Chapter 1

Name Cell Membrane

Function Outermost boundary of the cell Proteins + double layer/bilayer of lipid (fat) molecules Holds contents of cell in place Regulates movement of materials into and out of cell Contains receptor sites (entry of materials that affect cell activity) Selectively permeable: permeable: some materials in, keeps some out

Protoplasm

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All material inside the cell

Cytoplasm

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Fluid Contains all parts of cell inside membrane and outside nucleus Many of cell’s activities Absorbed nutrients are transported and processed there Stores waste products until proper disposal Control center Classification: eukaryotic, or prokaryotic depending on membrane or nucleus Directs cell’s activities Contains chromosomes (hereditary/genetic (hereditary/genetic information) Each with genes: characteristic-determining, characteristic-determining, with instructions for proteins Dark-stained, spherical structure inside nucleus: may be associated with second nucleic acid: ribonucleic acid (RNA) May be involved of making of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), directed by DNA. Believed: rRNA directs formation of ribosomes Contains nuclear pores

Nucleus

Nucleolus

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Nuclear Envelope Nuclear pore

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Chromatin

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Vacuole

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Vesicle

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Flagellum

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Pores allow RNA and other chemicals to pass, DNA remains inside. mRNA (messenger)  –  copy of genetic information in DNA  –  leaves nucleus, attaches to ribosomes (information used to form a protein). tangled, fibrous complex of DNA in nucleus Large, fluid filled compartment Stores sugars, minerals, proteins, water Maintains turgor pressure Smaller, protein-filled sacs: move toward plasma membrane, fuse with it, empty contents outside cell in process: exocytosis: large molecules are released Also formed when plasma membrane brings materials into cell by endocytosis Function: transport Some animal cells Whiplike tales Helps cell move (contractile proteins) spins in corkscrew motion

Drawing

Location Animal cells

Plant/Ani mal cell Plant/Ani mal

Plant/Ani mal

Plant/Ani mal

Plant/Ani mal Plant/Ani mal Plant/Ani mal Plant/  Animal Plant/  (Animal? )

Some Animal cells

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Centriole Pair Rough ER

Smooth ER

Ribosomes

Plastid

Chloroplast

Microtubules Microfilamen ts

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Cilia  –  in cell membranes of other specialized cells: short, hairlike structures: contractile proteins. Move in coordinated fashion  –  mostly for locomotion, or to create fluid currents to move materials Small protein bodies in cytoplasm Active in cell division Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of interconnected canals, carrying materials Many ribosomes attached Prevalent in cells specializing in secreting proteins No ribosomes attached In which fats or lipids are synthesized Prevalent in cells of developing seeds, animal cells secreting steroid hormones

Animal Plant/Ani mal

Plant/Ani mal

Plant/Ani mal

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on which proteins are synthesized synthesis of many different protein molecules  chains of smaller molecules (amino acids 20). Properties determined by number and sequence of acids  –  bonded together by enzymes  –  sequences determined by DNA necessary for cell growth/reproduction composition: composition: rRNA, proteins: 20 nm chemical factories, storehouses for food/color pigments e.g. chloroplasts: e.g. chromoplasts: orange/yellow pigments e.g. amyloplasts: colourless, storehouses for starch contain green pigment chlorophyll specialize in photosynthesis contain own DNA and ribosomes, distinct from cell’s DNA during cell division: self replicating

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tiny tubelike fibres –  fibres – transport transport materials composed of proteins (cilia/flagella) (cilia/flagella) pipelike structures, provide shape/movement shape/movement (muscle cell)

Animal/P lant Animal/P lant

Plant cell

Plant cell

Mitochondrio n

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Animal/P lant

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power plant, provides energy from cellular respiration (sugar molecules + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water) energy also released, stored in adenosine triphosphate triphosphate (ATP) contains own DNA and ribosomes during cell division: self replicating

Cell wall

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cellulose protects/supports protects/supports cell wall e.g. rigid: in trees thin: petals layer between cell walls: middle lamella (plural: Lamellae) middle lamella: sticky fluid (pectin): hold cells together

Plant cell

Golgi apparatus

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Italian physician Camillo Golgi in 1898 Stained cells from a barn owl, found new cytoplasmic structure Stores, modifies, packages proteins from RER Stack of flattened balloons (membranous sacs piled) Pinch off at the ends to produce vesicles

Plant/Ani mal

Lysosome

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Bound by single membrane, formed by Golgi apparatus Contain enzymes that break down large molecules/cell parts in cytoplasm (food particles) Important in defense mechanism: destroys harmful substances in cell E.g. white blood cells cells encounter/engulf encounter/engulf bacteria, lysosomes lysosomes release release digestive enzymes, destroying both Fluid/protein fragments fragments after = pus Enzymes also destroy damaged/worn-out cells

Animal

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