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1
Concrete Nouns: Common & Proper Nouns
Concrete Nouns can be Common Nouns or Proper Nouns. They are things that you can see, touch, hear or taste. Common Nouns are general names of people, animals, places or things People
Animals
doctor
student
elephant
bear
worker
jogger
snake
cow
Places
Things
Proper Nouns are specific names of people, places, countries, seasons, days of the week, books. They begin with a capital letter. People
Places
Countries
Tunku Abdul Rahman
Eiffel Tower
Malaysia
Seasons
Days
Books
y
farm
house
book
ut
a Be
computer
Bus stop
city
bus stop
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
st
d
An
a Be e
Th
handphone
clock
Summer
Sunday
Beauty And The Beast
2 Abstract Nouns: Qualities, States, Activities Abstract Nouns are the names of qualities, states, and activities. They are things you cannot see or touch. They cannot be counted. People Qualities Other examples
strength
beauty
bravery
speed
Honesty Smartness Cleverness Weakness
People States Other examples
sleep
sickness
happiness
sadness
Poverty Wealth Anger Exhaustion
Activities People Other examples
laughter Junior English Grammar Chart 1
disappearance
discovery
dream
Theft Hatred Judgement Victory
3 Countable Nouns: Singular and Plural Countable Nouns are names of people or things that can be counted. They have two forms - the Singular and the Plural Forms. Singular Countable Nouns
Plural Countable Nouns
These refer to one person or thing. They always have determiners such as a, another, every or the before them.
These refer to people or more than one thing. They can be used with or without a determiner.
GD
a teacher
a bird
an apple
the players
farm animals
cars
the plumber
an elephant
a pineapple
workmen
horses
tools
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
4 Uncountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns are names of Things and Substances, Activities, Qualities, Feelings and Ideas. They do not have the plural form. Things and Substances
Activities
Qualities
Feelings
Ideas
abc
water
study
bravery
happiness
love
sugar
sleep
politeness
anger
death
Uncountable Nouns that end in -s are not the plural forms. Games
Subjects
Activities
Illnesses
news
cards
Mathematics
Athletics
mumps
goods
darts
Physics
gymnastics
measles
Ph
ys
ics
Things
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
5
Number - Formation of the Plural Regular and Irregular Nouns
The Plurals of Countable Nouns are formed from Regular Singular Nouns in the following ways.
4. Drop y and add ies to words ending in y if there is no vowel before y. lady → ladies party → parties
1. Add s to most nouns.
victory → victories country → countries
fry → fries curry → curries
5. Add s to words ending in a vowel followed by y. boy → boys alloy → alloys bird → book → books cow → cows
birds computer → computers friend → friends piano → pianos game → games logo → logos
2. Add es to words ending in s, sh, ch, x.
buoy → buoys toy → toys
day → days valley → valleys
6. Nouns ending in f or fe, substitute ves for f or fe. calf → calves knife → knives
leaf → leaves wolf → wolves
thief → thieves elf → elves
Irregular Plurals are indicated by a change of vowel in their singular forms → glasses box → boxes glass brush → brushes church → churches wish → wishes branch → branches plus → pluses fox → foxes 3. Add es to most words ending in o. mango → mangoes potato → potatoes Junior English Grammar Chart 1
cargo → cargoes tomato → tomatoes
child → children mouse → mice man → men tooth → teeth ox → oxen foot → feet goose → geese louse → lice
6
Concord : Subject - Verb Agreement
People 1. A Singular Subject takes a Singular Verb
The b o y i s here.
He walks three kilometres to school everyday.
People 2. An Uncountable Noun used as a Subject takes a Singular Verb.
People
4. A Plural Subject takes a Plural Verb.
The children are here.
The children are in the field.
People 5. Two or more Singular Nouns or Pronouns joined by and take a Plural Verb. abc
Fauzi and Nur are studying. Siti and Ning are singers. The furniture is expensive.
The baggage is in the car.
