Mount Seena Public School Nagaripuram,Pathiriplala,Palakkad, Kerala – 678642, Ph: 0491-2873532, 2872086, Fax: 0491-2874320 Email:
[email protected], www.mountseena.com
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY XII INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT 2015-16
Topic:
Preparation of Rayon Thread from Cotton and Filter paper
Mount Seena Public School Nagaripuram,Pathiriplala,Palakkad, Kerala – 678642, Ph: 0491-2873532, 2872086, Fax: 0491-2874320 Email:
[email protected], www.mountseena.com
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work based on the project entitled “Preparation of Rayon thread from Cotton and Filter paper” is an authentic record done by Anees K. M of class XII-B, under the guidance and supervision of the concerned during the academic year 2015-2016.
Teacher in charge: Examiner:
Principal:
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Latha Prakash, the principal, for giving me such a good opportunity to do this wonderful project and gain a lot of knowledge. I would also like to convey my utmost gratitude to my chemistry teachers Mr. Aboobakker Siddik T.M and Mr. Suresh along with the lab assistant Mrs. Sreeja, for their vital support, guidance and encouragement without which this project would not have come forth. I would like to acknowledge my debt to all my friends, who have helped in one way or the other and my parents, for their constant moral support and love.
Anees. K. M, XII -B
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CONTENTS 1.Introduction………………………………………… 2-4 2.Objective…………………………………………….5 3.Materials and chemicals required……………….6 4.Theory……………………………………………….7 5.Procedure…………………………………………...8 -9 6.Observations………………………………………..1 0 7.Conclusion…………………………………………..1 1
8.Precautions………………………………………….1 2 9.Bibliography………………………………………..1 3
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Introduction For a very long period of human history, man depended on natural elements to make fibers for clothing. These were natural fibers. However, with the technological advances many manmade synthetic fibers were developed. Man-made fibers have two main categories: One that are made from natural products (cellulosic fibers) and the other that are synthesized from chemical compounds (noncellulosic polymer fibers).
Rayon fiber is a natural-based material made from the cellulose of wood pulp or cotton fiber. In fact, they are made from reformed or regenerated cellulose. As such, they are identified as regenerated cellulose fibers.
History of Rayon The invention of rayon can be related to the invention of an apparatus in 1840 that drew synthetic filaments through small holes. In 1855, Georges Audemars, a Swiss chemist, discovered how to make cellulose nitrate. Later in 1884, Count Hilaire de Chardonnet made the first manmade fibers from nitrocellulose. He came to be known as the 'father of rayon'. He got the original French patent and also won financial support through which, he established the world's first rayon factory. Subsequently, other scientists developed more cost-effective ways of making many other types of rayon.
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The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) officially recognized manmade textile filaments in 1925 when it allowed the use of the name, "rayon" for yarns obtained from cellulose or its derivatives. Till now, it was known as artificial or imitation silk. With the production and types of manmade fibers increasing and given various
trademarks, the FTC again made a rule in 1937 that any fiber or yarn produced chemically from cellulose must be designated as rayon. However, confusion prevailed among the masses because at least four different types of rayon with some similar and some different properties came into being. It was because of the fact that there were basically two groups of rayon- one consisting of regenerated pure cellulose and the other of a cellulose compound. These different compositions gave different properties. Therefore, in 1952, the FTC ruled that there would be two categories of cellulose fibers- rayon fiber (pure cellulose) and acetate fiber (cellulose compound). Advantages: -
Viscose rayon is suitable for wide range of fabrics from lightweight luxury types that drape well to heavy, strong, durable types that are stiff and crisp.
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It can be dyed easily with all the dyes that take on to cellulosic fibres.
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It blends well with other fibres.
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It is very absorbent.
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It can be given a variety of finishes.
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It can be laundered or dry-cleaned, depending on the dye used or the finish given.
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It can be bleached with chlorine bleaches but peroxide bleach is preferable.
Limitations: Fibres are weaker than cotton and weaker still when wet. -
Abrasion resistance is poor.
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Fabrics wrinkle easily because of the poor resiliency of the fibres.
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Fabrics have very poor dimensional stability due to progressive shrinkage of the fibres.
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Rayon is susceptible to mildew.
It is damaged more easily than cotton by mineral acids. -
Fabrics require low ironing temperature.
Disposal and biodegradability The biodegradability of fibers in soil burial and sewage sludge was evaluated by Korean researchers, and are listed here in order of decreasing biodegradability: rayon, cotton, acetate. The more water-repellent the rayon-based fabric is, the more slowly it will decompose. Silverfish can eat rayon. A recent ocean survey found that rayon contributed to 56.9% of the total fibers found in deep ocean areas.
