Chapter 8 - Financial & Management Reporting Systems

 

Adnptmr 4  Ioknkaonl Rmpcrtokg nkf Enkngmemkt Rmpcrtokg Qystmes

 

OQ Iukatocks ci GLQ 

Gmkmrnl lmfgmr systmes sdculf8 acllmat trnksnatock fntn prceptly nkf naaurntmly 

  Okput







Prcamss

▨ pcst trnksnatocks tc prcpmr naacukts ▨ upfntm gmkmrnl lmfgmr naacukts nkf trnksnatock lms ▨ rmacrf nfhustemkts tc naacukts 

Cutput

alnssoiy/acfm fntn nkf naacukts vnlofntm acllmatmf trnksnatocks/ enoktnok naacuktokg acktrcls (m.g., mqunl fmbots nkf armfots) prcamss trnksnatock fntn



stcrm trnksnatock fntn gmkmrntm toemly knkaonl rmpcrts

 

Ioknkaonl Rmpcrtokg QystmQystme Gmkmnl Lmfgmr Qystme e os nlsc

anllmf tdm KckEnkngmemkt Ayalm. Aya lm. Bollokgs Vdos os dcw ot os anllmf by scem nufotokg Rmpcrtokg res, m.g., QGY. QGY. Ot os tdm systme tdnt rmamovms Qystme tdm sueenrozmf cutput aceokg irce tdm fomrmkt naacuktokg okicrentock systmes ns Okvmktcry Qnlms smmk ok tdm fongrne. Dcwmvmr, tdmrm ank Acktrcl bm bm okputs tc tdm systme tdnt nrm kct aceokg irce Gmkmrnl ctdmr systmes. Vdmsm okputs usunlly acem acem ok Lmfgmr  tdm icre ci Hcurknl Ycuadmrs. Ckly Qystme Ansd Pnyrcll trnksnatocks tdnt nrm kct prcamssmf ok ctdmr (GLQ) Rmamopts systmes nrm formatly okputtmf tc tdm GLQ, m.g., rmalnssoantock mktroms, nfhustokg mktroms, alcsokgAcst mktroms, fmbot tc mquoty ackvmrsock, Ansd mta. Vdm Ioknkaonl nkf Enkngmemk Enkngmemktt Fosbursmemkts Rmpcrtokg  Naacuktokg systmes gmt tdmor fntn irce tdm GLQ.  Naacukts Pnynblm

 

Hcur Hcurknl knl Ycuad Ycuadmr mr 

Qcuram ci okput tc tdm GL  Rmprmsmkts sueenroms ci soeolnr trnksnatocks cr sokglm ukoqum trnksnatocks  Ofmktoms tdm knkaonl necukts nkf nmatmf GL naacukts

 

GLQ Fntnbnsm 

Gmkmrnl lmfgmr enstmr lm  prokaopnl IRQ ilm bnsmf ck adnrt adnrt c naacukts Gmkmrnl lmfgmr dostcry lm (usunlly (usunlly,, dcwmvmr, prmvocus ymnrs‟ bnlnkams nrm 



anpturmf ok tdm imlfs ok tdm GL enstmr ilm nkf tdmrmcrm smpnrntm GL dostcry ilms eny kct bm kmmfmf tc bm jmpt cklokm)

usmf cr acepnrntovm iknkaonl suppcrt  Hcurknl vcuadmr lm (tdos os n tmepcrnry ilm) nll hcurknl vcuadmrs c tdm aurrmkt pmrocf  Hcurknl vcuadmr dostcry lm (tdos os usunlly nk nradovmf ilm nkf kmmf kct 







bm enoktnokmf cklokm o aceputmr fosj stcrngm os nk ossum) 

 hcurknl vcuadmrs c pnst pmrocfs cr nufot trnol  trnol  Rmspcksoboloty amktmr lm (tdos os n rmmrmkam ilm) rmspcksoboloty amktmrs cr ERQ 







(tdos os n rmmrmkam ilm wdoad os tmepcrnry ns wmll sokam Bufgmt enstmr ot os jmpt cklokm cr nlm ymnr ckly usunlly) 

bufgmt fntn by rmspcksoboloty amktmrs cr ERQ  

Vdm Ioknkaonl Naacuktokg Prcamss 

Qcuram fcauemkts

Hcurknl mktroms ok tdm  hcurknl

Pcst mktroms tc tdm lmfgmr 

Nfhustokg nkf alcsokg

Vronl bnlnkam

Ioknkaonl stntmemkts

 

Ioknkaonl Rmpcrtokg Prcamss Ilcwadnrt

 

TBRL8 Rmmkgokmmrokg Ioknkaonl Rmpcrtokg 

Enky acepnkoms pcst knkaonl stntmemkts ck tdmor wmbsotms usokg DVEL (Dypmr Vmxt Enrjup Enrj up Lnkgungm). 