People 3. Some Nouns ending in s take a Singular Subject. The news is good. Mathematics is my favourite subject. Measles is a painful disease. Junior English Grammar Chart 1
People 6. An Adjective with the, used as a noun to refer to a group of persons, takes a Plural Verb. The accused are found guilty. The good die young. The poor are not well treated.
Masculine, Feminine, Common, 7 Gender – Neuter The Gender of a noun or pronoun relates to the sex of the person or thing. There are four genders. 1.
3.
Masculine Gender
Common Gender This denotes either the male or female sex.
This denotes the male sex. It is often marked by er, or.
child, friend, parent, servant
boy he 2.
waiter his
actor him
himself
4.
I, they, them, ours, yourself
you, me, mine, theirs, we
us, yours, myself.
Neuter Gender This denotes things that are sexless.
Feminine Gender This denotes the female sex. It is often marked by -ess.
princess she Junior English Grammar Chart 1
florist her
witch hers
herself
book
computer it, anything, its, itself.
handphone
8 Articles – a, an A, an are called indefinite articles. They are used with Singular Countable Nouns when you are talking about a person or thing for the first time. The article a
The article an
1. A is used before a word with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, etc).
a foot
a girl
a sword
2. Before words with initial o if it is pronounced like a consonant.
a one eyed man
a one-sen coin
3. Before words with initial u if it is pronounced like a consonant (yu). a university Junior English Grammar Chart 1
a unit
a union
1. An is used before words with initial vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, u).
an emu
an umbrella
an apple
2. Before words beginning with the vowel o.
an only child
an old man
3. Before words with initial silent h. an honest man
an honour
an hour
9 Articles - the, zero article People
The is called the definite article. It points out a particular person or thing.
People 1. The is used in front of (a) (b) (c)
Singular Nouns Uncountable Nouns Plural Count Nouns.
3. The is used with the Superlatives g test spelluinrsday Th
This is the best dictionary. She put the bag on the table.
I remember the laughter and the fun.
The books were kept in a shelf.
She is the smartest girl in the class.
4. The is used for unique nouns or one that is the one and only.
2. Zero Article.
The is not used to talk about things in general. (No article is used) There are many entrances into the building. (Zero Article)
The entrances are usually closed. (The - Article) Junior English Grammar Chart 1
the earth
the sun
5. The is used with same - as. He lives along the same road as she. Her hair is the same colour as her sister’s.
the sea
10 Adjectives - Colour, Size, Shape Adjectives are words that describe people, animals, places, and things. 1. An adjective goes before a noun and not after it.
the dark sky
a strong boy
3. Adjectives can be placed after link verbs (is / are / am / were, get, become, seem, look, feel).
a round apple.
2. An adjective does not change for the Singular or the Plural.
The flowers were red.
The animal was big.
4. Colour adjectives come after adjectives of size and shape. a red tomato
red tomatoes
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
a small horse
small horses
The flowers were big, round, and red. We saw big, round, red flowers.
That Show Qualities; Formation of 11 Adjectives the Negatives. Adjectives That Show Qualities. These are called Qualitative Adjectives.
Formation of the Negatives. Prefixes; un-, dis-, im-, can be put in front of some adjectives to give them the opposite meaning.
Prefixes
unattractive
small
an honest mechanic a kind by-stander
wild
a beautiful dress. a wise decision
im-
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
unkind, unable, unattractive, unclear, uncut, undated
dangerous
dis-
The lion looked fierce.
Negative Adjectives
A kind bystander helped me.
dishonest, disloyal, disliked, disunited, dissatisfied, disobedient
impure, impolite, immobile, impossible, immoral, immortal
12 Possessive Adjectives - my, your, his, her, our Possessive adjectives are formed from pronouns. They do the work of adjectives. 1. Possessive Adjectives do not use the apostrophe.
my book
its tail
her book
2. Possessive adjectives are used with nouns. They do not change for the singular or plural. Willie is our friend.
Our friends live in Kuching. 3. His is used for masculine nouns.
