Chapter 3: Atomic and Ionic Arrangements: 3-1 Solution
December 11, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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B 5 () HBB 9 > 9.28?0 ; () ABB 9 > 0.9:18 .
A HBB 5
> ∕0 2 > ∕0 2 9.28?0 gngn > 9.4081 gn > 4.008181 49 bn 8 > ∕0 8 0.9:18> ∕0 > 4.0006 > 4.4.0000066 49 bn
A ABB 5
B 5 () , () , () , () .
O HBB 9
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> ∕ 02 > ∕ 02 4.800 > 8.:1
D ABB 9
> ∕∕ 0 8 > >0.9 ∕∕ 00 84.022
B ABB 9
> ∕ 08 > ∕ 08 4.866 > 2.=?
N JBY 9
> >4.8122 > 84.1 > 2.8 > 4.122222.8 > =.8
@ 5 () 9 > 0.?0:? , > > 4.6= , ; () 9 > 9.08?91 , > > 9.4:=: .
V 8 ( ABB) 2 ( HBB). V 9.
> ∕ 0 0.?0:? > 0 4.6= ∕
A ()5
R5
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R (ABB) A ()5
9.08?91 gn > 0 9.4:=: gngn >∕ 2
R5
R (HBB).
P , HBB , 9.:== /2. P 2?.9? 2? .9? /. B () ; () .
] M 2=5
@mgsoty > > gunhmrvlclaudtdtnmllnns/bmc la ugotcbmcdtdtclfnob ndss ndss 8 2?. 9 ? f nlc bmc c 9.:== bn > 1.98849 dtdnlctln > 4.4.=4:?4:? 49 bn > =.220?49 bn
A , (), 5
> ∕ 02 2 > =.220?49 bnn ∕ 0 > 8.8.2494944 49 bn
P , ABB , 44.68 /2. P 828 /. B () ; () .
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dt c dt l no b ndss ndss @mgsoty > gunhmrvlclaudtnmlns/bmc la ugo t bmc c f dt l n 8 8 828 28 f c nlc dtdtln 44.68 bn > 1.bmc98849 nlc .9:=1:=1 49 b nbn > >4.2=.=4=8?649
A , (), 5
> ∕ 08 > =.9:=149 bnn ∕ 08
> 4.4.6?:?:99 49 bn
D 8.1 /2, :6.18 /, 1.9:0? . L . @ .
] M 2=5
dt c dt l no b ndss ndss @mgsoty > gunhmrvlclaudtnmlns/bmc la ugot bmcf c f :6.81 nlc 8.1 bn > 1.9:0?49 >0 bdtnnbmclnc 1.98849 ddtnlctln
P (ABB).
D 4.:?8 / 2, 428.?4 /, 1.42 . L . @ .
] M 2=5
29 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
dt c dt l no b ndss ndss @mgsoty > gunhmrvlclaudtnmlns/bmc la ugot bmcfc 428. ?4 nlc dtdtln 4.:?8 bnf > 1.4249 bnn 1.98849 nlc > 8 dtbmclnc
P (HBB). (HBB).
O 9 > 9.28=46 9 > 9.0?0=? . P 6.8:1 /2, 440.:8 /. @ <
] M 2=5
gunhmr la dtlns/bmccdtdtlnob ndss ndss 440. : 8 f f @mgso t y > vlc u nm la ugo t bmc c nlc 6.8:1 bn > 2.8=4649 bnn0.?0=?49 bnn 1. 98849 dtdnlctln > 8 dtbmclnc
P, (HBP).
H , 9 > 9.0=01 9 > 4.4:1 . P ?.:9: /2, 89:.?: /. @ () ; () .
P , (), 5
> bls29 > 9.0=01 gngn 4.4:1gn gnbls29 bls29 > 8.8.4888811 49 bn gunhmrmrvlclaladtudtnmlnsla ugo⁀bmctcbmcdtdtclnob ndss ndss @mgsoty > gunh
X M 2= ()5
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f 89:. ? : dtdtln f ?.:9: bn > 8.488149 bn 1.nlc98849 nlc > 1 dtbmclnc
F , 9 > 9.0=8=: , 9 > 9.0=4:1 , 9 > 9.61=69 . P 9.484: . P =.?90 / 2, 1?.68 /. @ () ; () .
