Chapter 2 Waste

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 14

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This

Chapter

presents

some

foreign

and

local

literatures and studies which the researchers deem relevant with the present study. Such literatures and studies cited paved

the

researchers

way

in

have

determining gone

the

through

extent

along

of

the

how

area

far under

investigation.

Related Literature Foreign Literature Waste Management According “Zero

Waste

to

Schidmit

Management”

(2012)

cited

in

that

his

the

book

entitled

present

includes synthetic materials that keep piling

rubbish

up unlike

natural ones that degrade and eventually return to earth. Thus, disposal becomes a problem. Aside from this, garbage is also a health hazard- being a melting pot of all sorts of disease. As today’s throwaway society consumes more and more products, we also generate more and more waste. Much of this waste gets burned in incinerators or buried in landfills,

causing

a

series

of

environmental

including water pollution and loss of open space,

problems

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 15

According to Duran (2012) in his book entitled “Waste Management Disposal” cited that waste is a visible face of inefficiency

in a

terms

handling

is

major

waste

treatment

of

material

utilization.

concern,

especially

causes

increased

since

Waste

improper

environmental

deterioration. The last few decades have seen the emergence of new measures to handle waste effectively, but most of them are not flawless. “Zero waste”, an innovation of the 1990s

in

waste

handling,

emphasizes

planning

for

the

elimination of waste rather than managing waste. According International

to

Allen

Alliance,

(2012),

means

that

the

Zero

zero

waste

Waste is

the

designing and managing products and processes to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover simple

all

resources,

technology

and

and

not

methods

burn

or

required

bury to

them.

achieve

The Zero

Waste exist in every community around the world. Zero

Waste

Management

Group

(2012),

Environmental

sustainability and waste management are the most important issues of our time. An important step towards achieving environmental

sustainability

and

responsible

waste

management involves reducing our impact on the environment. It is through the successful implementation of our waste

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 16

management and diversion programs that we commit ourselves to

continually

satisfy

our

client's

needs.

The

main

principals that are employed by Zero Waste Management Group involve resource preservation and waste reduction. These are

the

core

fundamental

Philosophy'.

This

is

components

done

by

of

means

the

of

'Zero

Waste

recycling

all

potential waste and reusing those materials in different ways,

creating

Implementing

a

circular

this

system

philosophy,

of

bring

use

and

solutions

re-use. to

all

segments of society. This is demonstrated by our commitment to

work

with

and

provide

efficient

solutions

to

individuals, groups and municipalities. According “Waste

to

Serbanto

Management

(2012)

in

said

that

Disposal”

his

book

Zero

entitled

Waste

is

a

critical stepping-stone to other necessary steps in the efforts

to

protect

health,

improve

sustainability. Zero Waste can

equity

and

reach

be linked to sustainable

agriculture, architecture, energy, industrial, economic and community development. Every single makes

waste

and

as

such

is

part

person in of

a

the world

non-sustainable

society. However, with good political leadership, everyone could

be

sustainable

engaged society.

in

the

Good

necessary political

shift

towards

leadership

in

a

this

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 17

matter involves treating citizens as key allies to protect human

health

and

transition to a

the

environment

and

in

making

the

sustainable future. Governments need to

“govern” rather than attempt to “manage” this change to sustainable resource conservation practices. This includes a significant investment in public outreach and education so

that

citizens

can

help

communities

make

the

most

informed choices. According to Dantes (2013) cited that the dumping and burning of garbage generated in cities, towns and villages in wetlands and water bodies, have resulted in serious air, soil and water pollution. Zero Waste Management is a new system of managing solid waste, which strives for maximum waste

recovery

through

recycling

and

reuse,

aiming

at

‘zero’ waste to be disposed onto dump yards and landfills. All over the world, Zero Waste Management has been accepted (and

is

problem

being of

practiced)

waste,

for

as

the

the

best

following

solution

reasons.

to

Waste

the is

segregated and resources are recovered through composting of organic waste and recycling of inorganic waste. Compost generated through Zero Waste Management is used to promote organic

farming,

bringing

down

the

use

of

chemicals

in

agriculture. Zero Waste Management helps reduce the rate of

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 18

virgin raw material extraction and resource depletion. Zero Waste Management minimizes waste disposal at dumpsites and reduces pollution of air, ground water and soil that result from dumping. In

the

book

of

Calonzo

(2014)

entitled

“Eco

Waste

Management” cited that waste disposal directly contributes to

climate

change

with

the

discharge

of

GHGs

such

as

methane from dumps and landfills and carbon dioxide and nitrous

oxide

from

incinerators.