Her is used for feminine nouns Ali spoke to his friend. Aini and her friends are here. Junior English Grammar Chart 1
4. Its is used for animals or things.
The rabbit has hurt its leg.
The tree drops its leaves in June.
5. Their is used for more than a person, an animal or a thing. The children are reading their books. Dogs like to wag their tails. The trees shed their leaves once a year. 6. Possessive adjectives are often used for parts of the body or clothes. The player hurt his knees. The money is in her pocket.
13 Comparison Adjectives - Regular Forms Comparative adjectives are used to say that something has more of a quality than something else. 4. Double the consonant and add er or est to adjectives ending in a consonant after a vowel.
1. There are three degrees of comparison. Positive
Comparative
Superlative
green
greener
greenest
cheap
cheaper
cheapest
smart
smarter
smartest.
2. Add er or est to one syllable adjectives to form the comparative and the superlative. cold
colder
coldest
kind
kinder
kindest
small
smaller
smallest
fatter
fattest
big
bigger
biggest
red
redder
reddest
5. Drop the y and add ier or iest to two sullable adjectives ending in y. happy
happier
happiest
easy
easier
easiest
lazy
lazier
laziest
6. You can compare things by using a comparative adjective + than.
3. Add r or est to words ending in e. nice
nicer
nicest
late
later
latest
brave
braver
bravest
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
fat
A bus is slower than a car. This is easier than that. The mango is sweeter than an orange.
14 Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns are used to refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned. They can be subject pronouns or object pronouns. 1. Subject Pronouns
2. Object Pronouns
These are I, you, he / she / it. They can be in the First Person, Second Person or Third Person.
These are me, you, her, it, us, them. They are usually used as objects of verbs. Singular
Plural
1st Person
me
us
you
2nd Person
you
you
they
3rd Person
him / her /it
them
Singular
Plural
1st Person
I
we
2nd Person
you
3rd Person
he / she / it
I live in Kuching. (1st Person, Plural)
He hit me. (1st Person - Singular)
You must try again. (2nd Person, Singular / Plural)
No one saw you. (2nd Person - Singular / Plural)
They caught a fish. (3rd Person, Plural)
We saw them. (3rd Person - Plural)
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
15 Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns 1. These are mine, yours, his, ours, theirs. They are used to show that something belongs to someone. They can be in the 1st Person, 2nd Person or 3rd Person. 1st. Person
2nd Person
3rd. Person
Singular
mine
yours
his, her
Plural
ours
yours
theirs
1. These are this, that, these, those. They refer to particular things.
This, that refer to Singular Nouns. This refers to things that are near at hand. That refers to things over there.
This book is mine. (1st Person - Singular) The book is yours. (2nd. Person - Singular / Plural) The books are theirs. (3rd Person - Plural) 2. Its cannot be used as a possessive pronoun. 3. His is used as an adjective and a pronoun.
This is a gift from my friend.
That is the Eiffel Tower.
2. These and those are plural forms of this and that and they refer to plural nouns. AU S T R A L I A
45c
This is his car. (Adjective) This car is his. (Pronoun) How much do these cost? Junior English Grammar Chart 1
Those are my twin sisters.
16 Interrogative Pronouns; Some; Each. Interrogative Pronouns. 1. These are who, whose, which, what. They are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Direct Questions
Indirect Questions
Who is he? Whom did you speak to? Which do you want? She asked who was speaking. Tell us what you have done. Say which is right.
2. Who, whom, or whose are used to ask questions about people. Which is used to ask questions about people and things. What is used to ask questions about things.
Who invented the computer? Whom did you ask? Whose is this bag? Which are your friends? Which are your books? What do you want? Junior English Grammar Chart 1
Some; Each 3. Some as adjective / pronoun Some refers to people or things in a general way. It can function as a pronoun or an adjective.
Some are born rich. (Pronoun)
Lee bought some flowers. (Adjective) 4. Each as an adjective. Each is used to show things that are separate and different. She answered each question carefully. (She answered the question one by one carefully).
