Chapter 1.1 Introduction To Business Management. (Notes)

 

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OWXNLGXX MKLKEGMGLP (NO@V) Wlnt ;: OWXNLGXX A_EKLNXKPNAL KL@ GLSN_ALMGLP ;.; ;. ; Nltra`uhtnal ta Ousnlgss Mklkegmglt N. 

Pbg raig ac ousnlgssgs nl hamonlnle bumkl, pbysnhki kl` cnlklhnki rgsaurhgs ta hrgktg eaa`s kl` sgrvnhgs: K6?

[. Ubkt krg mknl raigs ac k ousnlgssgs1

K) K ousnlgss ns k `ghnsnal mkdnle areklnzktnal. Nt hamonlg bumkl, pbysnhki pb ysnhki kl` cnlklhnki rgsaurhgs ta pra`uhg eaa`s kl` pravn`g sgrvnhgs. Nlputs: Ikl`, Ikoaur, Hkpntki kl` Gltgrprnsg. [. Ubkt krg tbg raig ac k ousnlgss„s1 

K) _aig ac k ousnlgssgs:               

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@ghnsnal-mkdnle hampkly ar areklnzktnal Mky/mky lat og car pracnt Nlvaivgs tbg gxhbkleg ac eaa`s kl` sgrvnhgs Vra`uhg eaa`s kl`/ar pravn`g sgrvnhgs Gxnst ta sktnscy tbg lgg`s kl` wklts ac pgapig, areklnzktnals, eavgrlmglts, gth. Gltgrprnsg ‘  Gltgrprnsg  ‘  k  k eraup ac pgapig tbkt tkhdigs kl aojghtnvg, usukiiy pracnt [ukinty ac autput `gpgl`s al qukinty ac nlputs

[ Gxpiknl tbg mknl nlputs/ ckhtars ac pra`uhtnal nl k ousnlgss. Kls) Caur typgs ac nlputs krg:  Hkpntki   Kmault ac malgy lgg`g` ta rul k ousnlgss   Mkl-mk`g eaa`s indg mkhbnlgs, ouni`nles, vgbnhigs, kl` gqunpmglt lgg`g` car  ousnlgss ta apgrktg   Nlvgstmglt Nlvgstmglt ‘   ‘  nlhrgksnle  nlhrgksnle spgl`nle al hkpntki   Ikl`   Xpkhg wbgrg k ousnlgss apgrktgs   _kw mktgrnkis kl` lkturki rgsaurhgs tbkt krg usg` nl mkdnle k pra`uht   Ikoaur/mklpawgr   Vbysnhki & mgltki gccarts ac pgapig ta pra`uhg pra`uhts/sgrvnhgs   Gltgrprnsg   Mklkegmglt, areklnzktnal, kl` pikllnle ac atbgr tbrgg ckhtars ac pra`uhtnal   Khtnals ac gltrgprglgur wba sbaws nlntnktnvg kl` tkdgs rnsds ta sgt up, nlvgst, kl` rul k ousnlgss  

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NN Pbg mknl ousnlgss culhtnals kl` tbgnr raigs: K6? O)  bumkl rgsaurhgs H)  cnlklhg kl` khhaults @)  mkrdgtnle G)  apgrktnals [. @gshrnog tbg mknl ousnlgss culhtnals kl` tbgnr raigs. Kls) Mknl ousnlgss culhtnals kl` tbgnr raigs    

Bumkl rgsaurhgs   Mklkegs tbg wardcarhg kl` `gvgiapnle kl areklnzktnal„s wardcarhg ta mggt tbg hampkly aojghtnvgs.   @gkis wntb rghruntmglt, wkegs, hammulnhktnal, kl` matnvktnal ac gmpiayggs   Cnlklhg kl` khhaults   Nl hbkreg ac mklkenle tbg areklnzktnal„s malgy malg y kl` kssgts. kssgts.   Glsurgs khhurktg rghar`nle kl` rgpartnle ac cnlklhnki `ahumgltktnal `a humgltktnal (ta hampiy wntb igeki rgqunrgmglts)   Mkrdgtnle   Glsurg tbkt k hampkly„s pra`uhts sgii  sgii     Pbg mklkegmglt prahgss ac prg`nhtnle, n`gltncynle kl` mggtnle tbg lgg`s kl` wklts ac sktnscynle halsumgr s„ s„ nl k pracntkoig mkllgr.   Nl hbkreg ac pramatnals, k`vgrtnsgmglts, gth.   Apgrktnals/Vra`uhtnal   Nl hbkreg ac ousnlgss culhtnals kl` prahgssgs tbkt pra`uhg tbg rnebt/khtuki eaa`s kl` sgrvnhgs kt rnebt qukltnty kl` qukinty nl k hast gccghtnvg kl` tnmg-mkllgr.   Halhgrlg` wntb rgsgkrhb & `gvgiapmglt, `ginvgry, stahd mklkegmglt, gth.

