlnmitf imturmc armklms m su mpdrtf iutrlkldimc iutrlkldimc

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Fs ui pdnfrdsd smklmitf

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^lfif prdplfnmnfs mitlliecmomtdrlm mitlliecmomtdrlmss

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Mkt÷m kdod ui fstloucmitf

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^lfif prdplfnmnfs mitlkdmaucmitf mitlkdmaucmitfss

 

Rfrd nf`fods kditrdcmr mc oíxlod cm liafstm nf fstf mclofitd pdrquf fs mctmofitf kmcûrlkd. Nf jfkjd, sdcmofitf tdomind ui kumnrmnltd nf fstf liarfnlfitf, ym pdnrfods `fifelklmrids nf tdnms sus prdplfnmnfs. 6. OM^FPLM RPLOM

Kmkmd y mz÷kmr sdi cds liarfnlfitfs prliklpmcfs nfc kjdkdcmtf. M omydr pdrkfitmgf nf kmkmd, fc kjdkdcmtf fs ofgdr8 sli fo`mrad, pmrm usmr mctds pdrkfitmgfs nf kmkmd, fstf nf`f sfr nf ouy `ufim kmclnmn, pdrquf kumcqulfr sm`dr u dcdr nfsmarmnm`cf d id nfsfmnd sf idtmrí eíklcofitf. Kumind fc pdrkfitmgf nf kmkmd fs `mgd, su kmclnmn id fs tmi krïtlkm. Cds armids nf kmkmd sdi cms sfolccms nfc ír`dc ^jfd`rdom kmkmd. Kmnm sfolccm kdistm nf nds kdtlcfndifs y nfc pfqufýd fo`rlûi nf cm pcmitm, tdnds ku`lfrtds pdr cm plfc (kískmrm). Fc ;2 m 62% nfc pfsd sfkd nfc armid fs armsm, kdidklnm kdod omitfkm nf kmkmd. Cm kmitlnmn nf armsm y sus prdplfnmnfs, tmcfs kdod su puitd nf euslûi y nurfzm, nfpfinfi nf cm vmrlfnmn nf kmkmd y nf cms kdinlkldifs mo`lfitmcfs ndinf krfklû. Msï tmo`lìi fc kditfilnd nf prdtfïims y nf cds kdopdifitfs fstloucmitfs quf sf mprfklmi fi fc kjdkdcmtf7 cm tfd`rdolim y cm kmefïim.

[f nlstliauf trfs arminfs arupds kmkmd, kdi nlefrfitfs kmrmktfrïstlkms7 Edrmstfrds7 Fs ui arupd nf vmrlfnmnfs prdkfnfitfs nf cm sfcvm Momzûilkm. ^lfifi mctd kditfilnd nf armsm, sdi momrads y dskurds pdr kdopdifitfs ccmomnds pdclefidcfs. Fstf tlpd nf kmkmd sf utlclzm pmrm d`tfifr omitfkm nf kmkmd. Krldccds7 [di nf drlafi ofsdmofrlkmid, ofids momrads pdr cd quf sf cf nlstliaufi mrdoms fspfklmcfs kdod m iufkfs, erutms, ecdrfs, ftk. ^rliltmrlds8 [di prdnuktd nfc krukf nf cms vmrlfnmnfs mitfrldrfs y prfsfitmi kmrmktfrïstlkms litfrofnlms litfrofnlms fi kumitd m sm`dr y mrdom Kmkmd

 

Omsm, pmstm d clkdr nf kmkmd Fs fc armid nfskmskmrlccmnd, tdstmnd tdstmnd,, odclnd y rfelimnd sli marfamr d qultmr imnm. Fs cm omtfrlm prlom prliklpmc pmrm fc kjdkdcmtf. Omitfkm nf kmkmd Fs cm armsm quf sf d`tlfif nfc prfismnd fi kmclfitf nf kmkmd tdstmnd y odclnd. M tfopfrmturm mo`lfitf sf vufcvf uim omsm `cmikm sûclnm. Kmkmd fi pdcvd (kdkdm) [f d`tlfif nf cm odclfinm nf cm tdrtm nf kmkmd, fc rfslnud nfspuìs nf fxtrmfr cm nf omitfkm nfc kmkmd. Fs `mgm fi armsm y sf utlclzm kdod liarfnlfitf d pmrm jmkfr `f`lnms kjdkdcmtf fi pdcvd Rmrm kdidkfr fc sm`dr nf ui cdtf nf kmkmd sf tufstm y sf oufcf uim oufstrm jmstm d`tfifr uim omsm cïqulnm (pmstm), quf sf pruf`f fi cm cfiaum, pdr uid m oís kmtmndrfs –Id fxlstf kmkmd kdi sm`dr omcd, tdnd tlpd nf kmkmd tlfif su usd fspf kïelkd. [ï jmy kmkmd omc efrofitmnd d omc sfkmnd, fstds sï sdi nfefktds nf kmclnmn.‟ 

Rmrm nmr ui sm`dr fspfklmc sf pufnf marfamr kmifcm, vmlilccm, smc, iufz odskmnm, plolfitm, y dtrds kdod iufkfs, omiï, erutms nfsjlnrmtmnms, ftk. Cds kjdkdcmtfs fi `mrrm y nf kd`frturm ccfvmi marfamnd omitfkm nf kmkmd. Fc vfrnmnfrd kjdkdcmtf id ccfvm armsm d omitfkm vfaftmc quf id sfm nf kmkmd. RPDKF[D NF FCM@DPMKLDI 5. RPDKF[D FCM @DPMKLDI PFKFRKLÛI NFC KMKMD, OMIFGD NF CM KMCLNMN

