CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 4: ESSENTIAL AND TRACE IONS  Essential ions –specialized biochemical functions - Not found in general electrolyte replacement preparations - IRON and IODIDE show defined deficiency syndrome

IONS

IRON (Fe) IODINE (I)

COBALT (Co)

PRINCIPAL

CLINICAL

METABOLIC

MANIFESTATIONS

FUNCTIONS Constituent of HEMOGLOBIN Constituet of  THYROXIE  TRIIODOTHYRO NINE Constituent of  Vitamin B12

OF DEFECIENCY anemia Endeic (simple) giter cretinism Pernicious anemia

(cyanocobalami

deficiency of vit.

n)

B12 Polycythemia

ZINC (Zn)

COPPER (Cu)

Constituent of  Insulin  Carbonic

excess vit. B12 Anemia Stunted growth Hypogonadism in

anhydrase Formation of

male Hypochromic

Hemoglobin 

anemia 

increase IRON

excessive heptic

UTILIZATION

storage in

CONSTITUENT of

Wilson’s disease

SULFUR (SO4 2-)

oxidase enzymes Constituent of  Proteins mucopolysacch

Cystinuria Cystine renal calculi

arides  Heparin  Biotin Detoxification

 IRON -

Present in RESPIRATION IN HIGHER ANIMALS Essential in ELEMENTARY METABOLLIC PROCESSES of CELL Acts as ELECTRON CARRIER in RESPIRATION CHAIN For transport of molecular oxygen in higher organisms  Functions of iron depend on the coordination compounds in different states of oxidation and bonding

Body Components containing iron: OCCURENCE

IRON BOUND

MODE OF

Blood system

AS  Hemoglobin

LINKAGE - Heme

Tissues

 Plasma

- Transferrin

 Functional

- Heme

IRON ( myogbli

FUNCTIONS - Oxygen transport - Iron transport - Cell respiration

a. Ferritin

n, cell hemes)  Storage iron

 Iron pool b. hemosideri n

detoxific ation

Two types of PROTEIN associated with IRON: 1. HEMOPROTEINS - Iron containing proteins for respiration and carrying oxygen  Cytochrome C  a respiratory enzyme  Iron is complexed in PORPHYRIN ( ex: heme) ring bonded covalently with the protein portion of molecule.  Iron in here functions as OXGEN CARRIER – present as ferrous ( Fe 2+) or Ferric ( Fe3+)  Electron transefer – picks and donate electrons  MYOGLOBIN

FOR STORING AND

TRANSPORTING OXYGEN

 HEMOGLOBIN  Four protein chains – contains heme unit of porphyrin ring





and ferrous iron 2. IRON STORAGE / TRANSPORT PROTEINS Ferritin  water soluble, crystallizable iron protein  Build up from apoferritin and micelles ( colloidal ferric hydroxide- phosphate complex)  Released in FERROUR FORM but stored in ferric form Hemosidrin – water insoluble, known as DEHYDRATED FERRITIN  Ferritin and Hemosidrin – found in liver, spleen and bone



marrow Transferrin – major iron transport protein of blood plasma  Glycoprotein



ANEMIA  Circulating red blood cells are deficient in number or deficient in total hemoglobin content, per unit of blood 

volume Lower oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Can be caused by:

  

1. Excessive blood loss Hemorrhaging Menstrual flow Bleeding ulcer

  

2. Blood destruction Drug therapy Infections Toxins



3. Decreased blood formation Deficiency of key materials like COBALAMIN, FOLIC ACID, IRON

    

and PYRODOXINE Renal insufficiency Infections Malignancy Marrow Failure



Oral route -> method of choice when iron supplements is prescribed



Iron- astringent 

Given after meals or between meals for greater absorption



Duodenum – iron absorption occurs, unabsorbed Fe will be excreted out

FERROUS SULFATE ( FeSO4 * 7H20)  Iron sulfate, Copperas, Green Vitriol, Iron Vitriol -

Properties: Pale, bluish green crystal or granules, odorless Saline, styptic taste Efflorescent in dry air Readily oxidizes in moist air  forms brownish yellow basic ferric sulfate

