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CONSTRUCTION SITE COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT GUIDE
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CONSTRUCTION SITE COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT GUIDE
A. SAMER EZELDIN AND AHMED M. ALHADY
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Construction Site Coordination and Management Guide Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduce reproduced, d, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means— electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published by Momentum Press ®, LLC 222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017 www.momentumpress.net ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-328-8 (print) ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-329-5 (e-book) Momentum Press Construction Management Theory Collection Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America
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To my family, colleagues, and students. A. Samer Ezeldin I dedicate this this textbook to my great great wife who have have shared shared me every every single moment and supported me from the commencement of working in this textbook. I also dedicate this efort to my sweet son and daughter hoping to be as an inspiration for them throughout their future life. A special dedication is due also to my lovely parents, brother, and sister for their ever-lasting valued support and encouragement. Ahmed M. Alhady
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ABSTRACT
Site Coordination and Management Guide Guide covers key project management concepts described by the Project Management Institute (PMI) and explains how they can be applied to construction site coordination and management. It provides professionals involved in construction with the knowledge they need to manage construction sites eectively. The book provides construction practitioners practiti oners with the knowledge they need to successfully coordinate and manage construction projects. It highlights dierent construction processes required to enhance their practical performancee in particular performanc particular and further further the construction industry in general. The topics highlighted in this book through the introduced seven chapters are for example, but not limited to, causes leading to poor site coordination, duties of a construction manager, important versus time-consuming coordination activities, temporary facilities and controls, developing the construction strategy, developing the performance management process, forms of procurement and contracts, variations and change orders, anti-dispute coordination, governing laws, how to review/coordinate design documents, how to review the construction plans, cost and risk management, quality and safety management, meeting management/coordination, submittal administration (shop drawings, samples, etc.), report preparation data/docum data/document/transmittal ent/transmittal circulation, preparation of close-
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CONTENTS
List of Figures List of Tables 1
Site Coordination Overview
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2
3
xi xiii
1
Introduction 1 Causes Leading to Unsuccess Unsuccessful ful Site Coordination 1 Important Versus Time-Consuming Coordinatio Coordination n Activiti Activities es 4 Duties and Responsibilitie Responsibilitiess 9 Temporary Faciliti Facilities es and Controls 21
Developing Construction Stra Strategies tegies
31
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
31 31 31 33 34 40
Introduction What Is Strategy? The Importance of Strategy Project and Technical Strategie Strategiess Pr oducing and Selecting the Appropriate Strategy Producing Employing a Performance Management Process
Construction Design and Plan Review
47
3.1 3.2
47 48
Introduction Construction Design
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x
5
Contents
•
4.9 Governing Law Clauses 4.10 Constructi Construction on Change Order and Variation 4.11 Anti-Dispute Anti-Dis pute Arrangements
79 83 84
Cost and Risk Management
87
5.1 5.2 5.3 6
7
Introducti on Introduction Cost Management Risk Management
87 88 111 11 1
Quality and Safety Management
119
6.1 6.2 6.3
119 119 128
Introducti on Introduction Quality Management for Constructi Construction on Projects Safety Management for Constructi Construction on Projects
Communication Communica tion Management
141
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
141 142 142 144
Introducti on Introduction Construction Constructi on Meetings Review of Contractor Submittals Project Recordkeeping and Documentation
Bibliography
151
Index
155
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LIST
Figure 1.1.
OF FIGURES
Sample of a responsibi responsibilities lities matrix among project parties. parties.
21
Figure 4.1.
Steps of contractin contracting g process.
62
Figure 4.2.
Contractual relationships relationships..
69
Figure 4.3.
Level of risk associated with various contracts.
71
Figure 5.1.
Cost estimate stages.
89
Figure 5.2.
Level of accurateness of cost estimates.
94
Figure 5.3.
Schematic diagram of the structure of tender price.
96
Figure 5.4.
Project cost and expense curves.
100
Figure 5.5.
A sample S curve.
100
Figure 5.6.
Example of the S curve of cash in for a project.
101
Figure 5.7.
Project revenue and income curves.
102
Figure 5.8.
Cash ow according to monthly payments.
103
Figure 5.9.
Eect of advance payment on improving cash ow ow..
103
Figure 5.10. Eect of receiving two payments on cash ow ow..
104
Figure 5.11. Planned versus actual progress over time on a project.