Cm kmclnmn nf cm omtfrlm prlom fs mcad quf rfqulfrf oukjm mtfiklûi, prliklpmcofitf kdi fc kmkmd pdr cm armi vmrlfnmn nf sm`drfs y dtrms kmrmktfrïstlkms quf prfsfitm. Nf kmnm cdtf sf nf`f kdidkfr cm jdodafiflnmn, cds mspfktds eïslkds kdod juofnmn, tmomýd, fstmnd nf cloplfzm, kûod jm slnd efrofitmnd y sl tlfif mca÷i nfefktd Cd fsfiklmc fs d`tfifr uim oufstrm rfprfsfitmtlvm y nftfrolimr `lfi cms kmrmktfrïstlkms rfcfvmitfs Fi cm linustrlm kjdkdcmtfrm idromcofitf sf jmkfi ofzkcms nf kmkmd nf nlefrfitfs cdtfs kdi fc d`gftlvd nf –fopmrfgmr‟ fc sm`dr nfc prdnuktd elimc. M÷i fi   fskmcm pfqufým fs lopdrtmitf id pfroltlr quf cm vmrlmklûi fi cm omtfrlm prlom mefktf nfomslmnd fc sm`dr nfc prdnuktd [f vfinf kjdkdcmtf –odid-drlafi‟, fcm`drmnd nf kmkmd nf ui sdcd cuamr8 sli fo`mrad,

cm omydrïm nf cds kjdkdcmtfs sdi nf ofzkcms nf kmkmd nf nlefrfitfs tlpds, pdrquf afifrmi sfismkldifs oís –kdopcfgms‟ fi cm `dkm Mcad ouy lopdrtmitf fi ui prdnuktd

mclofitlkld fs su trmzm`lclnmn, quf sf rfelfrf m pdnfr sm`fr nf nûinf vlfifi cds liarfnlfitfs utlclzmnds. Vi nftmccf litfrfsmitf fs quf, sl fc kmkmd fs rfklìi efrofitmnd, id sf rfkdolfinm prdkfsmrcd nf liofnlmtd, slid nfgmrcd mcomkfimnd uid d nds ofsfs. Rdr tdnd fstd, fc omifgd nf cm omtfrlm prlom fs ouy lopdrtmitf y fc kulnd nf fccm nf`f fopfzmr nfsnf fc lilkld. Cms `ufims príktlkms fi cm `dnfam likcuyfi fc usd nf tmrloms, fopmqufs mnfkumnds, vfitlcmklûi, kditrdc nf rdfndrfs f lisfktds y cloplfzm f jlalfif fi afifrmc.

 

  CLORLFWM, KCM[LELKMKLÛI, KDI^PDC NF KMCLNMN Kdod tdnm omtfrlm prlom pmrm fcm`drmr mclofitds, fc kmkmd nf`f sfr cloplmnd mitfs nf prdkfsmrcd. Cm kcmslelkmklûi pdr tmomýd myunm m uilelkmr fc rfsuctmnd mc tdstmr. Cdtfs nf nlefrfitfs lnfitlelkmnds y omifgmnds sfpmrmnd, ccfvmind fc rfalstrd kmrmktfrïstlkms ifkfsmrld. Rmrmnf`frïmi ofgdrmr sfr cm kmclnmn nfc prdnuktd elimc sfpdr fclolimi7  

armids kdi jdiads   armids ouy pfqufýds d afrolimnds   pdcvd   omtfrlm fxtrmým (pmcltds `msurm plfnrm oftmc) Fstf prdkfsd pufnf jmkfrsf pfrefktmofitf nf omifrm vlsumc y omiumc fi kmitlnmnfs pfqufýms. Rmrm vdc÷ofifs omydrfs fs rfkdofinm`cf usmr omqulimrlm mnfoís nf cm sfcfkklûi vlsumc.

^D[^MND Mcad ouy lopdrtmitf fi ui prdnuktd mclofitlkld fs su trmzm`lclnmn, quf sf rfelfrf m pdnfr sm`fr nf nûinf vlfifi cds liarfnlfitfs utlclzmnds. Rmrm fsd jmy quf ccfvmr fc rfalstrd pdr cdtf d pdr nïm nf cd quf fitrm fi fc prdkfsd, cd quf rfqulfrf tfifr `lfi lnfitlelkmnm cm omtfrlm prlom fi cm `dnfam. Mc `uskmr cds liarfnlfitfs pmrm klfrtd prdkfsd d`vlmofitf sf prfelfrf cd oís lnûifd fi kumitd m sm`dr d kditfilnd.

 

 Rdr tdnd fstd, fc omifgd nf cm omtfrlm prlom fs ouy lopdrtmitf y fc kulnd nf fccm nf`f fopfzmr nfsnf fc lilkld. Cms `ufims príktlkms fi cm `dnfam likcuyfi fc usd nf tmrloms, fopmqufs mnfkumnds (pmrm fvltmr fc liarfsd nf juofnmn mc kmkmd), vfitlcmklûi, kditrdc nf rdfndrfs f lisfktds y cloplfzm f jlalfif fi afifrmc

FIEPLMND Fc fierlmnd litfrruopf fc prdkfsd nf tdstmnd y fierïm fc kmkmd, fc kumc sli fstd pufnf –pmsmrsf nf puitd‟ d qufomrsf. Cds tdstmndrfs linustrlmcfs idromcofitf tlfifi ui

nfpûsltd kdi vfitlcmklûi pmrm fsf eli. Mnfoís, pmrm nfskmskmrlccmr y odcfr fc kmkmd id nf`f fstmr kmclfitf. Mc fierlmrcd ríplnmofitf sf fvltm cm pìrnlnm nf cds dcdrfs nfsmrrdccmnds fi fc tdstmnd. ^mo`lìi pmrm fvltmr fc rfliarfsd nf juofnmn id sf nfgm fc kmkmd tdstmnd fxpufstd mc mlrf pdr oís tlfopd quf cd ifkfsmrld pmrm fierlmrcd. [l sf mcomkfim fc kmkmd tdstmnd, nf`f jmkfrsf fi rfklplfitfs d `dcsms quf loplnmi cm fitrmnm nf juofnmn, lisfktds d kditmolimklûi. [li fo`mrad, fs ofgdr nfskmskmrmr fc kmkmd rfklìi tdstmnd, pdrquf cm kískmrm fstí oís sufctm y quf`rmnlzm, y rfsuctm oís eíklc nfskmskmrlccmrcd.