Ankkct bm ackvmkomktly prcamssmf tdrcugd OV nutcentock.

Pmricreokg nknlysos ckFntn fntnmktmrmf rmquorms tdme tc bm enkunlly nrm nll acksofmrmf nsusokg tmxt DVEL adnrnatmrs. mktmrmf oktc tdm usmr‟s usmr ‟s okicrentock okicrentock systme. Vdmrmicrm, kuebmrs mktmrmf ankkct bm Vdm sclutock tc tdm prcblmes os TBRL (mxtmksoblm anlaulntmf ck. Busokmss Rmpcrtokg Lnkgungm). Icr TBRL, fntn mktmrmf nrm rmacgkozmf Oktmrkmt stnkfnrf fmsogkmf icrkuebmrs, busokmss rmpcrtokg nkf ns tmxts, fntm, cr spmaonl okicrentock mxadnkgm. adnrnatmrs. Kuebmrs ank tdmrmicrm bm Cbhmatovm os tc inaolotntm tdm publoantock, mxadnkgm, anlaulntmf ck by tdm usmr. nkf prcamssokg ci knkaonl nkf busokmss okicrentock. okicrentock. Fmrovntovm ci TEL (mxtmksoblm Enrjup Lnkgungm). 





>0  

TEL 

TEL os n emtn-lnkgungm icr fmsarobokg enrjup lnkgungms.  Mxtmksoblm emnks tdnt nky enrjup lnkgungm ank bm armntmf usokg TEL. 



Okalufms tdm armntock ci enrjup lnkgungms anpnblm ci stcrokg fntn ok rmlntocknl icre, wdmrm tngs (icrenttokg aceenkfs) nrm enppmf tc fntn vnlums. Ank bm usmf tc ecfml tdm fntn struaturm ci nk crgnkozntock‟s oktmrknl fntnbnsm.

>>  

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrf-

prctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.

>2

 

TBRL 

TEL-bnsmf lnkgungm icr stnkfnrfozokg emtdcfs icr prmpnrokg, publosdokg, nkf mxadnkgokg knkaonl okicrentock.



Iorst stmp os tc smlmat nk TBRL tnxckcey. 



Alnssoantock sadmems tdnt spmaoiy tdm fntn tc bm okalufmf ok nk mxadnkgm cr rmpcrt.

Qtmps nrm iurtdmr fosaussmf ok

Kmxt stmp os tc arcss-rmimrmkam mnad GL naacukt tc nk npprcprontm TBRL tnxckceytdm mlmemkt kmxt(tng). slofms 





Enppokg crgnkozntock‟s crgnkozntock‟s oktmrknl fntn tc TBRL tnxckcey mlmemkts. Vngs nrm usmf wdmkmvmr fntn os fossmeokntmf tc cutsofmrs.

Aceputmr prcgrnes tdnt rmacgkozm nkf oktmrprmt tngs gmkmrnl TBRL okstnkam fcauemkts (knkaonl rmpcrts) tdnt ank bm publosdmf nkf enfm nvnolnblm tc usmrs.

>1  

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrf-

prctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Vdos os ycur Gmkmrnl Lmfgmr fntn icr mxneplm

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrf-

>6

prctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.

>=

 

Adccsm n tnxckcey enppmr. Dcwmvmr, oi ycu nrm subeottokg ycur knkaonl

Vdos os tdm enppokg prcamss8 prcamss8 ycur okfovofunl okfovofunl GL naacukts irce ycur adnrt ci naacukts nrm alnssomf naacrfokg tc tdm tnxckcey enppmr smmk nbcvm

stntmemktsngmkay, fntn tcm.g., n gcvmrkemkt QMA, tdmy nlrmnfy dnvm n prmsarobmf tnxckcey enppmr

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrf-

prctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Vdos os tdm rmsultokg wcrjsdmmt nitmr enppokg dns bmmk fckm.

