Chapter Six: The Infinitive Absolute

August 6, 2018 | Author: steffen han | Category: Verb, Grammatical Tense, Grammatical Conjugation, Language Mechanics, Grammar
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Chapter 6 of Hebrew verbal system. This chapter provides detail information of Hebrew Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitiv...

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Chapter 

6 ‫ֹור‬ ‫ָק‬‫מ‬  How to use the Innitive Absolute The Innitive Absolute:

6.1 The Innitive Absolute was dropped out of use in post Biblical Hebrew. It is almost absent from Qumran Hebrew. 6.2 When found in use in Biblical or Classical Hebrew, the Innitive Absolute could serve the following purposes: (i) for emphasis; (ii) for duration; (iii) as Imperative; (iv) contemporaneous action, etc. 6.3 . d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J

1. For emphasis The Innitive Absolute may precede or follow a Perfect or Imperfect  verbal form of the same root (‫ )שורש‬as the controlling verb—sort of  appearing twice—in order to emphasize the idea or meaning of the main verb. A popular example of this form of usage comes from the Hebrew Bible: ‫ות‬ּ ‫מ‬ ‫ָת‬ָ  ּ‫ת‬‫ מ ֹו‬ you man ( man (2ms ) will certainly die (2 die  (2 Kgs 1: 16). The two words should be in the same stem.

n ‫ב‬

a

a. In the sample above, no equivalent of it in the English language has been dicovered; a suitable meaning would be determined by

‫ר‬

H ‫ו‬ ‫ך‬

n ‫ב‬

f ‫ם‬

‫ש‬

ef S

et

Hebrew Verbal system 



the general sense of the possible range of meaning in the context in relation to the controlling verb of the sentence. b. In Modern Hebrew, the Innitive Construct in a sentence  preceding an Imperfect Tense is used to achieve a similar   purpose, which is known as tautological innitive in  A sample of Innitive Absolute used for emphasis in the ‫נך‬”‫ת‬:

: ּ ּ ‫ּנו‬‫מ‬ ִֶ‫מ‬  ‫ַל‬‫כ‬  ‫א‬  ‫ָע־ל‬‫ר‬  ָ‫ו‬ ‫ֹוב‬ ‫ַת ט‬‫ע‬  ּ‫ד‬ ַַ‫ה‬  ‫ֵץ‬‫ע‬  ֵ‫מ‬  ‫ּו‬ ֹ ‫ֹת‬ ‫א‬ .‫ת‬‫ּמ ּו‬‫ת‬ ָ ‫ֹות‬ ‫־מ‬‫ֶנ ּו‬‫ִמ‬‫מ‬ ָּ ‫ך‬  ְ‫ל‬  ָ‫כ‬  ֲ‫א‬  ‫וׂם‬ ‫ּי‬‫ב‬ ְ ‫ִי‬‫כ‬ ּ ִָ‫ע‬  ‫ֵך‬‫ל‬  ֵ‫א‬  ְ ‫לך‬   (‫ה‬ (‫ָה‬‫ר‬  ‫ֹו‬ ‫ּב‬‫ד‬ ִ ) ‫ֶר‬‫מ‬  ‫א‬  ַ‫ו‬ ְ.‫ּך‬‫מ‬ ֹ ָ‫ה‬ ֹ ּ‫ת‬ ‫ִית‬‫ח‬  ׁ‫ש‬ ְִ‫ה‬  ְ‫ו‬ ‫ֶל‬‫ב‬  ּ‫ב‬ ָ ‫ֶך־‬‫ל‬  ֶ‫מ‬  ‫ֹוא‬ָ‫י‬ ‫א־‬ ֹ ‫ב‬  ‫ֶץ‬‫ר‬ ָ‫א‬ ָ‫ה‬ ‫ֶת־‬‫א‬ .‫את‬‫הַ ֹּז‬

Genesis 2:17 Judges 4:9 Jeremiah 36:29

vernacular Yiddish usage. 2. For duration  When the Innitive Absolute follows the controlling verb, it  expresses a sense of duration or continuation of action, as the ׁ ‫ַר‬‫מ‬  ׁ‫ש‬ ָ. meaning expressed in the sample words: ‫ֹור‬ ‫ָמ‬‫ש‬ 3. As Imperative The Innitive Absolute may be used by itself to function as an  Imperative verb, substituting a nite, controlling verb. A sample sentence taken from the ‫ך‬”‫תנ‬:

ְַ‫ק‬  ְ‫ל‬  ‫ָת‬‫ב‬ ַּ‫ש‬ ַּׁ‫ה‬  ‫ֹום‬ ֹ‫י‬ ‫ֶת־‬‫א‬  ‫ֹור‬ ‫ָמ‬‫ש‬ ׁ ׁ.‫ּשֹׁו‬‫ד‬