P 5
> > 9.0=8=: gn gn9.9.0=4:1 gn gn9.9.61=69gngn > 9.4==1 gn > 4. = 1149 b n ⁀ gunhmr gunh mr la ladt dt l ns bmc ndss @mgsoty > vlcunm la ugotcbmcdtdtclnob ndss f 1?. 6 8 dtdtln f nlc =.?90 bn > 4.=1149 bn 1.98849 nlc > : dtbmclnc
] M 2= ()5
P (YA) M 205
Ydbkogf adbtlr > > gunhmr gunhmr :laladtdtdtllvlcnns u⁀nm0/2 bmc0/2lacvlc9.ugovlc9.t4ubmc84:nmclagngnmdbj dtlnn Ydbkogf adbtlr > bmcc 9.4=11 gn Ydbkogf adbtlr > 9.2:6
H , 9 > 9.88:=: 9 > 9.2=:08 . P 9.4402 , 4.:0: / 2, ?.94 /. @ () ; () .
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P 5
> bls29 > 9.88:=: gngn 9.2=:08 gn gnbls29 bls29 bn gunh >gunhmr41.mr8laladt849 ndss @mgsoty > vlcudtnmlnsla ugo⁀bmctcbmcdtdtclnob ndss f ?. 9 4 f nlc 4.:0: bn > 41.8849 bn 1.98849 dtdnlctln > 8 dtbmclnc gunhmr laladtdtlvlcnsu⁀nmbmclacvlcugovlctubmcnmcla mdbj dtlnn Ydbkogf adbtlr > > gunhmr dt l n 9. 8 0/2 0/2 9. 4 402 gn gn bmc c Ydbkogf adbtlr > 9.94188 gn Ydbkogf adbtlr > 9.66
] M 2= ()5
P (YA) M 205
D 9.=? H HBB BB . B () ; () . (R D D .)
P HBB 8.:11 49 : . P
> 8.:1149 bnn > 8.22=0=0 49 bn ? f bnbn > 6.:6 bnf 8.9.2==049 bmcc > 2.44:=:= 49 bmcc
P 6.:6 /2. P () 5
P 8 / HBB . P ()
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> 2.4:=49 bmcc 8 dtbmclnc > 1.1.26 49 dtln
D 9.998= . . D 9 . A 49 49 , () ; () . (R D D.)
P 0.90?=: 49: . P
> 0.90?=:49 bnn > 1.109?49 bn > 49 bn bn4949 bn bn9.9.998= bnbn > 9.8= bn
P 5
P () 5
> 1.1 09?49 9.8= bn bbnbmcnc > 2.661=1= 49 bmcc
P , ()5
9.998= bnbn bn > 0. 90?=:49 > 1.1.46 49 bmcc
R ( ) 0.8?91 49 : . () B (/2) . () B HBB .
A M 285
> ∕ 02 > ∕ 02 0.8?9149 bnn > 4.4.6284284 49 bn
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] M 2= ()5
gunhmrmrvlclaladtudtnmlnsla ugo⁀bmctcbmcdtdtclnob ndss ndss @mgsoty > gunh 8 dtbmclnc 88.?? nlcf @mgsoty > 4.628449 b n n 1. 9 8849 ddtnlctln f > 40.1? bn > 4.4.6284284 49 bn
P 5
B (JBY) / 4.:= > > 4.228 .
> >4.:8==>4.8.212810bls29 > >8.0.1?108: > f 8 dt l n1=. 2 ? 1.98849 dtdnlcnlctln > 8.11049 bnn0.?8:49 bnnbls29 bls29 > 6.41? f bn
P ABB P (9, 9, 9) L (4/0, 4/0, 4/0) L (4/0, 4/0, 2/0). P . P . P . () J < () O < M. () V ( ) P < () V ( ) L < () V <
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P P , . P ,
4 Pj dtln : blrgmr > 4 Pj dtln : blrgmr ugot bmcc ugot bmcc
P . P . _. A , PL8. M , 0. M 5 . O 4.
U . P > 9.8110: > 9.0?069 , 9.4228 . . () V < () @ U . () O / JBY / < V JBY < M .