Waste

disposal

also

indirectly drives climate change by depriving the economy of reused, recycled and composted materials. By adopting Zero

Waste,

disposal

we

sites

extraction,

cut

greenhouse

as

well

processing

as

gas from

and

emissions the

from

waste

energy-intensive

transportation

of

virgin

materials to replace the buried or burned discards,” Manny Calonzo,

Co-Coordinator

of

the

Global

Alliance

for

Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA), another member of the Eco Waste Coalition. In

the

book

of

Obrero

(2015)

entitled

“Waste

Management” cited that waste management that aims to reduce total amount of waste to zero by redesigning resource-use systems. Rather than maintaining a linear waste system – you throw something away, it ends up in a landfill – zero

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 19

waste initiatives work toward extending current practices of recycling and reuse into a circular waste system. This strategy

“maximizes

consumption reused,

and

repaired

recycling,

ensures or

that

minimizes products

recycled

back

waste,

are

into

reduces

made

nature

to or

be the

marketplace.

Knowledge on Waste Management Ivan (2012) in his book “Zero Waste” cited that zero waste management groups will initiate programs that will raise awareness of recycling and environmental issues that families can implement together. One such method will be the distributions recycling guides with tips on recycling and composting to households, schools and business in local communities. These easy-to-guides will increase awareness about

the

highlight

importance the

of

importance

being of

environmentally reducing,

friendly

reusing,

and

recycling the resources without compromising daily routine. Smith (2012) in his book “Environmental Management” cited that Environmental education is an essential tool for achieving

effective

resource

management

and

sustainable

development. Environmental education in its broadcast sense encompasses awareness raising, acquiring new perspectives,

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 20

values,

knowledge

and

skills

and

both

the

formal

and

informal process that lead to changed behavior in support of sustainable environment. James (2013) cited that environmental information has been described as central to the issues of solid waste management

and

disposal.

This

study

investigated

the

availability and accessibility of environmental information to the solid waste policy formulators and implementors with regard

to

the

environmental survey

media/channels

information

design

was

to

adopted

used

the

for

for

public.

the

disseminating A

study.

descriptive A

purposive

sampling technique was used to select the sample and the method

produced

205

respondents

that

consisted

of

185

Policy Implementors and 20 Policy Formulators. A total of 147 cases were finally analyzed, which included 16 Policy Formulators

(80%

of

total

sample)

and

131

Policy

Implementors (71% of total sample). Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages and

frequency

counts.

Findings

show

that

the

Policy

Implementors preferred the use of personal contact as the channel whereas

for the

disseminating Policy

environmental

Formulators

relied

on

information, the

use

of

posters, radio/TV talks, and professional meetings. Some

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 21

barriers

to

disseminating

information

to

the

public

included: lack of access to information sources, lack of standards for acquisition of information, and lack of funds to publish information materials. Conor

(2013)

cited

that

the

individual

achievement

would remain individual had it not been shared with the community. As soon as the use of fire was shared, the scope for its future use and development was widened. Throughout time, other members of the community would discover or come up with new practical application for it, like cooking and production of tools and items. These associate innovations reinforced the initial idea, contributed to its use and were at least as significant as the primary innovation. But the

question

remaining

is

what

could

have

prompted

all

other communities to adopt the use of fire too? One can only

speculate,

but

it

may

be

that

fire

with

all

its

derivative uses gave communities that used it a competitive advantage.

