Chapter-1 Introduction

 

DBA^]OX 1  JI]XFD_D]JFI, BJT]FXZ AIM JLFX]AIDO FE LAI]XA-ZAI]XA]AI]XA PJ]B J]T FHGOD]JUOT 1.1. Jitrfmudtjfi

]bo jimjvjmuac js a uijt fe tbo sfdjoty. ]bo poado fe sfdjoty mopoims fi loitac lako-up fe jts lolhors. Addfrmji` tf Gajijsl, spjrjtuaccy movocfpom sfuc rolajis uiaeeodtom at bjs loitac covoc hy oxtoriac eadtfrs. ]bfso wbf aro cjvji` wfrcmcy cjeo aro suhgodt tf krljd caw. Acc tbo cjvji` hoji`s rosjmji` ji bocc fr boavoi bavo tf rospfim ro spfim tbo tbofry fe karla aim sueeor qujto a cft murji` tbo porjfm fe tbojr oxjstoido ji tbjs wfrcm fr ji tbo ioxt wfrcm. Lay drfros fe ora ho  passom hut tbo karla iovor mostrfyom aim fio bas tf pay fee tbol wbotbor tboy aro `ffm fr  ham, auspjdjfus fr jiauspjdjfus.

 टॄभटाऩदो  ढह    ढह , टटोखशवभूख  ७  िएिाी  बोई, टॄ भई टाऩ   टाऩ वु   वुबहवु हवुबाौ ९1  ]f `ot rjm fe tbo sueeorji`, tbo ejrst ejrs t stop tf avort tbjs jt js tf adqujro tbo kifwcom`o fe tbo dausos d ausos fe tbojr sueeorji` hy ocjljiatji` j`ifraido, je aiy. ]bo laji fhgodtjvo fe Gajijsl js tf olaidjpato lai erfl bjs sueeorji`s. ]bo rocj`jfus hffks fe ift ficy Gajis hut fe Uajmjka aim Hummbjsl ji tbjs rospodt bavo prosdrjhom dortaji rolomjos rolo mjos cjko efccfwji` poiaido, lomjtatjfi,  smbai-upsai  smbai-ups ai fe laitra, taitra aim yaitra otd. ]f `ot rjm fe pbysjdac, psydbjd, fr spjrjtuac  prfhcols, tbo dfllfi dfllfi porsfi cffks bfpoeuccy tfwarms tramjtjfiac sfcutjfis hy way fe laitrayaitra-taitra. Bo bas eajtb aim trust tbat jt wjcc rosfcvo acc mjeejductjos aim `jet bappjioss. ]brfu`b prayors, tbrfu`b lomjtatjfi, tbrfu`b tbo way wo cjvo fur cjeo, hy purjty fe fur tbfu`bts aim eoocji`s, hy stajicoss dbaradtor, hy movftjfi, surroimor aim eajtb, hy mfji` aim ifi-mfji`….wbatovor ho fur ways… hy acc tboso ways wo sbfucm cjvo a cjeo wboro wo eooc Bjs  prosoido acc tbo tjlo. Fe acc droatjfis, lai acfio dai staim apart erfl bjlsoce aim watdb bjlsoce. Fi tbjs pcaiot ficy wo bulai hoji`s bavo uicjljtom mosjros aim alhjtjfis. Ficy wo pcai aim tbjik fe ioxt sovoi `oioratjfis. If aiy ftbor droaturo ovoi tbjik fe tflfrrfw. Lai acways rolaji uisatjsejom aim uieucejccom wbjdb coams tf tbo erustratjfis. Tudb erustratjfis aim mjssatjseadtjfis `jvo hjrtb tf loitac toisjfis. Jt bas aclfst hodflo dfllfi efr acc. ]boroefro, tbo 81st Doitury js torlom a s –]bo Doitury fe Ttross.“ ]bo sdjoido aim todbifcf`y bas `jetom us laiy cuxurjos aim dflefrts tf lako fur cjeo lfro rocaxom hut oxpcfjtatjfi aim `room fe rosfurdos bavo dfstom us vory ludb. Ifhfmy js bappy aim dfitoimom hodauso fe socejsb aim latorjacjstjd futcffk. ]bo aijlac jistjidt cyji` wjtbji us js efrdoeuc aim mfljiait fvor fur jimjvjmuac aim sfdjac hobavjfr. ]bus, fur cjeo bas hodflo eucc fe oxdjtoloits, olftjfiac mjsfrmors, aim loitac toisjfis. ]fmay ovoi a dbjcm fe ? yoars fcm ift sparom wjtb dflpotjtjfis aim prf`ross hy ej`uros. Ahuimait woactb aim pcoity fe lfioy mf ift `uaraitoo ovoi slacc alfuit fe bappjioss. ]bo pofpco aim iatjfis latorjaccy lfro aeecuoit bavji` acc tbo aloijtjos fe cjeo aro lfro ji tbo `rjp fe toisjfis. Lomjdac as wocc as psydbfcf`jdac stumjos fe amvaidom  ^rjyakara Ipakatb, Uorso 02.

1

1.1

 

iatjfis bavo dfiejrlom tbjs eadt. Jt js ficy wo rospfisjhco efr acc tboso droatjfis. ]boroefro, tbo sfcutjfis lust ho erfl fursocvos. Po kifw lfro ahfut atfls, dflputors aim acc lfmori `am`ots tbai tbo vacuos ioomom efr loaiji`euc aim poadoeuc cjeo. ]bo `roat sa`os mjm ift prfdoss spjrjtuacjty ficy efr tbolsocvos hut acsf woro aixjfus ahfut euturo `oioratjfis aim tboroefro, fhsorvji` barm poiaido tboy sbfw us tbo patb fe poadoeuc cjeo. Lai acfio dai stumy bjs fwi tbfu`bts aim actor tbo mjrodtjfi fe bjs tbfu`bts. Lai acfio dai  ho soce-dfisdjfus. As a rosuct, lai acfio hy bjs fwi awaroioss dai cjet bjlsoce hy bjlsoce bjlsoce.. Adtjfis porefrlom wjtb awaroioss fpoi tbo `atos fe paramjso. Awaroioss lust ho iurturom aim movocfpom hy cffkji` jitf fur fwi adtjfis. Dbai`o tbo dfitoit fe tboet aim a tbjoe wjcc hodflo Uacljkj. A sjiior js traisefrlom jitf a sajit. Ovorytbji` js pfssjhco wjtb strfi` eajtb ji mjvjio  hut wo bavo tf pay efr jt. Iftbji` js `ajiom eroo. Bfwovor, mjrodtom oeefrts surocy `jvo rosucts. Hba`avia Labv ra ra was acsf suhgodtom tf oifrlfus paji wboi a sbopborm iajcom bjl bjs oars. ]ftac surroimor at tbo eoot fe tbo mjvjio efrdo js tbo ficy way tfwarms sacvatjfi, aim fido wo aro ji tbo dustfmy fe Mjvjijty if lacjdjfus efrdo dai maro tf tfudb fr mjsturh us. Ejocm fe sdjoido aim jitoccj`oido js cjljtom hut tbo ejocm fe eajtb js uicjljtom. Cot us rospodt sdjoido aim jitoccj`oido, hut ift io`codt tbo pfwor fe eajtb aim mjvjijty. ^rodfimjtjfi js ficy moop eajtb, rost coavo jt tf Bjl. Bo kifws wboi tf `jvo, wbfl tf `jvo, wbat tf `jvo, aim bfw tf `jvo. Tflotjlos @fmficy upsots tf oxoduto hottor pcai efr us. hut Aim, fe ]bo dfurso, way aro Bjs ways." Ift fic y laifur js apcais droatjfi fe aaii oxtrafrmjiary @fm, acsf, @fm"Bjs js a

droatjfi fe lai's oxtrafrmjiary eajtb. ]bo sdjoitjst Ojistoji sajm tbat, – Pbat daiift ho sfcvom hy ejijto jitoccj`oido dai stjcc ho sfcvom hy tbo jiejijto jitoccj`oido. Ovoi wboi tboro aro if jitoccodtuac aiswors, tboro aro stjcc spjrjtuac aiswors8.“ Boro js tbo sfcutjfi prosdrjhom hy fur

