Chapter Six: The Infinitive Absolute
Short Description
Chapter 6 of Hebrew verbal system. This chapter provides detail information of Hebrew Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitiv...
Description
Chapter
6 ֹור ָקמ How to use the Innitive Absolute The Innitive Absolute:
6.1 The Innitive Absolute was dropped out of use in post Biblical Hebrew. It is almost absent from Qumran Hebrew. 6.2 When found in use in Biblical or Classical Hebrew, the Innitive Absolute could serve the following purposes: (i) for emphasis; (ii) for duration; (iii) as Imperative; (iv) contemporaneous action, etc. 6.3 . d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J
1. For emphasis The Innitive Absolute may precede or follow a Perfect or Imperfect verbal form of the same root ( )שורשas the controlling verb—sort of appearing twice—in order to emphasize the idea or meaning of the main verb. A popular example of this form of usage comes from the Hebrew Bible: ותּ מ ָתָ ּת מ ֹו you man ( man (2ms ) will certainly die (2 die (2 Kgs 1: 16). The two words should be in the same stem.
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a. In the sample above, no equivalent of it in the English language has been dicovered; a suitable meaning would be determined by
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the general sense of the possible range of meaning in the context in relation to the controlling verb of the sentence. b. In Modern Hebrew, the Innitive Construct in a sentence preceding an Imperfect Tense is used to achieve a similar purpose, which is known as tautological innitive in A sample of Innitive Absolute used for emphasis in the נך”ת:
: ּ ּ ּנומ ִֶמ ַלכ א ָע־לר ָו ֹוב ַת טע ּד ַַה ֵץע ֵמ ּו ֹ ֹת א .תּמ ּות ָ ֹות ־מֶנ ּוִממ ָּ ך ְל ָכ ֲא וׂם ּיב ְ ִיכ ּ ִָע ֵךל ֵא ְ לך (ה (ָהר ֹו ּבד ִ ) ֶרמ א ַו ְ.ּךמ ֹ ָה ֹ ּת ִיתח ׁש ְִה ְו ֶלב ּב ָ ֶך־ל ֶמ ֹואָי א־ ֹ ב ֶץר ָא ָה ֶת־א .אתהַ ֹּז
Genesis 2:17 Judges 4:9 Jeremiah 36:29
vernacular Yiddish usage. 2. For duration When the Innitive Absolute follows the controlling verb, it expresses a sense of duration or continuation of action, as the ׁ ַרמ ׁש ָ. meaning expressed in the sample words: ֹור ָמש 3. As Imperative The Innitive Absolute may be used by itself to function as an Imperative verb, substituting a nite, controlling verb. A sample sentence taken from the ך”תנ:
ְַק ְל ָתב ַּש ַּׁה ֹום ֹי ֶת־א ֹור ָמש ׁ ׁ.ּשֹׁוד
Keep the Sabbath day to make it holy. (Deut. 5:12) . d e
Also, the Imperative Mood could be replaced by the use of the Imperfect Tense, at times, in situation where the use of the Imperative might unsuitable when it could be considered as impolite. There are a few occasions in the ך” תנwhere the Innitive Absolute is actually used as the Imperative Mood. si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J n ב
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4. Contemporaneous Action Two Innitive Absolutes could be used together with a Perfect ר
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Tense or Imperfect Tense of a verb to express two verbal actions occurring simultaneously. 5. Other Usage of the Innitive Absolute a.The Innitive Absolute could be used as a gerund, expressing the idea of the verb in place for a noun. b. The Innitive Absolute could function as an adverb, modifying the verb when used with the controlling, nite verb. It hints at the idea of doubt, possibility or necessity expressed by the verb. c.The Innitive Absolute may be used as a substitute for a controlling, nite verb with the tense, person and number shown by the context. d. There are a number of adjectives that share the identical default vowels with the Qal Innitive Absolute, as vowels inthe sample word: ֹול ָדג enormous . 6.4 Normally, a verb which ends with strong gutturals (such as חand )עin the Innitive Absolute, the vowel ָהב ּנ ּוַח ְג ת ַּפ ּ (pathach furtive) must be placed under the last guttural consonant as the guttural follows a long vowel, a sample word of this: ח ַ ָלש ׁ , ע ַ ָמש ׁ . 6.5 Nature of the Innitive An innitive is the uninected or natural, basic form of a verb; it expresses the basic idea of the action; yet not a full verb, and is used with auxiliary verbs. The Innitive is the base form of the verb on to which afxes would be added to devise other forms or tenses of the verb. It is a verbal noun. It shares the functions of a verb and a noun; 1 it is not limited by the specic limitations of nite verbs. It is not, 0 2 y therefore, marked for number, gender, person or tense. As such, the r a u Innitive Absolute could be termed as the bare Innitive of the Hebrew n a J language.