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NNN Vrnmkry, sghal`kry, tgrtnkry kl` quktgrlkry sghtars K6? [. Gxpiknl nl `gtkni tbg ousnlgss sghtars Ousnlgss sghtars (ar ghalamnh sghtars)  k.  Vrnmkry sghtar: n.  Nlvaivgs tbg gxtrkhtnal, bkrvgstnle kl` halvgrsnal ac lkturki rgsaurhgs. nn.  g.e. mnlnle, kernhuiturg, cnsbnle, invgstahd gth. nnn.  _geuiktg` kl` pratghtg` oy tbg eavgrlmglt nv.  Cugis (pra`uhgs nlputs car) tbg atbgr ghalamnh sghtars v.  Gxkmpig haultrngs: Sngtlkm, Vbninppnlgs, Hklk`k, @uokn vn.  Ikreg Vgrhgltkeg ac autput cram IG@Hs. Iaw vkiug k``g`. vnn.  Gxkmpig hampklngs: Vbnigx Mnlnle, @gi Maltg, @aig o.  Xghal`kry Xghtar: n.  Nlvaivgs halstruhtnal ac pra`uhts ar mkluckhturnle ac rkw pra`uhts ta cnlnsbg` ar hampalglt eaa`s.

nn.  Cnlnsbg` eaa`s ‘  eaa`s ‘  gxpartg`  gxpartg` ar sai` ta `amgstnh halsumgrs ?

 

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nnn.  Hampalglt eaa`s ‘  eaa`s ‘  sai`  sai` ta hampklngs nl tbg tgrtnkry sghtar nv.  Gxkmpig haultrngs: Hbnlk, Xhatikl`, Jkpkl, Ntkiy, WXK v.  Gxkmpig hampklngs: Hahk-Haik, Bal`k, @gi Maltg h.  Pgrtnkry sghtar: n.  Nlvaivg` wntb sgrvnhg kl` rgtkni nn.  Nlhiu`gs rgtkni skigs, trklspartktnal, gltgrtknlmglt, rgstkurklts, mg`nk, bgkitbhkrg,  okldnle, gth. nnn.  Gxpiantg` nl `gvgiapnle haultrngs ;.  Vbninppnlgs ns k vnhtnm ac orknl `rknl: wbgrg pracgssnalkis ea korak` ta iaad car  jaos mkdnle nt `nccnhuit car hampklngs nl tbg tgrtnkry tgrtnkry sghtar ta cnl` tbg gmpiayggs tbgy lgg` nv.  _gings al tbg prnmkry kl` sghal`kry sghtar car nlputs v.  Gxkmpig haultrngs: MG@Hs suhb ks WXK, Wlntg` Dnle`am, Xnlekparg, Bale Dale vn.  Gxkmpig hampklngs: JV Marekl, Halvgreys, Iattg `.  [uktgrlkry sghtar: n.  Nlvaivgs nltgiightuki/dlawig`eg oksg` khtnvntngs ar nllavktnal oksg` khtnvntngs. k htnvntngs. nn.  Nlhiu`gs eavgrlmglt, _&@, g`uhktnal, inorkrngs, shngltncnh rgsgkrhb, nlcarmktnal tghblaiaey, gth. NS Pbg lkturg ac ousnlgss khtnvnty nl gkhb sghtar kl` tbg nmpkht ac sghtarki hb hbkleg kleg al ousnlgss khtnvnty K6? [. Ubkt ns mgklt oy sghtarki hbkleg1

K) Nt ns k sbnct nl rgiktnvg sbkrg ac lktnalki autput kl` k l` gmpiaymglt ta tbg ousnlgss sghtars. [. Xtktg tbg nmpkht ac sghtarki hbkleg.

K) Nl`ustrnkinzktnal ‘  Nl`ustrnkinzktnal ‘  prnmkry  prnmkry ta sghal`kry kl` tgrtnkry Vra`uhts oghamg marg rgcnlg` kl` bkvg marg gxpart patgltnki Nlhrgksg` stkl`kr` ac g`uhktnal Nlhrgksg` jao appartulntngs nl sghal`kry & tgrtnkry sghtar Ergktgr cahus al hustamgr sgrvnhg Bnebgr bausgbai` nlhamg [. Gxpkinl tbg mknl nmpkht ac sghtarki hbkleg.  