`roat sa`o aim Bfcy Tdrjpturos  daccom `ala.4 ]bo aidjoit sa`os bavo dfistrudtom laiy lai y kjims fe laitra, yaitra (lystjdac mja`rals) aim varjfus hraidbos fe kifwcom`o ( vjmy). Po dai romudo fr euccy ocjljiato fur ham karla hy h y loais fe laiy kjims fe laitra (spoccs), yaitra aim taitra (rocj`jfus toxt fe lystjdac efrlucao efr attajiloit fe supor bulai pfwors). ]bo vast cjtoraturo fi laitra, taitra aim yaitra pordfcatom tf us js tbo troasuro fe `roat jlpfrtaido. Po mjm ift aim mf ift ostjlato jts vacuo aim jlpfrtaido. Ji sudb a sjieuc ora daccom kacjyu`a, tbo avajcahco sfcutjfis fe tbo sueeorji`s hy way fe laitra, taitra aim yaitra aro at if dfst. ]bjs js tbo prfpor tjlo tf hrji` tbo vacuo fe tbo suhgodt tf tbo iftjdo fe acc ji sjlpcjejom aim addoptahco way aim wjtb sdjoitjejd apprfadb. Pboi tbo wbfco wfrcm prjlarjcy efdusom fi latorjac aim fhgodtjvo kifwcom`o, fur dfuitry bam hooi uiefcmji` tf tbo wfrcm spjrjtuac aim suhgodtjvo kifwcom`o-tbo kifwcom`o fe soce. Ovory dfuitry tbat bas ai jitoriatjfiac staimji` js hodauso jt efdusom fi jts ducturac stroi`tb. ]bo ducturac stroi`tb fe Jimja bas acways hooi jts spjrjtuac frjoitatjfi. Tf, mf ift wo bavo tbo lfrac rospfisjhjcjty tf ovfcvo spjrjtuaccy6 Pjtb sudb a rjdb ducturac borjta`o aim sdjoitjejd tramjtjfi, wo aro tbo jitoccodtuac eca`sbjp aim tbo spjrjtuac dapjtac fe tbo wfrcm . Ifw jt js acsf tbo muty fe fur rocj`jfus coamors tf proadb tbo spjrjtuac vacuos fe fur jiborjtom sdjoido fe laitras aim lomjtatjfi efr tbo poadoeuc cjeo fe laikjim. Laitra js ficy tbo spjrjtuac sfcutjfi

8 Erfzoi

]bfu`bts , a lfitbcy la`azjio, p. =2  4  अिगढई  अऐाऄ ७ (tbo toxt wbjdb js sajm hy tbo coariom)

1.8

 

fe acc wfrcmcy as wocc as psydbjd prfhcols hodauso ficy loi aro sueeorji` erfl tbo prfhcols droatom hy bjlsoce. Aijlacs mf ift roqujro aiy laitrfpsai ,  as tboy mf ift bavo ljim  prfhcols. ]bjs js ift tbo troasuro fe Gajijsl ficy hut acsf fe Jimjai ducturo, wbjdb roqujros tf ho prosorvom aim prftodtom efr euturo `oioratjfis. Jt js sajm tbat murji` tbo porjfm fe ?>> yoars hotwooi ? tb  aim 1>tb Doitury tboro woro 8>>> tf 8?>> hffks fi laitra wrjttoi hy Hummba lfiks. = Gaji sdrjpturos fi laitra bavo mjstjidt pfsjtjfi alfi` tbat fe Uajmjka aim Hummba hodauso Gaji sdrjpturos bavo acways prftodtom jts rocj`jfus aspodt erfl aiy lacjdo aim jcc lftjvom  smbai as ji ftbor pbjcfsfpbjos (`oioraccy smbaka fe Ula-lr`a Ula-lr`a? efccfw lacjdo vjmy).5 At prosoit vast cjtoraturo puhcjsbom fi Gaji pbjcfsfpby at laiy pcados hut tbjs aspodt fe laitra, `oioraccy, js ift prfporcy aim sorjfuscy uimorstffm hut io`codtom at car`o. ]f rolfvo tbjs moeodt jt js iodossary tf tako up tbo suhgodt fe laitra efr tbo prosorvatjfi fe jts sj`ijejdaido. A`aji J wfucm cjko tf olpbasjs fi tbo suhgodt fe laitra, wbjdb je pradtjdom as su``ostom, jt wfrks, moejijtocy wfrks aim `jvos mosjrom erujts.

Mj`ahara sodt bas acsf jts fwi laitra. ]boro aro acsf laiy sots fe laitra efr tbo rolomjos fe wfrcmcy aim psydbjd iaturo. 0 As ji wotlhara, tbo laji sfurdo fe laitra aro erfl ijio bfcy toxts ( Iavaslaraa-Ttra   ijio bfcy rodjtatjfis), tbo rjdb aim aidjoit stfdk fe prfvom  Iavaslaraa-Ttra  —  —  ijio laitra ho ahsoit. fe TtjccMj`alhara tboro aro laiy laitra, yaitra aim tf taitra Ji acc rospodt sools laitratfpbjcfsfpby tramjtjfi   js vory sjljcar tbatavajcahco. fe votlhara tramjtjfi, hut tboro lay ho sflo mjeeoroidos ahfut taitra, mosj`i fe yaitra aim tbo wfrm arrai`oloit fe laitra fr jts toxts. Hasjd prjidjpco at hftb covoc js aclfst salo. Lfst mjstji`ujsbji` eadt js tbat, tbo lfiks, ji Mj`alhara tramjtjfi, aro prfbjhjtom tf darry fut  smbai-upsai  smbai-ups ai fe aiy laitra-taitra as tboy hocjovo tbat tbjs kifwcom`o  lay morajc tbol erfl tbojr vory purpfso fe hoji` lfik as sajm ji ‒Zaitra, laitra, taitra-Adrya mjs `ara Ahbjiaimaia @raitba.2  Ji tbo daso fe ]orpatba tramjtjfi, tbo aidjoit sfurdo js ift tboro hut tbo laitra efr varjfus  purpfsos aro dfccodtom aim rodflloimom lj`bt hooi morjvom erfl bfcy toxts as puhcjsbom ji tbo hffk, ‒ Laitra  Laitra Oka Talmbia  Talmbia‚‚ hy Adrya r Labpra`yag .:  ]bo sdfpo fe tbo cjtoraturo prfmudom hy tbo Gaji lastors js uicjljtom. ]bo Gaji dflluijty ro`arms jt as tbojr aidostfrs dflpfso jt . Ji eadt, jt js dfitjiuatjfi aim oxpaisjfi fe `ala 1>  cjtoraturo as sudb aim jitoimom tf prflfto tbo wocc- hoji` fe oitjro bulaikjim. Jt dai uiaijlfuscy ho amljttom tbat tbo prfhcols fe Gaji dflluijty wfucm rolaji uisfcvom ji tbo ahsoido fe tbo stumy fe Gaji Cjtoraturo. Laiy coariom Gaji autbfrs bavo dfitrjhutom ji tbjs ejocm. =

 Labprahbvaka Iavaslaraa, p. 84   ]bo titrjd lfmo fe wfrsbjp wboro ( Lambya (wjio), Lsa (loat), Latsya (ejsb), Lumr (lfioy), Lajtbuia

?

(pcoasuro wjtb wflai), sadrjejdo fe aijlac otd. aro feeorom tf mojtjos. 5  Gajiambarla aur ]itrjka Tmbai , proeado hy tbo autbfr, p. 4 0

 Ujmyiusaia, Ca`bu Ujmyiuvma, Gaji Laitra Labvjgia, Ialfkra Laitra Kacpa  otd. aro laji

cjtoraturo fi tbo suhgodt ji Mj`ahara tramjtjfi.   _maydaca, p. 448  :  Laitra-Oka Talm bia bia. 1>  Iyya-stra moejios tbo `alas as अोथीव  ˲ व 7 j.o. tfcm hy autboitjd porsfia`os (poreodt sfucs).  Iyya-stra 2

1.4

 

]bo way coamji` tf tbo patb fe roacjzatjfi aim jts tffcs bas hooi `ujmom hy fur asdotjds, spjrjtuacjsts, yf`js, lastors, lfiks aim wocc vorsom fe tbjs suhgodt. ]bo `ujmaido aim oxporjoidos fe tbojr smbaia ̍ ji toxtuac efrls aro fur rocj`jfus cjtoraturo aim daifis. Ji aidjoit ora tbo sdjoido fe laitra was movocfpom tf sudb ai oxtoit tbat jt was addoptom hy aclfst acc sodts fe Gajis. ]boro aro laiy daifijdac cjtoraturos avajcahco fi jt. ]f ro-ostahcjsb tbo tbofcf`jdac jlpfrtaido fe sdjoido fe laitra, taitra aim yaitra, tbo cjtoraturos rocatji` tf tbjs lust ho puhcjsbom aim hrfu`bt tf tbo iftjdo fe tbo pofpco. ]bjs tbosjs wjcc ocahfratoc ocahfratocy y dflprjso tbo varjfus typos fe laitra, taitra aim yaitra wjtb tbojr aidjoit sfurdo. 1.8. Frj`ji aim Bjstfry fe Laitra, Zaitra aim ]aitra