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Side Note
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enerally, conventional approach to Hebrew grammar utilized the innitive is formed. Other verbal sufxes third person masculine singular Perfect would be added to the base, the Innitive, Tense as the base form for the regular, to install or congure other forms of the strong verb and also the lexicon form verb as required. A book thus far has for two-syllable words; the Innitive been found, written way back in 1869 Construct is used in the case of single by Solomon Deutsch: A New Practical syllable words, the Hollow verbs and Hebrew Grammar (New York: Leypoldt a few irregular verbs. But this is not a & Holt, 1869), which mentioned the natural or logical approach to the verb. Innitive Construct as the basis for the The uninected nature of the Innitive is Imperative and Imperfect (p44, p51-52, the natural base form of the verb. As in p57), but it offered no further investigation the case with the English language: the into the vowel system as a default scheme. Present Tense, the Past Tense, the Past Once the student has learned up the Participle and the Present Participle, vowels scheme used in Innitives, both all of these forms are derived from the Innitive Absolute and the Innitive the Innitive by adding various verbal Construct of the Hebrew language, and sufxes to the bare Innitive. The Past the default vowel patterns ( )נקודיםof Tense of the word “walk” does not come each derived stems of the verb, he would from “walking” by removing “-ing” and he able to manage, use and control other replacing the three letters with “ed”; forms of the Hebrew Hebrew verb: the Imperative, rather the word “walked” is formed by the Jussive, the Cohortative, the adding “ed” to the bare innitive “walk”. Imperfect, the Perfect and the Participles. By removing the preposition “to” from the full innitive “to walk”, bare
6.6 There are two innitives in the Hebrew language: the Innitive Absolute and the Innitive Construct, and the two forms are not generally interchangeable. Each form may have very different functions. All seven stems of the Hebrew verbal system have two innitives: the Innitive Absolute and the Innitive Construct under each binyan . It seems that in cases where a root of the verb, mostly in the Passive form of a verbal root, which does not have an Innitive Construct, the Innitive Absolute may assume that role. . d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J
6.7 The Innitive Absolute is not inected for person, gender or number except the preposition [ָו( ]וו ) and the interrogative ה ֲ (ֵאה ). One
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unusual example where the Innitive Absolute is used with the article appears in Numbers 10:39. 6.8 Since the Innitive Absolute is not inected, there is no paradigm for conjugation under the Innitive Absolute apart from the default vowels, a pair for each binyan .
6.9 The total number of occurrence of the Qal Innitive Absolute in the ך”תנ is slightly more than ve hundred times. Frequency of occurance of a particular verbal form does not affect its signicance in a langauge.