M P 28, JBY . A , M 205
Ydbkogf adbtlr > > gunhmr gunhmr>laladtdtlvlcnsbls29 u⁀nmbmclacvlcugovlctubmcnmcla mdbj dtlnn > 9.8110: gngndtl9.n0?069 gn gnbls29 bls29 9. 8 0/2 0/2 9. 4 228 gn gn bmc c Ydbkogf adbtlr > 9.9290 gn Ydbkogf adbtlr > 9.1= A 5
P / JBY 4.112, / 5
> 9.9.80110:gn 110: ?069 gngn > 4.:=1
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R 5
7
X DH8, D H . L D (9, 9, 9) (4/8, 4/8, 4/8) H (4/0, 4/0, 9), (2/0, 2/0, 9), (2/0, 4/0, 4/8), (4/0, 2/0, 4/8). P > ≩ > > β > > ?9. G . () J D < () J H < () O () DH8 < M. () @ . ] . Y . () A > ≩ δ > θ > β >> ?9. P . @ .
P D 5 . P H 5 . _, () DH 8 . P D5H 850 458. P .
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P D (9, 9, 9) (4/8, 4/8, 4/8) H (4/0, 4/0, 9), 9 ), (2/0, 2/0, 9), (2/0, 4/0, 4/8), (4/0, 2/0, 4/8).
B BD . O B (9, 9, 9), B (4/8, 4/8, 9), D (4/8, 9, 4/8), D (9, 4/8, 4/8). () J < () @ BD. ] . Y . () F BD D (9, 9, 9). () D B2D. P D B . @ . () P B2D ABB , . M .
P . P . P .
D D (9, 9, 9), D (4/8, 4/8, 9), B (9, 4/8, 4/8), B (4/8, 9, 4/8). 2: © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
H , . D B D ABB , . B2D D (9, 9, 9 , 9), B (9, 4/8, 4/8), B (4/8, 9, 4/8), B (4/8, 4/8, 9).
G 4 499 4 499 . G . G UL. UL . P U (9, 9, 9), U (8/2, 4/2, 4/8), L (9, 9, 2/:), L (8/2, 4/2, 6/:). () J < () O U (9, 9, 9), U (4/2, 8/2, 4/8), L (9, 9, 2/:), L (4/2, 8/2, 6/:), < Y . () A UL, > 2.80 > =.4? . (5 P JBY / .) D UL 89 = . D . D UL <
L , 5 U (9, 9, 9)5 : 4/: > 4 U (8/2, 4/2, 4/8)5 4 4 > 4 L (9, 9, 2/:)5 0 4/0 > 4 L (8/2, 4/2, 6/:)5 4 4 > 4 P, 0 . D, , 0 . G, . P (4/2, 8/2, 4/8) (8/2, 4/2, 4/8) (4/2, 8/2, 6/:) (8/2, 4/2, 6/:) . P , ,
> 8949 > > 4.8==6464 n49=49 n n
V .
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P
>
V . P 5
> 4 ∕ 2 ∕ 2 > 88 > 8∕ 2 8 > 8 > 2.2.80498 n ∕ 2 =.4?49 n > 0.664:4: 49dt lnn > 0 bmcc > 4.4.22 49 dtln >
B
. X .
P JBY . P JBY . P H JBY (8/2, 4/2, 4/8) . P (4, 9, 9) (8/2, 4/2, 9), 9 ), ,
∕
.
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P / Y P . O H D > 8, X .
R /5
∕ 22 + 8 > 2 + 0 > > :2 > :2 ∇
N . P > 9.289:6 > 9.=89? , 9.4190 9 .4190 . . () V < () @ N . () O / N JBY / < V N JBY < M .
M P 28, JBY . 04 ®
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A , M 205
gunhmrmr laladtdtlvlcnsu⁀nmbmclacvlcugovlctubmcnmcla mdbj dtlnn Ydbkogf adbtlr > gunh
A 5
bls29 > 9.289:6 gngn9. =>889?dtlgngn bls29 bls29 > 9. 9 010= gn n 9. 0/2 0/2 9. 4 190 gn gn bmc c Ydbkogf adbtlr > 9.9010= gn Ydbkogf adbtlr > 9.600 89? gngn > 4.182 > 9.9.2=89:6 7
P / JBY 4.112, / 5
R 5
R N JBY JBY .
V <
D . Y , .
V <
N, , . . P .
D . P . V <
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P . O , .
D ::8B, HBB , > 9.228 . H , JBY , > 9.8?=92 > 9.01:24 . @ HBB JBY . O <
V . P HBB JBY , .
> 9.228 gngn > 9.9211 gn > 29.8?=92 gngn 9.01:24 gngn bls29> 9.49=? gn gn 499% ∁ > # # # ∁ 49499% 9% > 9 . 1 4 9=?gn 9. 8 9 211 9. gn 8 9 211 > 2.==%
P HBB JBY ::8B.
