Chapter 4 - Design Calculation R1
August 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Wwc typh cd lc``hrljnb `ctcrs nrh suppbjhg jo tmh prcahlt; tmhsh nrh tmh jogultjco jogultj co nog mhr`htjl typh `ctcrs. Wmh typh cd `ctcrs utjbjzhg ey utjbjty hqujp`hot sulm ns pu`ps, hbhvntcrs nog hslnbntcr `nlmjohs nrh typjlnbby jogultjco typh; wmjbh, tmh typh cd `ctcrs utjbjzhg ey njr-lcog njr-lcogjtjcojof jtjcojof systh`s nrh typjlnbby mhr`htjl typh. @ctcrs `ust eh prcthlthg. Ghsjfo uoghr tmh npprcprjnth lcgh rubh `ust eh nppbjhg tc hnlm typh cd `ctcrs. Lcgh rhdhrholh nrh tmh dcbbcwjof; YHL Nrtjlbh 7. \jzjof Ernolm Ljrlujt Lcogultcr dcr @ctcr Bcngs \thp >1 Ghthr`joh tmh `ctcr dubb-bcng lurrhot. Octh >.
DBL “ Dubb Bcng Lurrhot js ush tc ghthr`joh tmh tm h lco-
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4 = 8 > 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . : . = . = . < > = > 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 > = < 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 4 7 9 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 8 7 9 7 < < < < < < < < < < < < < < = > >
: 5 7 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 9 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . : . 7 . 9 . 5 . 4 : 7 : 4 4 4 4 4 4 = 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 : 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 : : : : : : 8 : : : : : : 9 5 > 7 : , , , , 6 5 < 5 5 6 8 5 7
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 r ) 9 > . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 9 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 9 . 4 . 4 . 9 . h t < 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 p d > 5 < < 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 > 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 g n c ( B t j o r X = > 5 > 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . = . 9 . > . < . 9 5 5 = 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 t 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 6 4 4 t 4 5 4 9 d , , , , 5 5 > > j < t s H ( = > 5 > 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 r . 9 . 9 . > . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 6 . < 8 > = 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 9 8 : b : , 5 > t 5 W
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O J N y @ l U o H n W p u O l H l L C B N J L U H @ @ C L r b c N F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F J b c X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X U D E @ X O C J W t Y s n h k 9 > 5 < 7 @ h r > X r c - > - > - > - > - > - : - = - 6 - 4 - 8 - 7 - < - 5 l \ N n > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ` s \ r > h K K K K K K K K K K K K K K N h t d r \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ p j - C C C C C C C C C C C C C C G u o b J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J N \ X N K K K K K K K K K K K K K K C B W O ` > 5 < 7 8 4 6 = > 5 < 7 8 4 6 = : 9 N h > > > > > > > > > J O t H W