Better

fed,

better

equipped,

as

these

communities prospered over time and migrated they simply either spread the knowledge of fire to others or triggered their extinction. Perhaps some neighboring villages even stole fire, in an attempt to even the odds.

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 22

Kate

(2012)

argued

that

information

collection

and

storage involve the day-to-day processes of gathering and storing data from organizational programs, partners, and stakeholders. More sensitive information being managed is usually personal information subject to the various state and

international

proprietary to

privacy

laws

or

information

that

is

a corporation or other organization. The

various state and international privacy laws Information provisional impact levels are documented in the Personal Identity

and

information

Authentication will

often

be

information

type.

assigned

a

Such

moderate

confidentiality impact level. Where any of the information to

be

managed

confidentiality, management

can impact

information

be

expected level, must

to

then be

have the

a

high

information

assigned

a

high

confidentiality impact level. When the data being managed belongs to one of the information types described in this guideline,

the

confidentiality

system

that

of

is

the

highest

impact impact

assigned

to

information

the type

processed by the system. Depending on the organization and the

mission

being

supported,

the

sensitivity

of

the

information can range from none (public information) to high.

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 23

Solid Waste Management The advent of Republic Act 9003 (2000, various local governments have adopted and integrated the law into local laws and ordinances. RA 9003 provided the framework as to the Solid Waste Management Plans in various LGUs in the country. In line with the implementation of the RA 9003, various researches and reports are published regarding the assessment of the implementation of the Republic Act in the local governments. These studies range from the assessment of the local governments in their implementation of the RA 9003,

to

the

challenges

and

mechanisms

of

solid

waste

management in the Philippines. Richie

Grace

Lago

(2012)

of

Liceo

de

Cagayan

University studied on the Solid Waste Management system in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Waste

Management

studied

the

Needs

terms

of

Her

of

study

a

entitled

Suburban

“Solid

Community”

handling, storage, collection,

transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid waste in the said community. In indicated

the

baranggay

abstract officials,

of

her

study,

she

barangay

workers

and baranggay residents as the respondents of the

study. She measured on the respondents’ awareness of the Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 24

Act

of

2000

and

the

initiation

of

the

LGU

in

the

implementation of the said Republic Act. The researcher concluded that the respondents have moderate awareness of the RA 9003 and that this level of awareness led to the low cooperation in the LGUs in terms of the implementation of the Republic Act. She also concluded that this moderate level

of

adopting

awareness the

“discloses

introduced

solid

a

community

waste

interest

management

in

system.”

Moreover, the assessment of the respondents on the Republic Act

9003

Republic

depended Act

Materials

on

and

their

the

level

of

perceived

Recovery

awareness

importance

Facility.

of of

Lastly,

the the the

researcher concluded that the baranggay should take the lead on the implementation and support Act

9003,

which

receptiveness Francis Away:

The

of

will

in

of

return

the

Republic

affect

the

the respondents to the said Act.

Paulo

M.

challenges

Quina’s of

solid

(2011) waste

study

on

management

“Wasting in

the

Philippines,” a study posted on the UP Forum, tackled on the situation of solid waste management in the country. The researcher presented the current deplorable state of the Philippines in terms of waste, especially on landfills and dumpsites.

The

researcher

talked

on

the

current

law

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 25

managing the solid waste management in the country and the urban planning and renewal. The study imparts on the poor urban

planning

that

led

to

management problem,

especially

stated,

with,

“to begin

the

current

in

poor

solid

Manila.

waste

The study

urban planning and its

inadequate implementation in Metro Manila have contributed significantly presented

to

the

acknowledges

the

solid

current

the

waste

situation

sector

of

problem.” of

tourism,

the thus

It

LGUs

also which

reducing

the

impacts of the community on the environment, mainly caused by the wastes generated in the households and industries. The study assessed on the role of the Filipino individuals to the segregation of waste, saying that “most Filipino households waste.

don’t

Because

even

of

bother

this,

there

to is

segregate a

their

pressing

solid

need

for

Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in communities across the

country.