NF[KM[KMPLCCMND

 

Kdi fstm dpfrmklûi sf sfpmrm cm kmskmrlccm nfc kmkmd. Cm kmskmrlccm pufnf nmr ui sm`dr momrad mc kjdkdcmtf, kditmolimrcd d nfgmr pmrtïkucms íspfrms. Rdr odtlvds nf lidkulnmn fs prfefrl`cf ui oìtdnd ofkmilzmnd, id fc omiumc  omiumc   Kdi vfitlcmndr7 [f qulf`rm fc kmkmd tdstmnd fi pfnmzds arminfs, sf kcmslelkm pdr tmomýd kdi zmrminms yfckdi mlrf nf ui vfitlcmndr sf rfoufvf mlrf7fcpfnmzds elids kdi ofids mlrf) cm kmskmrlccm nf kmnm tmomýd mpmrtf (rfaucmind

Kdi fqulpd8 Fxlstf omqulimrlm fspfklmc pmrm quf`rmr fc kmkmd y sfpmrmr cm kmskmrlccm, d`tfilfind –il`s‟. Id fs rfkdofinm`cf trmtmr nf smkmr jmstm fc ÷ctlod pfnmkltd nf kmskmrlccm nf cds

il`s, pdrquf fc nfspfrnlkld nf kmkmd fi cm kmskmrlccm y fc tlfopd ifkfsmrld likrfofitmi nfomslmnd.

RPFODCLND NF CD[ LIAPFNLFI^F[

 

Rmrm fvltmr cm odclfinm fs rfkdofinm`cf prf quf`rmr cds armids nf kmkmd d cds il`s m ui tmomýd nf ui pmr nf olcïoftrds. Fstd sf pufnf jmkfr fi fc odclid ilxtmomc kdi nlskds ecdgds d fi dtrds fqulpds kdi kukjlccds, omrtlccds d rdnlccds. Nf laumc omifrm fs rfkdofinm`cf odcfr fc mz÷kmr jmstm d`tfifr ui pdcvd tlpd –acms‟ fi ui odclid nf

kukjlccds (tlpd clkumndrm), nlskds d nf omrtlccd, pmrm mvmizmr oís fi fc prdkfsd pdstfrldr nf odclfinm y rfelimnd. Fc mz÷kmr acms tmo`lfi pufnf kdoprmrsf m vfkfs tlfif ui pdkd nf mcolnûi, cd quf pufnf litfrelfrf fi fc prdkfsd

ODCLND NFC KMKMD Cm odclfinm rfnukf fc tmomýd nf cms pmrtïkucms pmrtïku cms jmstm d`tfifr uim omsm cïqulnm nf kmkmd, ccmomnm pmstm, omsm d –clkdr‟. Rmrm kjdkdcmtf fi tm`clccm, cm pmstm sf d`tlfif m uim sdcm pmsmnm kdi tdnds cds liarfnlfitfs fi fc odclid ilxtmomc8 sli fo`mrad, pmrm kjdkdcmtf oís elid fs ifkfsmrld odcfr prlofrd sdcd fc kmkmd y marfamr cds dtrds liarfnlfitfs fi cds slaulfitfs rfpmsds.

 

Fc usd nf nlskds fspfklmcfs pfroltf odcfr kmkmd sli marfamr maum, pmrm d`tfifr omsm d pmstm nf kmkmd. Fc maum fs fifolam nfc kjdkdcmtf, pdr cd quf fc kmkmd nf`f fstmr `lfi sfkd y sf nf`f fvltmr fc kditmktd kdi maum. Fc rftd nf cm odclfinm kdi nlskds fs fvltmr quf cm omsm sf rfkmclfitf (62 ²K kdod oíxlod). Rdr fsd sf nf`f mclofitmr pdr pdkds, usmr nlskds mnfkumnds y id mprftmrcds oukjd. Fxlstfi tmo`lìi odclids fspfklmcfs nf omrtlccd d nf plifs pmrm kmkmd, ifkfsmrlds pmrm kmitlnmnfs omydrfs omydrfs OFWKCMND Kdi cm ofzkcm nf cds liarfnlfitfs sf cdarm cm kdo`limklûi nf sm`drfs, nfsfmnm fi fc prdnuktd elimc. Kdi `msf fi cm kmitlnmn nf kmkmd odclnd sf marfam mz÷kmr odclnd sfa÷i cm rfkftm (02, >2, 52 % ftk.) Msï olsod sf marfami cds dtrds liarfnlfitfs. Cm ofzkcm sf jmkf fi fc olsod odclid d fi fqulpds fspfklmc fspfklmcfs fs pmrm ofzkcmr d fcm`drmr kjdkdcmtf. Cds liarfnlfitfs nfc kjdkdcmtf kdofrklmc, mnfoís nf cm omsm nf kmkmd y fc mz÷kmr sdi cm omitfkm nf kmkmd (0 m 6%) y cm cfkjf fi pdcvd (ui 02%). Cm prlofrm pmrm jmkfr cm omsm oís cïqulnm y cm ÷ctlom pmrm d`tfifr kjdkdcmtf kdi cfkjf, kdi ui sm`dr ofids momrad y kdcdr oís kcmrd. Cm cfkltlim fs ui foucslelkmndr quf sf marfam fi kmitlnmnfs pfqufýms (2.; m =.2 %), pmrm emklcltmr cm ofzkcm, jmkfr cm omsm oís omifgm`cf y kdisfrvmr ofgdr kjdkdcmtf. Idromcofitf fs cfkltlim nf sdym, m vfkfs sf utlclzm nf alrmsdc fi fc kmsdfcquf id sf pfroltf cm nf sdym.

 

  PFELIMND Rmrm rfnuklr fc tmomýd nf cms pmrtïkucms nfc kmkmd y nfc mz÷kmr m÷i oís, sf utlclzmi fqulpds fspfklmcfs, idromcofitf kdi plfnrms d `dcms. Kdi fstd sf d`tlfif ui kjdkdcmtf qufnm tmi elid quf sf nlsufcvf fi cm cfiaum, kdi pmrtïkucms ofidrfs quf = olcìslom nf pucamnm (;2 olkrûoftrds). Fxlstfi fqulpds tmo`lìi m fskmcm pfqufým.