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrf-

>9

prctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Vdos os tdm prcgrneeokg scuram acfm icr gmkmrntokg tdm okstnkam fcauemkts. Icr GL enpp enppokg, okg, tdm okstnkam fcauemkts nrm tdm knkaonl stntmemkts

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrf-

>7

prctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.

>4

 

Aurrmkt Qtntm ci TBRL Rmpcrtokg 

Lojmly tc bm tdm proenry vmdoalm icr fmlovmrokg busokmss rmpcrts tc okvmstcrs nkf rmgulntcrs ok tdm kmnr iuturm.  Fmvmlcpemkts ok TBRL Rmpcrtokg8 





Rmquormf icr ]Q bnkjokg qunrtmrly “Anll Rmpcrts―. QMA rulokg rmquorms lnrgm publoaly dmlf acepnkoms tc nfcpt QBRL by Fmamebmr 20>= tc emmt knkaonl rmpcrtokg rmquormemkts. Acepnrnblm fmvmlcpemkts tc mkacurngm cr rmquorm QBRL ok Vcjyc, Anknfn, Adokn, Qpnok, tdm Kmtdmrlnkfs nkf tdm ]J.



]sm ci TBRL inaolotntms iulllemkt ci lmgnl rmquormemkts



spmaomf ok QCT. (Vdos os kcw bmokg oeplmemktmf ok tdm Pdoloppokms by tdm QMA)

>?

 

GLQ Rmpcrts (mx (mxneplms neplms ckly) ckly) 

Gmkmrnl lmfgmr nknlysos8 









lostokg ci trnksnatocks nllcantock ci mxpmksms tc acst amktmrs acepnrosck ci naacukt bnlnkams irce procr pmrocfs tronl bnlnkams

Ioknkaonl stntmemkts8 



bnlnkam sdmmt okacem stntmemkt





stntmemkt ci ansd cws Enkngmronl rmpcrts8 







nknlysos ci snlms nknlysos ci ansd nknlysos ci rmamovnblms

Adnrt ci naacukts8 acfmf lostokg ci naacukts

 

Pctmktonl Rosjs ok tdm GL/IRQ Oeprcpmrly prmpnrmf hcurknl mktroms (duenk mrrcr)  ]kpcstmf hcurknl mktroms  mktroms (duenk mrrcr)  Fmbots kct mqunl tc armfots  armfots (ank bm prmvmktmf by vnlofntock 

acktrcls ok tdm HY okput prcamss ok aceputmrozmf systmes) 



Qubsofonry kct mqunl tc G/L acktrcl naacukt (tdos dnppmks ok kckoktmgrntmf naacuktokg naacukto kg systmes. Ok MRPs, lojm QNP QNP,, tdos fcms kct dnppmk nkyecrm sokam tdm subsofonry nkf GL tctnls nrm nlwnys entadmf nutcentoanlly. nutcentoanlly. Ok ey mxpmromkam ok tdm kokmtoms, kokmtoms, O dnvm n stn wdcsm hcb os fmvctmf tc rmackaolokg QL QL nkf GL tctnls sokam tdm systmes wmrm kct oktmgrntmf) Oknpprcprontm naamss tc tdm G/L (m.g., wmnj pnsswcrfs)

Pccr nufot trnol (lnajs naacuktokg rmacrfs)  Lcst cr fnengmf fntn (ank bm fum tc anlneotoms suad ns irm, 

 ccfs)

 

Acktrcl Ossums GL/IRQ Acktrcl 

Vrnksnatock nutdcrozntock - hcurknl vcuadmrs eust bm nutdcrozmf by n enkngmr nt tdm scuram fmpt (tdmrm eust bm sogknturms ck tdm HYs ns mvofmkam c tdm acktrcl)



Qmgrmgntock ci futoms ‑ G/L almrjs sdculf kct8 kct8 



dnvm rmacrfjmmpokg rmspcksoboloty icr spmaonl hcurknls cr subsofonry lmfgmrs prmpnrm hcurknl vcuadmrs  vcuadmrs (tdos os kct acrrmat sokam tdm GL almrjs eust bm tdm ckms wdc woll armntm HYs HYs cr trnksnatocks tdnt ankkct a nkkct bm  prcamssmf ok tdm ctdmr naacuktokg naacuktokg systmes. Prmvocusly emktockmf emktockmf mxneplms nrm rmalnssoiantock mktroms, nfhustokg nkf alcsokg mktroms, mta.)



dnvm austcfy ci pdysoanl nssmts

 

GL/IRQ Acktrcl Acktrcl Ossums 

Naamss acktrcls8 





]knutdcrozmf naamss tc G/L ank rmsult ok mrrcrs, irnuf, nkf eosrmprmsmktntocks eosrmprmsmktntocks ok knkaonl stntmemkts. Qnrbnkms-Cxlmy rmquorms acktrcls tdnt loeot fntnbnsm naamss tc ckly nutdcrozmf okfovofunls.

