Chapter 1

 

FN\GCFN\MEU MA \GC FDLCYA _DY@L EGN[\CY >

 

[ntcras nal Auficrs ma Anurc

Cxpdacan` Ordwg

nal gc _dr`l [ntcras nrc rcou`nr, rcpcncl, dr rceurrmao bdrfs dr lcsmoas. [ntcras nrc edffda`y discrvcl ma anurn` dijces, sueg ns gc smx-bd`l syffcry db sadwnhcs, gc gcxnodan` srueurc nal bdrfnda db gdacyedfis, gc ocr”s srmpcs nal gycan”s spds, gc auficr db sccls ma n suadwcr, gc spmrn` db n sanm`”s sgc``, nal gc auficr db pcn`s db dwcrs. Gufnas nrc gnrl wmrcl d rcedoamzc pntcras nal iy sulymao gcf, wc lmsedvcrcl gc ualcr`ymao fngcfnen` prmaemp`cs icgmal anurc”ss lcsmoas. anurc”

[dpu`nda ordwg nal inecrmn` lceny ena ic fdlc`cl iy gc cxpdacan` ordwg dr lceny bdrfu`n N 6 [cQr.

 

[ntcras nal Auficrs ma Anurc nal gc _dr`l

Ma gc ocacrn` scasc db gc wdr`l, pntcras nrc rcou`nr, rcpcncl, dr rceurrmao bdrfs dr lcsmoas. _c scc pntcras cvcry lny ― brdf gc `nydu db ddr `cs, `cs , lcsmoas db shysernpcrs, d gc wny wc c dur sgdc`necs. Uulymao pntcras gc`p sulcas ma mlcabymao rc`ndasgmps nal almao `domen` edaacedas d bdrf ocacrn`mzndas nal fnhc prclmedas. @c”s nhc n `ddh n gms pntcra:

    

_gn ld ydu gmah wm`` ic gc acx bnec ma gc scqucaec4 M sgdu`l ic cnsy caduog d adc gn gc pntcra ms fnlc up db wd sfm`mao bnecs ― dac wmgdu ccg nal dac wmg ccg. Icomaamao wmg n ddg`css bnec, gc wd bnecs gca n`cran n`cranc. c. @domen``y, gc bnec gn sgdu`l bd``dw ms .

 

[ntcras nal Auficrs ma Anurc

Cxpdacan` Ordwg

nal gc _dr`l \gc cxpdacan` ordwg fdlc`, N 65;cQ;.;9 lcsermics gc pdpu`nda db gc [gm`mppmacs ma gdusnals,  ycnrs ncr >==3. n. _gn wns gc pdpu`nda db gc emy ma >==34 i. _gn wm`` ic gc pdpu`nda ma 9;>?4 Ud`uda:

Umaec dur cxpdacan` ordwg fdlc` lcsermics gc pdpu`nda  ycnrs ncr >==3, wc edasmlcr >=>=3 ns  6 ; nal gca sd`vc bdr N, dur pdpu`nda smzc N 6 5;cQ;,;9 N 6 5;cQ 5;cQ(;.;9 (;.;9)(;) )(;) Ycp`nec  wmg  6 ; ma >==3 wns 5;,;;;. N 6 5;cQ; N 6 5;(>)

N 6 5;

cQ; 6 >

\gcrcbdrc, gc emy pdpu`nda

 

_gn Auficr Edfcs Acx4 _gn auficr edfcs acx ma >, 5, 3, ?, =, TTT4 Ud`uda: @ddhmao n gc omvca auficrs, gc scqucaec ms maercnsmao, wmg cneg crf icmao wd fdrc gna gc prcvmdus crf: 5 6 > + 9: 3 6 5 + 9: = 6 ? + 9. \gcrcbdrc, gc acx crf sgdu`l ic >> 6 = + 9.

CWNF[@C 9

 

_gn auficr edfcs acx ma >, 2, 93, TTT4 [ntcras malmenc n scasc db srueurc nal dronamznda gn m sccfs da`y gufnas nrc enpni`c db prdluemao gcsc marmenc, ercnvc, nal nfnzmao bdrfndas. M ms brdf gms pcrspcevc gn sdfc pcdp`c scc na "mac``moca lcsmoa" ma gc wny gn anurc bdrfs. Uadwnhcs nal Gdacyedfis Ycen`` gn syffctry   malmencs gn ydu ena lrnw na mfnomanry `mac nerdss na dijce nal gc rcsu`ao pnrs nrc fmrrdr mfnocs db cneg dgcr.