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9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 r ) 9 < . . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 9 . 9 . 9 . > . > . < . 9 . 9 h t 5 5 5 : : 8 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 p d > 5 5 < < 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 < < > g n c ( B t j o r X : < 7 > > 6 8 = < 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 . . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . < . = . 9 . < . 6 . 4 . 5 . : . 8 5 : = 7 9 9 7 9 < 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 4 > 7 6 4 8 > < 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 t d 8 , , 6 > , = , = , 9 , : 9 , 9 > 7 < < 8 8 > j t ( : < 7 > > 6 8 = < 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 > r . . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 8 . 5 . : . > . 6 . 8 . 5 9 6 < 6 : 9 5 7 < 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 : = 4 6 8 < 4 9 b > < 5 < 8 8 t )
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B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B r b B D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D c c g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o D 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
s n h r N
9 > 5 < 7 8 4 6 = > - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - : - = - 6 - 4 - 8 - 7 - < - 5 > - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 - : - = - 6 - 4 - 8 - 7 - < - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ t t t t t t t t t j \ \ j j j j j j j j o o o o o o o o o C J J J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C X X X X X X X X X K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
` : 9 > 5 < 7 8 4 6 = : 9 > 5 < 7 8 4 6 = : 9 > 5 < 7 8 h > 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 < < < < < < < < < < 7 7 7 7 7 7 t J
46
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9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
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O C J W L H W U C Y W O H U U X L U H T C
N N T T N = 9 > 8 > 4 . . 6 6 4 , 9 < , 5 9 = < < 5 < 7 8 4 6 = k > r - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - > - 7 - < - 5 - : - 8 - = - 6 - 4 n c > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ` - l r > K K K K K K K K K K K K K s K K K K K K h > h r \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ t d p j C C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J - C J J J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C J C u o b \ X N K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
L J 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 N > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > K
U H K N H U E
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H B < < < < > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > C Y . W K L
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O C J W N B X L B N L U C W L X G O C L U H G H H D
µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` H ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` U J 9 = 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 . . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 > 8 > > > > < 5 > 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 V 9 > x x x x x x x x x x 8 x 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 7 < 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
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9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 . . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 , , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , > , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < 5 4 7 < < < 5 5 5 >
O C J W L H W C U Y W O H U U X L U H T C