These

facilities

process

solid

waste

to

recover recyclable and reusable materials, not only greatly reducing the volume of solid waste, but also generating revenue for the LGUs.” William

H.

O.

Streegan

(2013)

assessed

on

the

compliance of Bacolod City to the RA 9003. The researcher presented facts on the current situation of Bacolod City,

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 26

including major

the

pillar

researcher

fact in

also

that the

waste

management

flooding

presented

of

the

problems

Bacolod

current

as

City.

situation

a

The of

Baranggay Felisa as the city’s illegal open dump, where a sanitary

landfill

researcher First, with

assessed

“the the

is

Bacolod

Bacolod guidelines

therefore

the

proposed

City

City

to

be

into

five

Government

did

and deadlines

National

situated.

Solid

of

The

conclusions. not

comply

RA 9003

Waste

and

Management

Commission.” Second, the City Government failed to address the DENR’s request to establish a sanitary landfill. Third, the City Government did not heed the call to close illegal open dumpsite in Baranggay Felisa. Fourth, that the City Government could be subjected to criminal sanctions as a result

of

non-compliance

to

RA

Government continued to operate

9003. the

Lastly,

the

City

illegal dumpsite in

Brgy. Felisa. As a whole, the researcher stated that “it is imperative that the City should be more serious about the implementation

of

RA

9003

and

should

fast

track

its

information drive on this law so that the citizenry could become

more

aware

of

its

provisions.

It

is

equally

imperative that the citizenry, either in their homes or in their workplaces should implement proper waste segregation,

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 27

so that the City could comply with its agreement with the DENR.” Another related study is Jessie Todoc’s “Decentralized Solid Waste Management In The Philippines,” which sought to analyze

the

framework

of

Solid

Waste

Management

in

the

Philippines. The study also aimed to “formulate strategies for

its

replication

in

the

country

and

among

local

government members of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network.” The study tackled on four the

country,

Government

which

Units

to

baranggays

assessed the

the

Republic

and

villages

compliance Act

9003.

of It

in

Local further

scrutinized on the budget allotment, disposal facilities, and sanitary landfills of the LGUs. The book entitled “The Garbage Book: Opportunities for Change” assessed the implementation of the RA 9003 at the baranggay

level.

It

states

that,

“while

the

extent

of

formal recycling through local government initiatives has been

limited,

informal

and

private

sector

recycling

is

extensive, at all points from waste generation through to final disposal. Scavenging forms a significant element of this

activity.”

amount

of

assessed

10%

that

It of

is

found

waste

is

out only

“community-based

that

an

recycled.

initiatives

insignificant More

so,

involve

it

waste

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 28

segregation at source, recycling, and composting. Programs have

been

attempted

Manila—some

have

reason

another.

or

in

many

succeeded,

barangays others

Leadership

throughout

have

is

the

failed key

Metro

for

factor

one in

successful programs. In most cases, the initiative is led by

the

aligned

Barangay with

Captain

the

or

nongovernment

organization

zero waste movement.”

With the signing of RA 9003 into law, a challenge is posed for the local governments to implement the provisions of the republic act into local laws and ordinances. Various local governments have adopted and have implemented the RA 9003 into local ordinances, but the challenge putting law.

right

The

sanctions

assessment

to

the

provided

for

comes

violators by

the

researchers suggests that despite the presence

of

with the

different of local

ordinances, there is still much to be done.

Synthesis The related literature and studies, foreign and local herein discussed are both related in a way that it deals on solid waste management. The above-cited foreign literatures were cited because of

its

bearing

to

the

present

study

because

of

its

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 29

similarities and dissimilarities. Lago (2012) of Liceo de Cagayan University studied on the Solid Waste Management system

in

entitled

Bayabas, “Solid

Community” waste assess

the

waste

de

Oro

Waste Management

studied

materials.

Cagayan

the

Though

terms the

management

City.

Needs of

of

a

study Suburban

handling, storage of

present however,

setting and locale of the study.

Her

study

also

aims

to

it

varied

on

the