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6.10 Form and Default Vowels Scheme of the Hebrew Verb Unlike other languages where vowels are given as part of a word, verbs and nouns alike, a pair of xed vowels is given in the Hebrew verb by default to each verbal mood, forms and tense but not to individual word and the deuce of vowels would be applicable to the same form of different verbal root. Therefore, it is necessary to discover and think of the Hebrew verb in terms of default vowel scheme. Fortunately, in each derived stem of the verb, there are only ve pairs of these default vowels, known as the primary default vowel schemes, and four more known as the secondary default vowel schemes. Each pair, however, unfolds into seven derived stems but quite similar in form and structure in the vowels pattern. The default vowel schemes are known by the vowels used in the name of each derived stem of the verb in the Innitive Construct, as shown in the following. Hoph Ho phal al
Hiph Hi phil il
Hitp Hi tpa’ a’el el
Pu’a Pu ’all
Piel Pi el
Niph Ni ph’a ’all
Qall Qa
הָפְעַל
עִ ל הִתְפַּעֵל הִפְי
פֻּעַל
פִּעֵל
נִפְעַל
פָּעַל
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Side Note
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riginally in its written form, the Hebrew language did not display vowels. Showing the vowels did not come about until the later half of the rst millennium of the Christian Era. A pair of two vowels is assigned to each forms of the verb. Diverse attempts have been made to understand the mystery underscoring the two vowels in each form of the verb—the Innitive Absolute, the Innitive Construct, the Passive Participle, the Active Participle and the Perfect—one
distinguish pair of default vowels assigned to each of these ve primary forms; whereas the Imperative, the Jussive, the Cohortative and the Imperfect are derived from and orgainised under the same default vowels used in the Innitive Construct of each binyan . As an inherent pair, the two vowels constitute a default scheme. View in this way the vowel scheme in the Hebrew verbs would be regular, consistent and predictable.
6.11 The vowels—a head vowel (in addition to a prosthesis) and a stem vowel (the pillion vowel)—in each binyan binyan would would be given by default, the type and class of these vowels are reected in the name of the pair of vowels used in each stem, which in turn will determine the type and category of verbal stem, whether it is Qal Imperfect, or Pi’el Imperative, and so on, taking note of the presence or absence of דגש and or weak consonant together with the שווא.
6.12 Default Vowels for the Qal Innitive Absolute The Innitive Absolute is used alone or absolutely. For the Hebrew Innitive Absolute in Qal ָןי ְנ ּב ִ , the strong verbs as well as the weak verbs, the default vowels is given a [○ ָ ] (ֶץמ ָק : a long vowel), employed beneath the head, open, simple syllable (ָהט ּוש ּׁפ ְ ), and the vowel [] ֹו ָמ ֶםל ֹו ה: a long vowel) is used in the second (the pillion), mixed, (ֵאל mixed, stem syllable (ֶתב ּכ ְֶר ֻמ ) as the vowels in the sample word: וׂר ָקמ innfnitive , except for Hollow Verbs, which are mostly single-syllable verbs where one of these three: [ץ ( ] ּו ּוב ֻּק ) or [ֵא ( ] ֹול ָמ ָםֹול )חor [ י○ ִ] (ֵאל ָמ ִיקר ִיה ), as the case might be, is given as the sole, default vowel
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in monosyllable roots. The deuce of [ ֹו+○ ָ ] (ֵאל ָמ ֶםֹול ח+ֶץמ ָק ּ ), must be taken together as a basic unit to be used in the Qal Innitive Absolute. Whereas the vowel pattern in the Innitive Construct constitutes the basic vowel pattern for use in the secondary forms, which would be used in the Imperative, the Jussive, the Cohotative and the Imperfect Tense, The default vowel scheme in including the wav consecutive, the Qal Innitive Absolute: מָקור wayyiqtol and weqatal . Othere different ○] (חולֶם מָלֵא+)קָּמֶץ [ו+ָ pairs of default vowels vowels would be used used to A sample word: קָטול congure other verbal forms, such as the Participles and the Perfect Tense.