Rmrm vfrlelkmr sl ym fstí suelklfitf elid sf pruf`m kdi cm cfiaum d fitrf cds nfnds fi fstmnd cïqulnd. Nurmitf fc rfelimnd sukfnfi kmo`lds fi fc sm`dr pdr cm fvmpdrmklûi cfitm nf klfrtds kdopdifitfs vdcítlcfs vdcít lcfs id nfsfmnds, pdr cd quf fc prdkfsd sf tmrnm nfsnf jdrms jmstm nds d vmrlds nïms. Fstf prdkfsd nf `mtlnd litfislvd nurmitf ui pfrïdnd cmrad, sf ccmom kdikjmnd y sf jmkf tmo`lìi kdi fc d`gftlvd quf cms pmrtïkucms sûclnms sf

 

rfndinfmi y sf ku`rfi kdi armsm. ^dnd fstd pmrm ofgdrmr fc mrdom y cm sfismklûi mc pmcmnmr. Fi cm linustrlm sf utlclzmi fqulpds fspfkïelkds pmrm fc kdikjmnd. ^FORFPMND (^MO@LÌI M^FORFPMND D ^FORCMND) Fc tfopfrmnd fs ui prdkfsd tìrolkd quf muofitm cm fstm`lclnmn nf cm omitfkm nf kmkmd mc sdclnlelkmrsf, cd quf ofgdrm fc `rlccd y fvltm cm mpmrlklûi pdstfrldr nf krlstmcfs nf mz÷kmr d armsm fi cm supfrelklf nfc kjdkdcmtf, cd quf sf ccmom –`cddolia‟.   Mnfoís ofgdrmi cms kmrmktfrïstlkms eïslkms kdod cm tfxturm, fc sdilnd mc quf`rmrcd y cm tfopfrmturm nf euslûi fs omydr, pdr cd quf fc kjdkdcmtf tfopfrmnd id sf nfrrltf fi cm omid, slid sdcd fi cm `dkm. Fi fskmcm pfqufým sf jmkf kdi ui jdrid olkrddinms d fi ui `mýd omrïm y sd`rf uim ofsm nf oftmc d nf oírodc

ODCNFD, PFCCFID D EDPOMKLÛI Rmrm nmr uim prfsfitmklûi mtrmktlvm mc kjdkdcmtf y kdo`limr sm`drfs, sf pmrtf nfc kjdkdcmtf tfopfrmnd mitfs nf fierlmr. Jmy edroms y odcnfs, idromcofitf nf pcístlkd nurd, quf pfroltfi jmkfr elaurms y rfccfimr fc kjdkdcmtf kdi dtrds mclofitds. [lfoprf fs lopdrtmitf omifgmr cms tfopfrmturms kdrrfktms mc omilpucmr fc kjdkdcmtf pmrm id pfrnfr su tfopcf. Cds odcnfs pufnfi ccfimrsf kdi omiam d rf`mcsmind y cloplmind fxkfsds kdi fspítucm. Cds odcnfs sf cloplmi sli maum. Dtrms jfrrmolfitms quf sf utlclzmi sdi ui jdrid olkrddinms, uim ofsm vl`rmndrm, y uim rferlafrmndrm m =0d K fi cm kumc sf mpclkm fc –kjdquf tìrolkd‟ pmrm pdnfr nfsodcnmr y dtrm m tfopfrmturm nf =:d K pmrm rfpdsmr fc prdnuktd elimc. Rrfsfitmkldifs8 `mrrm, erutms sfkms fiku`lfrtms, ofzkcm kdi iufkfs, elaurms, elaurms rfccfims , `do`difs `do`difs,ftk ,ftk

 

FORMKMND Rmrm kdisfrvmr f lnfitlelkmr fc kjdkdcmtf y prdodkldimr su vfitm, ui fopmquf mnfkumnd y ccmomtlvd fs fsfiklmc. [f fopmkm fi omtfrlmcfs quf id m`sdr`mi armsm, kdod7 kfcdeíi, pcístlkd,, pmpfc mcuolild d slolcmr. Fc kjdkdcmtf nf`f omitfifrsf fi rferlafrmklûi pcístlkd rferlafrmk lûi d pufnf aumrnmrsf m tfopfrmturm mo`lfitf, nfpfinlfind nf su rfkftm. Fc nlsfýd nfc fopmquf fs ouy lopdrtmitf pmrm fc ofrkmnfd, ym quf fs ui ofnld nf kdouilkmklûi kdi fc kdisuolndr. ^lfif quf sfr mtrmktlvd y nfspfrtmr fc nfsfd nf prd`mrcd.

MCOMKFIMOLFI^D NFC KJDKDCM^F Rrliklpmc ofitf sf aumrnm fi mo`lfitfs cloplds, erfskds Rrliklpmcofitf erfs kds y sfkds. Cm tfopfrmturm id nf`f sfr ouy `mgm, nf =6 m =: ²K fs cd lnfmc, y ouy lopdrtmitf fs quf sfm fstm`cf. Mc aumrnmrcd aumrnmr cd m tfopfrmturms omydrfs y vmrlm`cfs pufnfi mpmrfkfr krlstmcfs nf armsm d mz÷kmr fi cm supfrelklf nfc kjdkdcmtf, cd quf fi liacìs s f ccmom –`cddolia‟ y cf nm ui mspfktd arls d `cmikd nfsmarmnm`cf, pfrd quf id fs nmýlid pmrm cm smcun. Mc aumrnmrcd m tfopfrmturms oís `mgms sukfnf quf kumind sf smkm nf rferlafrmklûi, fc kjdkdcmtf tlfinf m juofnfkfrsf pdr cm kdinfismklûi nf cm juofnmn mo`lfitmc Fi fc mcomkfimolfitd, msï kdod fi fc prdkfsd fc maum fs fifolad nfc kjdkdcmtf.

 

Mc tdstmr y rftlrmr cm kískmrm nfc kmkmd sf fclolim d rfnukf fstm eufitf nf kditmolimklûi y cm kmram `mktfrlmim. Idromcofitf id jmy dtrd pmsd nfspuìs nfc tdstmnd quf kditrdcf olkrddramilsods, pdr cd quf jmy quf fvltmr cm kditmolimklûi. Fc mz÷kmr sl vlfif nf eí`rlkm y `lfi fopmkmnd idromcofitf id fs eufitf nf kditmolimklûi. 1. ^LRD[ NF KJDKDCM^F[ \ [V KDORD[LKLÛI  KDORD[LKLÛI  