Aetor tbo cast ]rtbakara , r Labvrsvl, eoar provajcom alfi` `roat dryas tbat tbo kifwcom`o js `ottji` mjssjpatom erfl tbo lolfry aim jt js iodossary tf prosorvo jt hy ftbor loais. _itjc tboi tbjs sadrom kifwcom`o was passom fi hy lfutb tf lfutb ji tbo efrl fe stra. Tf tbo rosjmuac kifwcom`o was wrjttoi mfwi ji tbo efrl fe sot fe stra (sbfrt soitoidos daccom apbfrjsls). ]boso aro cjko latbolatjdac oquatjfis. ]bo lfst kifwi oquatjfi ji tbo bjstfry fe sdjoido js  O>> lystjd kjims fe vjmy. ]boy sottcom ji tbo ro`jfis fe Lt. Uajtmbya aim appfjitom tbol tf ruco fvor tbo djtjos fe tbat aroa. ]bojr trjhos woro kifwi as ‒Ujmymbara‚ (pfssossom hy vjmy).15 Addfrmji` tf Kacpastra10 , tboro js a roeoroido tf tbo hraidb fe drya js daccom Ujmymbarj12.“  Cot us roeor tf fio oxalpco avajcahco ji Mj`ahara daifi suppfrtji` tbo lattor fe laitra. drya Mbarsoia, hoefro mocjvorji` tbo kifwcom`o fe daifis aim pro-daifis tf twf asdotjd sdbfcars, ^upamata aim Hbtahacj, bo tostjejom tbol hy feeorji`  twf Laitras (jidaitatjfis), fio fvor-cottorom aim tbo ftbor uimor-cottorom. Bo askom tbol tf lastor tbo laitra tbrfu`b a twf may eastji` ( aba-hbakta). Addfrmji`cy, wboi pupjcs lastorom tbo laitra, tboy saw tbo twf jivfkom `fmmossos-fio wjtb prfgodtom tootb aim tbo ftbor was fio-oyom. ]bo pupjc tbfu`bt tbat tbo mjsej`uratjfi js ift tbo iaturo fe tbo mojtjos aim tboroefro, sflotbji` lust ho wrfi` wjtb tbo laitras. ]boy woro wocc vorsom ji tbo laitravjmy. ]boy roacjsom tbo `rallatjdac ljstakos ji tbo laitras aim dfrrodtom tbol hy ammji` sflo cottors tf tbo uimor-cottorom uimor-cott orom laitra aim mocotji` sflo cottors erfl fvor-cottorom laitras. ]boy, tboi, pradtjdom dfrrodtom laitravjmy efr lastory. Pboi addflpcjsbom, tboy saw tbo twf jivfkom `fmmossos ji tbojr iaturac efrl.1: ]boy, tboi bulhcy ropfrtom tbo stfry fe adbjovji` lastory lastor y fvor jidaitatjfis tf

drya Mbarsoia. Fi `ottji` wocc satjsejom, bo startom toadbji` tbo sdrjpturos sd rjpturos fi ai auspjdjfus may, mato, aim latdbji` dfistoccatjfi. ]bus, tbo laitravjmy, jts mojty, lorjts, aim molorjts fe

 ठाहऀऀ , ऀिताी खतई   खतईय िहदती   ी िहदती ली   ली, एतुी , टीिखसआ , लईल ु ी  खु   खुी ी, तीदहऊआ , लटती, खलाी,  ाुखाी ाी, खढहताी, खतहताी एिखभऺािखलईखठ , लथ  लथुुॎऺताी ७  1?  vayakaijryuktj, Uorso :8.  15  Tdjoitjejd Todrots fe Gajijsl, p. 122 1=

As ji Ujlaca‚s ^auladarjya  hftb Xvaa aim Baiuli aro fetoi mosdrjhom as hocfi`ji` tf tbo rado fe tbo Ujmymbaras.  10  ]bo oj`btb sodtjfi fe Masarutaskaimba, pfpucarcy kifwi as Kacpastra fe Hbamrahbusvl.  12   यीीखऺईभो   तई  िखहऺ   िऐोहसीखऺई ऺईभो   टहिलऐुीखऺईभो   ऀभौय  य   तई  िखहऺॎ   लहऺह   खढदह   (Trj Kacpastra, Oj`btb part, Ttbavrvacj).  1: Tat-prarupaa-1, dbaptor fe Mbavac (Gjvastbia), akbai`ala.  Oi`cjsb vorsjfi hy Tbrj Asbfk Kular Gaji,  p. =8

1.?

 

upsai otd. woro tboro ji tbo ho`jiiji` fe tbo porjfm fe frj`jiatjfi fe fur daifis. Ift ficy tbjs hut jt prfvom tbat uimor-cottorom fr fvor-cottorom laitra `jvos amvorso rosucts. Ji Ujmyiusaia,  wbjdb js a vory aidjoit wfrk fe ?>>> vorsos fi laitravjmy laitravjmy   hy

Mj`alhardrya, Hbaraka8>  r Latjs`ar, jt js sajm hy r Labvrswal tf r @autalswl tbat tboso acc laitra aro morjvom erfl Ujmyiupravma. 

 भीर िखहिढु   ु िखहिढुहथहो  दऄ   दऄ  ै  ैिहऩ िहऩ थवाहई   थवाहई ाऺहढौ   ाऺहढौ ७   ा  दहखथ    दहखथ  िखरद    िखरद  धदभी   धदभी िखथु   िखथुरहई ाभऄ   ाभऄ ९81  Laiy daifis cjko, Ttbii`a (5/82), Talavyai`a (08),  Gfjpbua tbfso aro ift avajcahco ifw otd. woro mosdrjhom wjtb sflo vjmy, laitra aim taitra.88  ]bo 1>tb  daifi,  ^raiavykaraa,  ^raiavykara a, was dfitajiji` 1>2 ^raia-vjmy (askom arts), 1>2 Apraia-vjmy (uiaskom arts) aim 1>2 ^raipr  ^raipria-vjmy ia-vjmy (askom aim uiaskom-ljxom arts). r Ahbayamovasrj, (kifwi as Iavi`-]kkra) wbf bas wrjttoi drjtjds fi ijio hasjd daifis sajm tbat, ji euturo tf avfjm tbo ljsuso fe tboso ljraducfus arts hy aiy uiautbfrjsom porsfi tboso arts ocjljiatom. r Giavjlacsrj acsf dfiejrls tbjs ji bjs drjtjds fi tbjs daifi. 84  Ji 1?tb dbaptor fe _ttarmbyayaia Ttra, jt js sajm hy r Labvraswl tbat, a lfik wjcc ift uimor`f aiy laitravjmya ̍, fr oxporjloits fe pur`atjvo aim vfljtji` lomjdjios otd.  ाईभाैस सईई 

 िखिखऺई  ि ीखगभई  ि ात - िख  िखीी दत  दत -ठैाखढ - खलतहत -अऊी    लतई   खभखऐदईग   भई   हद    दी   ल    खबै७8=  Jt js acsf amvjsom ji  Maavajkcjkastra  (2/?>) tbat lfiks sbfucm ift proadb fi  Iakatravjmy, Tvapiavjmy, Ijljttavjmy aim Laitravjmy.8?  ]boroefro, jt js dcoarcy lossa`om tbat tbo smbai fe aiy vjmy efr porsfiac purpfso was dfisjmorom as  Boya (wfrtb tf ahaimfi). Hut ji  Ijs ́ jtbastra Drj jt js su``ostom tf sorvo tbo pofpco aim lfiks hy  porefrlji` tbo t bo  smbai fe laitra as sajm7  िखऐई  ऊबदई  ऊबदई  िली  िली ी ख   ख   -  ऊबदई  ढहा   ढहा   हलह   हलह ,  खऐऺह   भी  भी 

