Chinese Characters
June 13, 2016 | Author: Pooja Thakkar | Category: N/A
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The first four pages of flashcards presented here provide twenty of the most often used characters that also are used to form other, more complicated, characters. They are: 目、mù, eye, which you already have learned above. 口、kǒu, mouth, to which you have also been introduced . 耳、ěr, ear, a highly stylized picture of a human ear. 手、shǒu, hand, a simple drawing showing five fingers. 止、zhǐ, to stop, a drawing of a left foot. (I'm going to put my foot down! Stop this nonsense!) 金、jīn, gold, a picture of an aframe shed covering a shaft in the earth 土 in which two nuggets of gold can be seen. 木、mù, tree (or wood), a picture of a tree with three branches at the top and three roots at the bottom. 水、shuǐ, water, a picture of ripples in the course of a stream that is going around a couple of bends. 火、huǒ, fire, a picture of a bonfire with flames leaping from it. 土、tǔ, earth, a picture of some plant forcefully thrusting itself up from the surface of the land. 禾、hé, growing grain, a picture of something like a tree but with a heavy head of grain bending down its top. 田、tián, field, a picture of a paddy with four flooded plots. 首、shǒu, head, an eye above which is something that may represent the horns of some animal like a deer or antelope. 貝、bèi, cowry shell, a picture that shows the two feelers of the little sea organism at the bottom, and a pattern on its shell 人、rén, human being, a human being seen from the side. 巾、jīn, scarf, kerchief, a human being (just the vertical line), and the scarf (⼌) draped over his or her shoulders. 宀、 mián, thatched hut, a picture that shows just the roof of a thatched hut. (See the
flashcard for a picture of the kind of halfunderground prehistoric house depicted.) 戈、gē, a kind of spearlike weapon designed for hacking rather than stabbing. Technically, it is called a "halberd," or, more properly a "voulge." 刀、dāo, knife. the character is a picture of something like the western meat cleaver, but it is a tool designed to be used for cutting as well as hacking. The blade edge of the knife is now drawn (because it is so thin at that point). 勺、sháo, a ladle or large spoon. The character shows a sort of scoop with something lying in it. With just these characters, it is possible to construct: 口+土=吐, tǔ, to spit 禾+口=和 hé, harmony 手+目=看 kàn, (hand shading eye) to look 人+木=休 xiū (亻 is the compressed form of 人) to rest (a schematic picture of a human being leaning on a tree) 禾+火=秋 qiū (when grain stalks, leaves, etc. are burned), autumn 禾+刀=利 lì (刂 is the compressed form of 刀) (to cut grain stalks with a knife or sickle) (1) benefit (2) sharp 木+木=林 lín, grove, woods 木+木+木=森 sēn, forest, jungle 目+人=見 jiàn , to see, to perceive By putting one character after another it is possible to make "compounds" such as: 水手 shuí shǒu, "water hand," i.e., sailor 口水 kóu shuǐ, "mouth water," i.e., saliva 水田 shuǐ tián, "water field," i.e., flooded field (N.B. Two third tones change into a second tone and a third tone in compounds.) The second four pages of flashcards provide the following characters: 尚、shàng, ascendant; yet, still; [surname]. One explanation says that this character
consists of 宀 mián, house, that has a 口 kǒu, "mouth," but here "window," and 八 bā, "eight, but here (as is frequently the case) it is a drawing used to indicate "splitting up." The windows in simple houses with one window and one door would be on the opposite side from the door, which typically would face south for warmth from the sun. So "window in house" suggests "north," and "north" suggests "a direction." A "splitting up" would then suggests "going in different directions," and by extension that would suggest divergence in social positions, nobility versus common status, etc. 言、yán, speech, a saying. The early diagrams seem to represent a flute or horn of some kind being pressed to the lips of someone who is making a sound with it. See Karlgren, Grammata Serica Recensa, item 251. 隹、zhuī, shorttailed bird. The early forms are stylized pictures of some kind of bird. 力、lì, strength, power. The early forms are "stick man" pictures showing only two arms engaged in arm wrestling. 心、xīn, heart, mind. The early characters show crosssectional views of a four chambered heart. 大、dà, big, large. The early drawings is a simple "stickman" figure with arms outstretched to show how large something is. +氏、shì, clan. Sometimes this character is used as a substitute for 姓 xìng, surname. The early form of the character depicts a human being carrying a bundle in his or her hand. Possibly the bundle contains a baby, if the idea is to suggest the idea of family and continuity. +辵 (compressed form 辶)chuò. The early forms of this character seem to show a foot in the center of an intersection where three roads converge and become one wider road. Characters that contain this radical involve the idea of motion. Sometimes chuò is called the "running radical." + 一 yī 1. The first three Chinese numerals are similar to the numerically equivalent Roman numerals rotated 90°. +二 èr 2. (For expressions involving a measure word, e.g., "two cupsful of water," 兩 liǎng is used. 二 is used for counting things, "One, two, three...." +三 sān 3.
+四 sì 4. This character is basically IIII. Originally, these four lines were drawn horizontally.
+五 wǔ 5. This character was originally written as an X with lines drawn across the top and bottom.
+六 liù 6. Originally, this character was written as something similar to an inverted V.
+七 qī 7. Originally this character was written as something rather like a plus sign.
+八 bā 8. Originally this character was written as something a little like ">
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