Naacuktokg rmacrfs - trnam scuram fcauemkts irce okamptock tc knkaonl stntmemkts nkf voam vmrsn

 

Wdy nufot trnol kmmfs tc bm fmtnolmf3 

Prcvofm tdm nboloty tc nkswmr okquoroms  Nblm tc rmackstruat lms oi tdmy nrm aceplmtmly cr pnrtonlly fmstrcymf  Prcvofm dostcroanl fntn rmquormf by nufotcrs  Iulll gcvmrkemkt rmgulntocks  Prcvofm n emnks icr prmvmktokg, fmtmatokg nkf acrrmatokg mrrcrs

 

GL/IRQ Acktrcl Acktrcl Ossums 

Okfmpmkfmkt vmroantock 

G/L fmpt. rmackaolms hcurknl vcuadmrs nkf sueenroms. 

Vwc oepcrtnkt cpmrntocknl rmpcrts usmf8 



 hcurknl vcuadmr lostokg lostokg ‑  ‑ fmtnols ci mnad  hcurknl vcuadmr vcuadmr pcstmf tc tdm G/L  gmkmrnl lmfgmr adnkgm rmpcrt  ‑  ‑ tdm mmats ci  hcurknl vcuadmr vcuadmr pcstokgs ck G/L naacukts naacukts

 

Vdos rmpcrt sdcws nll tdm hcurknl vcuadmrs ok kuemroanl crfmr crfmr mktmrokg tdm GL. Vdos nllcws tdm vmroantock ci tdm aceplmtmkmss ci HYs

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm

fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrf prctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Vdos rmpcrt sdcws dcw cpmkokg bnlnkams nrm nmatmf by tdm aurrmkt HYs tc nrrovm nt tdm mkfokg bnlnkams.

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm

2?

fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Oktmrknl Acktrcl Oeploantocks ci TBRL 

Vnxckcey armntock8 Okacrrmat gmkmrntock rmsults ok okacrrmat enppokg bmtwmmk fntn nkf mlmemkts tdnt aculf rmsult ok entmronl eosrmprmsm eosrmprmsmktntock ktntock ci knkaonl fntn.  Vnxckcey enppokg mrrcrs8 Acrrmatly gmkmrntmf TBRL tngs eny bm okacrrmatly nssogkmf nssogkmf tc oktmrknl fntnbnsm naacukts, rmsults ok entmronl eosrmprmsmktntocks eosrmprmsm ktntocks ci knkaonl fntn.  Ynlofntock ci okstnkam fcauemkts8 Okfmpmkfmkt vmroantock prcamfurms kmmf tc bm mstnblosdmf tc mksurm tdnt npprcprontm tnxckcey nkf tngs dnvm

10

bmmk npplomf bmicrm pcstokg tc n wmb smrvmr.  

]sokg Fntnbnsm Vmadkclcgy GL/IRQ ]sokg Vmadkclcgy 

Nfvnktngms8 





toemly, oi kct rmnl-toem, okicrentock

Rmecvms smpnrntock ci trnksnatock Rmecvms nutdcrozntock nkf prcamssokg 



oeemfontm upfntm nkf rmackaolontock

Fmtnolmf hcurknl vcuadmr lostokg nkf naacukt natovoty rmpcrts nrm n acepmksntokg acktrcl

Amktrnlozmf naamss tc naacuktokg rmacrfs 

Pnsswcrfs nkf nutdcrozntock tnblms ns acktrcls

1>

 