 िखह -  ाईभ-   ओोऐहखथखतखाई  िली ी (ॠ-६॥).85  Xoeoroidos

aro acsf avajcahco ji Gaji daifis cjko,  Gtmbarlakatb,, vayakaijryuktj, vabyakadrj otd. tbat prodomji` lfiks fe r  Gtmbarlakatb ^rsvaitba tramjtjfi woro  pradtjdji`  A`aijljtta stra aim Ujmy. ]boroefro, tboy woro vjowom as  jtbjcdrj (lfiks wjtb eoohco aim cax dbaradtor) aim kifwi as  ^rvastba.80  ]boroefro, jt lay ho tbo roasfi tbat tboro aro laiy lai y stftra aim laitra yaitra efr upsai fe r

^rvaitba aim r ^amlvatmov. r Ahbayamovasrj wbf js kifwi as Iava-a`tkkra as  Iava-a`tkkra

(dflloitatfr fe ijio daifis) hocjovos tbat tboro woro cjtoraturo fi varjfus vjmy-smbai  ji  ^raiavykaraastra,  ^raiavykara astra, wbjdb js a daifi fe r Labvrasvl‚s suddossjfi. ]boi wby  rruta utakovac dryas82  fe rj Labvrasvl‚s suddossjfi bavo dfistjtutom sudb  Tuporjitoimoits pfssossji` rocj`jfus coariji` aim dbaradtors oi`a`om hy a sodtjfi fe tbo Mj`ahara tf cffk aetor tbo rocatjfis hotwooi tbo lfiks aim tbo cay efccfwors tf adt as a rrocj`jfus ocj`jfus toadbors aim tf coam tbo dflluijty. 81  Ujmyiusaia , Ejrst dbaptor, Uorso :.  88  Gajimbarla aur ]itrjka Tmbai , proeado hy autbfr. 84   `alai Fakba‚ (@ugaratj), ai jitrfmudtjfi fe `ala, p. 48  8=  Ujmyiusaia,  p. p. 4??  8?  Gajimbarla aur ]itrjka Tmbai , Cossfi-1, p. = 8>

85 80 

Gaji.stra  Jhjm   p. 15 Aur Laitra-vjmy , p. 00= 82  ]bo rutakovac cadkom flijsdjoido fe tbo  Kovac, hut bam dflpcoto kifwcom`o fe tbo sdrjpturos. 1.5

 

laitra6 Jt js dcarjejom tbat laitravjmy was prfbjhjtom efr porsfiac jitorost aim efr tbo purpfso fe `ottji` aiy rowarms erfl jt hut was porljttom ji tbo jitorost fe lass wocearo fe Gaji pofpco aim efr sacvatjfi fr tf mostrfy karla. Pboi tbo lfiks fe r ^rvaitba suddossjfi lor`om ji tbo tramjtjfi fe rj Labvrasvl, sflo lfiks, jlprossom hy sudb vjmy, uimor`fio efr laitra-smbai. Bfwovor, jt was rostrjdtom tf tbo upcjet fe fwi sfuc aim wocearo aim oibaidoloit fe Gaji ruco. Ji eadt, tbo movocfploit fe laitra-smbai ji Gaji tramjtjfi was startom prjfr tf =tb  -?tb  Doitury. Addfrmji` tf  Kacpastra ^avac 8: , ji wbjdb aidjoit suddossjfi cjio fe Gaji drya js mosdrjhom, tboro js roeoroido fe Ujmymbarakuca wbf woro dcass fe lfiks pradtjdji` varjfus laitravjmy.4>  Boro vjmy loais ift a sjlpco art hut lystorjfus pfwor awarmom hy tbo partjducar `fm/`fmmoss wbf js ammrossom/prfpjtjatom.

Je wo tako ai oxalpco fe r Uagrasvl (U.T 85 tf U.T. 11=)41 wbf was tbo cast drya bavji` kifwcom`o fe toi ^rva, attajiom vjmy fe ecyji` ji tbo sky48. r ^macjptasrj bam acsf attajiom vjmy fe ecyji` aim bo dfucm ecy aetor appcyji` spodjaccy proparom fjiloit fi bjs eoot. e oot. ]bo ialo r @autalsvlj staims at tbo efroerfit fe  Laitrasjmmba as bo was tbo ejrst @aambara fe r Labvrasvlj aim dflpfsom Trjlaitra uimor bjs mjrodtjfi. Bo pfssossom acc kjims fe ljraducfus pfwors ( cahmbjs). Oxordjsji` fio fe tbol, bo ecow up tbo Apama Lfuitaji majcy efr pjc`rjla`o ftborwjso wbjdb js uiapprfadbahco hy tbo frmjiary hoji`s.

Ji Gaji tramjtjfi, rya Kbapua (1 st Doit), rya Xfbaa tb(8 im  Doit), drya I`rguia, drya Zafhbamra, drya Liamova, Tjmmbasoiamjvkara (=  Doit), Laccavm (?tb Doit), drya Liatui`a (0tb Doit), drya Barjhbamra (2tb Doit), drya Happahbaa, Tjmmbarj (: tb Doit), drya Ahbayamova (11tb Doit), drya Gjiamatta, Umjmovasrj, drya Boladaimra, drya Lacaya`jrj, Gjidaimrasrj, ^rvamova`aj (18tb  Doit), Gjiakuacas ̍ urj (14tb  Doit) aim laiy woro attajiom lystorjfus pfwor tbrfu`b tbo spodjejd  smbai fr barm poiaido aim utjcjsom jt efr oibaidoloit fe mj`ijty fe Gaji rocj`jfi.44 ]boso aro tbo wocc-kifwi oxalpcos fe aidjoit ora wboro tboy lastorom ji tbjs ejocm.

Bam tboro hooi aiytbji` fhgodtjfiahco ji Laitras aim Ujmys por so tbo porsfi olpcfyji` tbo salo prfporcy wfucm ift bavo hooi dfisjmorom as ai  rmbak.  Ift ficy bam tbat hut tbo  Litrjka eajcji` tf olpcfy laitra fi a sujtahco fddasjfi torlom as Ujrmbaka fr ai feeoimor a`ajist eajtb. Fe tbo tbroo ossoitjacs, ialocy Talyak-maraia (rj`bt-eajtb)  ,, Talyak-gia (rj`bt kifwcom`o) aim  Talyak-darjtra   Talyak-darjtra  (rj`bt dfimudt),  pradtjdo aim oxporjloits fe laitra jivfcvo scj`bt trais`rossjfi a`ajist dfimudt wbjdb dai ho atfiom hy prfpjtjatfry rjtos as jt js  porefrlom hy a lfik lfik ovoi daroeuccy. ]bat wf wfucm ucm ho tbo daso je tboro js if ahuso fe Laitras & Ujmys, ftborwjso jt lj`bt ho ai feeoido a`ajist acc tbo tbroo ossoitjacs jidcumji` tb o prjlo ossoitjac-Eajtb.4= ]bo Gajis frmjiarjcy rodf`ijso laitras aim vjmys efr poado aim traiqujcjty 8:

 Cjsts fe toadbors, Ttbavjras aim tbojr sdbffcs.  Gajimbarla aur ]itrjk Tmbai , Cossfi-1, p. = 41  Gaji Mbarla Ko ^rahbvaka drya , p. 1?1 48   ओीतुदह   ओी दह  िखह    िखह , अऐहलऐाह  ाऺहहऔ    ाऺहहऔ  ७  ि ईथहखा  एिऀई  एाो  ओो    ओो  लु   लुदठहतई ठहतई ९िअटखढदु ऩ९६ॣ०९ 

4>

44 4= 

Cossfi-1, p. 12 aur JJJ, ]itrjk Tmbai  Gajimbarla ummosaka, =- ,, Hba`avatjstra 5 moacji` wjtb ‒Uajkrjya-Cahmbj‚ ji a aiswor tf a quostjfi says tbat, a porsfi olpcfys ljraducfus pfwor ficy hodauso fe  Kaya (ai`or, prjmo, modojt aim mosjros ftborwjso torlom  X`a-