U H K N H U E G H U J X ^ H U
U U H H K N K N H H U U E E G G H H U J U J X X ^ ^ H H U U
N N T T N 5 9 4 > 4 4 . 7 . 9 . 6 , 9 6 > 9 8 8 5 7 , 7 8 5 > <
9 > 5 < 7 8 4 6 = > - > - > - > - > - > - > - = - : - > - > - > - 5 - 6 - < - 7 - 8 - 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 - K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K h h h h h - = - 8 - < - > - 5 - 7 - 4 - : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ l l l l l t t t t t t t t t j j j j j j j j j C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C n n n n n o o o o o o o o o J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J p p p p p X X X X X X X X X K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K \ \ \ \ \
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Bcng \lmhgubh \u``nry js n `htmcg cd crfnojzjof no hbhltrjlnb bcngs mhbps jo ghthr`jojof tmh n`cuot cd pcwhr rhqujrhg dcr no jostnbbntjco. Wmjs jodcr`ntjco js tmho ushg ey hbhltrjlnb hofjohhrs tc prcphrby sjzh lcogultcrs, lcogujts nog ghthr` ghthr`joh joh tmh prcphr cvhrbcng nog ctmhr prcthltjco nog lcotrcb systh`s. Nbsc n fujgh dcr pnohb eujbghr nog lcotrnltcr tmnt wjbb jothrprht tmh lcothot cd tmh ghsjfo.
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> > : . : . > > 9 9 > >
> = . < 9 5
G H W O X W @ C O C @ N C H O U L H N W H D Y H F U G M \ T X @ @ B \
0 0 0 0
O C J W N 1 L C @ F G J B C O J W B B U H H D O O O G X N N H C Y Y D @
4 > 5 . : . 9 > 9 9 > >
6 > . 5 9 5
H U H Y ) @ N N T - ( W B C T U U H C W V C L Y N D
) V ( \ W W N V
O C J W Y J U L \ H G G N C B
) N ( 4 . > . 9 7 . 5 H B E N W / 4 . > . 9 7 . 5 H B L J W U N 6 > 9 5 L h H ` Y n ( s h E m L t L h @ e , t z s M u 9 ` 4 L , J T N 9 k 9 r h 7 k , n H h r B e C j t Y - u < l r , j D l N m 9 l 9 o 5 n r > E / g W o N 9 n o 9 j 5 n > @
O E
O N
) T ( H F N W B C T H U B H E K N N L H U @ U H H E G W O J H \ J L Z N N H \ @ K D
> = . < 9 5
O L
P ) E L F ( L @ V , M z W M µ 9 ` 4 , ` 9 T < 8 x > > z 7 M , + 9 H 4 B V , M H C W \ Y µ N < ` M , ` Y D 9 < N 9 , 9 5 9 T x 9 5 7 [ < > d , 5 W c / N W T 9 H 9 9 9 5 8 \ 7 > 4 7
> > : . : . > > 9 9 > >
6 8 5 : - 4 , 6 , 9 9 6 6
9 9 9 9 = . . = . = . = 9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7
> 4 9 < - 8 , 4 , 4 4 8 8
( H \ N M Y U H Y G N C B G H > 5 W U U L H H H W W O O O O H H C L L L U U H H B H H U U N W W N N W H H Y Y C @ @ \ \ W
) L . 7 . > . 9 7 . 5 h b l j t r 6 > 9 5 L H Y ( U C W L X G O C L U H G H H D & O C J W L H W C U Y W O H U U X L U H T C
H H U U H H Y Y @ @ N N 9 9 9 9 5 5 > >
0 0
) N ) ( N ( Z W J Z L W J N L Y N N Y L N C L U U W H L K X N G H O U C E L G G H H U U J J X X ^ ^ H H U U
1 1 h H t \ c X O
N N T T N 9 9 6 4 = 4 . 6 . > . < , 9 = < 5 = > = 8 , 9 , 5 9 > , 8 > 6
L J 8 8 8 8 N 4 4 4 4 K
U H K N H U E
H 9 @ 9 9 9 9 9 9 N 9 9 9 U > > > > D Y 9 9 9 J 9 U 9 9 9 9 W = 4 > > H B < < < < C Y
. W K L
. C > 5 < 7 O
0 0 0 0
1 O C J W N B X L B N L G N C B G H W L H O O C L
) N T ( G ) N U ) C C N T N L ( B G W G ( G H N N W D N C L G C B B H O B B O N N N O @ W W C H C C L G W W
6>
H L L L Y Z @ @ @ W J J J Z N V H L N U
U C W C @ G H W N
ý ý ý H ` ` ` Q J ` ` ` \ < > > 8 5 5
H V V V Y M M M Z W W W W
H L U H @ Y > J @ N ý N @ ` 9 H ` 9 < 8 O 8 0 0 0 H B X G H M L \ H U J V
M @ Y G h b u g h m l \ g n c B 5 . 6 . 7 h b e n W
) 7 . 5 . 9 < . 7 H B L J W U N 6 > 9 5 L H Y ( O C J W N B X L B N L U C W L X G O C L U H G H H D