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OBJECTIVE:
To Prepare Rayon Thread from filter paper and cotton using Cuprammonium process.
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Materials and chemicals required:
Conical flask (preferably 250 ml) Funnel Glass rod Beaker (preferably 250 ml) Water bath Filter papers Cotton CuSO4 (about 20g) NaOH solution Liquor ammonia solution Dilute H2SO4 Distilled H2O
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Theory Rayon is a synthetic fiber produced from cellulose. Developed in an attempt to produce silk chemically, it was originally called artificial silk or wood silk. Rayon is a regenerated fiber, because cellulose is converted to a liquid compound and then back to cellulose in the form of fiber. Preparation of Cuprammonium Rayon: Cuprammonium rayon is obtained by dissolving pieces of filter paper in a deep blue solution containing tetra-ammine cupric hydroxide. The latter is obtained from a solution of copper sulphate. To it, NH4OH solution is added to precipitate cupric hydroxide, which is then dissolved in excess of NH4. Reactions: CUSO4+ 2NH4OH — Cu(OH)2+ (NH4)2S04 (Pale blue precipitate) Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH — [Cu(NH3)4](0H)2 + 4H2O [Cu(NH3)4](0H)2 + pieces of filter paper left for 1015 days give a viscous solution called VISCOSE.
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PROCEDURE To prepare cuprammonium rayon threads using cotton and filter paper, we have followed the below given methods: 1] Preparation of Schweitzer’s Solution About 20g of crystalline CuSO4 was weighted in a clean watch glass and dissolved in 100ml of water taken in a beaker. To this, dilute NaOH solution was added slowly with constant stirring to precipitate Cu(OH)2. The precipitate was filtered and washed till it did not indicate the presence of sulphate ions with BaCl2 solution. Then, the clean precipitate of Cu(OH)4 was transferred to a 250ml beaker and 50ml of liquor ammonia was added. Then, the precipitate got dissolved and a deep blue solution of cuprammonium hydroxide (Schweitzer’s Solution) was formed. This solvent was used for dissolving the cellulosic materials (cotton and filter paper). 2] Dissolving cellulose matter About 1g of cotton was weighed and cut into small pieces. These were added to Schweitzer’s Solution prepared earlier, taken in a conical flask. The flask was secured with a rubber stopper and allowed to stand for
4-5 days till all of the cotton got dissolved in it, forming a viscous solution called Viscose. The above procedure were repeated taking filter paper (about 2g) in a separate conical flask to prepare its viscous solution.
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3] Formation of rayon filaments The viscous solution was taken in a syringe. The nozzle of the needle was dipped in dilute H2SO4 solution taken in a wide mouth beaker. The viscous was squeezed into the acid solution along with swirling the needle in the acid. Long, dark blue filaments were formed in the acid bath, which was left undisturbed for about 24 hours until all the blue colour of the filaments got dissolved in the acid, leaving the white rayon filaments behind. The rayon filaments were the removed from the acid bath, washed with water and dried by keeping them on a filter paper. The procedure was repeated for the other viscous prepared and similarly, rayon threads from the other cellulosic material was obtained.
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OBSERVATIONS
A. Using Cotton: 1. Weight of cotton taken : -----------------------2. Max. length of rayon filament obtained -----------------------3. Weight of the rayon filament obtained ------------------------
B. Using filter paper:
: :
1. Weight of filter paper taken : -----------------------2. Max. length of rayon filament obtained : -----------------------3. Weight of rayon filament obtained : ------------------------
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CONCLUSION
The white, thin threads obtained in the acid bath, which were obtained after keeping it for almost 24 hours, were Rayon threads.
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PRECAUTIONS: 1. Addition of excess NH3 and NaOH should be avoided. 2. Before taking the viscose in the syringe make sure that it does not contain any particles of paper, otherwise, it would clog the needle of the syringe.
3. Addition of NH3 should be done in a fume cupboard and with extreme care. The fumes if inhaled may cause giddiness. 4. Use a thick needle otherwise the fibers won’t come out.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon http://textileapex.blogspot.in/2015/01/advantagesdisadvantages-synthetic-fibres.html http://www.teonline.com/knowledgecentre/manufacturing-process-rayon.html http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/rayon.htm http://projects.icbse.com/chemistry-299 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry - Class XII, Lakshmi Publications (P) LTD.