δN 9 > 9.:?24 6.06 6 .06 /2. θN
, 9 > 9.1281 6.81 /2.P =0.?2: / 9.448 . @ δN θN.
A . A , δN5
f =0. ? 2: f nlc 6.06 bn > :.?2449 bnn 1.98849 dtdnlctln > =: dtbmclnc ; > :.?2449 bnn > 6.6.48 49 bn
A θN5
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f =0. ? 2: f 6.81 bn > 1.28149 bnn 1.9nlc8849 dtdnlctln > 89 dtbmclnc ; > 1.28149 bnn > 8.8.=2 49 bn =: 8. 6. 48 4 8 gn g n 8. ? 8. = 2 gn 89 ∁ > 499% 499% > 6.48 gn 499% ∁ > +2.9=%
P θN =:/89, . P 5
@ , .
B . P > =.4=1, > =.4?4 > =.290 , . P θ ?:.?. P > =.9?0 > =.290 , . B =.480 . M UL8.
A , M 2=5
gunhmrmrvlclaladtudtnmlnsla ugo⁀bmctcbmcdtdtclnob ndss ndss @mgsoty > gunh
P (UL8) 482.88 /.
A , 4 . P 5
9. 9.= >4?4 > 9.=4=1gngn gn gn so9.g9.=290 gngn sog?:.? dt >ln9.4092 gn f 2. 8 8 nlc > 9.4 092494 bmc cb n 48482. tln 1.98849 dtdnlc > 4.0=: bnf
A , 4 . P 5
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> =.9?0 =.290 > 9.4261 gn f dt l n 4 48 482. 2. 8 8 bmc c nlc dtln > 9.426149 > 4. bn0:6 1.bnf98849 nlc > > =.480 dt >ln9.420= gn f 4 48 482. 2. 8 8 bmc c nlc > 9.420=49 tln > 4.bn=84 1.bnf98849 ddtnlc
A , 4 . P 5
A , .
A 204, 5
> 4.=84 bnf > 4.0:6 bnf bn > 9.1=6 f bn > 9.168 f bn ∁ > 4 ff∁ > 4 ff 9.94= ∁ > 9.94= bn f
H 4 , 5
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N . M.
N .
V <
@ ( ) , .
R .
P .
M . N . .
V AR <
P .
@ N 5 () (4, 9, 8) (8, 0, 4); () (8, 4, 2) (=, 0, 8); () (2, 4, 2) (?, 4, =).
[ 404 , [ 224 , [198
O () [444, () [98=, () [040 .
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@ N A 2 26.
5 9, 4, 9 9, 4, 4 > 9, 9, 4 > [ 994 99 4 5 , 9, 9 9, 4, 9 > , 4, 9 > [ 489 5 9, 4, 4 4, 9, 9 > 4, 4, 4 > [ 444 5 4, 9, > 9, , 4 > 4, , > [ 844 84 4
@ A 22:.
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5 9, 9, 4 4, 9, 9 > 4, 9, 4 > [ 494 5 4, 9, 4 , 4, 9 > , 4, 4 > [ 488 5 4, 9, 9 9, , 4 > 4, , 4 > [ 020 02 0 5 9, 4, > 9, 9, 9 > 9, 4, > [984
O () (499), () (420), () (494) .
@ A 22?.
5 > > 4; 4/ > > 4 > > 4; 4/ > > 4 > 4; 4/ > 4
P, ( 444 ) 5 > > ∗; 4/ > > 9
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> > ⅒; 4/ > > 2 > ∗; 4/ > 9
P, (929) 5 > > 4 4/ > > 4 > > ∗; 4/ > > 9 > ; 4/ > 8
P, ( 498 ) (9, 9, 4)
@ A 209.
5 > > 4; 4/ > > 4 2 > 2 > > ; 4/ > > 8 2 > 1 > ; 4/ >
0 2 > 0 2
P, ( 210 ) (4, 9, 9) 5 > > 4; 4/ > > 4 2 > 2
0 2
> > ; 4/ > > 2 > 0 > ∗; 4/ > 9 2 > 9
P, ( 209 ) (9, 4, 9) 0? © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
5 > > 8; 4/ > > 1 > 2
2 8
> > ; 4/ > > ⅐ > 1 > 0 > 4; 4/ > 4 1 > 1
P, (201)
@ A 204, .