µ µ µ ` ` ` G ` ` ` U 5 8 . . 8 F 5 8 x 8 x x > > >
µ µ µ ` H ` ` ` ` ` U J 9 9 . . 9 = V 9 > = x x x 7 7 7
F H O J U X Z W \ N N C V U B H \ L L X O N E H U
= < . 5 - 4 >
W U \ H M F J M % 8 5 + G N C B B N W C W
) < 8 . < > x 8 5 . 9 ( + 4 5 = . . 6 7 4 : 4 > 5
0 ) N ( Z W J L N Y N L U H G H H D G H U J X ^ H U
0 0 ) ) N ( ( N Z Z W J J W L L N N Y Y N N L L U U H H G G H H H H D D G G H H U U J J X X ^ ^ H H U U
= < . 5 4 >
Ý <
) N ( G N C B G H W L H O O C L
\ G N C B D C H B X G H M L \ B N L J U W L H B H
> 5 - 4 7 . 5 . 9 5 5
< 4 . 7
O L
8 > . . 7 - 4 8 > 5 <
6 9 . 6 8
H U B H E K N N L H U U @ E H H W O L G J H \ J Z N N H \ @ K D
G H W O X C @ C @ C H U L N M H H F D @ - M \ U Y T X G @ B \
0 0 0 0
O C J W N 1 L C @ F G J B C O J B B U W H H D O O O G X N N H C Y Y D @
U C W C @ + G U H W C N W U C W @ \ G H H M W J F N M U W D \ C H H 9 M L J 9 F J T > > . M H + = : - G ) 7 < G H < 8 . N T < J C > B W L B H 7 N W < . W C < C 4 W U Y 5 (
O E
< 7 . . 5 - 7 4 : 5 5
6 4 . 8 8
P ) E F ( L L V @ W , µ z ` M ` 9 4 V , M T W x z 8 5 M > 5 9 7 , 4 H + , B H C V \ Y M W N < µ M Y , ` < D ` , N 9 T 9 9 9 9 > < 8 x 5 , 7 [ / W t h T N s 9 9 9 4 9 7 7 < 5
O N
H U H Y ) @ N N - T W ( B C T U U H C V W L C N Y D
) V ( \ W W N V
O C J W Y J U L \ H G G N C B
9 9 9 = . = . . = 9 9 9
) T ( H F N W B C T
9 7 7 9 6 6 8 , 8 , , 8 5 9 9 > > > >
9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7
9 : : 9 8 8 9 , 7 , , 7 9 = = :
H \ N M Y U H Y G N C B G H W L H O O C L X B L Y Y H L N - Y - B - N N W M M M Y C @ @ @ \ W
) n ( 5 . 8 . 9 < . 7 H B L J W U N 6 > 9 5 L H Y ( O C J W L H C W U Y W O H U U X L U H T C
0
0 0
) N ( Z W J L N Y N L U H K N H U E G H U J X ^ H U
) ) N ( ( N Z Z W J J W L L N N Y Y N N L L U H H U K K N N H H U U E E G G H H U U J J X X ^ ^ H H U U
N N N T T T N 8 6 5 7
L J 4 4 4 N < < < K
U H K N H U E
H @ 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 N 5 U 5 > > > D Y 9 9 J 8 9 6 U 5 W 5 >
H B < < < < C Y . W K L
. C > 5 < < O
0 0 0 0
1 O C J W N B X L B N L G N C B G H W L H O O C L
) N T U ( G C ) N W N ) C L B N T N G D G G ( H ( H U N N W C L N C B B H Y B B O \ N N O % W W C 9 C C L 5 W W
) N ( 4 . > . 9 7 . 5 H B E N W / 4 . > . 9 7 . 5
H B L J W U N 6 > 9 h 5 ` L n H s Y h ( m t E h L e L t @ s , u z ` M J 9 L 4 N , k T r h 9 k 9 n 7 h , r H e t B j u C l Y r - j < l , m D l N o r 9 n 9 E 8 / g W o n o N j 9 9 n 7 @
1 1 h H t \ c X O
65
H L L L Y Z @ @ @ W J J J Z N V H L N U
ý ý ý
H ` ` ` Q J ` ` ` \ = < <
6 4 4
H U H Y > Z N @ N N V 9 @ H U 9 4 H J > O V 0 0 0
H Y V V V Z M M M W W W W
H B X G H M L \ H U J V
) µ ) µ ) µ ` ` `
G ` ` ` 5 U 9 5 5 5 F < x x x
> ( > ( > ( 7 5 5
) µ ) µ ) µ ` ` `
F \ T B h b u g h m l \ g n c B < . 6 . 7 h b e n W
H ` ` ` 9 9 9 U J 9 9 9 > > V 5 x x x
F H O J U Z W X N N \ V U C B H \ L L X O N E H U
7 ( 7 ( 7 ( 7 5 5
: = 6 8 . < . < . = 5 > = 4 9 4 , > 5 >
7 < . 5 8 9 , 5
Ý <
\ G N C B D C H B X G H M L \ B N L J U W L H B H z
P ) E L F ( L @ V , M z W M µ 9 ` 4 , ` 9 T < 8 x > > 7 , M + 9 H 4 B V , M H C W Y \ < µ N ` M , ` Y D 9 < N 9 , 9 5 9 T x 9 4 7 [ < > , d 5 W c / N W T 9 H 9 9 9 4 8 \ 7 > 4 8
0 0 0 0
) N ( G N C B G H W L H O O C L
@ C C U U H B @ N U F L C O J J U D G W \ L O O N H N W B U W \ H N H F J O T H \ N @ U T B @ > D
0 0 0 0
O C J W N L 1 C @ F G J B C O J W B B U O H H D X O O G N N H C Y Y D @
4 7 . : 9 7
O L