1.0

 

fe ljim, hfmy aim sfuc. ]bo dfieossjfi aim ropoitaido dorolfiy js majcy porefrlom ji  pratjkralaa hy Gajis wboroji mojt mojtjos jos movftom tf tbo sorvjdo fe tbo Gaji efcm aro jivfkom hy dbaitji` tbo stra7ि दिहऐहतई ि   दिहऐहतई लई   लईखभऐहतई लाखथखलाहखऺऐहतई   लाखथखलाहखऺऐहतई टी   टी खा  खा  टहऊलई   टहऊलई ७4?  As sudb tbo laitra aim vjmy, aro ift dfrrupt fr ham, hut jts lacj`i purpfso was prfbjhjtom. ]boroefro, wboiovor tbo Gaji pofpco fr rocj`jfi eadom trfuhco fr mjstross, `roat sa`o ocjljiatom tbol hy tbo way fe laitra aim stftra.  Laitrfpsai js acsf a typo fe yf`a aim tbo adtjvjty coamji` tf tbo uctjlato `fac j.o. cjhoratjfi erfl wfrcmcy attadbloits js yf`a as sajm hy _pmbyya, Zasbfvjgayag7 ाोी   ाोीत दोओढहोऐऄ   दोओढहोऐऄ िल़हगह    िल़हगह  ऀभी   ऀभी ७45  Tdrjpturac roeoroidos roeoroidos tf laitras l aitras & vjmys 

1.  1.  _ttarmyaiaia RUJJJ v  41 says tbat a lfik sbfucm mosjst erfl mjvjiatjfi tbrfu`b quostjfiji` mojtjos otd. aim erfl olpcfyloit fe Laitras efr eucejccji` eucejc cji` mosjros fe ftbors aim dbaptor RRJU vv 81-8? say tbat a lfik sbfucm daroeuccy dfitrfc bjlsoce erfl a rosfcvo jivfcvji` jigury tf ftbors aim oxodutjfi tborofe tbrfu`b dfidoitratjfi fr rodjtac fe Laitra.40  8.  8.  _ttarmbyayai Ijryuktj v. 82 roeors tf  A`avjmy aim v. 112 roeors tf  ^rasma-^attai Ujmy hy wbjdb a pacado dai ho `rfuimom `rfuimom rodjtji` laitra. 4.  ]bi`a U- 8  stra ==> loitjfis  mmbj-Cahmmbj j.o. ljraducfus pfwors adqujrom hy movocfploit fe sfuc. ]bai`a R-4 stra 005 loitjfis ]ogfcoy, a ljraducfus pfwor fe mostrudtjfi adqujrom hy porefrlaido fe austorjtjos, wbjdb dfucm huri a porsfi tf moatb.   =.  =.  r @autalasvl usom tf woit up Lt. Apama hy uso fe ljraducfus pfwor vjz.

 Ga`bdaraa-Cahmbj efr fhojsaido tf tbo jla`os fe twoity-efur ]jrtbaikara ji tbo tolpco  Ga`bdaraa dfistrudtom hy r Hbarata, tbo ocmost sfi fe r ahbamova as sajm ji vayakadurj. ji vayakadurj. Acc @aambara woro sot tf ho prfejdjoit ji tbo kifwcom`o fe Laitras aim Ujmys   as sajm,

 िखऺहती ाई   ाईभऺहती७  ?.  ?.  Talavya`a CRRJJ loitjfis 08 arts efr lai wbjdb jidcumo Ujmy aim Laitra as =0tb & =2tb art.  5.  Dflloitary fi  Gahumvjpapragap  Gahumvjpapragaptjtj JJ,  stra-4> roprfmudos 08 arts erfl  Xgapraiya aim loitjfis 5= arts efr wfloi wbjdb jidcumos Laitra aim ]aitra as = tb aim ?tb art. As tboso 08 aim 5= arts woro oxpodtom tf ho adqujrom hy ovoryhfmy j.o. bfuso bfcmors wbf mosjrom tf ho dcassom alfi`st coariom addfrmji` tf tbo staimarm provacoit ji efrlor tjlos. ]boro aro laiy hut wo bavo roeorrom tf socodtom sdrjpturos. ]bus, wo lay arrjvo tf   tbo dfidcusjfi tbat tboro was ift ahsfcuto prfbjhjtjfi efr tbo uso fe Laitra aim Ujmy tf attaji   ljraducfus pfwors hy `roat sa`o. ]bo roamors sbfucm ifto tbat porsfis addflpcjsbom ji Ujmys attadbloits & Mvoa-avorsjfis) aeeodtji` bjl aim tboroefro dfieossjfi aim ropoitaido aro iodossary. ]b js wfucm oquaccy ho appcjom tf tbo olpcfyloit fe Laitra & Ujmy.   4?  ^ratjkralaa-Ttra, Uorso 8=.  45

 ^rahfmbatk, ^art-1, p. 01   Dflparatjvo & Drjtjdac Ttumy fe Laitrasbastra , p. 801 

40

1.2

 

aim Laitras aro ro`armom as  ^rahbvakas (ammji` tf tbo `cfry) fe tbo rocj`jfi. Jt w fucm ift

bavo hooi sf je Ujmys aim Laitras aro dfisjmorom jiboroitcy sjieuc efr jts appcjdatjfi.  vayakastra aim jts durj aim  Hbat ]k hy ]k  hy r Barjhbamrasrj bavo iulorfus roeoroidos tf Laitra, Ujmy, Ltrjks, Ujmymbaras , Tbjmmbas aim accjom suhgodts. Jt js statom ji  Hbatkacpastra tbat, िखह - ाई  ाईभ-  खढखाी खढखाी ऺी   ऺीऊलथई लथई लतहआ  लतहआ  ७42 loais, efr spjrjtuac jiecuoido aim hujcmji` tbo eajtb ji rocj`jfi fio dai coari laitra, vjmy aim ijljtta-stra4:  erfl aiy  drya fr _pmbyya. Ift ficy tbat, hut jt js acsf amvjsom tf sorvo tbo lfik aim  pofpco hy tbo st stumy umy fe vjmya ̍, laitra aim yf`a as sajm,  िखऐई  ऊबदई  ऊबदई  िली  िली ी ख   ख - ऊबदई  ऊबदई  ढहा   ढहा   हलह   हलह  

 खऐऺह , भी िखह    िखह - ाई  ाईभह - ओोऐहखथखतखाई  ओोऐहखथखतखाई िली   िली ी ७=> 

]bo `roat sa`o, bavji` spjrjtuac kifwcom`o tbrfu`b jitujtjfi fr sjxtb soiso fr yf`a aim lomjtatjfi fr molfcjtjfi fe tbojr jiauspjdjfus karla  tbrfu`b poiaido, tbrfu`b tbojr suporiaturac vjsjfi, bavo dflpfsom tbo ljraducfus sdrjpturos aim mosdrjhom tbojr oxporjoidos ji wfrms. ]boy oxporjoidom jiejijto aim lystorjfus pfwor hodauso fe soce-lfrtjejdatjfi, wbjdb com tf tbo hjrtb fe laitravjmya ̍. @roat sa`o wjtb tbojr rodjtatjfi fe laitra, tbo prosjmji` mojtjos,  porbaps, sbfwom tbol tbo mja`ral (pbysjdac efrl) fe tbo dfrrospfimji` laitra. Cator fi, tbo `roat laitra-rodjtor lj`bt bavo mrawi tbo ej`uros fe laitra tf wfrsbjp jt dfisjmorji` jmfc fe  partjducar mojty. ]boroefro, tbo laitra js troatom as a s pbysjdac efrl fe tbo rospodtjvo moj mojty. ty. ]bjs bam jlprossom ift ficy tbo pofpco fe fur dfuitry hut acsf tbo efroj`iors. Jijtjaccy Jijtjacc y jt wfrkom efr tbo `ffm fe tbo pofpco aim rolfvacs fe jccs aim ljsorjos. Uory Uor y mjeejduct aim prfhahcy jlpfssjhco tasks woro acsf rosuctom ji `ffm hy tbo pradtjdo fe laitravjmya ̍. ]boro aro laiy hut eow fe tbol aro cjstom borouimor wbf woro roifwiom laitra oxports aim tboy dflpfsom Ttftra dfitajiji` laitra.=1  Tr. If

Ialo fe Ttftra

Dflpfsor

^orjfm

^urpfso

1

_vasa``abara Ttftra

Hbamrahbu 

=?5 H.D.

Efr Xocjoe opjmoljds.

erfl

r ^rvaitba 

8

Hbaktlar Ttftra 

Liatui`asrj 

?tb 

]f provoit rocj`jfi

r mjitba 

Doit.

erfl mo`ramatjfi.

Ji ^rajso @fm

tbo fe

4

 Ialja Ttftra 

Liatu`asrj 

?tb  Doit.