Keep the Sabbath day to make it holy. (Deut. 5:12) . d e

Also, the Imperative Mood could be replaced by the use of the Imperfect Tense, at times, in situation where the use of the Imperative might unsuitable when it could be considered as impolite. There are a few occasions in the ‫ך‬”‫ תנ‬where the Innitive Absolute is actually used as the Imperative Mood. si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J n ‫ב‬

a

4. Contemporaneous Action  Two Innitive Absolutes could be used together with a Perfect  ‫ר‬

H ‫ו‬ ‫ך‬

n ‫ב‬

f ‫ם‬

‫ש‬

ef S

et

CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute 

Tense or Imperfect Tense of a verb to express two verbal actions occurring simultaneously. 5. Other Usage of the Innitive Absolute a.The Innitive Absolute could be used as a gerund, expressing the idea of the verb in place for a noun. b. The Innitive Absolute could function as an adverb, modifying the verb when used with the controlling, nite verb. It hints at the idea of doubt, possibility or necessity expressed by the verb. c.The Innitive Absolute may be used as a substitute for a controlling, nite verb with the tense, person and number shown by the context. d. There are a number of adjectives that share the identical default vowels with the Qal Innitive Absolute, as vowels inthe sample word: ‫ֹול‬ ‫ָד‬‫ג‬ enormous . 6.4 Normally, a verb which ends with strong gutturals (such as ‫ ח‬and ‫ )ע‬in  the Innitive Absolute, the vowel ‫ָה‬‫ב‬  ‫ּנ ּו‬‫ַח ְג‬ ‫ת‬ ַּ‫פ‬ ּ (pathach furtive) must be   placed under the last guttural consonant as the guttural follows a long vowel, a sample word of this: ‫ח‬ ַ ‫ָל‬‫ש‬ ׁ , ‫ע‬ ַ ‫ָמ‬‫ש‬ ׁ . 6.5 Nature of the Innitive An innitive is the uninected or natural, basic form of a verb; it  expresses the basic idea of the action; yet not a full verb, and is used with auxiliary verbs. The Innitive is the base form of the verb on to which afxes would be added to devise other forms or tenses of the verb. It is a verbal noun. It shares the functions of a verb and a noun;   1 it is not limited by the specic limitations of nite verbs. It is not,  0  2   y therefore, marked for number, gender, person or tense. As such, the  r  a   u Innitive Absolute could be termed as the bare Innitive of the Hebrew  n  a   J language.

           

‫ ב‬   an ‫ ר‬ H ‫ו‬

  ‫ך‬   n

 e

    ‫ ב‬   ff     ‫ ש‬   et     ‫ ם‬ S



Hebrew Verbal System 



Side Note

G

enerally, conventional approach to Hebrew grammar utilized the innitive is formed. Other verbal sufxes third person masculine singular Perfect  would be added to the base, the Innitive, Tense as the base form for the regular, to install or congure other forms of the strong verb and also the lexicon form verb as required. A book thus far has for two-syllable words; the Innitive been found, written way back in 1869 Construct is used in the case of single by Solomon Deutsch: A New Practical  syllable words, the Hollow verbs and Hebrew Grammar  (New York: Leypoldt  a few irregular verbs. But this is not a & Holt, 1869), which mentioned the natural or logical approach to the verb. Innitive Construct as the basis for the The uninected nature of the Innitive is Imperative and Imperfect (p44, p51-52, the natural base form of the verb. As in   p57), but it offered no further investigation  the case with the English language: the into the vowel system as a default scheme. Present Tense, the Past Tense, the Past  Once the student has learned up the Participle and the Present Participle, vowels scheme used in Innitives, both all of these forms are derived from the Innitive Absolute and the Innitive the Innitive by adding various verbal Construct of the Hebrew language, and sufxes to the bare Innitive. The Past  the default vowel patterns ( ‫ )נקודים‬of  Tense of the word “walk” does not come each derived stems of the verb, he would from “walking” by removing “-ing” and he able to manage, use and control other replacing the three letters with “ed”; forms of the Hebrew Hebrew verb: the Imperative, rather the word “walked” is formed by the Jussive, the Cohortative, the adding “ed” to the bare innitive “walk”. Imperfect, the Perfect and the Participles. By removing the preposition “to” from the full innitive “to walk”, bare

6.6 There are two innitives in the Hebrew language: the Innitive Absolute and the Innitive Construct, and the two forms are not generally interchangeable. Each form may have very different functions. All seven stems of the Hebrew verbal system have two innitives: the Innitive Absolute and the Innitive Construct under each binyan . It  seems that in cases where a root of the verb, mostly in the Passive form of a verbal root, which does not have an Innitive Construct, the Innitive Absolute may assume that role. . d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J

6.7 The Innitive Absolute is not inected for person, gender or number except the preposition [‫ָו( ]ו‬‫ו‬ ) and the interrogative ‫ה‬ ֲ (‫ֵא‬‫ה‬  ). One

n ‫ב‬

a ‫ר‬

H

‫ם‬

‫ו‬ ‫ך‬

n ‫ב‬

f ‫ש‬

ef S

et

CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute 



  unusual example where the Innitive Absolute is used with the article appears in Numbers 10:39. 6.8 Since the Innitive Absolute is not inected, there is no paradigm for conjugation under the Innitive Absolute apart from the default vowels, a pair for each binyan .

6.9 The total number of occurrence of the Qal Innitive Absolute in the ‫ך‬”‫תנ‬ is slightly more than ve hundred times. Frequency of occurance of a  particular verbal form does not affect its signicance in a langauge.