17 Regular and Irregular Verbs. A verb is a word that tells what a person or something does; what is done to a person or thing or something; and what a person or something is. It can be regular, irregular or both. 1. Regular Verbs
2. Irregular Verbs
Regular verbs have their simple past tense ending in ed. walk use
walked used
clean plan
Last year I helped my father in the farm.
cleaned planned
The boy hammered the nails into the wall.
They do not have their simple past tense ending in ed. sweep hit
swept hit
He hurt his leg yesterday.
see eat
saw ate
The dog ate the bone.
3. Regular or Irregular Verbs Some verbs can either be regular or irregular. burn
burned
fit
fitted
dream
dreamed
knee
kneed
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
Additional example
burnt. or
She burned the rice.
fit. dreamt. knelt.
The rabbit dreamed of carrots. or The rabbit dreamt of carrots.
or She burnt the rice.
18 Negative Verbs Negative Verbs can be formed by adding the word not after the verb. 1. Add not after auxiliary verbs.
Auxiliary Verbs
2. The shortened form of not is n’t.
Negative Verbs
be, am, is
am not, is not.
are was, were
Short Forms isn’t
–
–
are not, was not, were not.
aren’t,
wasn’t,
weren’t
has, have, had
has not, have not, had not
hasn’t,
haven’t,
hadn’t
will, would
will not, would not
won’t,
wouldn’t,
–
shall, should
shall not, should not
shan’t,
shoudn’t,
–
can, could
cannot, could not
can’t,
couldn’t,
–
may, might
may not, might not
–
–
–
must
must not
musn’t
–
–
Negative Sentences
Negative Sentences
He is not here. I am not going.
He isn’t here.
They cannot miss sports practice.
They can’t miss sports practice.
I have not been there.
I haven’t been there.
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
19 The Simple Present Tense 1. Habitual Actions
3. Describing Feelings and Senses
We use the simple present tense to express a habitual or regular action.
1 2
We use the simple present tense to express feelings, senses, and thoughts.
3 4
We say our prayers everyday.
I feel happy today.
I get up early in the morning.
We love birthday parties.
My sister goes to school by bus.
The man is very busy loading the van.
I speak English with my friends.
He looks sad.
2. Instructions and Directions
4. General Truths
The simple present tense is used to give instructions and directions.
We use the simple present tense to express general truths.
First mix the colours.
There are 60 minutes in an hour.
Go down the road.
The apple is a fruit.
Turn left at the bus station.
The sun rises in the east.
Ask him for his handphone number.
Sabah is a state in Malaysia.
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
Simple Past Tense – Regular and Irregular 20 The Verbs We use the Simple Past Tense to show that an action was completed before the statement was made. 1. Action in Past Time
3. Simple Past Tense Forms of Irregular Verbs These do not end in -ed. You have to learn the different forms one by one.
He got up early yesterday.
They went to school on Monday.
2. Simple Past Tense Forms of Regular Verbs
sit
sat
He sat near the fire.
go
went
We went to his birthday party.
write
wrote
He wrote an invitation.
shut
shut
They shut the gate.
They end in ed and are formed in a number of ways. (a) Most Verbs + ed (b) After -e + d (c) Vowel + y : + ed (d) Consonant + y: – y + ied (e) Vowel + Consonant : double the consonant + ed Junior English Grammar Chart 1
act – acted open – opened close – closed dance – danced play – played enjoy – enjoyed hurry – hurried marry – married stop – stopped plan – planned
4. Simple Past Tense Questions and Negative statements We use did / didn’t + subject + infinitive. I studied. She went. They wrote.
Did
you she they
Questions
study? go? write?
I She They
Negative didn’t Statements
study. go. write.
The Simple Past Tense - was, were; 21 Time and Place Expressions. 1. Was, Were
Was is the simple past tense of be (is, am).
Were is the simple past tense of be (are).