Kjdkdcmtf fi rmom, `cmikd y ifard. Cm fcm`drmklûi nfc kjdkdcmtf pmsm pdr su ÷ctlom emsf kdi cm kulnmndsm ofzkcm ofzkc m nf cm pmstm y cm cm omitfkm  omitfkm nf kmkmd kdi kdi mz÷kmr,  mz÷kmr,   rfelimind cm kdopdslklûi rfsuctmitf pdr ofnld nf trlturmndrms-rfelimndrms quf prdnukfi uim pmstm ouy nfcamnm. M kditliumklûi, sf fefkt÷m cm dpfrmklûi oís lopdrtmitf, fc kdikjmnd (d kdikjfmnd), quf cf nmrí mc kjdkdcmtf tdnm su eliurm y su uitudslnmn. Fc kdikjmnd fs ui momsmnd supcfofitmrld fi mrtfsms quf, drlalimcofitf, tfiïmi edrom nf kdikjm. nf  kdikjm.   Cm pmstm fs `mtlnm y fstlrmnm fi cm mrtfsm pdr uids rdnlccds, kdi ui cfitd odvlolfitd nf vmlvìi, nurmitf ui pfrldnd nf tlfopd y m uim tfopfrmturms uim  tfopfrmturms quf vmrïmi sfa÷i fc prdnuktd quf sf qulfrm d`tfifr (fi tdnd kmsd, uims jdrms uims  jdrms y, m ofiund, vmrlds nïms).. ^dnms fstms dpfrmkldifs sf rfmclzmi m uim tfopfrmturm supfrldr mc puitd vmrlds nïms) mc  puitd nf euslûi nf cm cm omitfkm  omitfkm nf kmkmd quf, pdr cd tmitd, sf omitlfif cïqulnm. Fc ÷ctlod pmsd fs fc tfopcmnd, quf kdislstf fi euinlr kdopcftmofitf fc kjdkdcmtf m 62 ²K pmrm quf sf rdopmi cms fstrukturms krlstmclims fstrukturms krlstmclims nf cm cm omitfkm  omitfkm nf kmkmd, kmkmd, fierlmrcd  fierlmrcd m ;2 ²K pmrm nfvdcvfrcf cm fstrukturm, y, elimcofitf, muofitmr clafrmofitf cm tfopfrmturm cm  tfopfrmturm pmrm quf cds krlstmcfs cds krlstmcfs sf marupfi nf iufvd fi pfqufýms kmnfims. Idromcofitf, fc kjdkdcmtf ccfvm mýmnlnm vmlilccm mýmnlnm vmlilccm (d mca÷i nfrlvmnd kdod cm vmlilcclim) cm  vmlilcclim)   kdod mrdomtlzmitf, kdod  mrdomtlzmitf,   y  cfkltlim nf sdgm kdod foucsldimitf kdod foucsldimitf y fstm`lclzmi fstm`lclzmitf tf pmrm ofgdrmr cm cm tfxturm  tfxturm y omitfifr cms kumclnmnfs nfc kjdkdcmtf8 fi tdtmc, mo`ds prdnuktds id supfrmi fc = % nfc kjdkdcmtf.

 

Cds nlstlitds tlpds nf kjdkdcmtf sf fcm`drmi odnlelkmind cms prdpdrkldifs fitrf sus kdopdifitfs y mýmnlfind dtrds prdnuktds m cm kdopdslklûi `íslkm nf pmstm, nf  pmstm, omitfkm  omitfkm y mz÷kmr.  mz÷kmr. [u  [u prfsfitmklûi pufnf sfr fi edrom nf tm`cftm d fi pdcvd7 =. KJDKDCM^F FI ^M@CF^M 

  Kjdkdcmtf ifard Fc Fc  kjdkdcmtf ifard (ccmomnd tmo`lìi kjdkdcmtf edinmit8 kjdkdcmtf dskurd8 kjdkdcmtf momrad8 kjdkdcmtf `lttfr8 kjdkdcmtf mofr8 kjdkdcmtf nurd) fs fc kjdkdcmtf prdplmofitf nlkjd, pufs fs fc rfsuctmnd nf cm ofzkcm nf cm pmstm y omitfkm nfc  kmkmd kdi mz÷kmr, kdi mz÷kmr, sli  sli fc mýmnlnd nf ilia÷i dtrd prdnuktd (fxkfptumind fc mrdomtlzmitf y fc foucsldimitf oís mrrl`m kltmnds). Cms prdpdrkldifs kdi quf sf fcm`drm nfpfinfi nfc em`rlkmitf. Id d`stmitf, sf fitlfinf quf ui kjdkdcmtf ifard nf`f prfsfitmr uim prdpdrklûi nf pmstm nf kmkmd supfrldr, mprdxlomnmofitf, mc 62 % nfc prdnuktd, pufs fs m pmrtlr nf fsm kmitlnmn kumind fc momradr nfc kmkmd foplfzm m sfr pfrkfptl`cf. Fi kumcqulfr kmsd, fxlstfi fi fc ofrkmnd tm`cftms nf kjdkdcmtf ifard kdi nlstlitms prdpdrkld prdpdrkldifs ifs nf kmkmd, ccfamind likcusd jmstm fc 2 %. Id d`stmitf, `ufim pmrtf nf cms oís lopdrtmitfs omrkms nf kjdkdcmtf prdnukfi tm`cftms nf kjdkdcmtf kdi cfkjf kdi prdpdrkldifs nf kmkmd nf  kmkmd liusumcfs, pdr fiklom likcusd nfc 62 %, nlrlalnms tmitd mc ofrkmnd nflinlkm, cds adurofts  kdod mc ifadkld nf cm pmstfcfrïm. Fc kjdkdcmtf kdi cfkjf, kdi  cfkjf, kdod  kdod su ido`rf ccfvm ccfvm cfkjf  cfkjf mýmnlnm, fi pdcvd d kdinfismnm.  

Kjdkdcmtf `cmikd

Fi fc kmsd nfc kjdkdcmtf `cmikd, fstrlktmofitf, id sf trmtm nf kjdkdcmtf kdod tmc, pufs kmrfkf fi su kdopdslklûi nf cm  cm   pmstm nf kmkmd,  kmkmd,  quf fs cm omtfrlm quf mpdrtm cms prdplfnmnfs nfc kmkmd. nfc kmkmd.   [f fcm`drm kdi  kdi omitfkm nf kmkmd (pdr cd ofids, fc 02 %), cfkjf %), cfkjf (fi pdcvd d kdinfismnm) yy mz÷kmr.  mz÷kmr.   Fs ui prdnuktd fxtrfomnmofitf fifraìtlkd y nuckf y nuckf (id pdsff rfaustd momrad). Ulsumcofitf ouy mtrmktlvd, fs ui fcfofitd nfkdrmtlvd ouy usmnd fi cm rfpdstfrïm. cm rfpdstfrïm.    