           

  ‫ך‬

   ‫ב‬    ‫ש‬    ‫ם‬

‫ב‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ו‬

 1  0  2  y  r  a  u  n  a  J  n  a  H  n    ef  f    et  S

6.10 Form and Default Vowels Scheme of the Hebrew Verb Unlike other languages where vowels are given as part of a word, verbs and nouns alike, a pair of xed vowels is given in the Hebrew verb by default to each verbal mood, forms and tense but not to individual word and the deuce of vowels would be applicable to the same form of  different verbal root. Therefore, it is necessary to discover and think  of the Hebrew verb in terms of default vowel scheme. Fortunately, in  each derived stem of the verb, there are only ve pairs of these default  vowels, known as the primary default vowel schemes, and four more known as the secondary default vowel schemes. Each pair, however,  unfolds into seven derived stems but quite similar in form and structure in the vowels pattern. The default vowel schemes are known by the vowels used in the name of each derived stem of the verb in the Innitive Construct, as shown in the following. Hoph Ho phal al

Hiph Hi phil il

Hitp Hi tpa’ a’el el

Pu’a Pu ’all

Piel Pi el

Niph Ni ph’a ’all

Qall Qa

‫הָפְעַל‬

‫עִ ל‬ ‫הִתְפַּעֵל הִפְי‬

‫פֻּעַל‬

‫פִּעֵל‬

‫נִפְעַל‬

‫פָּעַל‬



read from right to left 

Hebrew Verbal System 



Side Note

O

riginally in its written form, the Hebrew language did not display vowels. Showing the vowels did not  come about until the later half of the rst millennium of the Christian Era. A pair of two vowels is assigned to each forms of the verb. Diverse attempts have been made to understand the mystery underscoring the two vowels in each form of the verb—the Innitive Absolute, the Innitive Construct, the Passive Participle, the Active Participle and the Perfect—one

distinguish pair of default vowels assigned to each of these ve primary forms; whereas the Imperative, the Jussive, the Cohortative and the Imperfect are derived from and orgainised under the same default  vowels used in the Innitive Construct  of each binyan . As an inherent pair, the two vowels constitute a default  scheme. View in this way the vowel scheme in the Hebrew verbs would be regular, consistent and predictable.

6.11 The vowels—a head vowel (in addition to a prosthesis) and a stem vowel (the pillion vowel)—in each binyan  binyan would would be given by default, the type and class of these vowels are reected in the name of the   pair of vowels used in each stem, which in turn will determine the type and category of verbal stem, whether it is Qal Imperfect, or Pi’el Imperative, and so on, taking note of the presence or absence of  ‫דגש‬ and or weak consonant together with the ‫שווא‬.

6.12 Default Vowels for the Qal Innitive Absolute The Innitive Absolute is used alone or absolutely. For the Hebrew Innitive Absolute in Qal ‫ָן‬‫י‬ ְ‫נ‬ ּ‫ב‬ ִ , the strong verbs as well as the weak  verbs, the default vowels is given a [○ ָ ] (‫ֶץ‬‫מ‬  ָ‫ק‬  : a long vowel), employed beneath the head, open, simple syllable (‫ָה‬‫ט‬  ‫ ּו‬‫ש‬ ּׁ‫פ‬ ְ ), and the vowel [‫] ֹו‬  ָ‫מ‬  ‫ֶם‬‫ל‬  ‫ֹו‬ ‫ה‬: a long vowel) is used in the second (the pillion), mixed, (‫ֵא‬‫ל‬ mixed, stem syllable (‫ֶת‬‫ב‬  ּ‫כ‬ ְֶ‫ר‬  ֻ‫מ‬  ) as the vowels in the sample word: ‫וׂר‬ ‫ָק‬‫מ‬  innfnitive , except for Hollow Verbs, which are mostly single-syllable verbs where one of these three: [‫ץ ( ] ּו‬‫ ּו‬‫ב‬ ֻּ‫ק‬  ) or [‫ֵא ( ] ֹו‬‫ל‬  ָ‫מ‬  ‫ָם‬‫ֹול‬ ‫ )ח‬or [‫ י‬○ ִ] (‫ֵא‬‫ל‬  ָ‫מ‬  ‫ִיק‬‫ר‬  ‫ִי‬‫ה‬  ), as the case might be, is given as the sole, default vowel

. d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J n ‫ב‬

a ‫ר‬

H

‫ם‬

‫ו‬ ‫ך‬

n ‫ב‬

f ‫ש‬

ef S

et

CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute 

in monosyllable roots. The deuce of [‫ ֹו‬+○ ָ ] (‫ֵא‬‫ל‬  ָ‫מ‬  ‫ֶם‬‫ֹול‬ ‫ח‬+‫ֶץ‬‫מ‬  ָ‫ק‬ ּ ), must be taken together as a basic unit to be used in the Qal Innitive Absolute. Whereas the vowel pattern in the Innitive Construct constitutes the basic vowel pattern for use in the secondary forms, which would be used in the Imperative, the Jussive, the Cohotative and the Imperfect Tense, The default vowel scheme in  including the wav consecutive, the Qal Innitive Absolute: ‫מָקור‬ wayyiqtol  and weqatal . Othere different  ○] (‫חולֶם מָלֵא‬+‫)קָּמֶץ‬ [‫ו‬+ָ   pairs of default vowels vowels would be used used to A sample word: ‫קָטול‬ congure other verbal forms, such as the Participles and the Perfect Tense.