6.13 The Qal Innitive Absolute: וׂר ָקמ The pair of vowels [ ֹו+○ ָ ] (ֵאל ָמ ֶםל ֹו ח+ֶץמ ָק ּ ) is offered by default to set up the Innitive Absolute of all categories of the Hebrew verb for the Qal binyan , strong as well as weak verbs, dynamic as well as stative verbs. Thus it could be seen that actually the Qal Innitive Absolute is the base form of the Hebrew verb as the The Qal Innitive Absolute in ” פverbs Innitive Absolute ח פ” נ פ”נ/פ” א פ ”ע would not go ו/( פ”יirreg) קל through inection of ׁיָרוש ַקָטול אָמור חָזוק נָסוע whatsoever sort. It is אָכול עָמוד נָפול נָתון יָשוׁב only in the Innitive אָסור Absolute that default vowel scheme is seen most stable, consistent.
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6.14 ִ , the default vowel scheme of the Innitive Absolute For the Qal ָןי ְנ ּב changes little even in root with weak consonants; at the most, the stem ֹ ] (ֵרס ָח ָמ ָםל ֹו )חcould be written or shortened to [○ vowel [ֵא( ] ֹול ָםל ח ָ to build . The deuce ֹ ) in certain cases, as a sample of this: ֹנהּב [ ֹו+○ ָ ] (ֵאל ָמ ֶםל ֹו ח+ֶץמ ָק ּ ) is fairly consistent in application throughout
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all weak verbs in the Qal בניין, and, in some measures, inlcuding the Innitive Absolute of Niph’al and Pi’el binyanim . There would be no conjugation or inection is to take place with the use of the Innitive Absolute. 6.15 As a general rule, therefore, regardless the nature of the consonantal root, whether consisting or not strong, guttural or weak consonants, a pair of vowels has been assigned by defaul to the Qal Innitive Absolute, which would be immutable.
6.16 The Qal Innitive Absolute weak verbs Geminate
Hollow
ו/י”ע
ל ”ה
ל ”א
םמ ֹות ָּ בב ֹוס ָ
אֹּוב םשׂ ֹו םק ֹו
ה ֹנב ָּ
אצ ֹומ ָ
ע”ע
ח/ עח ל ”ע”/ע
קל
ח ַ ל ֹוש ָׁ רח ֹוב ָּ לט ֹוק ָ
A simple comparison of a sample of verbs with weak consonant in the root and with different default vowels would be helpful to get a quick understanding of the vowel pattern in the Qal Innitive Absolute, and subsequently, for all other derived stems of the verb. When using the Innitive Absolute, it is not necessary to adjust the vowels, especially the שוואat the presence of weak consonant in the verbal root, as there will be no conjugation or inection to take place with the use of the Innitive Absolute. . d e si v e r 1 1 0
6.17 Niph’al Innitive Absolute There are two formats of Niph’al Innitive Absolute: (a) One of which has a [ּן( ] ְנ )נוas the key or signatory prosthesis ְ ] ()שווא, (a syllable combination of consonant (וּן )נand [○ ִ ] (ִקי ִרה ) in compliance with the rule which is shortened to [○
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for contiguous שוואיםwhen Default vowel for Niph’al Innitive Absolute it is prexed to the verbal root. The prosthesis would Qal ו[ קָטול+ָ○] be prexed to the root as a ו[ נִקְטול+ְ○ ]נNiph’al (a) single unit, used to enhance the verve or quality of the ו[ הִקָּטול+ָּ○ ]נNiph’al (b) verb. This form of the Niph’al could be given a name: Niph’al (a) as a matter of convenience, which is used only as the Niph’al Innitive Absolute. With a change of the pillion vowel, it forms the base unit to congure the Niph’al Passive Participle and the Niph’al Perfect. (b) The second format, in addition to the [וּן( ]ְנ )נ, has a prosthesis ְ ] ()שווא [ה ְ ] a syllable combination of consonant ֵא( הה ) with [○ , where the rst of two and the two becomes a unit of ִןה ִ ] (ִקי ִרה ) as required by the contiguous שוואיםis reduced to [○ rule for contiguous שוואיםand the consonant [וּן( ]ְנ )נwould be assimilated into the head consonant of