Enkngmemkt Rmpcrtokg Qystmes 

Prcfuam knkaonl nkf kckknkaonl Ioknkaonl stntmemkts nrm gmkmrntmf by

knkaonl rmpcrtokg systmes wdolm enkngmemkt nrm gmkmrntmftc by okicrentock kmmfmf byrmpcrts enkngmemkt “plnk, mvnluntm, acktrcl― enkngmemkt rmpcrtokg systmes (ERQ). (ERQ). ERQ  ]sunlly smmk ns fosarmtocknry rmpcrtokg nrm bnsmf ck enkngmemkt naacuktokg  Ank nrgum tdnt Qnrbnkms-Cxlm prokaoplms. y rmquorms Qnrbnkms-Cxlmy

ERQ 

ERQ prcvofm n icrenl emnks icr eckotcrokg tdm oktmrknl acktrcls

 

Inatcrs Vdnt Okumkam ERQ Fmsogk 

Enkngmemkt prokaoplms  Enkngmemkt iukatock, lmvml, nkf fmaosock typm  Prcblme struaturm  Vypms ci enkngmemkt rmpcrts  Rmspcksoboloty naacuktokg  Bmdnvocrnl acksofmrntocks

 

Enkngmemkt Prokaoplms 

Icrenlozntock ci tnsjs8 





struaturms tdm re nrcukf tdm tnsjs pmricremf rntdmr tdnk nrcukf okfovofunls‟ ukoqum sjolls nllcws spmaoantock ci tdm okicrentock kmmfmf tc suppcrt tdm tnsjs (ot os oepcrtnkt tdnt n acepnky eust dnvm n crenl nkf fmtnolmf crgnkozntock adnrt sc tdnt rmspcksobolotoms nkf nutdcrotoms nrm  pokpcoktmf)

 

Vdos os nk mxneplm ci tdm crgnkozntock adnrt nkf eny kct mxnatly bm ofmnl. N adnrt eny dnvm tc bm austceozmf©bnsmf ck tdmLmnrkokg. knturmNllcirogdts tdmrmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr 20>= Amkgngm wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm busokmss ci n fuploantmf, acepnkyok cr crgnkozntock.

fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Enkngmemkt Prokaoplms 

Rmspcksoboloty Rm spcksoboloty nkf nutdcroty8 







rmspcksoboloty   - cblogntock tc nadomvm fmsormf rmsults nutdcroty  - pcwmr tc enjm fmaosock fmaosockss wotdok tdm loeots ci tdnt rmspcksoboloty fmlmgntmf by enkngmrs tc subcrfokntms fmkm tdm vmrtoanl rmpcrtokg adnkkmls tdrcugd wdoad okicrentock cws

19

 

Enkngmemkt Prokaoplms

Wdoad os bmttmr bmtwmmk tdm twc3



Qpnk ci acktrcl8 tdm kuebmr ciVdos subcrfokntms formatly ukfmr tdm enkngmr‟s os tdm acktrcl Wmstmrk Vdos os tdm fmtnolmf rmpcrts icr enkngmrs wotd knrrcw spnks ci acktrcl ackampt ci Hnpnkmsm acktrcl ackampt ci wotd brcnf spnks ci sueenrozmf okicrentock icr enkngmrs acktrcl acktrcl 

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Vdos os bmttmr nky aceeukoantock trnvmls n sdcrtsokam fostnkam nkf natocks nrm oeemfontmly tnjmk. Icr mxneplm, oi n wcrjmr dns n suggmstock icr oeprcvmemkt, tdm tcp mxmautovm woll jkcw ci oi oeemfontmly nkf ank npprcvm ot icr oeplmemktntock scckmst ns wmll.

Knrrcw Qpnk ci Acktrcl

Wofm Qpnk ci Acktrcl

 

Enkngmemkt Prokaoplms 

Enkngmemkt by mxamptock8

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Enkngmrs sdculf loeot tdmor nttmktock tc pctmktonl prcblme nrmns. Rmpcrts sdculf icaus ck adnkgms ok jmy inatcrs tdnt nrm nsyeptcentoa ci pctmktonl prcblmes.

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(tdos os nk clf ackampt tdnt os kct prnatoamf ok prcgrmssovm

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acepnkoms. Acktokucus oepacktokucusly oeprcvmemkt rcvmemkt os oeplmemktmf oeplm emktmf by enkngmemkt wdmrmok tdmy mvnluntm prcamssms cr

oeprcvmemkt mvmk o kc mrrcrs cr prcblmes caaur.) caaur.)  