6.13  The Qal Innitive Absolute: ‫וׂר‬ ‫ָק‬‫מ‬ The pair of vowels [‫ ֹו‬+○ ָ ] (‫ֵא‬‫ל‬  ָ‫מ‬  ‫ֶם‬‫ל‬  ‫ֹו‬ ‫ח‬+‫ֶץ‬‫מ‬  ָ‫ק‬ ּ ) is offered by default to set   up the Innitive Absolute of all categories of the Hebrew verb for the Qal binyan , strong as well as weak verbs, dynamic as well as stative verbs. Thus it could be seen that actually the Qal Innitive Absolute is the base form of the Hebrew verb as the The Qal Innitive Absolute in ”‫ פ‬verbs Innitive Absolute ‫ ח פ” נ פ”נ‬/‫פ” א פ ”ע‬ would not go ‫ו‬/‫( פ”י‬irreg) ‫קל‬ through inection of  ׁ‫יָרוש‬ ַ‫קָטול אָמור חָזוק נָסוע‬ whatsoever sort. It is ‫אָכול עָמוד נָפול נָתון יָשוׁב‬ only in the Innitive ‫אָסור‬ Absolute that default  vowel scheme is seen  most stable, consistent.

           

‫ב‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ו‬   ‫ך‬

   ‫ב‬    ‫ש‬    ‫ם‬

 1  0  2  y  r  a  u  n  a  J  n  a  H  n    ef  f    et  S

6.14 ִ , the default vowel scheme of the Innitive Absolute For the Qal ‫ָן‬‫י‬ ְ‫נ‬ ּ‫ב‬ changes little even in root with weak consonants; at the most, the stem ֹ ] (‫ֵר‬‫ס‬ ָ‫ח‬  ָ‫מ‬  ‫ָם‬‫ל‬  ‫ֹו‬ ‫ )ח‬could be written or shortened to [○ vowel [‫ֵא( ] ֹו‬‫ל‬ ‫ָם‬‫ל‬  ‫ח‬ ָ to build . The deuce ֹ ) in certain cases, as a sample of this: ‫ֹנה‬ּ‫ב‬ [‫ ֹו‬+○ ָ ] (‫ֵא‬‫ל‬  ָ‫מ‬  ‫ֶם‬‫ל‬  ‫ֹו‬ ‫ח‬+‫ֶץ‬‫מ‬  ָ‫ק‬ ּ ) is fairly consistent in application throughout 

7  

Hebrew Verbal System 



all weak verbs in the Qal ‫בניין‬, and, in some measures, inlcuding the Innitive Absolute of Niph’al and Pi’el binyanim . There would be no conjugation or inection is to take place with the use of the Innitive Absolute. 6.15 As a general rule, therefore, regardless the nature of the consonantal root, whether consisting or not strong, guttural or weak consonants, a pair of vowels has been assigned by defaul to the Qal Innitive Absolute, which would be immutable.

6.16 The Qal Innitive Absolute weak verbs Geminate

Hollow

‫ו‬/‫י‬”‫ע‬

‫ל ”ה‬

‫ל ”א‬

‫ם‬‫מ ֹו‬‫ת‬ ָּ ‫ב‬‫ב ֹו‬‫ס‬ ָ

‫א‬‫ֹּו‬‫ב‬  ‫ם‬‫שׂ ֹו‬  ‫ם‬‫ק ֹו‬

‫ה‬‫ ֹנ‬‫ב‬ ָּ

‫א‬‫צ ֹו‬‫מ‬ ָ

‫ע‬”‫ע‬

‫ח‬/ ‫עח ל ”ע‬”/‫ע‬

‫קל‬

‫ח‬ ַ ‫ל ֹו‬‫ש‬ ָׁ ‫ר‬‫ח ֹו‬‫ב‬ ָּ ‫ל‬‫ט ֹו‬‫ק‬ ָ

A simple comparison of a sample of verbs with weak consonant in the root and with different default vowels would be helpful to get a quick   understanding of the vowel pattern in the Qal Innitive Absolute, and subsequently, for all other derived stems of the verb. When using the Innitive Absolute, it is not necessary to adjust the vowels, especially the ‫ שווא‬at the presence of weak consonant in the verbal root, as there will be no conjugation or inection to take place with the use of the Innitive Absolute. . d e si v e r 1 1 0

6.17 Niph’al Innitive Absolute There are two formats of Niph’al Innitive Absolute: (a) One of which has a [‫ּן( ] ְנ‬‫ )נו‬as the key or signatory prosthesis ְ ] (‫)שווא‬, (a syllable combination of consonant (‫וּן‬ ‫ )נ‬and [○ ִ ] (‫ִק‬‫י‬ ‫ִר‬‫ה‬ ) in compliance with the rule which is shortened to [○

2 y r a u n a J n ‫ב‬

a ‫ר‬

H ‫ו‬

n ‫ך‬

ef ‫ם‬

‫ש‬

‫ב‬

f S

et

CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute 

           