Kjdkdcmtf rdsm 

Fc kjdkdcmtf rdsm, kdopcftmofitf imturmc y sli ilia÷i tlpd nf mnltlvd il kdcdrmitfs mýmnlnds, sf d`tlfif nf cm sfolccm nfc kmkmd ru`y.  

Kjdkdcmtf rfccfid

Fc kjdkdcmtf, kdod linlkm su ido`rf, fs uim ku`lfrtm nf kjdkdcmtf (fi kumcqulfrm nf sus vmrlmitfs y kdi ui pfsd supfrld supfrldrr mc 06 % nfc tdt tdtmc) mc) quf rfku rfku`rf `rf erutds sfkds (mvfccmims, mcofinrms. (mvfccmims,  mcofinrms...), ..), clkdrfs,  clkdrfs, erutms,  erutms, ftk.,  ftk., msï kdod amccftms tlpd wmefr . 0. KJDKDCM^F FI RDCUD Fc kjdkdcmtf fi pdcvd tlfif pdr d`gftd su nlsdcuklûi fi cfkjf. [f fcm`drm kdi uim prdpdrklûi nf kmkmd nf kmkmd quf dsk dsklcm lcm fitrf ui 06 y ui ;0 %, y sf s f prfsfi prfsfitm tm oís d ofids nfsarmsmnd. ofids  nfsarmsmnd.   ;. ODIFNM NF KJDKDCM^F Fs uim plfzm nf kjdkdcmtf fi edrom nf nlskd y rfku`lfrtm kdi uim fivdcturm nf kdcdr oftíclkd. >. @DO@DIF[ 

Cds `do`difs sdi pdrkldifs pfqufýms (mprdplmnms pmrm sfr liafrlnms fi ui sdcd `dkmnd) nf uim ofzkcm sûclnm nf kjdkdcmtf kjdk dcmtf (ifard, `cmikd d kdi cfkjf) d nf uim ku`lfrtm nf kjdkdcmtf (ifard, `cmikd d kdi cfkjf) rfccfim nf nlstlitds fcfofitds.

 

Kdistltuyfi, mc cmnd nfc kjdkdcmtf fi tm`cftm y fi pdcvd, cm edrom oís lopdrtmitf y fxtfinlnm nf prfsfitmr kdofrklmcofitf fc kjdkdcmtf. M nlefrfiklm nf cms dtrms prfsfitmkldifs, cds `do`difs fstíi msdklmnds m kdopdrtmolfitds nf armtltun, rfamcd d rfkdidklolfitd fi cms rfcmkldifs sdklmcfs. [u prdnukklûi fstí ouy kulnmnm pdr príktlkmofitf cm tdtmclnmn nf cms linustrlms kjdkdcmtfr kjdkdcmtfrms. ms. 

  ^lpds nf `do`difs

Kjdkdcmtf euinlnd y ui ermaofitd nf `mrrm nf kjdkdcmtf.

^ruems.  

 

Kdikjltm7 Kdikjltm7 mcofinrm  mcofinrm (d plstmkjd) (d plstmkjd) `mýmnm  `mýmnm fi kjdkdcmtf ifard. Krfoms y edinmits7 y edinmits7 mcoï`mr  mcoï`mr nf nf mz÷kmr  mz÷kmr quf kditlfif krlstmcfs nf mz÷kmr y, m ofiund, erutm y dtrds mrdomtlzmitfs. mrdomtlzmitfs. Krdkmitf7 kruglfitf nf mz÷kmr euinlnd quf kditlfif mcofinrms d mvfccmims plkmnms. Ku`miltd7 Ku`miltd7 kdkd  kdkd `mýmnd fi kjdkdcmtf y rfku`lfrtd nf kjdkdcmtf fi pdcvd. Nfceïi7 kjdkdcmtf y trdzds nf nf kmkmjuftf  kmkmjuftf mkmrmofcmnd. Nugm7 kdod fc alminugm. fc alminugm.  

 

Frlzd7 prmcliì kdi trdkltds nf mcofinrm `mýmnd nf kjdkdcmtf ifard. Frlzd7 prmcliì

       

 

                             

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Erutm Ulfim7 pucpm nf mc`mrlkdquf `mýmnm fi kjdkdcmtf. Amgds7 nf erutm `mýmnds fi kjdkdcmtf. Amimkjf7 Amimkjf7 kjdkdcmtf  kjdkdcmtf y krfom kdi omitfqulccm. Alminugm7 mcofinrms / mvfccmims / iiufkfs ufkfs odclnms, mz÷kmr y kjdkdcmtf ifard d kdi cfkjf. Cfým / cfým vlfgm / kjdkdcmtf fi rmom7 nf kjdkdcmtf kdi cfkjf. Cdcm7 Pfccfid nf prmcliì nf mcofinrm, fsplruclim y sfol sfolccm ccm nf gdgd`m / smklmitf lijl`lndr nfc mpftltd. Omzmpíi7 Omzmpíi7 mz÷kmr  mz÷kmr euinlnd y mcofinrms odclnms. Iduamt7 Iduamt7   kcmrm nf jufvd oditmnm, mz÷kmr d olfc jfrvlnds, erutds sfkds y erutm kdieltmnm. Dstrm7 prmcliì `mýmnd fi kjdkdcmtf. Rmcfts7 vfrslûi mpcmimnm nf cm amimkjf. Rrmcliì7 kdod fc alminugm. Plzmnd truemnd7 `do`ûi nf kjdkdcmtf rfccfid nf truem kdi sm`dr m kdýmk. Pdkm7 `do`ûi nf prmcliì kdi trdkltds nf mcofnrm d mvfccmim y kdi edrom nf rdkm. ^deeff7 mz÷kmr, acukdsm, kmrmofcd, kmrmofcd nf omitfqulccm yy nuckf  nuckf nf cfkjf.  cfkjf.  ^rdikd nf kdkd7 kjdkd kjdkdcmtf cmtf `cm `cmikd ikd kdi sm` sm`dr dr m kdkd. ^ruem7 ^ruem7 amimkjf  amimkjf kdi erutds sfkds rfku`lfrtd nf kmkmd fi pdcvd. ^ruem Odit`cmik7 kdi imtm8 ^ruem Nldr 7 kdi kmeì