Enkngmemkt Iukatock, Lmvml, nkf Fmaosock Fmaosoc k Vypm Vypm Vcp enkngmemkt Eofflm Enkngmemkt

Cpmrntocks Enkngmemkt

Cpmrntocks

 

Enkngmemkt Iukatock, Lmvml, nkf Fmaosoc Fmao sock k Vypm Vypm 

Qtrntmgoa plnkkokg fmaosocks8 

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re‟s gcnls nkf cbhmatovms sacpm ci busokmss natovotoms crgnkozntocknl struaturm enkngmemkt pdolcscpdy lckg-tmre,, wotd brcnf sacpm nkf oepnat lckg-tmre kck-rmaurrokg , wotd dogd fmgrmm ci ukamrtnokty kmmf dogdly sueenrozmf okicrentock rmquorm mxtmrknl & oktmrknl okicrentock scurams

 

Enkngmemkt Iukatock, Lmvml, nkf Fmaosoc Fmao sock k Vypm Vypm 

Vnatoanl plnkkokg fmaosocks8 

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subcrfokntm tc strntmgoa fmaosocks  sdcrt tmre spmaoa cbhmatovms rmaur citmk inorly amrtnok cutacems loeotmf oepnat ck tdm re

 

Enkngmemkt Iukatock, Lmvml, nkf Fmaosoc Fmao sock k Vypm Vypm 

Enkngmemkt acktrcl fmaosocks8 

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usokg rmscurams ns prcfuatovmly ns pcssoblm ok nll iukatocknl nrmns mvnluntokg tdm pmricrenkam ci subcrfokntms ngnokst stnkfnrfs

Emnsurokg pmricrenkam os foault bmanusm scukf fmaosocks wotd lckg-tmre bmkmts eny kmgntovmly oepnat tdm sdcrt- tmre bcttce lokm.

 

Enkngmemkt Iukatock, Lmvml, nkf Fmaosoc Fmao sock k Vypm Vypm 

Cpmrntocknl acktrcl fmaosocks8 

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fmnl wotd rcutokm tnsjs knrrcwmr icaus, fmpmkfmkt ck fmtnols dogdly struaturmf sdcrt toem irnem

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Vdrmm bnsoa mlmemkts smt nttnoknblm stnkfnrfscr stmps8 

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mvnluntm pmricrenkam tnjm acrrmatovm natock

 

Alnssoa Alnssoantock ntock ci ci Fmaosock Fmaosock Vypms by Fmaosock Adnrnatmrostoas

 

Prcblme Qtruaturm 

Rmmats Rm mats nkf nmats dcw wmll fmaosock

enjmrs ukfmrstnkf nkf sclvm prcblmes  Mlmemkts ci prcblme struaturm8 

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fntn prcamfurms cbhmatovms

 

Prcblme Qtruaturm

Vdm dogdmr tdm pcsotock, tdm ecrm ukstruaturmf nrm tdm prcblmes bmokg inamf, o.m., mlmemkts ci tdm prcblmes bmacem ecrm ukamrtnok nkf eny rmquorm lccjokg icr fntn cutsofm tdm crgnkozntock. crgnkozntockecrm . Okicrentoc Okicrentock k systmes suppcrtokg dogdmr enkngmemkt enkngmemkt nrm spmaonlozmf nkf scpdostoantmf.

Okicrentock Qystme K c

    Q     O     l    n    k    Q    O      l    c     o   n    t   k     o   c     f    o    t    o    n    r    f     V   n   r

   V

kV r n f ot oc k n

l

OQ

   Q    O     l   n   k   c    o    t    o    f   n   r    V     k

Enkngmemkt Lmvml

Prcblme Qtruaturm ]kstruaturmf

  Qtrntmgoa Enkngmemkt   Vnatoanl Enkngmemkt

Pnrtonlly Qtruaturmf

  c    K

Cpmrntocks Enkngmemkt Cpmrntocks Qtruaturmf

 

Enkngmemkt Rmpcrts 

Rmpcrt cbhmatovms - rmpcrts eust dnvm vnlum cr okicrentock acktmkt  Vdmy sdculf… 

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rmfuam tdm lmvml ci ukamrtnokty nsscaontmf wotd n prcblme inaokg tdm fmaosock enjmr okumkam tdm bmdnvocr ci tdm fmaosock enjmr ok n pcsotovm wny (ns uturm naacuktnkts, ycur rmpcrts sdculf bm nblm tc dmlp enkngmemkt nrrovm nt scukf fmaosocks. Vdm rmpcrts acktnok ckly rmlmvnkt rmlmvnkt fntn nkf  prmsmktmf ok n wny tdnt os ecst ukfmrstnkfnblm ukfmrstnkfnblm by tdm tdm rmaopomkt)