‫ב‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ו‬   ‫ך‬

   ‫ב‬    ‫ש‬    ‫ם‬

 1  0  2  y  r  a  u  n  a  J  n  a  H  n    ef  f    et  S

for contiguous ‫ שוואים‬when  Default vowel for Niph’al Innitive Absolute it is prexed to the verbal root. The prosthesis would Qal ‫ו[ קָטול‬+ָ○] be prexed to the root as a ‫ו[ נִקְטול‬+ְ○‫ ]נ‬Niph’al (a) single unit, used to enhance the verve or quality of the ‫ו[ הִקָּטול‬+ָּ○‫ ]נ‬Niph’al (b) verb. This form of the Niph’al could be given a name: Niph’al (a) as a matter of convenience, which is used only as the Niph’al Innitive Absolute. With a change of the pillion  vowel, it forms the base unit to congure the Niph’al Passive Participle and the Niph’al Perfect. (b) The second format, in addition to the [‫וּן( ]ְנ‬ ‫)נ‬, has a prosthesis ְ ] (‫)שווא‬ [‫ה‬ ְ ] a syllable combination of consonant  ‫ֵא( ה‬‫ה‬  ) with [○  , where the rst of two and the two becomes a unit of  ‫ִן‬‫ה‬ ִ ] (‫ִק‬‫י‬ ‫ִר‬‫ה‬ ) as required by the contiguous ‫ שוואים‬is reduced to [○ rule for contiguous ‫ שוואים‬and the consonant [‫וּן( ]ְנ‬ ‫ )נ‬would be assimilated into the head consonant of the verbal root, displaying one ‫ דגש‬in the head consonant of the root. This situation is somewhat like having double prostheses merged into one. Shall we call this Niph’al (b)! The assimilation of the prosthetic [‫]ְנ‬ (‫וּן‬ ‫ )נ‬into rst consonant of the ‫ שורש‬virtually forced the head ָ ] (‫ )קמץ‬to remain open, syllable of the root which dangled the [○ as the vowels in the sample word: ‫ַל‬‫ט‬  ּ‫ק‬ ִָ‫ה‬  . When the consonant  (the head consonant of the ‫ )שורש‬next to the [‫ּן ( ] ְנ‬‫ )נו‬happens to be a laryngeal (‫ )אהחער‬or one that resists doubling of the ‫דגש‬, ָ ] (‫ )קמץ‬in  no assimilation of [‫וּן( ] ְנ‬ ‫ )נ‬would take place. The [○ a way is closely related to the Qal Innitive Absolute and the Niph’al is a member of the Simple binyan . (c) Some Hebrew grammar textbookk would list only the Niph’al (b) as the Niph’al Innitive Absolute. 6.18 Innitive Absolute of the Intensive Stems: Pi’el and Pu’al For practical purpose, there are three ‫ִים‬‫נ‬ ָ‫ְי‬‫נ‬ ִ‫ב‬ ּ grouped under the Intensive stem: the Pi’el, Pu’al and the Hithpa’el (the Reexive stem).



10 

Hebrew Verbal System 

Default vowels in  Pi’el Innitive Absolute Qal ‫ל‬‫ט ֹו‬‫ק‬ ָ [○ ֹ +○ ָ]

6.19 There are two forms of Pi’el Innitive Absolute: Namely: (i) ‫ֹול‬ּ‫ט‬  ַ‫ק‬  ; (ii) ‫ּל‬‫ט‬ ֵַ‫ק‬  . ‫ל‬‫ ֹו‬‫ט‬ ּ ‫ק‬ ַ [‫ ֹו‬+○ ּ ַ+○  ] Pi’el When and how these two would be   used, there appeared to have no clear ‫ל‬‫ט‬ ֵּ ‫ק‬ ַ [○ ֵּ +○ ַ ] Pi’el rules. Both of the two forms could be   used as the Innitive Absolute for the Intensive Active stem of Pi’el verbs; but it is the second second form that that is  used for both the Innitive Absolute and Innitive Construct. Already has been mentioned that the vowels given in Pi’el the combination of  ֵ +○ִ ] (‫צרי‬+‫ִיק‬‫ר‬ ‫ִי‬‫ה‬ ) where the ‫ דגש‬is omitted due to the guttural is [○ factully the default vowels assigned to the Pi’el Perfect Tense third  person masculine singular. In the Innitive of Aramaic, the vowels in  the D stem, which is equivalent to the Pi’el stem in Hebrew is in fact  ּ○+ַ○] (‫צרי‬+‫דגש‬+‫ )פתח‬as the default  employed the combination of [ֵ vowels, thus rendered the Pi’el in Hebrew should be aligned more akin  to Pa’el. 6.20 Ostensibly, the vowel pattern in the Intensive stem is characterised by  ‫ֵש‬‫ּג‬‫ד‬ ָ (dagesh forte), doubling the middle consonant  the presence of  ‫ָק‬‫ז‬ ָ‫ח‬ of the verbal root in the pillion, stem syllable (‫)מרכבת‬, which takes vowel [○ ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬as stem vowel in Pi’el as well as Pu’al while being led by the vowel [○ ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬in the head syllable, forming a combination  ֵּ +○ַ ] (‫צרי‬+‫דגש‬+‫ )פתח‬as the basic unit of vowels for the Pi’el. of [○ It is interesting to note that in Biblical Aramic, the same pair of vowel combination is Default vowels in Pi’el Innitive Absolute   used to intall (Pu’al n. a.) the Aramaic ‫ע‬”‫ל ”ה ע‬ ‫ל ”א‬ ‫ע‬/ ‫ע ל ”ח‬/‫ח‬”‫ע ע‬”‫ח‬/‫ קל ע‬i n t e n s t i v e binyan , and Geminate (cl) (vd) ‫ל‬‫ל‬ ֵּ ‫ה‬ ַ ‫ה‬‫ ֹלּ‬‫ ַּג‬‫ ֹא‬‫ ּצ‬‫ ַמ‬‫ ַח‬‫ ּל‬‫ ַׁש‬‫ ְך‬‫ ֵר‬‫ם ָּב‬‫ ֵח‬‫ל ַנ‬‫ ֹו‬‫ ּט‬‫ ַק‬named as Pa’el. Only in Pi’el ‫ל‬‫ט‬ ֵּ ‫ק‬ ַ third person  ‫ה‬‫ ֵּל‬‫א ַּג‬‫ ֵּצ‬‫ַמ‬