Positive
I was– You were–
He /She / It was–
We were–
They were
Question
Was I–? Were you–? I was not– You were not–
Was he / she / it?– He / She / It was not–
Were you–? We were not–
Were they? They were not–
Negative
Contractions : was not → wasn’t; were not → weren’t 2. Time Expressions
3. Place Expressions
These indicate a time in the past that is referred to. These are adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
We visited him in January.
She climbed the mountain two weeks ago.
These show where something took place in the past.
We lived in Port Dickson many years ago.
4. Words that Signal Past Time These are yesterday, a long time ago, last week, a few days ago.
Yesterday they went to the beach.
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
A long time ago Captain Cook discovered Australia.
She put a letter into the letter box.
22 The Present Continuous Tense 1. You use the Present Continuous Tense for an action that is happening at or around the time of speaking. The action lasts a short while.
She is looking for a book.
The action lasts a long time.
She is writing an essay.
He is sleeping.
She is studying English.
2. The Present Continuous Tense is formed with the verb be (am, is, are etc) and the ing form of a verb. I
The -ing forms of verbs are formed in the following ways:
am / not
You We / They
are not
He / She / It
is / not
going.
3. We use the Present Continuous Tense only for actions and happenings.
He is eating. Junior English Grammar Chart 1
She is sweeping the leaves.
Most verbs + ing
Verbs ending in e, -e + ing
ie change to y + ing
break – breaking study – studying
come – coming hope – hoping
lie – lying die – dying
4. We use the Present Continuous Tense to express the beginning, the progress and the end of an action.
They are starting the race.
The hare is sleeping by the road side.
23 The Future Tense - will, shall, going to The Future Tense expresses something that is likely to happen in the future. You use will / shall, going to. 1. Will is used for the 1st Person (I / We), 2nd person (You), 3rd Person (He / She / It / They). I / We will see you next week.
3. Going to is used when we can see things starting, coming or clearly on the way.
Goodbye! I will see you next week. I am sure you will be interested to meet some friends of mine.
It’s hot in here.
You will be interested.
He / she / I / They will return next week.
They are going to get into trouble.
I / He / She / It will not (won’t) eat. Junior English Grammar Chart 1
It is going to get hotter when the sun rises.
I will return next week.
2. We make negative statements and Questions with will.
Try some of our country food.
It is going to get hotter when the sun rises.
4. Shall I –? or I’ll is used to make a suggestion or an offer to do something.
No! No! I won’t eat it.
Will I / He / she / It eat?
Shall I run away?
I’ll give you a glass of water.
24 Special Finites or Modals - must, will, should 1. Modal Verbs or Modal Auxiliaries
2. Modals are used before other verbs.
can
may
shall
will
must
You must do it on time,
(before do)
could
must
should
would
ought
Will you help me?
(before help)
3. Modals have only one form. They do not have ing, ed or s forms.
4. Modal Questions and Negatives do not have do.
Must I run away now?
You must run away.
The volcano will blow up soon.
You shouldn’t talk so loudly.
Must I run away now? Must
Must not (mustn’t)
You must come by 3pm.
We mustn’t be late.
Everyone must fill this form.
You mustn’t make any noise.
5. Must is used to say that it is necessary for someone to do something. Must not / mustn’t is used to say that it is important that something does not take place. 6. You use will to affirm that you will do something in future. You use will to show that you are making a request.
7. You use should, shouldn’t to advise someone what he has to do or not to do.
Will you help me? Will you show the way? Junior English Grammar Chart 1
I will do it tomorrow. I will go with you to the show.
You should exercise more often. You shouldn’t lose your temper.
25 Adverbs of Manner – Suffix (-ly) 1. An Adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, and another adverb. It tells us the place, the time, the manner etc in which an action took place.
Verb
2. An Adverb of Manner shows how an action was done.
: ran quickly.