]f `ot rocjoe erfl mjsoasos.

r ^rvaitba 

=

Tatjkaral Ttftra

Luisumorsrj 

U.T. 1=>51?>4

Efr Xocjoe opjmoljds.

r itjitba 

erfl

 Tbab, A.^. Gajistra aur Laitravjmy , p. 00= (avajcahco fi bttp7//www.GAJIoCjhrary) fi bttp7//www.GAJIoCjhrary)..   Tdjoido fe prf`ifstjdatjfi hy roamji` sj`is aim sylhfcs. Kckdrya, Hbamrahbu aim Mbarasoia kiow tbjs suhgodt/art wocc. =>  Ijtbadrj, 1-0>.   Ijtbadrj =1  ^aidapratjkralaa-Ttra. 

42

4:

Gaji Mbarlako ^rahbvak drya., dbaptor-11, p. 4=2 Gaji Mbarla Aur ]itrjk Tmbai Gajistra aur Laitravjmy, p.  p. 00= (avajcahco fi bttp7//www.GAJIoCjhrary) fi bttp7//www.GAJIoCjhrary).. 

1.:

 

?

]jgayapabutta Ttftra

Liamovsrj 

5

Ujmyiusaia

Hbattraka Latjs`ar  

0

Kacyalaimjra Ttftra

Tjmmbasoia Mjvkar  

5tb  Doit.

2

Tvaya hbu Ttftra

Tallatahbamra

8im -4rm   Doit.

:

r  pura ^rsv ́ aitba Ttftra

Ujmyiaima 

2tb-:tb  Doit.

1>

Gjia Tabastraila Ttftra 

Gjiasoia

2tb-:tb  Doit.

11

Gvclcji Ttftra 

Jimraiamj

18

Ujmyiusaia

Kulrsoia 

1>tb  Doit.

Uarjfus Laitra

14

Laitrarga Xabasyal fi Trjlaitra

Tjbatjcakasrj 

14tb  Doit.

Trj Laitra  drya 

1=

Zf`astra

Boladaim rdrya rdrya 

2tb  Doit.

Mbyia 

1?

Gayatjbuaa Ttftra

Ahbayamovasrj 

1?tb15tb  Doit.

Efr laijeostatjfi fe r Tbrj ^rsvaitba Jmfc  ^rvaitba 

15

Mbarafra`oimra Ttftra 

Tbjvai`a 

1>tb  Doit.

Efr varjfus wfrcmcy sfcutjfis.

10

Aiuhbavalaitramvtrjjka

Hbamra`uptdbrya 

?tb-5tb  Doit. fe U.I.

Laitra-yaitra Efr varjfus wfrcmcy sfcutjfis.

12

Hbattj Ttftra

Umjvotc itjsrj

11tb  Doit.

Efr poado at acc covoc

r

]f prftodt Gajis a`ajist trfuhcos erfl Uyaitaramova.

10> ]rtbakara

Acc purpfso laitra

--------

]f ostahcjsb suprolady Gajijsl

tbo fe

r ^rsvaitba 

Efr rocjoe erfl acc trfuhcos

r ^rvaitba  @oiorac Mojty

efr Uarjfus mojtjos ------

r ^rvaitba 

Acc

]rtbakara & mojtjos

1:

Takacrbat Ttftra 

Boladbaimrdbrya  2tb  Doit.

^rfpjtjatjfi fe 8= ]jrtbaikara

8=

]rtbakara 

8>

Ujapabra Ttftra 

Labkavj Mbaia gaya

0tb  Doit.

Xjmmbj, Laitra otd.

-------

81

Gvclcjikacpa 

Jimraiaimj

1>tb  Doit.

Laitr-Zaitra-]aitra

Gvclcji  

88

 Ijrvakacjk 

^macjptasrj 

1>tb 

Zaxa-Zaxj upsai 

Zaxa-Zaxj

Doit.

1.1>

 

84

Laitrmbjrga-kacpa

T`aradaimrasrj 

18tb  Doit.

 Ialaskralaitra 

------

8=

Girava 

uhbadaimra 

1>tb  Doit.

Tmbai- Mbyia 

------

8?

Hbajravpamal  ̍ vatjkacpa 

drya Laccjoa 

11tb  Doit.

Laitra-Zaitra]aitra

Hbajrava ^amlvat  

85

Tarasvatkacpa 

drya Laccjoa 

11tb  Doit.

Laitra fe Tarasvat  

Tarasvat  

80

jlaiacakacpa 

Ujmyhbaasrj 

---

Laitra-Zaitra

^araloj 

Jt sbfws tbat tboro woro laiy spjrjtuac lastors wbf dflpfsom sudb stftra as a rosuct fe barm  poiaido aim lomjtatjfi efr tbo `ffm aim wocearo fe tbo pofpco aim rocj`jfi. ]bo purpfso was tf `ot rocjoe erfl opjmoljd, tf savo pofpco erfl tbo trfuhcos fe Uyaitarmova =8, efr rjsji` fe sfuc, tf prftodt tbo rocj`jfi otd. ]bfso wbf aro vory v ory ejrl motorljiait aim rosfcvom tf amboro tf tbo trutb efccfwji` barm poiaido dai ficy addflpcjsb tbo partjducar laitra as sajm;  दी  खऺ  

 ललईटह  िआई   िआई ाहभु   ाहभु  विु   विु७=4  Jt js iodossary tf tar`ot mojty ji acc fe  smbai systol. Taurya, Hasom fi@apatya, varjoty fe molj-`fms mjeeoroit typoswfrsbjpeuc fe laitrasmbai cjkokjim ajva, Tkta, Uajava,  Hummba, Gaji otd. dalo jitf oxjstoido. Gajis lfstcy addoptom  Arjbaita as wfrsbjpeuc `fm, hut tboy aro jmoacjsom efr spjrjtuac ajl ficy. Hodauso ji Gaji pbjcf sfpby tbo prjidjpco fe ‒@rado fe @fm‚ fr tbofry fe ‒wfrcmcy bappjioss‚ `jetom hy `fm was ift addoptahco. Lai bjlsoce js rospfisjhco efr bjs karla aim jts erujts. Bo dai cjhorato bjl hy bjlsoce. Ovoi ]rtbakara , a cjhoratom sfuc, daiift bocp aiyfio hodauso tbo ‒tbofry fe   karla‚  provajcs  provajcs fvor aim ahfvo acc. ]bfu`b tbo dfllfi lai js ai`ujsbom aim mjstrossom hy bjs uicjljtom mosjros aim waits, sf bo apprfadbom spjrjtuac lastors efr jts sfcutjfis tf `ot rocjoe. ]bjs js tbo roasfi wby tbo `roat drya amljttom sudb molj`fms ji tbo laji stroal fe `fms wbf dai rocjovo tbojr smbaka erfl tbojr ljsorjos aim pajis. Addfrmji` tf Gaji pbjcfsfpby, tboro aro 18 Dakravart, :  Hacamova, : Usumova, :  ^ratjUsumova ji ammjtjfi tf 8= ]rtbakara  tftacji` tf 54 `roat sfucs ( ack ^urua).==  ]bjs jidcumos Cfrm Xla, Cfrm Ka aim Xvaa acsf. Gaji drya wrfto laiy hffks fi tbol. Po dai soo tbo jmfcs fe ejvo ^aiavas, Xla aim bjs hrftbors, Cfrm Ka otd. aro efuimom fi bfcy lfuitaji fe atru gaya ji Taurastra Taurastra ro`jfi fe @ugarat. Ji Mj`ahara tramjtjfi tbo jmfcs fe Hbarat aim Hbuhacj aro wjmocy sooi efuimom ji tbo tolpcos aim wfrsbjppom. ]bo statuo fe Hbuhacj at ravaahoc`f ji Kartaka stato (?:.2 eoot bj`b) aim ji L`tu` fe Labarastra (1>2 eoot bj`b) aro wfrsbjppom at car`o. ]boso hftb pcados aro laia`om hy

=8

 Fio kjim fe docostjac hoji`s fe mova. As tbojr ialo su``osts, tboy hocfi` tf tbo porjpatotjd dato`fry fe mjvjijtjos. =4  ^rahfmba ]k , ^art-1, (^rakta), p. 4?> 

==  Xoeor

]rjabjackpurua,  tbo hjf`rapby fe acc tboso sjxty-tbroo uidfllfi supor loi, wrjttoi hy r Boladaimrdrya

1.11

 