> 6 < = . 9 . > . < 6 6 9 8 < 5 >
> 9 . = : <
O E
6 6 > > . 4 . 5 . 5 8 < 9 8 8 5 >
8 9 . > > 7
O N
U U H C W V C L Y N D ) N ( \ H U H Y @ N
) V ( \ W W N V
O C J W Y J U L \ H G G N C B
9 9 9 9 9 9 = . = . = . = . = . = . 9 9 9 9 9 9
4 8 < 5 . 7 . 9 . - - 4 : 7 9 > < = , 5 7 , > : : 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 = 7 9 5 : - - > , 4 , 7 , > > 5 9 5 4 9 , > > >
) N ( 4 . > . 9 7 . 5 H B E N W / 4 . > . 9 7 . 5
H H U U H H Y Y @ @ N N 9 9 9 9 4 4 > >
9 8 6 = < > - - < , 9 , > , > 5 < 8 8 9 5 , > 5 >
H U H Y ) @ N N T - ( W B C T
) T ( H F N W B C T H U B H E K N N L H U @ U H H E G W O L J J H \ Z N N H \ @ K D
> < 5 = . 4 . 9 . < 4 : 9 7 8 5 >
) L . 7 . > . 9 7 . 5 h b l j t r N 6 > 9 5 L H Y ( U C W L X G O C L U H G H H D & O C J W L H W C U Y W O H U U X L U H T C
\ N M Y U H Y G N C K B O G N E H . W Y L H N W L O O O O J O N C C O M @ J L G J H \ H B W - @ - N - T \ U N Y Y Y C \ N W G G G U T Y C @ @ @ Y W \ W
H B L J W U N 6 > 9 5 L h H ` Y n ( s E h L m t L h @ e , t z s M u 9 ` 4 L , J T N 9 k r 9 h 7 k , n H h r B e C j t Y - u < l r , j D l N m 9 l 9 o 4 > E n r / g W o N n 9 j o 9 4 n > @
0 0
) N ) ( N ( Z W J Z L W J N L N Y N Y L N U L C U W H L K X N G H O U C E L G G H H U J U J X X ^ ^ H H U U
1 1 h H t \ c X O
N N T T N 7 9 > > 8 :
L J 8 8 8 8 8 8 N 4 4 4 4 4 4 K
U H K N H U E
H @ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 N 4 9 U > 8 8 > > > D Y 9 9 9 J 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 U 5 9 W > 7 7 = > >
H B < < < < < < C Y . W K L
. C > 5 < 7 8 4 O
0 0 0 0
1 O C J W N B X L B N L
) N T (
G N C B G H W L H O O C L
G N U ) C C N ) B W T ( ( N G L G G H N N W D N C C L G B B H O B O N B N O @ N W W C H C C L G W W
6<
7.= Wrnosdcr`hr \jzjof Lnblubntjco
Wrnosdcr`hr \jzjof js n lrjtjlnb pnrts cd hqujp`hot sjzjof nog shbhltjco guh tc tmh mjfm lcst cd tmh trnosdcr`hr jd tmh cwohr wjbb smcubghr tmh lcst cd tmh hqujp`hot. Yrcphr sjzjof usjof gh`nog dnl-
tcr wjbb eh ghsjfohr‚s rhspcosjejbjty jo rhlc``hogjof tmh prcphr sjzh cd trnosdcr`hr. \thp.> Lnblubnth tmh gh`nog bcng jo n`phr n`phrh. h. \hh tneubntjco cd frcup cd bcngs drc` tmh bcngs slmhgubh usjof tmh lcoohlthg bcng nog gh`nog dnltcr. Wnebh 7.=.> Lcoohlthg Bcng Wneubntjco Bcng Ghslrjptjco @GY Whonot
Lcoohlthg Bcng (TN)
Gh`nog Dnltcr
Gh`nog Bcng (TN)
>,99>,>97
9.48
489,6>6.49
@GY @M
>5>,45=
9.69
=8,>45,7:7
9.69
>>,5=8,554
=7:,4958%; jo wmjlm tmh gh`nog dnltcr nssu`ptjco js 9.48 ensh co tmh Wnebh 7.=.5 cd tmjs shltjco. Wrnosdcr`hr Lnp. (TN) 0 Lcoohlthg Bcng ] Gh`nog Dnltcr ] >58% Wrnosdcr`hr Lnp. (TN) 0 >,5=8,554 ] 9.48 ] >58% Wrnosdcr`hr Lnp. (TN) 0 >,977,574.>5 TN Wrnosdcr`hr Lnp. (TN) 0 >,977.574 kTN
67
Wnebh 7.=.5 Gh`nog Dnltcr & Bcng Dnltcr Nllcrgjof tc typh cd Eujbgjof Gh`nog Dnltcr & Bcng Dnltcr Gh`nog Dnltcr Eujbgjof (%) Bcng Dnltcr (%)
Uhtnjb \tcrh Uhstnurnot \uphr`nrkht Fy`onsju`
48-69 78-68 88-68 69-68
58-8-58 58-
0 =999 (V))/(>999 (kTN)x>999)P 0 9.6>7 % Wmho, usjof tmh j`phgnolh rhbntjco; Q 0 ∑ (Uµ + ]µ), wh lno lnblubnth ]% tc eh1
]% 0 ∑ (Q%µ - U%µ) 0 ∑ (6µ - 9.6>7µ) 0 4.:4 %, Mholh ]/U 0 ]%/U% 0 4.:4 / 9.6>7 0 :.67= Xshg1 >,999 kTN, .4 tmh 5.79.>.4 tmh sjzh cd tmh pcwhr dush dcr tmh prj`nry prcthltjco cd tmh trnosdcr`hrs smnbb eh1
J SYUJ@NUZ DX\H 0>,999 kTN /(∑(9.> Ljrlujt Gjnfrn` \mcwjof bclntjco nog nssu`h gjrhltjco jd lurrhot nog vcbtnfh grcps. J nog nog T nrh nrh bclntjconb nog gjrhltjconb, oct pmnscrs.