 

Rmpcrt Nttrobutms Vdmrm wculf bm Rmlmvnkam ‑ usmiul tc fmaosock enjokg toems tdnt tdmsm  Queenrozntock ‑ npprcprontm lmvml ci fmtnoltwc nttrobutms ackoat. _cu ank bm  Mxamptock cromktntock ‑ ofmktoiy rosjs aceplmtm but kct  Naaurnay ‑ irmm ci entmronl mrrcrs subeot n rmpcrt ck toem cr ycu ank bm  Aceplmtmkmss ‑ mssmktonl okicrentock ck toem but kct 

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Voemlokmss ‑ ok toem icr fmaosocks  Ackaosmkm Ackaosmkmss ss ‑ ukfmrstnkfnblm icrent

dnvm nll tdm okicrentock. Ns nk naacuktnkt, ycu dnvm tc fmaofm wdoad dns ecrm wmogdt.

 

Vypms ci ci Enkngmemkt Enkngmemkt Rmpcrts 

Prcgrneemf rmpcrts8 

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sadmfulmf rmpcrts ‑ prcfuamf nt spmaomf oktmrvnls, m.g., wmmjly ck-fmenkf rmpcrts ‑ troggmrmf by mvmkts, m.g., okvmktcry lmvmls frcp tc n amrtnok lmvml

Nf dca rmpcrts8 

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fmsogkmf nkf armntmf “ns kmmfmf― sotuntocks nrosm tdnt rmquorm kmw okicrentock

 

Fntn Eokokg 

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Prcamss ci smlmatokg, mxplcrokg, nkf ecfmlokg lnrgm necukts ci fntn tc ukacvmr rmlntocksdops nkf glcbnl pnttmrks tdnt mxost ok lnrgm fntnbnsms but nrm doffmk neckg tdm vnst necukt ci inats. Vdos os bmokg stufomf s tufomf ok Busokmss Nknlytoas wdoad wculf bm c nk nfvnktngm o naacuktnkts lojmwosm lojmwosm dnvm jkcwlmfgm jkcwlmfgm c tdos fosaoplokm. fosaoplokm. Icr mxneplm, o  ycu dnvm n Qtufmkts okcrentock okcrentock fntnbnsm, ycu ank pmrdnps bm nblm tc rmlntm nanfmeoa prcgrnes tc gmkfmr, neoly okacem cr mvmk pdysoanl nttrobutms c stufmkts. stufmkts. Irce tdm nknlysos, ycu ank enrjmt prcgrnes prcgrnes tc stufmkts wdc dnvm tdm ofmktoimf nttrobutms.

 

Npprcnadms tc Fntn Eokokg 

Ymroantock Ecfml 

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]sms froll-fcwk tmadkoqum tc motdmr vmroiy cr rmhmat n usmr‟s dypctdmsos.

Fosacvmry Ecfml 

Fosacvmr prmvocusly ukjkcwk but oepcrtnkt okicrentock okicrentoc k tdnt os doffmk wotdok tdm fntn.

 

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr

fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Rmspcksoboloty Naacuktokg 

Oeploms tdnt mvmry mackceoa mvmkt tdnt nmats tdm crgnkozntock os tdm rmspcksoboloty ci nkf ank bm trnamf tc nk okfovofunl enkngmr

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Okacrpcrntms tdm iukfnemktnl prokaoplm tdnt rmspcksoboloty-nrmn rmspcksoboloty -nrmn enkngmrs nrm naacuktnblm naacuktn blm icr otmes tdnt tdmy acktrcl

=6

 

Qmttokg Ioknkaonl Gcnls8 Bufgmtokg Bufgmtokg dmlps enkngmemkt nadomvm knkaonl cbhmatovms by smttokg emnsurnblm gcnls icr mnad crgnkozntocknl crgnkozntock nl smgemkt.  Bufgmt okicrentock cws fcwkwnrf nkf bmacems okarmnsokgly fmtnolmf nt mnad lcwmr 

, pmcplm nt tdm lcwmst lmvmls dnvm n pnrtoaopntock ok (dcwmvmr lmvml (dcwmvmr,  creulntokg bufgmts bufgmts tc govm tdme tdme n mmlokg c sdculf cwkmrsdop) cwkmrsdop) 

Vdm pmricrenkam okicrentock cws upwnrf ns rmspcksoboloty rmspcksobol oty rmpcrts.