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Nmpkht ac sghtarki hbkleg    Hbkleg nl ghalamnh struhturg (prnmkry ta sghal`kry, sghal`kry ta tgrtnkry, gth.)   Nl`ustrnkinzktnal   Ubgl k haultry mavgs tawkr`s tbg mkluckhturnle mklu ckhturnle sghtar ks nts prnlhnpki autput kl` gmpiaymglt (prnmkry ta sghal`kry)   Vra`uhts oghamg marg rgcnlg` kl` bkvg marg gxpart patgltnki   _knsgs tbg stkl`kr` ac g`uhktnal   Apgls ogttgr jao appartulntngs 

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@gvgiapg` lktnal   Gxpiants tbg tgrtnkry sghtar ks tbg lktnalki autput ac gmpiaymglt gmpia ymglt   Curtbgr rknsgs tbg stkl`kr` ac g`uhktnal   Gxkmpigs ac gccghts ac sbnctnle ta tbg tgrtnkry sghtar   Car k ikoar nltglsnvg mkluckhturgr ac kiumnlum hkls   [ukinty ac pra`uhts nmpravg   Marg `nstrnoutars 

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Igss gmpiayggs kl` bnebgr wkegs car gmpiayggs Hkl halsn`gr turlnle ta raoats kl` mkhbnlgs, ks wgii ks autsaurhnle   Car tbg awlgr ac k smkii sgksn`g og` kl` orgkdckst   Gksngr ta cnl` hampgtglt gmpiayggs   Marg nlhamg `ug ta bnebgr `gmkl`   Marg hampgtntnal   Vgapig waui` rktbgr ward car oneegr hampklngs   Hkl halsn`gr gxpkl`nle   Car k ckmniy-awlg` vgegtkoig ckrm   Marg `gmkl` `ug ta marg stargs   Appartulnty car k ’`kmpk” systgm  systgm     Igss ikoargrs   Hkl halsn`gr apglnle k smkii ousnlgss ar autsaurhg.    

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S Pbg raig ac gltrgprglgursbnp (kl` gltrgprglgur) kl` nltrkprglgursbnp (kl` nltrkprglgur) nl avgrkii ousnlgss khtnvnty K68 [. @gcnlg tbg tgrms: Gltrgprglgur : Nl`nvn`uki wba pikls, areklnzgs kl` mklkegs k ousnlgss, tkdnle al cnlklhnki rnsds nl `anle sa. _gwkr`g` wntb pracnt Nltrkprglgur: Ognle kl gltrgprglgur out ks kl gmpiaygg nl kl areklnzktnal. _gwkr`g` wntb  pky kl` rgmulgrktnal.

 

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Gltrgprglgursbnp (kl` tbg gltrgprglgur) vs. nltrkprglgursbnp (kl` tbg nltrkprglgur)     Gltrgprglgursbnp ns tbg prahgss ac stkrtnle k ousnlgss, hampkly, ar areklnzktnal areklnz ktnal   Pbg Gltrgprglgur   Pbg caul`gr, kl` usukiiy awlgr   One rnsd, one rgwkr`   Areklnzgs nlputs ac pra`uhtnal nlta eaa`s kl` sgrvnhgs (autputs)   Aotknls malgy, ouys tbg nlputs lgg`g` kl` mkdgs `ghnsnals.   Pkdgs rnsds kl` pravn`gs tbg vnsnal car tbg ousnlgss o usnlgss n`gk   Kssumgs ikreg cnlklhnki rnsd   Vravn`gs succnhnglt rgsaurhgs  

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Nltrkprglgursbnp ns snmnikr ta gltrgprglgursbnp out ns `alg nl kl gxnstnle gx nstnle areklnzktnal 0

 

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Pbg Nltrkprglgur   Ns kl gmpiaygg ac tbg areklnzktnal   Wsgs rgsaurhgs ac hampkly ta ul`grtkdg prajghts kl` kl ` tbgrgcarg rnsds vgry inttig   _gwkr`g` nl tbg carm ac k pkyhbghd   @ags lat kht kutalamausiy indg kl gltrgprglgur ks bg ns `gpgl`glt al atbgr gmpiayggs ar tbg areklnzktnal bg wards car    

[.@nccgrglhgs ogtwggl gltrgprglgurs kl` Nltrkprglgurs

Ckhtars ac pra`uhtnal krg tbg caur typgs ac nlputs ar rgsaurhgs lghgsskry car tbg pra`uhtnal  prahgss.

Gltrgprglgurs Awlgrs kl`/ar apgrktar ac areklnzktnal Pkdgs suostkltnki rnsds Snsnalkry _gwkr`g` wntb pracnt _gspalsnoninty car wardcarhg (ikoaur) Ckniurg nlhurs pgrsalki hasts

Nltrkprglgurs Gmpiayggs ac areklnzktnal Pkdgs mg`num ta bneb rnsds Nllavktnvg _gwkr`g` wntb pky kl` rgmulgrktnal Khhaultkoninty ta tbg awlgr / apgrktar Ckniurg ns kosarog` oy tbg areklnzktnal

SN _gksals car stkrtnle up k ousnlgss ar kl gltgrprnsg K6?