107
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LIST
OF
TABLES
Table 1.1. Common site coordinatio coordination n issues
2
Table 1.2. Causes of site coordinati coordination on problems
3
Table 2.1. Priority Priorit y matrix of four strategi strategies es with row 1 lled in
35
Table 2.2. Priority matrix with row 2 and column 1 lled in
36
Table 2.3. Priority matrix with all entries lled in
36
Table 2.4. Priority matrix with totals and ranks lled in
37
Table 2.5. Matrix with votes tallied for Strategy 1 versus Strategy 2
37
Table 2.6. Matrix completely lled in and totaled
37
Table 5.1. Accurateness of dierent types of cost estimate
94
Table 5.2. Steps for developing a detailed cost estimate
97
Table 5.3. EV information
110
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CHAPteR 1
SITE COORDINATION OVERVIEW
1.1
IntRoDUCtIon
Coordination is an essential function in the building procedure. Recent research has demonstrated that poor or inadequate coordination coordination is the best that is accomplished on construction sites. Nevertheless, not many writers of construction project management have examined this essential sub ject. Literature reviews carried carried out on this subject subject revealed revealed that there is an absence of formal comprehension on how everyday coordination is really accomplished on a construction project. Coordination can be viewed as a procedure of overseeing assets in a balanced way so that a higher level of operational eectiveness can be accomplished for a given project. Between the underlying goal and the
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2
•
ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
were grouped into three classications: stang-related causes; technicalrelated causes; and management system related causes. The reasons for the poor quality of primary contractors’ coordination through the construction stage were addressed through a questionnaire survey conducted in the literature. Vague employment obligations were observed to be the most critical cause. The results of the survey revealed that the most critical causes were essentially associated with manageme management nt systems, particularly communication, communic ation, rather than stang- or technical-rela technical-related ted variables. The typical site issues and the basic reasons for these issues were shortlisted by studying the literature for the factors inuencing the produc tivity at the worksite level and the observation of common practices and recommendations recommen dations of industrial experts.
1.2. 1. 2.1 1
TYPICAL SITE COORDIN COORDINA ATION PROBLEMS
Eighteen basic site coordination issues were identied and they were classied into the following eight groups according to their nature as shown in Table 1.1.
coordination issues Table 1.1. Common site coordination No.
Group
Problems
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sIte CooRDIn CooRDInA AtIon oveRvIew
•
5
Access to worksite worksite
a. Access road not yet ready b. Access routing not appropriate appropriate
6
Equipment provision
a. Delay in providing equipment support b. Type Type of equipment equipment provided provided is inappropriate
7
Material provision provision
a. Inadequate quantity b. Type Type of material material provided inappropriate inappropriate
8
Response to site problem
a. Delayed response to site issues b. Solution suggested suggested not applicable applicable
1.2. 1. 2.2 2
3
CAUSES OF SITE COORDIN COORDINA ATION PROBLEMS
Sixteen essential causes leading to the common site coordination issues identied were summarized and grouped into three categories as shown
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ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
Technicalechnical-Related Related Causes The term technology is dened as how an association moves its contributions to products. As the role of primary contractors has ocially changed from that of constructors to supervisors of subcontractors of construction projects, they should have the required ability to provide vital help to subcontractors to perform productively and adequately adequately.. • Management System–Rela System–Related ted Causes The responsibilitie responsibilitiess and obligations of every individual of the project team should be properly dened to guarantee that the activities continue with no problems. Throughout the process of a project development, a dynamic temporary multiorganization multiorganization system is created that has to constantly deal with incongruities between two levels of targets, the short-term objectives of the construction project and the long-term goals of the organiz organization ation and operation of the project. Primary contractors need to set up dynamic management systems that enhance the coordination of activities and con-
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strategies and the systems are very much characterized, and communication streams easily in all directions, then esprit de corps wins, corps wins, everybody is responsible for his or her job, and all work cooperatively to accomplish a denitive project objective in a rapidly changing project condition. Such a perfect domain, however, is rarely seen in construction projects. Coordination is fundamental both inside and among dierent departments to ll the gaps created by changing circumstances in the frameworks/systems, procedures, procedure s, and strategies. In the construction industry industry,, the pivotal issue of coordination emerged from the way that the fundamental relationship between the parties parties of a construction construction project has the character character of a reliant self-governance self-governa nce.. There is a mismatch between the technical interdependence of the work and the organizational independence of those who control the work. For over three centuries, the construction industry has been attempting to reconcile this technical interdependence and organizational independence. Coordination is a standout among the tangible functions of management. In the building process, we can recognize three fundamental
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ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