Mj`ahara tramjtjfi. Ji Gajijsl ]rtbakara aim Tjmmbas  aro cjhoratom sfucs aim acc ftbor molj`fms aro hfuimom sfucs. ]boso hfuimom sfucs aro dcassjejom jitf efur dato`frjos. dato `frjos. ]boy aro, 1. Mjvjio hoji`s (mova) 8. Bulai hoji`s (laiuya) 4. Ifi bulai hoji`s (tjryaida)  aim =. Bocc hoji`s (iraka). A`aji, Mjvjio hoji`s  hoji`s aro suh mjvjmom jitf, 1. Uajlijkamova, wbjdb jidcumos Jimra otd. (Xoeor Aiioxuro JU) 8. Gyftjkamova jidcumos @raba, Iakbatra otd. (Xoeor Aiioxuro UJ & UJJ) 4. Uyaitaramova jidcumos ovjcs aim `bfsts. =. Hbavaivsmova jidcumos Zaxa aim Zaxjs. (Xoeor Aiioxuro U) Fe acc molj`fms, sflo aro wjtb rj`btofus vjsjfis ( salyakmsjmova  salyakmsjmova) wbf aro acsf movftoos fe Gjia aim tboy aro wfrtb tf prfpjtjato wbjco sflo aro molj`fms wjtb mocusjvo vjsjfi (ljtbymsjmova) tbfso aro ift amvjsahco efr tbojr smbai. Bfwovor, aljm tbo ljmmco ora laitravjmy was vory ludb ljsusom tf adbjovo jcc lftjvos aim tf barass tbo pofpco. Jt was wjmocy aim fpoicy drjtjdjzom hy efroj`iors aim droatom mfuhts ji tbo ljims fe cfdac pofpco. Tudb lacjdo jitoisjfi fe laitra  smbaka mjcutom tbo rospodt aim eajtb tfwarmstfwarms tbo laitravjmy. hocjoe borjta`o js stjcc provajcji` aim lfst tf fe tbo us suhgodt aro ift oitbusjastjd tbo ljradco  ]bjs aim mjvjio dromjtom tftfmay us. Io`cj`oido aim tbo orfsjfi fe kifwcom`o fe tbjs suhgodt pordfcatom erfl tbo aidjoit sfurdo aro lagfr dausos tf ruji laitravjmy. ]bo rodf`ijzom prjidjpcos ji tbo sdjoido aro ostahcjsbom ficy aetor tboy bavo hooi tostom hy sflo oxporjloits. Pboroas tbo kifwcom`o fhtajiom tbrfu`b jitujtjfi fr sjxtb soiso mfos ift roqujro aiy oxaljiatjfi. Bfwovor, tbo kifwcom`o adqujrom tbrfu`b sudb way js ift addoptom hy sdjoido. Ovoi tbfu`b ovory rocj`jfi bas prfvjmom alpco spado efr ljraducfus aim mjvjio ocoloits tf wfrk efr tbo wocc-hoji`s fe acc. ]boroefro, jt js sajm tbat wboro tbo sdjoido stfps tf wfrk tbo spjrjtuacjty starts tf wfrk. ]bo suhgodt fe spjrjtuacjty js fe moop eajtb, mfos ift molaim tbo suppfrt erfl aiy dfrior tf ho tostom fut. Jt moejijtocy wfrks  hut bavo tbo eajtb. Ji ead eadt, t, at tbo oim fe tbo way aim ji tbo oxtrolocy drjtjdac djrdulstaidos wboro tbo sdjoido js uiahco tf mf aiytbji` ocso, tbo spjrjtuac spjrjt uac fr jitujtjfiac kifwcom`o hodflos tbo iodtar. Bfwovor, hftb tbo sdjoido aim rocj`jfi wfrks sjluctaiofuscy, wo waitom tf tost tbo rocj`jfi hut eajtb ji sdjoido. ]bjs js tbo tra`omy at fur part. ]boro bas acways hooi sdjoido ji tbo rfft fe rocj`jfi, hut tbo sdjoido woit fi jts fwi, droatji` cfts fe mjsturhaidos ji iaturo. Fe acc droatjfis, lai acfio dai jllfrtacjzo bjlsoce hy h y wbat bo droatos aim coavos hobjim. Lai acfio bas hooi hostfwom upfi wjtb eaductjos wjtb wbjdb bo dai lako tbjs wfrcm a hottor pcado tf cjvo ji. Lfrofvor, jitoccj`oido js fio fe tbfso eaductjos `jetom tf lai, a eaducty, hy wbjdb lai dai cjet spjrjtuaccy bjlsoce as wocc as ftbors. Ojistoji jivostom bjs oitjro oitjr o cjeo aim `jvo sflo tbofrjos tf tbo wfrcm aim tbo wfrcm bas ift hooi tbo salo ovor sjido. ]bflas Acva Omjsfi's cjeo dbai`om tbo cjeostyco fe tbo wfrcm. Labatla @aimbj aim Iocsfi Laimoca `avo hjrtb tf a iow ducturo. Dbaikya's pfcjtjdac as wocc as lfrac tbfu`bts aro rocovait ovoi tfmay. Laiy spjrjtuac lastors spoit tbojr wbfco cjeo ji soardb fe mjvjijty efr tbo wbfcosflo bappjioss fe a laikjim. Ovory lastor oiahcom bulaijty tboacsf cjeobaserfl a mjeeoroit  porspodtjvo. Ovoryspjrjtuac bulai cjeo bulai ift ficy bas tbo pfwor tftfcjetcffk jtsoce,athut tbo pfwor tf cjet

1.18

 

tbo dfccodtjvo dfisdjfusioss fe bulaijty. Fe acc droatjfis, lai acfio js awaro fe moatb. Lai acfio kifws bjs cjeo bas a cjljtom cjeospai. ]bo dfitoxt fe moatb puts a proljul fi cjeo. ]bo tra`omy fe cjeo js ift tbo uctjlato moatb, hut acc tbo rosfurdos tbat aro myji` wjtbji us, wboi wo aro stjcc acjvo. Fur `roatost rosfurdo js fur jitoccj`oido, wbjdb js fur droatjvo pfwor, tbo pfwor droatom aim utjcjzom hy fur spjrjtuac lastors tf lako fur cjeo hottor. Cot jt ho usom efr tbo `ffm fe bulaijty. Efr ovory quostjfi, tboro js a sfcutjfi ji fur sdrjpturos. ]bo flijsdjoit ]rtbakara kiow wocc tbat tbo dflji` porjfm wfucm moejijtocy jivjto cfts fe prfhcols, sfrrfws aim a`fijos tf lako tbo cjeo fe lai vory ljsorahco. ]boroefro, tbo daiifis aim sdrjpturos dalo jitf oxjstoido tf sbfw tbo rj`bt patb tf tbo lai. ]bo Gaji daifijdac cjtoraturo bavo hooi frj`jiaccy dflpfsom hy tbo laji mjsdjpcos (@aambara) fe flijsdjoit ]rtbakara wbf bavo sooi acc tbo pbasos fe  past, prosoit aim euturo fe acc tbo ocoloits fe tbo wbfco uijvorso. ]bo dflpcoto fr poreodt kifwcom`o daccom Kovacgia was ift as sudb tbo `jet, hut tbo barm-oariom rosuct fe vory pajieuc  poiaido. Po lust bfifur tbjs vacuahco borjta`o, as tbjs js tbo ejiac vormjdt efr acc.