Adjective : very good food The hare ran quickly. Adverb
: moved too slowly
3. Adverbs of Manner can be placed in the initial, mid, or final position of a sentence.
Quickly, he took cover. (initial) He quickly took cover. (mid) He took cover quickly. (final) Junior English Grammar Chart 1
The hare slept soundly.
4. Adverbs of Manner are frequently formed by adding -ly to adjectives. Adjectives accurate
Adverbs accurately
bad
badly
honest
honestly
silent
silently
26 Adverbs of Time 1. Adverbs of Time show the time when something happens.
today, early, yesterday, tomorrow.
I’ll see her today. They came yesterday.
2. Some Adverbs of Time are placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence.
then, recently, now, soon. Then, we had a rest. Recently, the city was flood. Raju is studying now. Willie is going soon.
Let’s start early. I’ll do it tomorrow.
3. Recently, later, always can be placed at the initial, mid, or final position of a sentence.
Later, he was rewarded. (initial) He was later rewarded. (initial) He was rewarded later. (final)
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
4. Late, immediately come at the end of a sentence.
The show started late. They went immediately.
27 Prepositions of Place 1. Prepositions show the relationship between two things. They go before nouns or pronouns.
a fish in a bowl
2. Prepositions of Place indicate where people or things are.
a painting on a wall A cockroach is in the box.
The cupboard is near the bed.
The racket is next to the cupboard.
3. The Preposition of Place in, is used with countries, states, towns, rooms, boxes, containers, rivers, seas. a rat under a tree
in front of the door
in Malaysia
in Brunei
in the fridge
in the river
in Sumatra
in the class
in the box
in the seas
4. The Preposition of Place, on is used with floors, tables, walls, ceilings, fingers, clothes.
near a road sign Junior English Grammar Chart 1
by the road side
on the floor
on the wall
on the finger
on the table
on the ceiling
on her dress.
28 Prepositions of Time We use Prepositions of Time -at, in, on, by, before, after, to indicate when. 1. At is used with the following. clock times religious festivals.
We met at 8 p.m.
meal times specific times.
What are you doing at Christmas?
3. By is used with events that occur at some time before a specific time.
Please finish your work by noon.
Can you complete your work by 12.00 noon?
4. Before and after relate events to an unknown time.
Let’s meet at lunch time.
The room is dark at night.
2. On is used with dates, special days, time expressions. The exam is on 12 th December. The shop is closed on Thursday. She came on Friday morning. Junior English Grammar Chart 1
The boy woke up before 8.00 o’clock in the morning.
The boy finished his work after three o’clock.
Prepositions of Direction – to, from; 29 Measure – of Phrasal Verbs 1. Prepositions of Direction To indicates the place someone or something is going to. From indicates the starting point of a movement. QANTAS
3. Phrasal Verbs are simple Verbs that combine with prepositions to give meanings that are more than the combined words.
QANTAS
I went to the station to meet her.
I am going to climb the mountain.
break down The train is from Singapore.
I flew from Penang to Kuala Lumpur.
2. Prepositions of Measure of. A glass filled with water is referred to as a glass of water.
a can of cola
a bowl of sweets
call off
take off
take away.
You must look after your health.
look after a packet of potato chips
break-in
His car broke down yesterday. Someone broke into his house last night. You must look after your health.
a box of milk Junior English Grammar Chart 1
a bowl of soup
a chest of gold coins
The referee called off the match.
30 Connectors – Conjunctions, Sequence Connectors 1. Conjunctions and, but, or, are joinning words.They join sentences. I’m learning and I hope to do well.
2. Sequence Connectors show the sequence that events take place. They are usually placed at the beginning of sentences.
first
We saw her but she did not see me. He must be treated or he’ll die. Peter is a good footballer.
next
then
finally
1
2
3
4
John is a good footballer.
First, fill a container with water. Next, place the container inside a larger, empty container. Then, place the fruit in the container full of water. Peter and John are good footballers.
Finally, measure the volume of water that has overflowed.
Helen and Kit are IT experts.
This tells you the volume of the fruit.