7.>9.> Ycbnrjty Ycbnrjty js j`pcrtnot jo tmh trnosdcr`hrs trnosdcr`hrs nog jo prcthltjc prcthltjco o hqujp`hot. N lbhnr uoghrstnogjof cd pcbnrjty js ushdub tc tmh trnosdcr`hr. 7.>9.>.> Wrnosdcr`hr Ycbnrjty Wmh pcbnrjty jogjlntjcos dcr trnosdcr`hrs nrh whbb hstnebjsmhg ey stnognrgs tmnt nppby tc nbb typhs cd trnosdcr`hrs. Wmhrh nrh twc vnrjhtjhs cd pcbnrjty1 suetrnltjvh nog nggjtjvh.
=9
Djfurh 7.>9.>.> Ycbnrjty Ghdjojtjcos dcr trnosdcr`hrs (n) suetrnltjvh pcbnrjty nog (e) nggjtjvh nggjtjvh pcbnrjty.
Wmh twc duogn`hotnb rubhs cd trnosdcr`hr pcbnrjty nrh jbbustrnthg jo Djfurh 7.>9.>.> nog nppby tc ectm vnrjhtjhs. Wmhsh nrh ns dcbbcws1 >. Lurrhot dbcwjof jo nt tmh pcbnrjty `nrk cd coh wjogjof dbcws cut cd tmh pcbnrjty `nrk cd tmh ctmhr wjogjof. Ectm lurrhots nrh suestnotjnbby jo-pmnsh. 5. Wmh vcbtnfh grcp drc` pcbnrjty tc oco-pcbnrjty nlrcss coh wjogjof js hsshotjnbby jo pmnsh wjtm tmh vcbtnfh grcp drc` pcbnrjty tc oco-pcbnrjty nlrcss tmh ctmhr wjogjof(s). Wmh lurrhots tmrcufm nog tmh vcbtnfhs nlrcss tmh trnosdcr`hrs nrh suestnotjnbby jo-pmnsh ehlnush tmh `nfohtjzjof lurrhot nog tmh j`phgnolh grcp tmrcufm tmh trnosdcr`hrs nrh s`nbb nog lno eh lcosjghrhg ohfbjfjebh. Wmjs js ocr`nb nog prnlt prnltjlnb jlnb dcr tmhsh ghdjojtjcos. Wmh lurrhot trnosdcr`hr (LW) pcbnrjty `nrkjofs nrh smcwo jo Djfurh 7.>9.>.>(n). Octh tmnt tmh gjrhltjco cd tmh shlcognry lurrhot
=>
js tmh sn`h, joghphoghot cd wmhtmhr tmh pcbnrjty `nrks nrh tcfhtmhr co coh sjgh cr co tmh ctmhr.