. d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J n ‫ב‬

a ‫ר‬

H ‫ו‬ ‫ך‬

n ‫ב‬

f ‫ם‬

‫ש‬

ef S

et

CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute 

masculine singular he , a zero vowel sufformative conjugation, would a verb take [○ ֵ ] (‫ )צרי‬as stem vowel. This rule is applicable in Hithpa’el as well. In fact, in most cases of the Intensive and Causative stems, the vowel [○ ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬would serve the role of stem or theme vowel, especially verbs that assume a stative nature when in the Qal stem. 6.21 The default vowel for the head, simple syllable in Pi’el binyan , the ַ ] (‫)פתח‬, is also used in the Innitive Absolute and other vowel [○ forms of Pi’el verbs, including the Pi’el Innitive Construct, the Pi’el Imperfect, the Pi’el Imperative, the Pi’el Participle. Only in the Pi’el ִ ] (‫ִיק‬‫ר‬ ‫ִי‬‫ח‬ ), for want of a sample Perfect Tense is it to be changed to [○  ּ‫פ‬ ִ. word: ‫ֵל‬‫ע‬ 6.22 As a general rule, the default vowels in Pi’el is rather consistent: it is headed by a [○ ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬in the rst syllable, and totes a [ֵ○] (‫ )צרי‬with a ‫ דגש‬inserted in the lead consonant of the pillion syllable, as shown  by vowels in the sample word: ‫ל‬‫ט‬ ֵּ ‫ק‬ ַ (‫צרי‬+‫דגש‬+‫ )פתח‬combination. This deuce of vowels is to be used to congure the Pi’el Innitive Construct as well as all other forms of the verb for the Pi’el ‫ ביניין‬that  are related to the Innitive, such as the Imperative, Imperative, the Imperfect and and the Active Participle. There is no passive participle for Pi’el verbs.

           

  ‫ך‬

   ‫ב‬    ‫ש‬    ‫ם‬

‫ב‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ו‬

 1  0  2  y  r  a  u  n  a  J  n  a  H  n    ef  f    et  S

6.23 ִ ] (‫ִיק‬‫ר‬ ‫ִי‬‫ח‬ ) Default vowels for the Pi’el Perfect Tense, apart from the [○ ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬in all other in the prosthesis, there would be another [○ conjugations except for the third person masculine singular he which ֵ ] (‫ )צרי‬as the pillion, stem vowel. This signatory employs the vowel [○ feature of the Pi’el verbs could be easily identied, but it demands attention whenever the consonant of the pillion syllable is led by a guttural or weak consonant, in which case, it would not tote a ‫ דגש‬and or ‫שווא‬, but the rule of compensatory lengthening or virtual doubling and the rules for composite ‫ שווא‬would be applicable.

11

12 

Hebrew Verbal System 

6.24 ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬is also used as the stem vowel for the Pu’al The vowel [○ verbs in almost all forms: the Innitives, the Imperative, the Imperfect  as well as the Perfect, both genders and numbers, except except the Passive Participle as there is no active participle for Pu’al verbs.

6.25 For whch vowel would be used with the prosthesis of the Pi’el binyan  namely the ‫ן‬”‫אית‬, the pronominals for Performative Conjugation or the Imperfect Tense, or the consonant [‫מ‬ ְ ] (‫ֵם‬‫מ‬  ) in the Participles outside the Simple Stems, the rule of contiguous ‫ שוואים‬would not be called to  play as there would be no contiguous ‫שוואים‬, therefore all prostheses in Pi’el and Pu’al would retain the default  ‫ שווא‬under the Prosthesis. The only exception is the [‫ )אלף( ]א‬when used as the prosthesis for the rst person singular common gender I in the Imperfect Tense, which required [ֲ ○] (‫ָח‬‫ת‬ ַּ‫פ‬ ּ ‫ַף‬‫ט‬  ֲ‫ח‬  ) beneath it.

6.26 For Pu’al Innitive Absolute, the vowel pattern in the word ‫ל‬‫ע‬ ֹ ֻ‫פ‬ ּ is  used. The key feature of Pu’al binyan  binyan is is known by the presence of the ○] (‫וּץ‬ ‫ֻּב‬‫ק‬ ) under the head consonant of the root, that is, the head vowel [ֻ ֹ] syllable, serving the role of a default prosthesis, and it employs [○ (‫ )הולם חסר‬as the stem vowel placed on the shoulder shoulder of the pillion  syllable in the Pu’al stem, as the vowels in the sample words: ‫ל‬‫ט‬ ֹּ ֻ‫ק‬ or ‫ב‬‫ת‬ ֹּ ֻ‫כ‬ ּ . The vowel in the head consonant serving as the prosthesis would not subject to change in all forms of the Pu’al stem even when  additional prosthesis would be prexed or added in front of it, as in  the case of the Imperfect Tense and Participle for the Pu’al verbs, as the vowels in the sample word for this: ‫ב‬‫ת‬ ֹּ ֻ‫כ‬‫ ְי‬. The vowel [○ ַ ] (‫)פתח‬ is used for other verbal forms in Pu’al verbs: the Pu’al Imperfect, the Pu’al Perfect and so on in the zero vowel sufformative conjugation. . d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J n ‫ב‬

a

6.27 Correctly speaking, there has been no clear attestation for Pu’al Innitive ‫ר‬

H ‫ו‬ ‫ך‬

n ‫ב‬

f ‫ם‬

‫ש‬

ef S

et

CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute 

Absolute and Pu’al Imperative in the Imperative in the

13 

‫ך‬”‫תנ‬.

6.28 Reexive Stem As a matter of convenience, the Reexive stem is placed under the Intensive stem owing to the default vowel of the pillion, stem syllable of the verb in Hithpa’el which is identical to that of the Pi’el verbs. 6.29 Verbs in the Hithpa’el stem could be easily recognized and use as these verbs are augmented with the prosthetic syllable ‫ת‬ ְִ‫ה‬  attached to ִ ] (‫ִק‬‫י‬ ‫ִר‬‫ה‬ ) under the prosthetic the front of the root. The vowel [‫ י‬○ consonant [‫ֵא( ]ה‬‫ה‬  ) is due to the rule for contiguous ‫שוואים‬, which is already given by default. 6.30 Minors the prosthesis, Hithpa’el stem verbs share identical vowel   pattern as that of the Pi’el ‫ָן‬‫י‬ ְ‫נ‬ ִ‫ב‬ ּ , both the head syllable of the triconsonantal root and its pillion syllable, including the presence of a ‫ דגש‬in all conjugation of all verbal forms: Innitive, Imperative, Imperfect, Participle and the Perfect Tense of Hithpa’el. 6.31 In cases where the middle consonant of the root is a guttural or laryngeal which could not load a ‫דגש‬, the rules for compensatory lengthening and or virtual doubling without lengthening the proceeding vowels shall be applicable.

           

‫ב‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ו‬   ‫ך‬

   ‫ב‬    ‫ש‬    ‫ם‬

 1  0  2  y  r  a  u  n  a  J  n  a  H  n    ef  f    et  S

6.32 For the Hollow verbs, the sole default vowel could not be doubled in  the Intensive stem hence no ‫ דגש‬would be employed, but duplicatng the consonant is a substitute, apparently some form of it. No Innitive Absolute of the Hollow verbs in the Intensive stem has been discovered from the ‫ך‬“‫ ;תנ‬nevertheless, the Innitive Construct for the Intensive ֵ +○ֹ ] stem of of the Hollow verbs verbs has been given given a conbination of [○ (‫צרי‬+‫ )הולם חסר‬as the vowels in the sample words: ‫ם‬‫מ‬ ֵ ‫ק‬ ֹ for Polel

Hebrew Verbal System 

14 

ַ +○ֹ ] (‫פתח‬+‫ )הולם חסר‬for the polal verbs, and a another pair of [○ form of the Intensive Hollow verbs, as the vowels in the sample word: ‫ם‬‫מ‬ ַ ‫ק‬ ֹ . 6.33 The Innitive Absolute of Causative Stems For default vowels, the Hiphil Default vowels in  Innitive Absolute schleps a ֵ +‫ה‬ combination of [○ ַ ] (‫צרי‬+‫פתח‬+‫ֵה‬‫ה‬ ) Hiphil Innitive Absolute Qal ָ [‫ ֹו‬+○ ָ] ַ serves as ‫ל‬‫ט ֹו‬‫ק‬ where the head syllable ‫ה‬ the prosthesis. This combination is ‫ל‬‫ט‬ ֵ ‫ק‬ ְ ‫ה‬ ַ [○ ֵ +‫ה‬ ַ ] Hiphil only used in the formation of the Hiphil Innitive Absolute, as the Hiphil Innitive Construct would use another set of default vowels, a ִ +‫היריק מלא( ] ַה‬+‫פתח‬+‫ֵה‬‫ה‬ ), which makes up the combination of [‫ י‬○ basis to install all other verbal forms, tenses and mood for the Hiphil binyan but binyan  but mostly used in the zero vowel sufformative conjugation.

6.34 In most cases of the Imperative, ֵ ] (‫)צרי‬ non-Qal stems would take [○ as stem vowels led by the prosthesis of each respective stem, weather it  is the active or passive form, except  mono-syllable verbs, stative verbs and ‫ח‬/‫ע‬”‫ ל‬verbs. For the latter ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬that  two, it is the vowel [○   plays the role of the stem vowel in the pillion syllable of the verb. Note must be taken that it is only in the Hiphil binyan  that vocalic conjugations would not induce an  accent shift.

Default vowels in  Hiphil Innitive Absolute (Hophal n. a.) Example Verb type

‫ל‬‫ט‬ ֵ ‫ק‬ ְ ‫ה‬ ַ ‫ד‬‫מ‬ ֵ ‫ע‬ ֲ ‫ה‬ ַ ֵּ ‫ַה‬ ‫ל‬‫צ‬ ‫ב‬‫ש‬ ֵׁ ‫ ֹו‬‫ה‬ ַ ‫ח‬ ַ ‫ל‬ ֵ ‫ש‬ ְׁ ‫ה‬ ַ ‫א‬‫צ‬ ֵ ‫מ‬ ְ ‫ה‬ ַ ‫ה‬‫ל‬ ֵ ‫ ְג‬‫ה‬ ַ ‫ם‬‫ק‬ ֵ ‫ה‬ ָ ‫ב‬‫ס‬ ֵ ‫ה‬ ָ

