Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Name-Debjani Das Class-XII roll noHem Sheela Model School

Acknowledgement It is my foremost duty to express my deep regards to my Chemistry teacher Mrs. Indira Pandey under whose guidance and supervision I am able to undertake this project. It is she who has been my primary source of inspiration and who motivated, guided and encouraged me at different stages to make this project. I am also thankful for the help rendered by our lab teacher who made available the various apparatus and chemicals needed for the experiments, else it would have been a difficult task to perform this project successfully. I also want to thank the lab attendant and my teammates for their invaluable help. Debjani Das 2015-16

TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE This to certify that “Debjani Das” of class XII bearing roll nowho is going to appear for AISSCE-2016 has successfully completed all the practicals and projects in Chemistry during the session 2015-2016 as per the prescribed syllabus of C.B.S.E., New Delhi.

Signature of Examiner:_________________ Date:_________________

TO ANALYSE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CATIONS, ANIONS AND FOOD STUFFS PRESENT IN COCONUT WATER

Contents

INTRODUCTION COCONUT PLANT The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera.) is a member of the family

Arecaceae (palm family).It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a nut. The spelling cocoanut is an archaic form of the word.] The term is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese and Spanish word coco meaning "head" or "skull", from the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. The coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the many uses of its different parts and found throughout the tropics and subtropics.[5] Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many people. Coconuts are different from any other fruits because they contain a large quantity of "water" and when immature they are known as tender-nuts or jelly-nuts and may be harvested for drinking. When mature, they still contain some water and can be used as seednuts or processed to give oil from the kernel, charcoal from the hard shell and coir from the fibrous husk. The endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water. As development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming the edible coconut "flesh".[6] When dried, the coconut flesh is called copra. The oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in

cooking and frying; coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and cosmetics. The clear liquid coconut water within is potable. The husks and leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating. The coconut also has cultural and religious significance in many societies that use it. [cita

Coconut water Coconut water is the clear liquid inside young green

coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). In early development, it serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during the nuclear phase of development. As growth continues, the endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the rind of the coconut meat. Coconut water has long been a popular drink in the tropical countries where it is available fresh, canned, or bottled. Coconuts for drinking are served fresh, chilled or packaged in many places. They are often sold by street vendors who cut them open with machetes or similar implements in front of customers. Processed coconut water for retail can be found in ordinary cans, Tetra Paks®, or plastic bottles, sometimes with coconut pulp or coconut jelly included. Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar. It is also used to make nata de coco, a jelly-like food. Bottled coconut water has a shell life of 24 months. In recent years, coconut water has been marketed as a natural energy or sports drink having low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories, and significant electrolyte content. Marketers have also promoted coconut water for having low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories. However, marketing claims attributing tremendous health benefits to coconut water are largely unfounded. Unless the coconut has been damaged, it is likely sterile. There is a single documented case where coconut water has been used as an intravenous hydration fluid when medical saline was unavailable. Although

this is not generally recommended by most physicians today, it was a common practice during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Coconut water has long been a popular drink in the tropics , especially in India , Brazilian Coast , Southeast Asia , Pacific Islands , Africa , and the Caribbean , where it is available fresh , canned , or bottled . In the Philippines, it is known as ‘buko’.

HARVESTING Fresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while they are green. A hole may be bored into the coconut to provide access to the liquid and meat. In young coconuts, the liquid and air may be under some pressure and may spray slightly when the inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts which have fallen to the ground are susceptible to rot and damage from insects or animals. MEDICAL USE It is said , albeit quite incorrectly , that coconut water is identical to human plasma and can be injected directly into the human bloodstream. The story has its origin from World War II where British and Japanese patients were given coconut water intravenously in an emergency because saline was unavailable. [ Since then, this rehydration technique has been used only for short-term emergency situations in remote locations where plasma is not available. Although substituting coconut water for saline is not recommended by physicians today, it was a common practice during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. The Documentation Center of Cambodia cited the practice of allowing untrained nurses to administer green coconut water during the Pol Pot regime as a crime against humanity.[ HEALTH BENEFITS

 Coconut water is a very refreshing drink to beat tropical summer thirst. Its liquid is packed with simple sugars, electrolytes , and minerals to replenish dehydration within the human body.  Research studies suggest that cytokinins (e.g., kinetin and transzeatin) in coconut water found to have significant anti-ageing ,anti-carcinogenic, and antithrombotic(anti-clot formation)effects.  Coconut water is composed of many naturally occurring bioactive enzymes such as acid phosphatase , catalase, dehydrogenase,diastase,peroxidase,rna-polymerases etc. In effect, these enzymes help in the digestion and metabolism.  Despite being very light in consistency, its water has proportionately better composition of minerals like calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium and zinc than some of the fruit juices like oranges.  Its liquid is also a very good source of B-complex vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin,thiamin,pyridoxine, and folates,these vitamins are essential in the sense that the human body requires them from external sources to replenish.