5
(4, 4, 9) (9, 9, 9) > (4, 4, 9) > [ 449 > ⅒(8 + 4) > 4 > > ⅒ (8 4) 4 ) > 4 > > ⅒ (4 4) > 9 > > 9
P, [ 4499 5
(4, 4, 9) (9, 9, 4) > (4, 4, 4) > [ 444 > ⅒(8 4) > ⅒
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> > ⅒(8 4) > ⅒ > > ⅒(4 + 4) > ⅐ > > 4
P, [ 4482 5
(9, 4, 4) (9, 9, 9) > (9, 4, 4) > [944 > ⅒(9 4) > ⅒ > > ⅒(8 9) > ⅐
> ⅒(9 + 4) > ⅒ > > > 4
P, [ 4842
@ A 208, .
5
(9, 4, 4) (, 4, 9) > (, 9, 4) > [ 498 > ⅒(8 9) > ⅐ > > ⅒(9 + 4) > ⅒ > > ⅒(4 + 9) > ⅒ > > 8
=4 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
P, [ 8441 5
(4, 9, 9) (4, 4, 4) > (9,4, 4) > [ 94 4 > ⅒(9 + 4) > ⅒ > > ⅒(8 + 9) > ⅐ > > ⅒(9 4) > ⅒ > > 4
[ 4842 5
(9, 9, 9) (4, 9, 4) > (4, 9, 4) > [ 494 > ⅒(8 + 9) > ⅐ > > ⅒(9 + 4) > ⅒ > > ⅒(4 + 9) > ⅒
> 4 > [ 8442
@ A 202.
5 4 > 4; 4/4 > 4
=8 ®
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf . Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
8 > 4; 4/8 > 4 2 > ∗; 4/2 > 9 > 4; 4/ > 4
P, ( 4494 ) 8 > 4. 5 4 > ∗; 4/4 > 9 8 > ∗; 4/8 > 9 2 > ∗ 4/2 > 9 > ⅐; 4/ >
2 8
P, (9992) 5 4 > 4; 4/4 > 4 8 > 4; 4/8 > 4 2 > ∗; 4/2 > 9 > ∗; 4/ > 9
P, ( 4499 )
@ A 200.
=2 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
4 > 4; 4/4 > 4 8 > 4; 4/8 > 4 2 > ∗; 4/2 > 9 > ; 4/ > 8
P, ( 4498 ) 4 > ∗; 4/4 > 9 8 > 4; 4/8 > 4 2 > 4; 4/2 > 4 > 4; 4/ > 4
P, ( 9444 ) 4 >4; 4/4 >4 8 > ; 4/8 > 8 2 > 4; 4/2 > 4 > ∗; 4/ > 9
P, ( 4849 )
R . () [494 () [ 9 49 () [ 488 () [294 () [ 894 () [ 8 42 () ( 9 44 ) () (498) () (998) () ( 429 ) () ( 848 848 ) () ( 24 8 )
=0 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
R ()()[ 449 () [049 () [ 948 () [ 284 () [ ( 944 ) (). (929) ( 484 ) ()[ (884 442 ) 444 () ( 444 ) () 484 () () ( 904 )
== © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
R . () [ 9449 () [
4489 () [ 4944 () (9992) () ( 4949 ) () ( 9444 )
=1 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
R . () [ 8449 () [ 4484 () [ 4949 () ( 4849 ) () ( 4488 ) () ( 4829 )
V 34497 ( 444 ) <
[ 449 [494 [944 [ 449 [ 494 49 4 [ 94 4
V 34447 ( 494 ) <
[444 [ 444 44 4 [ 444 [ 444
=6 ®
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf . Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
@ 34497 34497 .
P5 [449, [ 4 49 , [ 449 , [ 449 > 0 L5 [449, [ 4 49 > 8 G , 48 34497.
@ [449 (449) ; [944 (944) . P 9 > 0.9 9 > =.9 . V <
⊭
[449 (449)
=: © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
(κ /8) /8) > 8.= / 8 > 4.8= 4 .8= κ /8 /8 > =4.20 κ > > 498.1:
P ; [449 (449) ?9. H !