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
- Simple, Compound, Positive, 31 Sentences Negative Sentences 1. The Simple Sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. It has a subject and a predicate.
Subject Predicate
My sister
The boy
slept at 9.00 o’clock.
put the rubbish in the bin.
2. The Compound Sentence is made up of two Simple Sentences joined by a conjunction (and, or but, or or). Simple Sentences
Compound Sentence
They woke up early.
They woke up early.
They went jogging.
and went jogging.
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
3. The Positive Statement is a sentence which makes an assertion.
My name is Jane.
Monkeys eat banana.
She was born in 2004.
4. The Negative Statement uses not or n’t with auxiliary verbs (be, have, / has / had, etc) to say that something is not the case. They are not / n’t real. I have not / n’t spoken to him. She cannot / can’t come tonight. He has not / n’t done his work.
32 Yes / No Questions 1. The Yes / No Questions can be answered with a Yes or No answer. They begin with an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, and then the main verb.
3. Use the be verbs (am, is, are, was, were) for questions without do, does, did.
Am I excused? Can a duck swim?
Can a chicken swim?
Am I excused?
Are you all right? Yes
No
Is he your brother? 2. Use do, does, did for questions without auxialiary verbs.
Does she understand English?
Yes
/
No
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
Do you like cakes?
Yes
/
No
Did he do it?
Yes
/
No
4. Use do, does, did at the beginning of questions in front of the subject with have.
Do monkeys have Does anyone have intelligence? the answer?
Did you have a good breakfast.
33 Using Question Words : wh – Questions 1. A wh- question begins with a wh- word. It asks for an answer that specifies a person, thing, place, reason, method, or amount. List of wh- words
who when
whose what
why
whom
which where how
2. When the wh- word is the subject of the question you put it in front of the question followed by the verb.
Who told you the news?
What happened last night?
Which is the answer?
3. When the wh- word is the object of the question, you also put it in front of the question.
Who are you going to see?
What am I going to say to her?
When will you go to the gym?
3. Why Questions are used to ask questions about the reasons for something.
Why did the food turn bad? Junior English Grammar Chart 1
Why are you late?
Why is she crying?
34 Punctuation - Capital Letters, Commas Punctuation marks are used in writing to make meaning clear. They divide words into sentences, clauses and phrases. Capital Letter ( I ) Comma (, ) Exclamation Mark ( ! ) 1
Full Stop (. ) Apostrophe (’ ) Question Mark (? ) 2
The Capital Letter ( I ) You use the Capital Letter to begin Proper Nouns and Sentences. It is used for the pronoun ( I ) and the exclamation ( O! ).
Helen
John
Eiffel Tower
Australia
Quotation Marks ( “ ” ) Colon (: ) Semi - colon (; )
The Comma ( , ) The Comma indicates a short pause. It is used to separate nouns, adjectives, or verbs, in a series. It is used in direct quotations.
The bus, the train and the aeroplane are forms of public transportation.
Woof!
Please, don’t of! Wo
We live in the city. Junior English Grammar Chart 1
Dogs bark at night.
I’m late.
go away.
English is an easy subject.
“Please, don’t go away,” he said.
He said, “ I’m late”.
– Exclamation Marks, Full Stops, 35 Punctuation Apostrophes, Question marks. 1. The Exclamation Mark (!) is used after interjections and greetings to show strong emotions.
3. The Apostrophe (’) is used to show possession, contraction and to form the plural of letters and numbers.
Snowy is Helen’s dog. Oh! God!
Hi! Hello! Helen’s dog is smart.
2. The Full Stop (.) is used at the end of sentences and in abbreviations.
The princess’ dress was beautiful. You must exercise regularly.
Welcome to my house.
Don’t walk on the grass. B.A. (Hons)
Bachelor of Arts (Honours)
Y.B. Yang Berbahagia
Junior English Grammar Chart 1
K.L. Kuala Lumpur
She had 3A’s and 3B’s. 4. The Question Mark (?) is used after a question. Why are you late?