the verbal root, displaying one דגשin the head consonant of the root. This situation is somewhat like having double prostheses merged into one. Shall we call this Niph’al (b)! The assimilation of the prosthetic []ְנ (וּן )נinto rst consonant of the שורשvirtually forced the head ָ ] ( )קמץto remain open, syllable of the root which dangled the [○ as the vowels in the sample word: ַלט ּק ִָה . When the consonant (the head consonant of the )שורשnext to the [ּן ( ] ְנ )נוhappens to be a laryngeal ( )אהחערor one that resists doubling of the דגש, ָ ] ( )קמץin no assimilation of [וּן( ] ְנ )נwould take place. The [○ a way is closely related to the Qal Innitive Absolute and the Niph’al is a member of the Simple binyan . (c) Some Hebrew grammar textbookk would list only the Niph’al (b) as the Niph’al Innitive Absolute. 6.18 Innitive Absolute of the Intensive Stems: Pi’el and Pu’al For practical purpose, there are three ִיםנ ְָינ ִב ּ grouped under the Intensive stem: the Pi’el, Pu’al and the Hithpa’el (the Reexive stem).
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Default vowels in Pi’el Innitive Absolute Qal לט ֹוק ָ [○ ֹ +○ ָ]
6.19 There are two forms of Pi’el Innitive Absolute: Namely: (i) ֹולּט ַק ; (ii) ּלט ֵַק . ל ֹוט ּ ק ַ [ ֹו+○ ּ ַ+○ ] Pi’el When and how these two would be used, there appeared to have no clear לט ֵּ ק ַ [○ ֵּ +○ ַ ] Pi’el rules. Both of the two forms could be used as the Innitive Absolute for the Intensive Active stem of Pi’el verbs; but it is the second second form that that is used for both the Innitive Absolute and Innitive Construct. Already has been mentioned that the vowels given in Pi’el the combination of ֵ +○ִ ] (צרי+ִיקר ִיה ) where the דגשis omitted due to the guttural is [○ factully the default vowels assigned to the Pi’el Perfect Tense third person masculine singular. In the Innitive of Aramaic, the vowels in the D stem, which is equivalent to the Pi’el stem in Hebrew is in fact ּ○+ַ○] (צרי+דגש+ )פתחas the default employed the combination of [ֵ vowels, thus rendered the Pi’el in Hebrew should be aligned more akin to Pa’el. 6.20 Ostensibly, the vowel pattern in the Intensive stem is characterised by ֵשּגד ָ (dagesh forte), doubling the middle consonant the presence of ָקז ָח of the verbal root in the pillion, stem syllable ()מרכבת, which takes vowel [○ ַ ] ( )פתחas stem vowel in Pi’el as well as Pu’al while being led by the vowel [○ ַ ] ( )פתחin the head syllable, forming a combination ֵּ +○ַ ] (צרי+דגש+ )פתחas the basic unit of vowels for the Pi’el. of [○ It is interesting to note that in Biblical Aramic, the same pair of vowel combination is Default vowels in Pi’el Innitive Absolute used to intall (Pu’al n. a.) the Aramaic ע”ל ”ה ע ל ”א ע/ ע ל ”ח/ח”ע ע”ח/ קל עi n t e n s t i v e binyan , and Geminate (cl) (vd) לל ֵּ ה ַ ה ֹלּ ַּג ֹא ּצ ַמ ַח ּל ַׁש ְך ֵרם ָּב ֵחל ַנ ֹו ּט ַקnamed as Pa’el. Only in Pi’el לט ֵּ ק ַ third person ה ֵּלא ַּג ֵּצַמ
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masculine singular he , a zero vowel sufformative conjugation, would a verb take [○ ֵ ] ( )צריas stem vowel. This rule is applicable in Hithpa’el as well. In fact, in most cases of the Intensive and Causative stems, the vowel [○ ַ ] ( )פתחwould serve the role of stem or theme vowel, especially verbs that assume a stative nature when in the Qal stem. 6.21 The default vowel for the head, simple syllable in Pi’el binyan , the ַ ] ()פתח, is also used in the Innitive Absolute and other vowel [○ forms of Pi’el verbs, including the Pi’el Innitive Construct, the Pi’el Imperfect, the Pi’el Imperative, the Pi’el Participle. Only in the Pi’el ִ ] (ִיקר ִיח ), for want of a sample Perfect Tense is it to be changed to [○ ּפ ִ. word: ֵלע 6.22 As a general rule, the default vowels in Pi’el is rather consistent: it is headed by a [○ ַ ] ( )פתחin the rst syllable, and totes a [ֵ○] ( )צריwith a דגשinserted in the lead consonant of the pillion syllable, as shown by vowels in the sample word: לט ֵּ ק ַ (צרי+דגש+ )פתחcombination. This deuce of vowels is to be used to congure the Pi’el Innitive Construct as well as all other forms of the verb for the Pi’el בינייןthat are related to the Innitive, such as the Imperative, Imperative, the Imperfect and and the Active Participle. There is no passive participle for Pi’el verbs.
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6.23 ִ ] (ִיקר ִיח ) Default vowels for the Pi’el Perfect Tense, apart from the [○ ַ ] ( )פתחin all other in the prosthesis, there would be another [○ conjugations except for the third person masculine singular he which ֵ ] ( )צריas the pillion, stem vowel. This signatory employs the vowel [○ feature of the Pi’el verbs could be easily identied, but it demands attention whenever the consonant of the pillion syllable is led by a guttural or weak consonant, in which case, it would not tote a דגשand or שווא, but the rule of compensatory lengthening or virtual doubling and the rules for composite שוואwould be applicable.
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6.24 ַ ] ( )פתחis also used as the stem vowel for the Pu’al The vowel [○ verbs in almost all forms: the Innitives, the Imperative, the Imperfect as well as the Perfect, both genders and numbers, except except the Passive Participle as there is no active participle for Pu’al verbs.
6.25 For whch vowel would be used with the prosthesis of the Pi’el binyan namely the ן”אית, the pronominals for Performative Conjugation or the Imperfect Tense, or the consonant [מ ְ ] (ֵםמ ) in the Participles outside the Simple Stems, the rule of contiguous שוואיםwould not be called to play as there would be no contiguous שוואים, therefore all prostheses in Pi’el and Pu’al would retain the default שוואunder the Prosthesis. The only exception is the [ )אלף( ]אwhen used as the prosthesis for the rst person singular common gender I in the Imperfect Tense, which required [ֲ ○] (ָחת ַּפ ּ ַףט ֲח ) beneath it.
6.26 For Pu’al Innitive Absolute, the vowel pattern in the word לע ֹ ֻפ ּ is used. The key feature of Pu’al binyan binyan is is known by the presence of the ○] (וּץ ֻּבק ) under the head consonant of the root, that is, the head vowel [ֻ ֹ] syllable, serving the role of a default prosthesis, and it employs [○ ( )הולם חסרas the stem vowel placed on the shoulder shoulder of the pillion syllable in the Pu’al stem, as the vowels in the sample words: לט ֹּ ֻק or בת ֹּ ֻכ ּ . The vowel in the head consonant serving as the prosthesis would not subject to change in all forms of the Pu’al stem even when additional prosthesis would be prexed or added in front of it, as in the case of the Imperfect Tense and Participle for the Pu’al verbs, as the vowels in the sample word for this: בת ֹּ ֻכ ְי. The vowel [○ ַ ] ()פתח is used for other verbal forms in Pu’al verbs: the Pu’al Imperfect, the Pu’al Perfect and so on in the zero vowel sufformative conjugation. . d e si v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J n ב
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6.27 Correctly speaking, there has been no clear attestation for Pu’al Innitive ר
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Absolute and Pu’al Imperative in the Imperative in the
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ך”תנ.