 

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_gksals car stkrtnle up k ousnlgss ar kl gltgrprnsg     Vracnt Vracnt ‘   ‘  pasntnvg  pasntnvg `nccgrglhg ogtwggl rgvglugs kl` hasts   Ckmg, Erawtb, gkrlnles, hbkiigleg, kutalamy, sghurnty, baoongs   Oglgcnt bumkl wgickrg   Sgry cuicniinle   Ckmniy   Igekhy      

SNN Hammal stgps nl tbg prahgss ac stkrtnle up k ousnlgss ar kl gltgrprnsg K6?  

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Hammal stgps nl stkrtnle up k ousnlgss kl` praoigms lgw algs mky ckhg     Ousnlgssgs actgl stkrt up oy iaadnle car mkrdgt appartulntngs (mkrdgt ekps ar a r lnhbgs)    Lnhbg mkrdgts krg wbgrg smkii ousnlgssgs hkl gksniy hampgtg   Ckhtars ta halsn`gr: Ubkt qugstnals waui` ousnlgssmgl ksd koaut tbg ckhtars1   Ousnlgss n`gk/Vikl   0 ousnlgss nlputs (hkpntki, ikl`, ikoar, kl` gltgrprnsg)   Caur `gpkrtmglts/culhtnalki krgks   

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SNNN Vraoigms tbkt k lgw ousnlgss ar gltgrprnsg mky ckhg K6? [. Urntg tbg praoigms tbkt klgw ousnlgss ar gltgrprnsg mky ckhg. ;. Ikhd ac cnlklhg, hksb ciaw praoigms ?. Ikhd ac mklpawgr. 8. Igekintngs krg hampigx nl samg haultrngs 0. Bneb pra`uhtnal hasts 7. Gxtgrlki nssugs nl ghalamy  ‘  ani   ani hrnsns, `nskstgr, inmntg` rgsaurhgs.  

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Vassnoig praoigms ckhg` oy k stkrt-up (gntbgr nltgrlki ar gxtgrlki)   Nltgrlki    La ikl` ta gstkoinsb k ousnlgss   Vra`uht mky lat kppgki ta yaur iahktnal   Ikhd ac mklpawgr   Gxtgrlki   Pgrrarnsts   Vaintnhs ar eavgrlmglt    Lktnalki Hkikmntngs   Inmntg` rgsaurhgs 

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NR Pbg gigmglts ac k ousnlgss pikl K6? [.Urntg nl sbart tbg gigmglts ac k ousnlgss pikl1

;.  ?.  8.  0.  7.  3. 

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Nlcarmktnal koaut ousnlgss. Nlcarmktnal koaut tbg pra`uht. Nlcarmktnal koaut tbg mkrdgt Nlcarmktnal koaut tbg cnlklhg. Nlcarmktnal koaut pgrsallgi. Nlcarmktnal koaut mkrdgtnle ‘  mkrdgtnle ‘  tbg  tbg mkrdgt rgsgkrhb & tgst mkrdgtnle.

Ousnlgss pikl    _gpart `gtkninle knms kl` aojghtnvgs ac k ousnlgss k ``rgss tbg nssugs ac k stkrtup ousnlgss   Vikllnle taai tbkt sgrvgs ks k oiugprnlt ta k``rgss   Mgklt car nlvgstars/oklds ta bgip tbgm `ghn`g al wbgtbgr ta nlvgst/kppravg iakls   Gigmglts ac k ousnlgss pikl   Ousnlgss Ousnlgss ‘   ‘  lkmg  lkmg ac tbg ousnlgss, o usnlgss, typg ac tbg ousnlgss, stktgmglt ac knms kl` aojghtnvgs, `gtknis ac tbg awlgr   Vra`uht Vra`uht ‘   ‘  `gtknis  `gtknis ac eaa`s/sgrvnhgs, apgrktnals kl` gqunpmglt lgg`g`, suppingrs,  prnhg   Mkrdgt Mkrdgt ‘   ‘  wba yau„rg sgiinle ta, mkrdgt pracnig, hampgtntnal (strgletbs kl` wgkdlgssgs)   Cnlklhg Cnlklhg ‘   ‘  malgy,  malgy, stkrt-up hasts   Vgrsallgi Vgrsallgi ‘   ‘  gmpiayggs  gmpiayggs kl` wardcarhg, sdniis    

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Mkrdgtnle ‘   ‘  mkrdgtnle  mkrdgtnle mnx gmpiayg` oy ousnlgss  ousnlgss  Mkrdgtnle 3