NOTE: Don’t use Ferrous sulfate when coated with brownish yellow basic ferric sulfate 1 gram ferrous sulfate  soluble 1.5 mL water / 0.5 mL boiling Preparation:  Copperas  most known commercial ferrous sulfate  Obtained as by product in the PICKING OF STEEL  Picking of steel – immersing steel in diluted sulfuric acid to clean from spots and rust  Vat liquor—has ferrous sulfate, concentrated to crystallization  Mineral pyrite  iron pyrite or fool’s gold  Occurs in nature as shining golden yellow crystals  Atmospheric oxidation  Mass is extracted with water  Treated with SERAP IRON – convert any ferric to ferrous

 Clarified solution – evaporated to crystallization USES:  HEMATINIC – oral preparation  Drug of choice for UNCOMPLICATED IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (ferrous sulfate)

IODIDE



Necessary for synthesis of two hormones produced by thyroid gland (Triiodothyronine and thyroxine)



Can be administered internally



Iodine reduced to iodide when release to intestinal

tract  Common administered IODIDE SALT, for solubility reasons Iodine daily requirement Average man  140 micrograms Average female 100 micrograms  Enlargement of thyroid gland or simple / colloid goiter lack of sufficient iodine  Characterized by swelling at the neck  Compensatory mechanism when the body attempts to make up for the hormone deficiency by increasing the size of gland  Exceed administration of iodide cause Iodism  Irritation of the skin and mucous membrane  Exhibited by coryza ( head cold) rashes, headache, laryngitis… NOTE: Iodide is not given to ACNE Sodium Chloride

 Aid in more rapid elimination of iodide

COPPER  Indispensable for normal metabolism  Found in adequate amount in food, water and cooking body metabolism 3 roles of copper in body metabolism hemoglobin formation 1. Facilitate iron absorption 2. Stimulating to the enzymes in the heme and/ or globin biosynthetic pathways 3. Involved in mobilization of stored iron, preparation when iron is used into hemoglobin formation  Wilson’s disease  Excessive copper storage in the liver Symptoms: hepatic cirrhosis, brain damage, demyenilation and kidney defects  Penicillamine – drug of choice to place patient o negative copper balance

ZINC  Widely distributed in the body, associated with metalloenzymes, lie alcohol dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase, and carboxypeptidase  Zinc Deficiency  Associated with impaired growth  Parakeratosis – thickened, inflamed skin  Retarded sexual maturation  Zinc is a dietary essential – found in meat, milk, fish, nuts, legumes  Still investigated in wound healing

CHROMIUM

improve or normalize impaired the impaired glucose tolerance of some diabetics, old people and malnourished children.

SELENIUM  Antioxidant  Used with vitamin E  As Sulfide  used in the treatment of seborrhea dermatitis

NON-ESSENTIAL IONS FLUORIDE  Anticariogenic action—inhibition of dental cavity BROMIDE  Cause depression of the central nervous system in small dose Small dose – 0.2-2 g  Large dose (4-8 g)  depresses all reflexes, used as medication for epileptic seizures

ARSENIC  Potassium arsenate solution or Fowler’s solution  solution of arsenic trioxide and potassium bicarbonate  Used for leukemia ( lowers leukocytes counts)  Arsenicals  used in treatment of trypasonomiasis and ameobiasis

LITHIUM  Depressant to central nervous system and circulation  Used in manic- depressive disorder

 Diuretic action

GOLD  used in rheumatism arthritis  lupus erythematosus

ALUMINUM  Astringent and antiseptics—soluble aluminum compounds  Deodorant  in cosmetic industry

SILVER  protein precipitant  astringent  Antiseptic

silver ions on tissues

 Irritant and corrosive  increased concentration of fee silver ion

MERCURY  Mercurials  diuretics  Antiseptic  Parasiticide  Fungicide  Get rid of excess fluid in the body caused by cardiac edema  Strict dosage schedule  prevent mercury poisoning by soluble inorganic mercury salts

STRONTIUM  Strontium Bromide  seductive  Strontium lactate  cure osteoporosis  Strontium chloride  dentrifice – tooth temperature desensitizing agent

LEAD  Ingesting paint chips of old house (contain Pb)  Result poisoning  Pica  phenomenon refer to magpie and its indiscriminate eating habits  Lead encephalopathy  Serious symptom of poisoning  Result to brain damage  Mental retardation

CADMIUM  Itai-itai (ouch-ouch)  Local Japanese disease  Drinking water contaminated with cadmium Symptoms : severe bone pain Waddling gait Aminoaciduria Severe osteomalacia  sever bone softenings