6.28 Reexive Stem As a matter of convenience, the Reexive stem is placed under the Intensive stem owing to the default vowel of the pillion, stem syllable of the verb in Hithpa’el which is identical to that of the Pi’el verbs. 6.29 Verbs in the Hithpa’el stem could be easily recognized and use as these verbs are augmented with the prosthetic syllable ת ְִה attached to ִ ] (ִקי ִרה ) under the prosthetic the front of the root. The vowel [ י○ consonant [ֵא( ]הה ) is due to the rule for contiguous שוואים, which is already given by default. 6.30 Minors the prosthesis, Hithpa’el stem verbs share identical vowel pattern as that of the Pi’el ָןי ְנ ִב ּ , both the head syllable of the triconsonantal root and its pillion syllable, including the presence of a דגשin all conjugation of all verbal forms: Innitive, Imperative, Imperfect, Participle and the Perfect Tense of Hithpa’el. 6.31 In cases where the middle consonant of the root is a guttural or laryngeal which could not load a דגש, the rules for compensatory lengthening and or virtual doubling without lengthening the proceeding vowels shall be applicable.
ב ר ו ך
ב ש ם
1 0 2 y r a u n a J n a H n ef f et S
6.32 For the Hollow verbs, the sole default vowel could not be doubled in the Intensive stem hence no דגשwould be employed, but duplicatng the consonant is a substitute, apparently some form of it. No Innitive Absolute of the Hollow verbs in the Intensive stem has been discovered from the ך“ ;תנnevertheless, the Innitive Construct for the Intensive ֵ +○ֹ ] stem of of the Hollow verbs verbs has been given given a conbination of [○ (צרי+ )הולם חסרas the vowels in the sample words: םמ ֵ ק ֹ for Polel
Hebrew Verbal System
14
ַ +○ֹ ] (פתח+ )הולם חסרfor the polal verbs, and a another pair of [○ form of the Intensive Hollow verbs, as the vowels in the sample word: םמ ַ ק ֹ . 6.33 The Innitive Absolute of Causative Stems For default vowels, the Hiphil Default vowels in Innitive Absolute schleps a ֵ +ה combination of [○ ַ ] (צרי+פתח+ֵהה ) Hiphil Innitive Absolute Qal ָ [ ֹו+○ ָ] ַ serves as לט ֹוק where the head syllable ה the prosthesis. This combination is לט ֵ ק ְ ה ַ [○ ֵ +ה ַ ] Hiphil only used in the formation of the Hiphil Innitive Absolute, as the Hiphil Innitive Construct would use another set of default vowels, a ִ +היריק מלא( ] ַה+פתח+ֵהה ), which makes up the combination of [ י○ basis to install all other verbal forms, tenses and mood for the Hiphil binyan but binyan but mostly used in the zero vowel sufformative conjugation.
6.34 In most cases of the Imperative, ֵ ] ()צרי non-Qal stems would take [○ as stem vowels led by the prosthesis of each respective stem, weather it is the active or passive form, except mono-syllable verbs, stative verbs and ח/ע” לverbs. For the latter ַ ] ( )פתחthat two, it is the vowel [○ plays the role of the stem vowel in the pillion syllable of the verb. Note must be taken that it is only in the Hiphil binyan that vocalic conjugations would not induce an accent shift.