@ N . . () (9, 9, 4); (4, (4, 9, 9); (, , 9) () (, 9, 4); (, 9 ,9); (9, (9, 4, 9) () (4 ,9, 9); (9, 4, ) ; (4, , ) () (4, 9, 9); (9, 9, ) ; (, 4, 9)
P () (444) () (849) () ( 9 48 ) () (84:)
B 34997, 34497 34447 HBB . V ()<
8 ∕ 2 ⌯⌥⌯⌥⌥ >⌥ >@ostdgbm gbm > > 8∕ 002 > > 8∕ 2> >9.:9.11148 @ostdgbm ∕ 8 ∕ 2 8∕ 8 ⌯⌥⌥ > @ostdgbm ∕ 200 > 4.999 ∕ 2
R 34447 HBB H BB .
B 34997, 34497 34447 ABB . V ()<
=? © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
⌯⌥⌥ > @ostdgbm > 08 > ∕8 8 > 9.696 ∕ 8 0 ⌯⌥⌯⌥⌥ >⌥ >@o @osts dtgbm gbmdgbm >∕ ∕ 2880∕ 08 > >9.4.09:999 ∕ 8
R 34497 ABB .
B 499, 449 444 HBB . V () () 9.=? > > Drmd > ∕ 0 2 Drmd > ∕ 880 > 9.:2 2 ∕ 4 8 > Drmd > 4 0∕ 8 sog19 > 9.20 8 ∕ 2
R 449 HBB .
B 499, 449 444 ABB . V <
8 > Drmd > 0 > 9.6:= 8 ∕ 8 > Drmd > ∕ 8 0 > 9.=== 2 ∕ 8 > Drmd > 48 00∕ ∕ ∕ 88 sog19 19 > 9.?96
19
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
R 444 ABB .
@ , , ABB , 9.2=416 , [499, [449, [444 . V <
> ∕ 89.20=416 gngn > 9.4802 gn
A [4995
X > 9 > 9.2=416 C > 4/9 > 8.:0 4 C > (8)(9.4802 )(8.:0 4) > 9.696
A [4495 X > 89.=9/8 > 9.80:6 C > (8/89.=)9 > 0.98 4 C > (8)(9.4802 )(0.98 4) > 4.9
A [4445 X > 29.=9 > 9.19?4 C > 4/(29.=9) > 4.108 4 C > (8)(9.4802 )(4.108 4) > 9.09: L [449 ; 4.
14 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
@ , , HBB , 9.2=9:? , [499, [449, [444 . V <
A [4995
> ∕ 29.20=9:? gngn > 9.4=4? gn
X > 9 > 9.2=9:? C > 4/9 > 8.:= 4
C > (8)(9.4=4?)(8.:=) > 9.:11 9 .:11
A [4495 X > 89.=9 > 9.0?1 C > 4/(89.=9) > 8.94= 4 C > (8)(9.4=4? )(8.94= 4) > 9.148
A [4445 X 29.=9/8 > 9.292? C > 8/(29.=9) < 2.8?4 4 C > (8)(9.4=4? )(2.8?4 4) > 4
18 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
P [444 ; 4.
@ , , JBY [ 8449 [ 4489 . P JBY D D.
9 > 2.89:6 ; > > 4.190
A [ 8449 5 X > 9 > 2.89:6 4
C > 4/9 > 9.2441 C > (8)(4.190)(9.2441) > 4 (R [ 4489 )
@ ABB (499), (449), (444) . V, , <
9 > 2.=416
A (499)5
Ycdgdr `mgsoty > 2.= 416498 bnn > 9.9.4146146 49 bn
Ydbkogf ardbtolg > > 88∕ 08 > 9.6:=
12
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
A (449)5
8 bnn > 9.9.4400400 49 bn Ycdgdr `mgsoty > ∕ 8 2.=41649 8 Ydbkogf ardbtolg > ∕ 8 0 > 9.=== ∕ 8
A (444)5 A , (444) 5
∕ 88 ∕ 228 > 9.:11 112.2.=41649 8 bnn > 9.9.4:1:166 49 bn Ycdgdr `mgsoty > 9.:11 8 ∕ 8 0 Ydbkogf ardbtolg > 9.:11 > 9.?96
P (2)() + (2)(⅟) > 8 .
10 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
P (444) .
@ HBB (499), (449), (444) . V, , <
9 > 2.=9:?
A (499)5
Ycdgdr `mgsoty > 2.= 9:?494 bnn > 9.9.9:48:48 49 bn 2 ∕ 0 Ydbkogf ardbtolg > > 9.=:?
