Chapter 4 Biology Form 4

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chemical Composition of the Cell Concept Map 4.1 Chemical Composition of the Cell

1 TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Concept Map Chemical Composition of the Cells

Chemical compounds Inorganic compounds Carbohydrates

Elements

Organic compounds Lipids

Nucleic acids

Proteins Enzymes

2 TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

Organic Compounds (contain carbon)

Inorganic Compounds (do not contain carbon)

Living organisms

Non-living organisms

} Lipids

} Water

} Carbohydrates } Proteins

} Carbohydrates } Acids } Bases } Mineral salts

} Vitamins } Nucleic acids

3 TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

in the Chemical Compounds

compounds

} Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur

} Proteins

} Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

} Carbohydrates

} Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

} Lipids

} Hydrogen, oxygen

} Water

} Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen

} Nucleic acids

4 TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

of mineral ions (Elements)

compounds

} Mg2+

} Act as a cofactor for some enzymes } Mg2+ is required for the synthesis of chlorophyll

} Ca2+

} Formation of strong bones and teeth

} Na2+

} Regulates osmotic pressure in cells } To maintain pH in the stomach

} CI− } K+

} Helps in the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions 5

TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

of mineral ions

} Fe2+

compounds } Synthesis of red blood cells } Synthesis of chlorophyll

−

} NO 3

} Components of macro molecules

2−

} SO4

3−

} PO4

6 TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

} Carbohydrates

} Primary source of energy } Starch is the main energy store of carbohydrates in plant cells } Glycogen is the main energy store of carbohydrates in animal tissues

} Proteins

} Build new cells and renew damaged tissues } Synthesis of enzymes, hormones, antibodies and haemoglobin } Synthesis of haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen } Structure: basic units are amino acids 7

TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

} Lipids

} Fats and oil are important sources of energy } The layer of adipose tissue insulates the bodies of animals against cold temperatures } Solvent for vitamins A, D, E and K } Protect major organs of the body by lining with adipose tissue } Phospholipids are the main constituent of the plasma membrane } Forms complex molecule structure such as steroids } Wax prevents water loss in plants and infection by pathogens 8

TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

} Nucleic acids

} Basic units are nucleotides, which store genetic information in codes } Two types of nucleic acids : Î Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Î Ribonucleic acid (RNA) } DNA passes genetic information from one generation to another } Messenger RNA carries DNA’s genetic code into the cytoplasm

9 TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

H H O

Water molecule (two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom) 10 TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Chapter 4.1

Chemical Composition of the Cell

Maintaining osmotic balance and turgidity Medium for biochemical reactions Lubricant Maintaining body temperature Solvent High surface tension and cohesion Support (structure of cells) Transport medium TRG − Biology Form 4

Copyright (c) Amazing Tunas Enterprise and its licensors. All rights reserved.

11