Default vowels in Hiphil Innitive Absolute (Hophal n. a.) Example Verb type
לט ֵ ק ְ ה ַ דמ ֵ ע ֲ ה ַ ֵּ ַה לצ בש ֵׁ ֹוה ַ ח ַ ל ֵ ש ְׁ ה ַ אצ ֵ מ ְ ה ַ הל ֵ ְגה ַ םק ֵ ה ָ בס ֵ ה ָ
קל
Strong
ח/ פ ”ע ” פverb נ”פ ו/י”פ ח/ע”ל ”” ללverb א”ל ה”ל ו/י” עHollow ע” עGeminate
. d e s i v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J ב ב n a ר ר ו ו H ך ך n e f ב ב f ש ש e t S ם ם
CHAPTER SIX: The Infnitive Absolute
6.35 Default vowels in the Hophal Innitive Absolute have been given a ֵ+○ ָ ] (צרי+ )שוואwhere the syllable [ ] ָהis the combination of [○ ְ +ה default prosthesis for Hophal binyan , as the vowels in the sameple word: לט ֵ ק ְָה .
6.36 Innitive Absolute of the Weak and Irregular Verbs Innitive Absolute in the weak verbs category, with the exception of single syllable verbs and all ”( לlamed) verbs (ח/ לע,ה” ל,א”)ל, would use the same vowel pattern found in the name of each respective stem.
6.37 For ח/ע” לverbs, while the [ָ ○] ()קמץ, which is the base head vowel for the Innitive Absolute in the lead of the שורש, it totes the vowel ֵ ] ( )צריthat mounts at the pillion syllable as stem vowel, adding a [○ ָהב ְנ ּוּח ּגת ַּפ ַ (patach furtive) just before the last guttural consonant. 6.38 ָ ] ( )קמץleads at the head and [○ֵ ] ( )צריrides at the For ה” לverb, [○ pillion as the stem vowel.
ך
ב ש ם
ב ר ו
1 0 2 y r a u n a J n a H n ef f et S
6.39 In the case of Hiphil verbs, except for Hiphil Hollow (ו/י” )עverbs ָ ] ( )קמץis given as the head vowel with [○ֵ ] ( )צריas where the [○ stem vowel, and rst-ו( י/י” )פverb in the Hiphil binyan binyan which which loads ֵ ] ( )צריas stem vowel, all the the syllable ה ֹוas prosthesis with [○ ֵ +○ַ ] (צרי+)פתח other Hiphil Innitive Absolute weak verbs carry [○ ַ ] ( )פתחis used combination as default vowels. Seemingly, the vowel [○ as the default head vowel in Hiphil binyan binyan of of all verbal forms, except the Hiphil Perfect Perfect Tense. Tense. For Hollow verbs in all other stems stems would carry [)חולם מלא( ]ו, which actually is the sole vowel in all Hollow verbs, as stem vowel with no other head vowel as Hollow verbs are monosyllable verbs.
ֹ
15
16
Hebrew Verbal System
6.40 ָ ] ( )קמץleads at the head syllable with [○ֵ ] ( )ירצas For ו/י“ פverb, [○ ֵ +○ָ ] (צרי+ )קמץdefault combination. stem vowel, forming a deuce of [○ 6.41 To tie up the loose ends, the Innitive Absolute in Hebrew, as in other verbal stems, utilizes a specic set of default vowels to indicate how it would operate in a sentence. The set of specic vowels, in the case of the Innitive Absolute, is reected in the word for Innitive: רק ֹומ ָ , at least in the Qal stem. The default vowels for other stems, likewise, would be found in the vowels of the nomenclature of each stem, which actually is in the form of the Innitive, allowing room for adjustment of names as in the case with Pi’el, which could be known as Pa’el, the actual name used in Aramaic for the same binyan . In stems that do not have a clear form of the Innitive Construct, the Innitive Absolute would be used for that role. The magic of the whole enterprise of the Hebrew verb is not just the name; but more importantly, it is the vowels inherently given in the orthography of the name. Soon a student discovers and recognizes this soon would he be able to master Hebrew: to read and to use it.
. d e s i v e r 1 1 0 2 y r a u n a J ב ב n a ר ר ו ו H ך ך n e f ב ב f ש ש e t S ם ם
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