Djfurh 7.>9.>.>(n) Ycbnrjty @nrkjofs dcr Lurrhot Wrnosdcr`hr (LW)
Dcr LWs nsscljnthg wjtm ljrlujt erhnkhrs nog trnosdcr`hr enoks, jt js lc``co prnltjlh dcr tmh pcbnrjty `nrks tc bclnthg co tmh sjgh nwny drc` tmh t mh nsscljnthg hqujp`hot. Wmh vcbtnfh-grcp rubh js cdtho c`jtthg jo tmh ghdjojtjco cd trnosdcr`hr pcbnrjty, eut jt js no hxtrh`hby ushdub tc lmhlk tmh pmnsh rhbntjcos tmrcufm wyh-ghbtn trnosdcr`hr enoks, cr jo lcoohltjof up trnosdcr`hr enok dcr sphljdjl pmnsh smjdt rhqujrhg ey tmh pcwhr systh`. Wmh NO\J/JHHH stnognrg dcr trnosdcr`hrs stnths tmnt tmh mjfm vcbtnfh smcubg bhng tmh bcw vcbtnfh ey 9.>.>(e). Wmh gjnfrn`s ehbcw tmh tmrhh-pmnsh trnosdcr`hr lcoohltjco jbbustrnth tmh ush cd tmh vcbtnfh-grcp rubh tc prcvjgh cr lmhlk tmh lcoohltjcos. Nrrcws co tmhsh vcbtnfh grcps mnvh ehho c`jtthg (prhdhrneby oct ushg), dcr tmhy nrh oct ohlhssnry nog lno lnush lcodusjcos.
=5
Djfurh 7.>9.>.>(e) Tcbtnfh Grcp Ycbnrjty Uubh ushdub jo lmhlkjof cr lcoohltjof wyh-ghbtn trnosdcr`hr enoks (n) wyh lcoohlthg sjgh bhngs, ghbtn lcoohlthg sjgh Uhbjnejbjty7
Uhbjnejbjty js ghdjohg ns tmh nejbjty cd no jth` tc phrdcr` ns rhqujrhg, wjtmcut dnjburh, dcr n fjvho tj`h jothrvnb, uoghr fjvho lcogjtjcos. Jt js `cst cdtho `hnsurhg ey usjof tmh `htrjl @hno Wj`h Ehtwhho Dnjburh (@WED), wmjlm js lnblubnthg ns dcbbcws1 @WED 0 Cphrntjof tj`h (mcurs) / Ou`ehr cd Dnjburhs Jo turo, Gcwotj`h js `ngh up prj`nrjby cd twc khy lc`pcohots; \lmhgubhg Gcwotj`h nog Xoslmhgubhg Gcwotj`h. \lmhgubhg Gcwotj`h lcubg jolcrpcrnth tj`h slmhgubhg dcr rcutjoh prhvhotjvh `njothonolh nltjvjtjhs cr ctmhr slmhgubhg cphrntjconb nltjvjtjhs (sulm ns lntnbyst lmnofhs, prcgult lmnofhs htl.) wmjlm `hno tmnt tmh hqujp`hot js oct nvnjbnebh nvnjbnebh.. Xoslmhgubhg gcwotj`h wjbb `cst bjkhby eh guh tc hqujp`hot dnjburhs, eut lcubg nbsc jolcrpcrnth gcwotj`h 7
mttps1//www.nsshtjvjty.lc`.nu/nrtjlbh/nvnjbnejbjty-vs-rhbjnejbjty-wmjlm-js-`crh-j`pcrtnot.mt`b mttps1//www.nsshtjvjty.lc`.nu/nrtjlbh/nvnjbnejbjty-vs-rhbjnejbjty-wmjlm-js-`crh-j`pcrtnot.mt`b
=<
uopbnoohg/uoslmhgubhg slmhgubhg hvhots. Wmh gcwotj`h tmnt js guh tc ctmhr uopbnoohg/uo nsscljnthg nsscljnt hg wjtm hqujp`hot dnjburhs wjbb ghphog ectm co tmh hqujp`hot rhbjnejbjty (tmh ou`ehr cd hqujp`hot dnjburh hvhots) nog tmh bhoftm b hoftm cd tj`h tmnt jt tnkhs tc rhstcrh tmh duoltjconbjty cd tmh hqujp`hot hnlm tj`h coh cd tmhsh hvhots cllurs (typjlnbby `hnsurhg ey @hno Wj`h tc Uhpnjr - @WWU). Xsjof tmh necvh jodcr`ntjco, tmh dcr`ubn dcr Nvnjbnejbjty trnosdcr`s jotc tmh dcbbcwjof1 Nvnjbnejbjty 0 >99 x (Lnbhognr Wj`h “ Gcwotj`h) / Lnbhognr Wj`h Nvnjbnejbjty 0 >99 x (Lnbhognr Wj`h “ (\lmhgubhg Gcwotj`h + Xoslmhgubhg Gcwotj`h)) / Lnbhognr Wj`h Jd wh nssu`h tmnt nbb uoslmhgubhg gcwotj`h js guh tc hqujp`hot dnjburh hvhots (aust tc `nkh tmh lnblubntjco sj`pbhr dcr jbbustrntjvh purpcshs), Xoslmhgubhg Gcwotj`h js tmho rhbnthg tc rhbjnejbjty vjn tmh dcbbcwjof dcr`ubn1 Xoslmhgubhg Gcwotj`h 0 @WWU x (Lnbhognr Wj`h “ Gcwotj`h) / @WED Nssu`ptjco1 @WWU 0 = Mcurs
Gcwotj`h Nbbcwhg 0 57 Mcurs
Lnbhognr Wj`h 0 =649 Mcurs Lnblubntjco1 @WED 0 7 0 74 Mcurs.