A (449)5
8 bnn > 9.9.440?40? 49 bn Ycdgdr `mgsoty > ∕ 8 2.=9:?49 2 ∕ 8 0 Ydbkogf ardbtolg > ∕ 8 > 9.:22
1=
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
A (444)5 P (2)(⅟) > , 9.:1198 .
4 8 bnn > 9.901?49 bn Ycdgdr `mgsoty > 9.:11 112.2.=9:?49 Ydbkogf ardbtolg > > 89.∕ :0112 > 9.20
P HBB .
R ABB 4 , (444) . J (444) 4444 44 < R D D .
> ∕ 4 +4 + 4 > 2.6∕ ?12 > 8.4?41 9.4 nn bn > 0.=12 49 tjobkgmss > 8.4 ?4149
O ABB , 444 (9,9,9) (4,4,4) < 11
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
2 2 ∕ > ∕ 4 +4 + 4 > ∕ 2 > ∕ 22 > 2 ∕ 2
P 9,9,9 4,4,4
. P
P
V ABB JBY <
A ABB, DHBDHBDHB A JBY, DHDHDH
@ () ABB ; () HBB .
A ABB (9 > 2.=416 )5
> ∕0 8 2.=416 > 4.8022 > 9.88= > 4.8022 9.88=8= > 9.86?:
A HBB (9 > 2.=9:? )5 16 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
> ∕0 2 2.=9:? > 4.=4? > 9.040 > 2.>=9:?9.18?99.04040
V <
R , .
P ABB 9.60. 9.60. P P . O 60% , 81% . O ABB > 9.040. P . () H , ABB < () V < @ . Y . () V <
4 dtln
*48 m`fms + 4 hl`y‒bmgtmr > > 0 dtlns la rd`ous r
0 m`fm
P 5 ( , 9, 9)
(9, , 9)
(9, 9, )
(, , )
H , DYA
DYA >
gunhmr la dtlns pmr ugot bmcc ∖ dtlnob vlcunm ugot bmcc vlcunm
1: ®
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf . Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
P . R , d 8 > 0 X , ABB .
DYA > 0
∖
0 2
ω X
2
+
∖
0
0 2 (0 X / 8 )2
2
ω r
>
0
∖
0 2
ω X X
2
+
0
∖
0
41
2
X
ω
) 2 (9.040 2 (0 X / 8 )
>
2
ω +
41
ω
2
2 (9.040) (0 / 8 )2
>
9.6?
V ABB <
> 4. 8 6: > 4.>86:9.=8?9. >040409.040
] D H, 5 () _ 8L2 () ]L8 () HL () R2G0 () FL8 () NL () NR () KH
> 9.:? > 9.16; BG > 1 > 94..?268 > 9.16; BG > : > 44..2280 > 9.??; BG > : > 99..40=8 > 9.21; BG > 0 > 94..=228 > 9.09;9; BG > 0 > 94..:298 > 9.14; BG > 1
1?
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
> 94..1:10 > 9.21; BG > 1 > 44..2?21 > 9.1:; BG > 1
D D H . P (4/: , .). () J < () @ . B (). () V < () V <
A D5 A H5
4: blrgmr blrgmr olg : bblrlrggmrmr + 48 ad bmolbmgtg mrr 1 addbmbm bmgbmgttmr > 0 olg 40 m`fm olbmgtg mr 48 m`fm`fmm bmgtmmr+r + 4 hl`y hl`y bmgtbmgtmr > 0 olg
P ABB D (9, 9, 9) H 5 (, 9, 9), (9, , 9), (9, 9, ), (, , ). P (). BG > 1 D H. B .
V GL , , < H , () ; () ; () .
> 94..12?8 > 9.=8;BG > 1
D : BB , 0 UR. H 1 GB . 69 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
> 89.1? + 84.28 > 0.98 f f o l g 0 =:. =:. 4 6 +41 > 0.9849bmcc bnn 1.nlc98849nlc dtdnlctln > 6. 1 0 bn f 0 o l g 0 9 9. . 1 ? + 4 4. . 2 8 2 bmc c YA > 0.98 YA > 9.16:
V ]L 8 , , < H , () ; () ; () .
> 94..?268 > 9.62=;2=;BGBG > :
P :; , . P , ] > ABB (0) L > (:).
∕ 22 > 0 + 0 > 09.?6 +4.28 > ?.4411 ↘ > =.8::= f f + : 41 0 82:. 9 2 nlc nlc > > 48.42 f =.8YA::=49 > 02 00 bnn99..?=.681.::=9 8849 +:4.4.28 ddtnlctln> 9.180 bn
V HL , , < H , () ; () ; () .