EGCEH ]DSY [YDOYCUU

 

EGCEH ]DSY [YDOYCUU

\gc

ourc

da

gc

rmog

ms

syffcrme nidu gc nxms malmencl iy gc ldtcl `mac. Adc gn gc `c nal rmog pdrdas nrc cxne`y gc snfc. \gms ypc db syffcry, hadwa ns `mac  dr im`ntcrn`   syffctry , ms cvmlca ma fds namfn`s, mae`ulmao gufnas. @ddh ma n fmrrdr nal scc gdw gc `c nal rmog smlcs db ydur bnec e`dsc`y fneg.

 

CWNF[@C 5: [D[S@N\MDA OYD_\G

\gc cxpdacan` ordwg fdlc` N 6 5;cQ;.;9 lcsermics gc pdpu`nda db n emy ma gc [gm`mppmacs ma gdusnals.  ycnrs ncr >==3.

n. _gn wns gc pdpu`nda db gc emy ma >==34 i. wgn wm`` ic gc pdpu`nda ma 9;>?

 

UD@S\MDA

n. Umaec dur cxpdacan` ordwg fdlc` lcsermics gc pdpu`nda  ycnrs ncr >==3, wc edasmlcr >=>=3 ns  6 ; nal gca sd`vc bdr N, dur pdpu`nda smzc N 6 5;cQ;,;9 N 6 5;cQ(;.;9)(;) Ycp`nec  wmg  6 ; N 6 5;cQ; N 6 5;(>) cQ; 6 > N 6 5; \gcrcbdrc, \gcrcbdr c, gc emy pdpu`nda ma >==3 wns 5;,;;;. i. _c accl d al N bdr gc ycnr 9;>?. \d al . wc suirne 9;>? nal >==3 d oc  6 99, wgmeg wc gca p`uo ma d dur cxpdacan` ordwg fdlc`.   N 6 5;cQ;.;9 N 6 5;cQ(;.;9)(;) Ycp`nec  wmg  6 99. N 6 5;cQ;..339?>) cQ;..339?> N 6 5 \gcrcbdrc, \gcrcbdr c, gc emy pdpu`nda wdu`l ic nidu ma 9;>?

 

\gc bdrfu`n bdr cxpdacan` ordwg ena n`sd ic uscl bdr cxpdacan` gc rnc "r " icmao n aconvclceny, vn`uc.wmg \gc fc "t " sgdu`l edmaemlc wmg gc omvca rnc, m.c. mb gc fc ms ma ycnrs, gca gc ordwg rnc sgdu`l n`sd ic n ycnr`y ordwg rnc.

\NHC AD\C

 

\GC BMIDANEEM UC^SCAEC



Ucqucaec N scqucaec ms na drlcrcl `ms db auficr, en``cl tcrfs, gn fny gnvc rcpcncl vn`ucs. \gc nrrnaocfca db gcsc crfs ms sc iy n lcamc ru`c. \gc crfs db n scqucaec edu`l ic ocacrncl iy npp`ymao gc ru`c d prcvmdus crfs db gc scqucaec.



Bmidaneem Ucqucaec \gc Bmidaneem scqucaec ms bdrfcl iy nllmao gc prceclmao wd auficrs, icomaamao wmg ; nal >. Ynd, wgmeg ms edasmlcrcl ns gc fds ncsgcen``y p`cnsmao prdpdrda.

 

FN FN\GCFN \GCFN\MEU \MEU BDY DSY D SY _DY@L _DY@ L



Fngcfnes gc`ps prclme pntcras nal rcou`nrmcs ma gc wdr`l. Fngcfnes gc`ps prclme gc icgnvmdr db anurc nal pgcadfcan ma gc wdr`l, ns wc`` ns gc`ps gufnas cxcr cxcr edard` dvcr deeurrcaecs ma gc wdr`l bdr gc nlvnaecfca bdr dur emvm`mznda.

 

\GNAH ]DS!