 Coconut water contains very good amount of electrolyte potassium.100ml of water has 250mg of potassium and 105mg of sodium. Together, these electrolytes help replenish electrolyte deficiency in the body due to diarrhea (loose stools).  Further, fresh coconut water has a small amount of vitamin-C(Ascorbic Acid);It provides about 2.4mg or 4% of RDA. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant.

Requirements  Coconut Water  Ferrous sulphate solution  Concentrated sulphuric acid  Lead acetate solution  Silver nitrate solution  Ammonium molybdate  Concentrated nitric acid  Potassium dichromate  Sodium hydroxide solution  Methylene blue  Benedict’s solution  Copper sulphate solution  Sodium cobaltinate solution  Disodium hydrogen phosphate

 Ammonium chloride  Ammonium carbonate  Potassium pyro antimonite  Universal indicator

WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Sodium Potassium pyroaluminate is added to coconut water. Potassium Freshly prepared sodium salt Magnesium Add a pinch of magnesium chloride, a few drops of ammonium phosphate solution to coconut water. Calcium Add solid ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide and ammonium

White milkiness is observed.

Na+ is confirmed.

Yellow precipitate is observed.

K+ is confirmed.

White precipitate is formed.

Mg2+ is present.

A white precipitate is formed.

Ca2+ is present.

carbonate to coconut water and ammonium oxalate solution.

Wet test for acid radicals EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Chloride Silver nitrate test: Add conc.Nitric A white precipitate Cl may be acid and silver is formed. present nitrate solution. Chromyl chloride test: Mix a small quantity of the salt with a small amount of powdered potassium dichromate. Take a mixture in test tube and add conc. Sulphuric acid

A Yellow precipitate is formed.

Cl is present confirmed.

Heat the tube and pass the red vapours evolved into a gas detector containing sodium hydroxide solution. To the yellow thus obtained add dil. Acetic acid lead acetate solution. Oxalate ion A white precipitate Oxalate ion is Add calcium is obtained. present. chloride and acetic acid to the coconut water. Nitrate Copper chips test: Heat a small quantity of coconut water with conc. Sulphuric acid and few copper chips. Brown ring test: Add a small

Dark brown fumes are evolved.

NO3- ion may be present.

A dark brown ring forms.

NO3- is present.

quantity of freshly prepared solution ferrous sulphate to a part of the aqueous solution and then pour conc. Sulphuric acid slowly along the sides of the test tube. Phosphate Ammonium molybdate Yellow precipitate is test: Add conc. Nitric acid formed to coconut water and boil then add ammonium molybdate solution to it.

Phosphate ion is present

Test for the presence of food stuff: Sl.No.

EXPERIMENT

1

Benedict’s No testprecipitate is Benedict’s Observed solution is added to 5ml of coconut water and heated in water bath for 5 minutes No METHYLENE decolourisati BLUE TEST-1- on is 2 drops of observed methylene blue is added to coconut water A blue CuSO4+NaO precipitate is H TESTobtained Copper sulphate and NaOH is added to

2

3

OBSERVATION INFERENCE Reducing sugar is absent

Reducing sugar is absent.

Proteins and fats are present

coconut water

Experiment

Observation

Inference

pH of fermented coconut water is tested using universal indicator pH of fermented coconut water is tested using universal indicator

A orange tinge is observed on pH paper

pH =5

A green tinge is observed on pH paper.

pH=6

PRECAUTIONS  The chemicals should be handled carefully.  All apparatus should be handled carefully.  The experiments should be conducted at room temperature.

BIBLIOGRAPHY To complete this project I have taken help from the following books and websites:1.www.google.com 2.www.wikipedia.com 3.Comprehensive Chemistry Class XII 4.Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class XII