> 9.2= > 9.81=;1=;BGBG > 0 4.28
P . 64
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
∕ 22 > 0 + 0 > 09.2= +4.28 > 1.11:: ↘ > 2.:=16 f f 0 ?. 9 4 +41 nlc dtdtln > 8.:?6 bnf > 2.:=1649 bnnnlc 1.98849 nlc YA > > 02 0 99..2.2=:=16 +:4.4.28 > 9.1:0
V BH , , , < H , () ; () ; () .
> 44..1?61 > 9.:=8;=8;BGBG > : 6 ++ 4.??1?41 f > 6.8811 ↘ >f0.4?41 ∕ 22 > 8 + 86?.? >908f4.116+428. > 0.4?4149 bnlcnn 1.98849nlc dtdnlctln > 0.: bn 0 4 4. . ? 1 + 4 4. . 1 6 YA > 2 0.4?41 > 9.1?2
P .
R (449) UR ( ) (449) BA 8 ( ). B (449) .
UR5
gn + 9.4:04:0 gngn ↘ > 9.=?1 gn ∕ 22 > 0 + 0 > 09.996060 gn+ YYA > 8∕ 88+8 > 89.960∕ gngn89. = +?188gngn9.4:0 gngn > 9.0?8
68 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
BA85
∕ 22 > 0 + 0 > 09.99???? gngn++ 9.442222 gngn ↘ > 9.=21 gn YYA > 8∕ 88+0 > 89.9??∕ gngn89. = +2188gngn9.422 gngn > 91??
NL, , 9.2?1 . @ (444) (888) NL. V <
D Y 268, (444) 9.:1198.
> 8 + 8 > 89.1111 + 4.2828 > 2.?1 112.2.8?149 Nf bnn > 9.406249 bn > 9.:11 8 8 9. 1 1 YYA > 9.:11112.?1 > 9.898 > 9.406249 bn
62
®
© 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf . Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
8 8 4. 2 8 YYA > 9.:11112.?1 > 9.:91
D (889) 8 κ ??.4 9.4=04: . B .
sog > 8 sog ??.84 > 9.4=04: gngn8∕ 8 + 8 + 9 > 9.8so4=04:g0?.gngn==∕ : > 9.8:1= gn
D (244) 8 κ 6:.2 9.4=04: . B .
sog > 8 9. 4 =04: gn gn 2 + 4 + 4 ∕ > 8sog 6:.82 > 9.090?6 gn
60 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
A 20= 8κ . O 9.4=04: , () ; () ; () .
P 8κ 5
κ
κ
κ
λ(
46.= 89.= 8:.= 22.= 2=.= 04.= 0=.= 01.=
9.982 9.928 9.914 9.9:2 9.9?2 9.482 9.401 9.4=1
2 0 : 44 48 41 4? 89
(444) (899) (889) (244) (888) (099) (224) (089)
9.=91: 9.0228 9.2428 9.816= 9.8=8? 9.8894 9.8940 9.4?=2
κ
(
9.:666 9.:11= 9.::=: 9.::68 9.:619 9.::9= 9.:6:4 9.:620
P 8 κ 9.966 ( 8 κ ) ) ). P 2, 0, :, 44, 44 , ABB P 9 > 9.:6:4 .
A 201 8κ . O 9.96496 , () ; () ; () .
6= © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
P 8κ 5 κ
κ
λ(
8=.= 21.=
9.90? 9.9?=
4 8
(449) (899)
9.4180 9.441
9.88?6 9.8289
00.= =4.= =:.= 10.= 69.= 6=.=
9.402 9.4:? 9.82= 9.8:= 9.28? 9.26=
2 0 = 1 6 :
(844) (889) (249) (888) (284) (099)
9.9?06 9.9:8= 9.962? 9.9168 9.918= 9.9=:1
9.824? 9.8220 9.822: 9.8286 9.822? 9.8208
κ
κ
(
P 4, 8, 2, 0, =, 1, 1 , 6, : ( 6) HBB. P 9 > 9.8286 . D . V
<
P , .
61 © 894? Bmgfdfm Cmdrgogf®. Dcc Xofjts Xmsmrvm`. Ndy glt hm sbdggm`, blpom` lr `upcobdtm`, lr plstm` tl d puhcobcy dbbmssohcm wmhsotm, og wjlcm lr og pdrt.
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