 

Rmspcksoboloty Amktmrs 

Acst amktmr  ‑  ‑ rmspcksoblm icr jmmpokg acsts

wotdok bufgmtnry loeots  Prcit amktmr  ‑  ‑ rmspcksoblm icr bctd acst acktrcl nkf rmvmkum gmkmrntock 

Okvmstemkt  ‑ ci  ‑ dns gmkmrnl nmatokg nutdcrotyacsts, tc enjm n wofmamktmr  rnkgm fmaosocks rmvmkum, nkf okvmstemkts ok nssmts

 

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr

fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr

=4

fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr

=?

fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr

90

fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

© 20>= Amkgngm Lmnrkokg. Nll rogdts rmsmrvmf. Eny kct bm acpomf, sankkmf, cr

9>

fuploantmf, ok wdclm cr ok pnrt, mxampt icr usm ns pmreottmf ok n loamksm fostrobutmf wotd n amrtnok prcfuat cr smrvoam cr ctdmrwosm ck n pnsswcrfprctmatmf wmbsotm icr alnssrcce usm.  

Bmdnvocrnl Acksofmrntocks8 Gcnl Ackgrumkam 

ERQ nkf acepmksntock sadmems dmlp tc npprcprontmly nssogk nutdcroty nkf rmspcksoboloty.  Oi acepmksntock emnsurms nrm kct anrmiully fmsogkmf, enkngmrs eny mkgngm ok natocks kct cptoenl icr tdm crgnkozntock (mspmaonlly o enkngmrs mml tdnt tdmy tdmy nrm kct wmll acepmksntmf. Nlsc, o acepmksntock sadmems nrm kct prcpmrly fmsogkmf, m.g., tdmy nrm pmrcrenkam bnsmf, enkngmrs eny rnufulmktly ikf wnys tc enjm tdmor pmrcrenkam up tc  pnr). 

Qdcrt-tmre v. lckg-tmre emnsurms

92

 

Bmdnvocrnl Acksofmrntocks8 Okicrentock Cvmrlcnf

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Caaurs wdmk enkngmrs rmamovm ecrm okicrentock tdnk tdmytcank nssoeolntm Ank anusm enkngmrs fosrmgnrf icrenl okicrentock nkf rmly ck okicrenl‖prcbnbly okimrocr‖aums wdmk enjokg fmaosocks (tdos os kcrenl duenk bmdnvocr, bmdnvocr, o.m., o wmrm nrm ackrcktmf wotd tcc euad okcrentock, wm scemtoems hust rmly ck ctdmr pmcplm cr scurams tc ofmktoy wdoad c tdm okcrentock wm dnvm ck dnkf nrm rmlmvnkt)

 

Bmdnvocrnl Acksofmrntocks8 Oknpprcprontm Pmricrenkam Emnsurms

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Npprcprontm pmricrenkam emnsurms Npprcprontm Qtoeulntm bmdnvocr acksostmkt wotd re cbhmatovms 

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Enkngmrs acksofmr nll rmlmvnkt nspmats, kct hust ckm Mxneplm ci oknpprcprontm emnsurms8 proam vnronkam ‑ ank nmat tdm qunloty ci tdm otmes puradnsmf (o 

enkngmemkt os tcc ackamrkmf wotd gmttokg tdm lcwmst proams cr entmronls, qunloty eny bm aceprceosmf) 

quctns ‑ ank nmat qunloty acktrcl, (meplcymms entmronl eny usngm maomkay, bm tcc causmf ck lnbcr rmlntocks, plnkt enoktmknkam nadomvokg tdm quctn nt tdm mxpmksm c ctdmr otmes suad ns qunloty)

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prct emnsurms ‑ ank nmat plnkt okvmstemkt, meplcymm trnokokg, okvmktcry rmsmrvm lmvmls, austcemr sntosinatock (tc nadomvm prcit, enkngmemkt eny bm tcc acksaocus c acst cutlnys cr mxpmksms wdoad eny