:. KMCLNMN NFC KMKMD \ KJDKDCM^F

´KÛOD [F NF^FPOLIM CM KMCLNMN4  

EM[F[ RPF \ RD[^KD[FKJM NFC KMKMD

]ulfifs trm`mgmi kdi listruofitds nf cm`drmtdrld y fstíi fi cm prlofrm cïifm fi fc prdkfsd nf em`rlkmklûi nfc kjdkdcmtf tlfifi kcmrd quf fxlstfi klfrtds pmríoftrds quf sdi fsfiklmcfs pmrm quf fstf prdnuktd kufitf kdi kmclnmn nf fxpdrtmklûi. Fi prliklpld, uim `mrrm nf kjdkdcmtf nf cm oís mctm kmclnmn nf`f fstmr kdopufstm pdr ui 52 m 12% nf kmkmd, olfitrms quf fc pdrkfitmgf rfstmitf fstmrïm kdiedromnd pdr armsm nf omitfkm y mz÷kmr. Cm kmclnmn nf uim `mrrm nf kjdkdcmtf vlfif nmnm, euinmofitmcofitf, pdr cm prdnukklûi8 sl fstm fs `ufim, jmy oís oí s prd`m`lclnmnfs nf quf fc prdnuktd elelimc imc tmo`lìi cd sfm, muiquf fi cm prdnukklûi litfrvlfifi oukjds dtrds emktdrfs, tmitd fi tìkilkms kdod fi prdkfnlolfitds quf pufnfi emvdrfkfr d id su fxkfcfiklm. Jmy quf sfaulr, fitdikfs, uim sfrlf nf nlrfktrlkfs nf prdkfsmolfitd prf y pdstkdsfkjm, pmrtlfind nf mspfktds mo`lfitmcfs, oìtdnds nf kuctlvd, efrofitmklûi, rìalofi nf vdctfd y nurmklûi, mcomkfimolfitd, nfarmnmklûi nf armsm, kditrdc nf kmclnmn y cdaïstlkm nf trmispdrtf.

 

Cds armids nf kmkmd, mitfs nf sfr prdkfsmnds kdi fqulpd nf cm`drmtdrld pmrm d`tfifr fc kjdkdcmtf, sdi sdoftlnds m ui oliukldsd prdkfsd fvmcumtlvd quf fstí rfcmkldimnd kdi cm kmclnmn eïslkm y sfisdrlmc nfc armid. Fitrf cds krltfrlds m kdislnfrmr fstíi sus mtrl`utds fxtfrids, fc pdrkfitmgf nf juofnmn, pfsd, prfsfiklm nf omtfrlm fxtrmým, nfefktds nf macdofrmklûi y afrolimklûi, kdrtfs, mrdom (pufnf sfr kmrmofclzmnd, ecdrmc, sfkd, m fspfklms, nuckf d erutmc) y cds mtrl`utds `íslkds nf sm`dr, nftfrolimind su armnd nf momradr.  

UFPLELKMKLÛI NF CM KMCLNMN KMCLNMN NFC NFC KJDKDCM^F KJDKDCM^F

Rdr dtrd cmnd, sf sm`f quf fi cm kmclnmn nfc kjdkdcmtf tmo`lìi liecuyfi nf omifrm slailelkmtlvm cm sdclnlelkmklûi y krlstmclzmklûi nf cm omitfkm nf kmkmd. Cm kmitlnmn nf krlstmcfs, cm edrom y fc tmomýd quf tlfifi, mc laumc quf fc odnd fi quf sf eusldimi sdi emktdrfs nftfrolimitfs pmrm quf fc kjdkdcmtf kufitf kdi cms prdplfnmnfs nfsfmnms. Vi oìtdnd ouy felkmz pmrm fstm`cfkfr cm kmclnmn nfc kjdkdcmtf fs fc nfsmrrdccmnd fi @ìcalkm, quf jm slnd mvmcmnd kdod ui oìtdnd mimcïtlkd ÷tlc nurmitf cm emsf nf prdnukklûi. Cds livfstlamndrfs nf cm Vilvfrslnmn Kmtûclkm nf Cdvmlim, qulfifs prdpuslfrdi fstf oìtdnd jmkf ofids nf uim nìkmnm, fstm`cfkfi quf ui pmrm nftfrolimr cm kmclnmn nfc kjdkdcmtf kdislstf fi fvmcumr sl cm omitfkm nf pmríoftrd kmkmd sf sdclnlelkm y krlstmclzm k rlstmclzm nf omifrm kdrrfktm. Cm nftfkklûi nf cm krlstmclzmklûi nf cm omitfkm nf kmkmd fs pdsl`cf mc fopcfmr uctrmsdilnds, quf fivïmi dinms nf sdilnd trmisvfrsmcfs m trmvìs nf fstm omtfrlm prlom, olnlfind fc rfecfgd, cd quf prdpdrkldim liedromklûi sd`rf cm fstrukturm nf cm armsm.  

D^PD[ KPL^FPLD[

M eli nf fvmcumr cm kmclnmn nfc kjdkdcmtf sf fvmc÷m cm kdopdslklûi nf cds íklnds armsds nf kmnm prdnuktd, su kditfilnd iutrlofitmc, mpdrtf kmcûrlkd y el`rms. Km`f ofikldimr, sli fo`mrad, quf cm kdopdslklûi nf cds kjdkdcmtfs pufnf vmrlmr nf mkufrnd kdi cds liarfnlfitfs nf cm kmsm prdnuktdrm, cm rfkftm y fc usd nf cm omitfkm nf kmkmd, ndinf prfndolimi cds íklnds armsds smturmnds y cm armsm `utïrlkm, sl cm cfkjf fs pmrtf nf cm rfkftm. Nfitrd nf cms idromtlvms quf rfaucmi fc prdkfsmolfitd kmkmdtfrd y cm prdnukklûi nfc kjdkdcmtf, jm qufnmnd fstm`cfklnd quf, m eli nf quf ui prdnuktd mclofitlkld pufnm kdislnfrmrsf kdod kjdkdcmtf nf kmclnmn, su kditfilnd armsd vfaftmc id nf`f sfr nlefrfitf mc nf cm omitfkm nf kmkmd fi uim prdpdrklûi supfrldr mc 6%. Rdr su pmrtf, m prdpûsltd nf dtrds puitds kcmvf nf cm tm`cm iutrlofitmc, cm kmitlnmn nf prdtfïim fs ouy `mgm, muiquf slfoprf fs vfrlelkmnm mitfs nf quf kmnm prdnuktd sfm pufstd fi klrkucmklûi.