What’s her name?
How old are you?
Are you happy?
36 Conditional Clauses – If Clauses The Conditional Clause is introduced by if.
If is used to talk about a situation which may take place in the future.
1
If you help me, I’ll help you. Give this to Rani, if you see her.
The if clause is also used to talk about a situation which you know does not exist.
2
If I could see her now, I would apologise to her. If Malaysia has winter, the buildings would be different. Junior English Grammar Chart 1
The if clause is also used to talk about something that is generally true or takes place often.
3
If you lose weight during an illness, you regain it afterwards. If he is shouting, he is probably angry.
The if–not or except if clause can be replaced by an unless clause.
4
You can’t go out, if you haven’t done your work. (Unless you have done your work you cannot go out.) Unless I’m busy, I go home at about 5pm. (Except if I’m busy, I go home at about 5pm.)
37 Prefixes : dis-, im-, in-, un-; Suffixes : -er, -or, -ess. Prefixes : dis-, in-, im-, un- are added to words to give them negative meanings. dislike
indislike
visible
iminvisible
possible
unimpossible
successful
approved
disapproved
efficiency
inefficiency
balance
imbalance
satisfied
dissatisfied
definitely
indefinitely
polite
impolitely
pack
unpack
immoral
able
unable
honest
dishonest
secure
insecure
moral
truthfully
unsuccessful untruthfully
Suffixes : -er, -or, are added to the ends of verbs to change them to nouns. -ess refers to the Feminine Gender. -er can refer to the Masculine and the Feminine Gender.
teach drive bake do write think Junior English Grammar Chart 1
teacher driver baker doer writer thinker
-or can refer to the Masculine and the Feminine Gender.
-ess refers to the Feminine Gender.
collect
collector
prince
select
selector
act
sail contract
sailor contractor
manager host
princess actress manageress hostess
38 Homonyms; Homophones; Homographs 3. Homophones
1. Homonyms Homonyms are any two or more words with the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings and origins.
Homphones are any two or more words with the same sound but different in meanings, spellings and origins.
bear, bare to, too, two rite, write, right, wright all, awl
bear (verb) – bear (noun) hit (verb) – hit (noun)
2. Homographs Homographs are any two or more words with the some spelling but different meanings, pronunciations and origins.
refúse (verb) - réfuse (noun) condúct (verb) - cónduct (noun) gallánt (adjective) - gállant (noun) projéct (verb) - próject (noun) ´ Junior English Grammar Chart 1
4. Comparing Homonyms, Homographs and Homophones
Items
Homonyms Homographs Homophones
Spelling
same
Pronunciation same
same
different
different
same
Meaning
different
different
different
Origin
different
different
different
39 Phrasal Quantifiers 1. A Phrasal Quantifier is a group of words followed by of which refers to a quantity of something.
a loaf of bread
a tray of eggs
a bowl of soup
a pair of eyes
a pair of shoes
a slice of melon
a pair of scissors
a pair of spectacles
2. For uncountable nouns, we use count nouns such as piece, drop, pinch, in the Phrasal Quantifiers.
a pinch of salt
a bit of sugar Junior English Grammar Chart 1
3. The word pair is used for things that consist of two parts or things made in twos.
4. Some quantifiers consist of nouns that refer to groups. These are used before plural nouns.
a drop of water
a bowl of rice
a box of matches
a bunch of grapes
a bouquet of flowers
40 Collective Nouns 1. A Collective Noun is a name of people, animals or things taken as a whole. It has a singular form.
2. Some collective nouns can be used with singular or plural verbs a) The football team is playing badly. (The team as a whole is playing badly). b) The football team are playing badly. (Members of the team are playing badly.
a team of players
a swarm of bees
a forest of trees
3. Certain collective nouns are singular in form but they are always used as plurals.
an army of ants
a litter of cubs
a string of beads
people
poultry
cattle
vermin
abc
a class of students a gaggle of geese Junior English Grammar Chart 1
a sheaf of papers
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