‫קל‬

Strong

‫ח‬/ ‫פ ”ע‬ ” ‫פ‬verb ‫נ‬”‫פ‬ ‫ו‬/‫י‬”‫פ‬ ‫ח‬/‫ע‬”‫ל‬ ””‫ לל‬verb ‫א‬”‫ל‬ ‫ה‬”‫ל‬ ‫ו‬/‫י‬”‫ ע‬Hollow ‫ע‬”‫ ע‬Geminate

 .    d   e   s    i   v   e   r    1    1    0    2   y   r   a   u   n   a    J    ‫ב‬     ‫ב‬  n   a    ‫ר‬     ‫ר‬    ‫ו‬     ‫ו‬   H    ‫ך‬     ‫ך‬  n   e    f    ‫ב‬     ‫ב‬    f    ‫ש‬     ‫ש‬  e   t    S    ‫ם‬     ‫ם‬

CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute 

6.35 Default vowels in the Hophal Innitive Absolute have been given a ֵ+○ ָ ] (‫צרי‬+‫ )שווא‬where the syllable [‫ ] ָה‬is the combination of [○ ְ +‫ה‬ default prosthesis for Hophal binyan , as the vowels in the sameple word: ‫ל‬‫ט‬ ֵ ‫ק‬ ְָ‫ה‬  .

6.36 Innitive Absolute of the Weak and Irregular Verbs Innitive Absolute in the weak verbs category, with the exception of  single syllable verbs and all ”‫( ל‬lamed) verbs (‫ח‬/‫ לע‬,‫ה‬”‫ ל‬,‫א‬”‫)ל‬, would use the same vowel pattern found in the name of each respective stem.

6.37 For ‫ח‬/‫ע‬”‫ ל‬verbs, while the [ָ ○] (‫)קמץ‬, which is the base head vowel for the Innitive Absolute in the lead of the ‫שורש‬, it totes the vowel ֵ ] (‫ )צרי‬that mounts at the pillion syllable as stem vowel, adding a [○ ‫ָה‬‫ב‬  ‫ְנ ּו‬‫ּח ּג‬‫ת‬ ַּ‫פ‬ ַ (patach furtive) just before the last guttural consonant. 6.38 ָ ] (‫ )קמץ‬leads at the head and [○ֵ ] (‫ )צרי‬rides at the For ‫ה‬”‫ ל‬verb, [○  pillion as the stem vowel.

           

  ‫ך‬

   ‫ב‬    ‫ש‬    ‫ם‬

‫ב‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ו‬

 1  0  2  y  r  a  u  n  a  J  n  a  H  n    ef  f    et  S

6.39 In the case of Hiphil verbs, except for Hiphil Hollow (‫ו‬/‫י‬”‫ )ע‬verbs ָ ] (‫ )קמץ‬is given as the head vowel with [○ֵ ] (‫ )צרי‬as where the [○ stem vowel, and rst-‫ו( י‬/‫י‬”‫ )פ‬verb in the Hiphil binyan  binyan which which loads ֵ ] (‫ )צרי‬as stem vowel, all the the syllable ‫ ה ֹו‬as prosthesis with [○ ֵ +○ַ ] (‫צרי‬+‫)פתח‬ other Hiphil Innitive Absolute weak verbs carry [○ ַ ] (‫ )פתח‬is used combination as default vowels. Seemingly, the vowel [○ as the default head vowel in Hiphil binyan  binyan of of all verbal forms, except  the Hiphil Perfect Perfect Tense. Tense. For Hollow verbs in all other stems stems would carry [‫)חולם מלא( ]ו‬, which actually is the sole vowel in all Hollow verbs, as stem vowel with no other head vowel as Hollow verbs are monosyllable verbs.

ֹ

15 

16 

Hebrew Verbal System 

6.40 ָ ] (‫ )קמץ‬leads at the head syllable with [○ֵ ] (‫ )ירצ‬as For ‫ו‬/‫י‬“‫ פ‬verb, [○ ֵ +○ָ ] (‫צרי‬+‫ )קמץ‬default combination. stem vowel, forming a deuce of [○ 6.41 To tie up the loose ends, the Innitive Absolute in Hebrew, as in other verbal stems, utilizes a specic set of default vowels to indicate how it  would operate in a sentence. The set of specic vowels, in the case of the Innitive Absolute, is reected in the word for Innitive: ‫ר‬‫ק ֹו‬‫מ‬ ָ , at least  in the Qal stem. The default vowels for other stems, likewise, would be found in the vowels of the nomenclature of each stem, which actually is in the form of the Innitive, allowing room for adjustment of names as in  the case with Pi’el, which could be known as Pa’el, the actual name used in Aramaic for the same binyan . In stems that do not have a clear form of  the Innitive Construct, the Innitive Absolute would be used for that role. The magic of the whole enterprise of the Hebrew verb is not just the name; but more importantly, it is the vowels inherently given in the orthography of the name. Soon a student discovers and recognizes this soon would he be able to master Hebrew: to read and to use it.

 .    d   e   s    i   v   e   r    1    1    0    2   y   r   a   u   n   a    J    ‫ב‬     ‫ב‬  n   a    ‫ר‬     ‫ר‬    ‫ו‬     ‫ו‬   H    ‫ך‬     ‫ך‬  n   e    f    ‫ב‬     ‫ב‬    f    ‫ש‬     ‫ש‬  e   t    S    ‫ם‬     ‫ם‬

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