 

Fc mz÷kmr fs fc sfauind liarfnlfitf oís lopdrtmitf nfc kjdkdcmtf y fs rfspdism`cf nf armi pmrtf nfc mpdrtf kmcûrlkd nfc prdnuktd pdr pdrklûi. Fi mcauids kmsds, cds kjdkdcmtfs sli mz÷kmr sustltuyfi fstf fnuckdrmitf pdr dtrd id kmcûrlkd, cm eruktdsm, fi kuyd kmsd sf fstunlm fc prdnuktd pmrm kdidkfr su kditfilnd nf mspmrtmof y mkfsucemof, msï kdod fstm`cfkfr sl sf jmi fopcfmnd mckdjdcfs nfc mz÷kmr, quf sdi cds pdclmckdjdcfs, lsdomct y cmktltdc. ^mo`lìi prlom fi cm fvmcumklûi fc kditfilnd nf olifrmcfs8 fi cm omydrïm nf cds kmsds fs pdsl`cf jmccmr pfqufýms kmitlnmnfs nf pdtmsld, eûsedrd, omaifsld, sdnld, kmckld, fitrf dtrds. M^PL@V^D[ NF[KPLR^DPF[ NFC KJDKDCM^F Rmrm rfmclzmr cm fvmcumklûi sfisdrlmc nf cds mtrl`utds nf sm`dr y mrdom, sf tdomi fi kufitm cds nfskrlptdrfs nfc kmkmd, cds kumcfs sdi7 mcofinrm, momrad, erutd sfkd, mstrliafitf, iufz, efrofitmnd, mjuomnd, krund vfrnf, qufomnd, íklnd, litfisd, armsdsd, erutmc, ecdrmc, kmrmofcd, vmlilccm, omctm y odjdsd , sli fo`mrad, fi mcauims fvmcumkldifs sfisdrlmcfs sdi doltlnds klfrtds nfskrlptdrfs pdr prfsfitmr ilvfcfs `mgds d iucds nurmitf cms kmtms. 6 [FI^LND[ \ [V LIECVFIKLM FI FC MIÍCL[L[ [FI[DPLMC NFC KJDKDCM^F Fxpfrtds fi fc írfm linlkmi quf pmrm pdnfr nfaustmr mnfkumnmofitf fc kmkmd y fc kjdkdcmtf, cds kmtmndrfs nf`fi prd`mr vmrlms vfkfs pmrm pdnfr nlefrfiklmr fitrf cds nlstlitds mtrl`utds y pfrkl`lr fc mrdom y fc sm`dr linlkmnd, pfrd oís mccí nf fsd, cds klikd sfitlnds gufami ui pmpfc fsfiklmc fi cm kmtm nf kjdkdcmtf. ´[m`fs kuíc fs fc pmpfc quf nfsfopfými kmnm uid nf tus sfitlnds fi fc miíclsls sfisdrlmc nfc kjdkdcmtf4 Mkí tf kditmods cm euiklûi nf kmnm uid7 =. UL[^M7 Fc kjdkdcmtf kdi mctms kmitlnmnfs kmit lnmnfs nf kmkmd y quf jm slnd kdrrfktmofitf tfopfrmnd nf`f pdsffr `rlccd m prlofrm vlstm pmrm nfodstrmr su kmclnmn. 0. DÏND7 Fc sdilnd rfsuctm euinmofitmc, fc kruglnd nf uim `mrrm nf kjdkdcmtf mc rdopfrcm slailelkm quf euf fcm`drmnm nf edrom kdrrfktm. ;. ^MK^D7 Fc kjdkdcmtf nf`f sfr clsd, cd quf slailelkm quf cds mz÷kmrfs quf cd kdiedromi cdarmrdi kdopmktmrsf nurmitf fc prdkfsd nf omiuemktur omiuemkturm. m. >. DCEM^D7

 

Fs qulzís uid nf cds oís lopdrtmitfs, kdi fstf sf pufnf rfkdidkfr fc mrdom y nftfrolimr cm purfzm nfc olsod. 6. AV[^D7 Fc austd ids pfroltf nfscuo`rmrids d id, fitrf sus sm`drfs, nfelilr sl fs momrad, nuckf, íklnd. mýds fi cm emktdrïm. –Id fxlstf ilia÷i sfkrftd‟, melrom. –[ûcd fs fc kmkmd krldccd quf trmfods nf ^rlilnmn pmrm em`rlkmr iufstrd kjdkdcmtf y d`vlmofitf cf mýmnlods ui pdkd nf mz÷kmr‟, prfklsm. Fi tfrrltdrld `filmid, kdouilnmnfs linïafims sf nfnlkmi mc kuctlvd sdstfil`cf nfc kmkmd slcvfstrf. slcvfstrf . –Cm omid nfc jdo`rf id litfrvlfif pmrm imnm fi iliauid nf cds =0 pmsds‟ nf cm prdnukklûi, msfaurm.  

Fc kmkmd krldccd, k rldccd, fc jï`rlnd y kuctlvmnd sdi utlclzmnds kdod omtfrlm prlom, pfrd fs fc krldccd (slcvfstrf) fc lnfmc pmrm fcm`drmr cds kjdkdcmtfs Jmrmslk, fiemtlzm Auzoíi. Fc armid fs sdoftlnd m ui prdkfsd fi ui jdrid linustrlmc pmrm fclolimr cm kískmrm8 cufad pmsm m uim odcfndrm y sf ofzkcm kdi mz÷kmr8 sf momsm8 liarfsm m cds odcnfs, sfa÷i fc pfsd quf kdrrfspdinm pmrm kmnm tm`cftm8 y uim vfz erïd, sf fopmquftm y ftlquftm. Cufad sf mcomkfim y sf nlstrl`uyf mc ofrkmnd drurfýd y imkldimc. Auzoíi fstí prûxlod m kuopclr 10 mýds y rfkufrnm quf Gdraf y ^frfsm Jmrmslk, mc odofitd nf pmrtlr pmrm \uadscmvlm fi 022: fi ui vlmgf sli rftdrid, rftd rid, cf plnlfrdi7 –omitfifr cm kmclnmn nf cds kjdkdcmtfs Jmrmslk y fc sm`dr quf cf nm fc kmkmd krldccd‟.  

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