=7
7.>5 Vcrkjof \pnlh Gj`hosjcos dcr Hqujp`hot Cphrntjof I 9-7>8 T tc Frcuog.
Jo tmjs tcpjl cd tmh hbhltrjlnb spnlh rhqujrh`hots `ust eh fjvho frhnt lcosjghrntjco lcosjghrntj co jo tmh bnycut nog spnljof cd hbhltrjlnb lc`pcohots nog hqujp`hot gurjof ghsjfo nog lcostrultjco pmnsh cd tmh prcahlt. Jo tmh Ymjbjppjoh Hbhltrjlnb Lcgh Ynrt > 59>6 Hgjtjco, wcrkjof spnlh rhqujrh`hots nrh stjpubnthg prj`nrjby nt Nrtjlbh >.>9.5.>. (N) nppbjhs tc >999 vcbts, v cbts, oc`jonb, cr bhss spnlhs necut hbhltrjlnb hqujp`hot.8 Wnebh 7.>5 Vcrkjof \pnlhs Oc`jonb Tcbtnfh tc
@joj`u` Lbhnr Gjstnolh (``) Lcogjtjco >
Lcogjtjco 5
Lcogjtjco <
9 - >89
:99
:99
:99
>8> - 499
:99
>999
>599
49> - >999
:99
>599
>899
Frcuog
Octh1 Vmhrh tmh lcogjtjcos nrh ns dcbbcws1 Lcogjtjco > “ Hxpcshg bjvh pnrts co coh sjgh cd tmh wcrkjof spnlh nog oc bjvh pnrts co tmh ctmhr sjgh cd tmh wcrkjof spnlh, cr hxpcshg bjvh pnrts co ectm sjghs cd tmh wcrkjof spnlh tmnt nrh hddhltjvhby h ddhltjvhby funrghg ey josubntjof `nthrjnbs, `nthrjnbs, Lcogjtjco 5 “ Hxpcshg bjvh pnrts co coh sjgh cd tmh wcrkjof spnlh nog frcuoghg pnrts co tmh ctmhr sjgh cd wcrkjof spnlh. Lcolrhth, erjlks, cr tjbh wnbbs smnbb eh lcosjghrhg ns frcuoghg. Lcogjtjco < “ Hxpcshg bjvh pnrts co ectm sjghs cd tmh wcrkjof spnlh.4
Ey dcbbcwjof tmh Wnebh 7.>5 Vcrkjof \pnlh tmh prj`nry rhqujrh`hot js tmnt ectm nllhss nog wcrkjof spnlh `ust eh prcvjghg nog `njotnjohg dcr nbb hbhltrjlnb hqujp`hot. Jo wmjlm tmh sndh cphrntjco nog `njothonolh `njothono lh cd tmh tmh hqujp`hot mnvh ehho fjvho tmh rjfmt prjcrjty.
8 Ymjbjppjoh 4
Hbhltrjlnb Lcgh Ynrt > 59>6 Nrtjlbh >.>9 Uhqujrh`hots dcr Hbhltrjlnb Jostnbbntjcos Ymjbjppjoh Hbhltrjlnb Lcgh Ynrt > 59>6 Nrtjlbh >.>9 Wnebh >.>9.5.>(N)(>) Vcrkjof \pnlhs
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