Provision of leadership
1. Identifying strategic activities and possible delays 2. Translating documents into task assignments 3. Identifying technical and workforce requirements 4. Resolution of conicts and confusions among stakeholders 5. Delegation of work 6. Monitoring the delegated work 7. Motivation 8. Development of a team spirit 9. Communication with other departments and managers in the same organization and outside the project team 10. Keeping proper and professional relationships with client, consultants, and the contractor 11. Getting constructive input from all contributors in the project 12. Establishing and maintaining an eective organizational structure and communication channels
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13. Providing own crews and subcontractors subcont ractors with wi th tools, equipment, and required resources 14. Optimization Optimization of resource allocation and utilization 15. Explaining Explaining and supporting the subcontrac subcontractors tors in their tasks 16. Identication and resolution of deciencies, ambiguities, and con icts in drawings and specications 17. Getting further drawings, specications, and technical details on time for implementatio implementation n 18. Identication and compilation of information on building work requirements (insulation, (insulation, openings, etc.) of all relevant parties and coordinating their implementatio implementation n 19. Provision of general facilities and tools (storage space, testing facilities, scaolding, plant, power, water, illumination, etc.) to demanding parties 20. Coordination of assignment of work areas (service areas, plant rooms, service routes, etc.) to other parties 21. Caring for the work of others by making sta and workers aware
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ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
7. Monitoring the functioning functioning of each section section and department department within the overall project 8. Monitoring the nancial plan on all activities and taking corrective actions 9. Controlling project cash or nances 10. Ensuring self-control among all employees •
Communicating
1. Conducting regular meetings and project reviews
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9. Managing designated subcontractors or utilities undertakers 10. Maintaining Maintaining records of all tests and reviews In light of the literature, it was endeavored to identify the 64 coordination activities such that they entirely dene the function of construction coordination. Some of the listed activities tended to have some areas of intersection. However, the primary intention was to arrive at a comprehensive list of activities required to attain proper construction project project coordination, rather than the activities listed being mutually exclusive . From the literature and expert opinion, it was identied that the
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ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
vary in size from minor repairs to building new structure elements. The construction engineer’s engineer’s duties and responsibilities are the following: • •
Lead the process of “authorizatio “authorization n to proceed” for contractors Participate in engineering package reviews during the selection, denition, and execution phases of projects and provide construc tive input to the project team • Retain compliance with the safety assurance plan so that work is carried out in an environmentally sound manner using safe work practices
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scope changes are met by forwarding appropriate documentation to the project leader for processing Contribute in a post-project appraisal review and report (lessons learned) Coordinate project turnover activities with the commissionin commissioning g engineer and quality assurance/quality control and FCO groups Contribute in the management of the process of controlling change Administer project’s management-of-no-change process for scope, schedule, and budget impacts for client approval Arrange with various client departments to ensure all appropriate
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ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
1.4.2.1
General Cases on the Use of FIDIC
These cases are based on literature and expertise. They are based on limited exposure to the subject and anyone who is involved in the construction industry should be able to develop the theme and provide further examples. •
Separate control of design and progress On some construction projects, the supervision of design/qua design/quality lity has been isolated from the supervision of progress payment within a solitary construction contract. The progress payment is speci
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so on, subject to the approval of the project manager representing the employer. The coordination and management of work progress resulting in claims, particularly when one contractor causes a delay
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ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
employer. In Jordan, a consulting engineer is assigned by the employer to develop feasibility studies and then function both as project manager and as engineer for each work package. As already mentioned, some people
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for inspection of works, and so on, and the contractor shall utilize such forms in his communications with the construction manager. The construction manager shall not rescind, change, expand, lessen,
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ConstRUCtIon sIte CooRDInA CooRDInAtIon tIon AnD MAnAGeMent
of contract administration throughout the project duration and the defect notication periods. They also support the construction manmanager in the achievement of the project within the duration set in the
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adjustment in the work according to the provisions of contract and the amount of alteration in the contract cost, if any. With regard to the impact of the presented change on the contract time, the con-
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