Chapter III (RESEARCH METHOD)

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. The Type and The Characteristics of Study The researcher analyzed lexical cohesion on the students’ descriptive text. In this case, the researcher found the types of lexical cohesion on the students’ writing paragraphs especially descriptive paragraph text. It was conducted in STAIN Jurai Siwo Metro. Going from this statement, the researcher decided to apply qualitative method as a type of this research. Basically, Qualitative research is one of research types that can be used in education scope beside quantitative and class room action research. To address a research problem, qualitative research is a method that is best suited in which we do not know the variable and need to explore.1 By using this method the researcher explored the phenomenon of the use of lexical cohesion on the students’ descriptive text. The characteristic of this research was natural setting. Qualitative researcher tended to collect data in the field at 1John W. Creswell, Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative research, (USA: Person, 2012), Fourth edition, p. 16

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the side where participants experience the issue or problem under study.2 Therefore, the researcher conducted all of the process of collecting and analyzing data naturally. Actually, there are five types of qualitative approach to inquiry namely,

narrative

research,

phenomenology,

grounded

theory,

ethnography, and case studies. But, the appropriate approach for this research was case study. Because the researcher will focus on a single unit, that was on the students’ writing descriptive text. B. Data Source The primary data of this research was the descriptive text written by the sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of STAIN Jurai Siwo Metro in the academic year 2015/2016. The researcher found the types of lexical cohesion on students’ writing descriptive text. In conducting this research, the researcher selected some students’ writing descriptive text at the sixth semester students of English Department, than the researcher analyzed it and found the existence of lexical cohesion in it. The secondary data of this study was information that was taken from the lecturer who was master in the subject which was related with this research. The researcher asked the lecturer to look into the result of the researcher’s analysis about the types of lexical cohesion on the students’ writing descriptive text. Furthermore, the result of interview the 2Ibid, p. 37

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students about their understanding about lexical cohesion. Moreover, it was taken documentation like audio when inerviewing and some relevant books, English dictionary, internet, writing lecture, and documentation related to this research.

C. Data Collection Technique Generally, qualitative findings grow out of three kinds of data collection: (1) in-depth, open-ended interviews; (2) direct observation; and (3) written documents. In this research the researcher used those ones, namely interview, observation and documentation for collecting data. 1. Observation As the principle means of collecting data, observation that the researcher performed was by the following steps: a. Selecting the site and the object to be observed. In this research, the site and object that was performed by the researcher was the sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of STAIN Jurai Siwo Metro in the academic year 2015/2016. b. Determining an activity that was conducted in observation. In this study, the researcher collected some students’ writing descriptive texts at the sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of STAIN Jurai Siwo Metro in the academic year 2015/2016 from the lecturer who guided them in the subject of writing. 2. Interview To collect the data, the researcher conducted the interview to obtain some information, suggestion and opinions about the primary

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data. By interview I known deeply about the students’ knowledge about lexicl cohesion and I known about the reason from my questions. In this research the researcher used one-on-one interview type to get the information.3 The researcher was planning to determine the informants based on their competency in lexical cohesion. The informants that asked were the sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of STAIN Jurai Siwo Metro in the academic year 2015/2016. 3. Documentation Documentation also as the principle means of collecting data. Based on the four categories of document, the researcher chose researcher-generated document for this study.4 It can be shown that the researcher collected the students’ writing descriptive text at the sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of STAIN Jurai Siwo Metro in the academic year 2015/2016. Then, the researcher determined the types of lexical cohesion that are found in the students’ writing descriptive text.

D. Data Analysis Technique 3Jhon W. Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design, Chosing Among Five Approaches, Second Edition, (London: SAGE Publications, 2007), p. 132 4Donal Ary, et.al, Introduction to Research in Educations, (United States: Wadsworth Cengage learning), p. 442

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This research applied the Miles and Huberman model to analyze the data that has been collected. The procedure was shown in the following figure:

Figure 2. Analysis Components of Miles and Huberman Model

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Data analysis using Miles and Huberman model was conducted as follows: 1. Data collection was the first step in which the researcher collected all data which was used to complete the research. 2. Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions. In this step, the researcher collected and selected texts containing lexical cohesion as the main object of research.

5Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis, Second Edition, (London: SAGE Publications, 1994), p. 12

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3. Data

display

includes

the

process

which

the

researcher showed up the data collected in the form of tables, charts, networks and other graphical formats. 4. Conclusion involves a process to infer what the analyzed data mean.

E. Research Approach Using the case study approach, the researcher generated the following procedures: 1 Determining focus to the research and formulating the questions The researcher focused on the analysis of the type of lexical cohesion that was found on students’ writing descriptive text of the sixth semester students of English Education Study Program of STAIN Jurai Siwo Metro. Then I formulated some questions that relate with focuse of this research. 2 Determining case, collecting and analyzing the data After finishing gaining data from writing product of the students’ descriptive text, the researcher determined the case that data was analyzed. 3 Supplying collecting data instrument

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The

researcher

was

purposing

on

planning

to

determine several instruments to collect the data format and document the data. 4 Evaluating and analyzing the data The researcher evaluated the data before analyzing and interpreting the data. It was to ensure the data that was complete. 5 Making report The researcher generated a report to simplify the data collected in the form of resume or summary.