r Labvraswl `avo ficy frac  proadbji`, hut bjs @aambara=?  dfccodtom bjs proadbji` (spoodbos) ji cottor aim spjrjt aim prosorvom tbo salo passji` fvor tf ioxt dbrya as ruta, as at tbat tjlo tboro was if eadjcjty fe wrjtji`. ]bo Gaji sdrjpturos aro  Ai`a aim  ^rva, wboro tbo y woro dflpfsom oarcjor tbai tbo Ai`a.  ^rva woro efurtooi. ^rva woro sf daccom hodauso tboy ]bus, tbo sj`ijejdait borjta`o fe rta dalo tf us ji efrl fe  Ai`a aim ^rva  ^rva.. ‒ ^rva‚  ^rva‚ loais aidjoit aim tbo cjtoraturo `fji` uimor tbat ialo ho dfisjmorom tf ho fcmor tbai tbo rost. ]bo  ^rva jimjdatos tbat tbo suhstaido fe tbo cjtoraturo `fji` uimor tbat tjtco roaccy hocfi`om tf r ^rvaitba. Eurtbor , jt appoars tbat ji Gaji sdrjpturos aim ospodjaccy ji  Hba`avatstra laiy spjrjtuac mosdoimaits ( ^rvapatys  ^rvapatys) fe r ^rvaitba aro dfisjmorom tf ho wocc vorsom ji art fe promjdtjfi ( Ijlljta-astra  Ijlljta-astra)  wbjdb hocfi`om tf :tb  ^rva. ^rva. Jt lay ho iftom tbat wboi sajm  ^rvapatys aro sf mosdrjhom, r Labvra bam ift ovoi attajiom flijsdjoido ( Kovacgia  Kovacgia). A lfst dfivjidji` prffe fe oxjstoido fe sadrom cjtoratuo jidcumji`  ^rvas fe tbo a`o fe r ^rvaitba js e urijsbom urijsbom hy tbo eadt tbat Kojkulraralaa, a  ^rvapaty , (pupjc fe r ^rvaitba addfrmji` tf _ttarmyayaia) js mosdrjhom ji  Xayapasoj, ai _pi`a (stra ?4)  pfssossji` kifwcom`o fe fe 1= ^rvas aim acsf hoji` prfljioit ji tbo kifwcom`o fe Laitra aim Ujmy.=5  Ji _ttarmyayaiastra (dbaptor 84), bo js mosdrjhom as bavji` roadbom tbo mom fe vjmy j.o. sadrom kifwcom`o aim pfssossji` supor soisuac kifwcom`o ( Avambjgia  Avambjgia). ]bus, tbo Gaji Litrjka cjtoraturo dflprjsom ji Ujmyiupravma , 18tb  Daifi,  lay roasfiahcy ho suppfsom tf hocfi` tf tbo a`o fe r ^rvaitba.=0 ]bjs lay porbaps oxpcaji tbo eadt tbat jivfkom. alfi`st Gaji Litrjkas, r ^rvaitba js  prjidjpaccy wfrsbjppom aim jivfkom.

 ]bo ejrst ocovoi mjsdjpcos fe r Labvraswl woro daccom @aambara. Efr tbojr ialos roeor Appoimjx RJJ.  Dflparatjvo & Drjtjdac Ttumy fe Laitra  stra, p. 1=: =0   Addfrmji` tf Gaji tramjtjfi tbo sadrom cjtoraturo was suhstaitjaccy tbo salo ji tb o tjlo fe acc ]rtbakars. Addfrmji` tf tbo statoloit ji Gtmbarlakatb, tbo efrtooi prva appoar tf ho stumjom acsf ji tbo tjlo fe r Arjaiolj, tbo 88im   ]rtbakar.  भी   तई   ली  यिहहुी  एऺभो   एढीखा   यीहतई  एईखभआ    लहाहऀदाहऀदहखभई  =?

=5

acsf loitjfis tbatLfbaicac tboro woro lfiks  bavji` kifwcom`o  ९ ( gt st  tjlo gtfeU 1stra ?=). Kacpastra ?=). Kacpastra  गोलै हऀई हऀ prvas ई  एखऺखभ  Dflparatjvo fe efrtooi ji tbo  ]jrtbaikara r ahbamov. (Wavorj, Hba`avaimas. & Drjtjdac Ttumy fe Laitrasbasta, p. 1?>)

1.14

 

]boro was acsf a hraidb fe kifwcom`o portajiji` tf sdjoido fe promjdtjfi ( Ijljtta) wbjdb was acsf a part fe  ^rva. ]boro woro oj`bt kjims fe  Ijljtts, tbo oj`bt-efcm sdjoido fe movjatjfi daccom  Aa  Aa`aijljtta. Kifwcom`o fe sdjoido fe promjdtjfi roqujrom prfejdjoidy ji Ujmys aim Laitras. Efr acc pradtjdac purpfsos Laitra & Ujmy aro salo. A todbijdac mjstjidtjfi bfwovor mrawi hotwooi tbol js tbat, ji tbo efrlor tbo prosjmji` mojty js a laco wbjco ji cator a eolaco. ]bo  smbai js strjdtcy dorolfijfus  ji Ujmy hut ift sf ji efrlor =2.  Ijljtta,  Laitra aim lomjdjio `avo hottor cjvocjbffm tf laiy wbf fddupjom a pfsjtjfi jitorlomjato hotwooi a lfik

aim a bfusobfcmor. Addfrmji` tf r Wavorj, Uarmbalia Ujmy, Trj Laitra aim  ^adaparalobjj Ujmy - acc tbroo lust ho vory fcm. Jt js dcoarcy loitjfiom tbat tbo  smbai  ^adaparalob fe Trjlaitra js rostrjdtom efr drya ficy wbjco Uarmbalia-Ujmy js loait efr lfiks aim  smbai fe ^aidaparalojvjmy js fpoi efr dfllfi porsfi.=:  ]boro js acsf a torl,  prhbta , wbjdb js usom as a sullary fe  ^rva. r Uagraswl aim r ^macjptasrj woro tbo porsfis dromjtom wjtb ahrjm`ji` fr ro -arrai`ji` tbo  ^rhbta wfrk as loitjfiom ji Tatru gaya Kacpa.?> ]bo jlpfrtaido fe tbjs wfrk js tbat tboro js ^rhbta ialom

Ujggpbua moacji` wjtb Ujmys loitjfiom ji hjf`rapby fe r ^macjptasrj dfitajiom ji  Kabvacj aim ji  ^rahbvaka Darjtra, wfrk fe 14tb  aim 1=tb  Doitury fe Ujkral ora. r ^macjptasrj aim Ujmydakravartj (sfvoroj`i fe vjmys-la`jd) ryakbapudrya wbf ecfurjsbom ahfut tbo ho`jiiji` fe Ujkral ora aro rodf`ijsom as –vorsom ji Ujggpbua Ujggpbua.“ .“ Aetor Ujmyiupravma tbjs Ujggpbua was dfisjmorom dflproboisjvo wfrk fi Ujmys aim Laitras. Jt js bfwovor cfst aim ift avajcahco ifw. ]bo  ^adaparalob  ^adaparalobjj Laitra  js ai fhojsaido tf  Arbats, Tjmmbs, dryas, _pmbyyas aim Tmbus. Jt js dfisjmorom as mostrfyji` acc sjis aim hostfwji` fe acc auspjdjfusioss ( la`aca). Jt js cjko Uomjd @yatr Laitra, rodjtom ji acc rocj`jfus dorolfijos.

r Tjbatjcakasrj, dflpfsom  Laitrarga Xabasya, ji U.O. 1488 addfrmji` tf datacf`uo ji Gosaclor cjhrary, (mato js `jvoi ji  Gjiaratiakfa, Ufc 1 p. 4>1, hy ^rfe. B. M. Uocaikar) wbf bas acsf wrjttoi Uarmbaliavjmy-Kacpa, wbjdb js sadrom Ujmy fe r Uarmbalia Labvra aim js loait tf ho rodjtom hy acc lfiks majcy, oxdopt  dryas wbf bavo tf rodjto, jistoam, tbo Trj Laitra.?1 ]bjs wfrk js vory sadrom aim wjmocy roeorrom tf hy lfiks. Gajijsl, tfmay aim tflfrrfw, at wbatovor sta`o jt js aim wjcc ho, js lajicy hodauso, jt js efuimom fi kifwcom`o ( gia  gia). Jt bas acways olpbasjzom fi aim prjfrjtjzom tbo kifwcom`o as tbo haso. ]bo tbofry fe ejvo typos fe kifwcom`o ficy wo ejim ji Gaji pbjcfsfpby.?8 If ftbor rocj`jfi bas sudb tbofry fe kifwcom`o. Po bavo ostahcjsbom tbat, ift ficy eroomfl erfl rohjrtb fr cjhoratjfi, hut wfrcmcy bappjioss dai acsf ho `ajiom tbrfu`b kifwcom`o. Fio aidjoit staiza says tbat, kifwcom`o js a hrftbor wjtbfut aiy roasfi, sui tf mostrfy markioss fe attadbloits, sbjp tf sajc tbo fdoai fe tbo lfrtac wfrcm.

=2

 r ^rsva-^amlvat, p. 48 aim Dflparatjvo & Drjtjdac Ttumy fe Laitrasbastra, p. 1?0

 Trjlaitra Kacpa Taluddaya , part-8, p. 0

=:

?>

?1 Dflparatjvo

& Drjtjdac Ttumy fe Laitrasbasta, p. 1?5  Laitrarga Xabasya fe Tbrj Tjbatjcakasrj . ^roeado hy Mavo, G.B. Mjrodtfr, Hbaratjya Ujmy  Hbavai, Lulhaj.  ?8  Ejvo kjims fe kifwcom`o aro 1. ruta gia 8. Latjgia 4. Avambjgia =. Laiaparyavagia ?. Kovacgia.

1.1=

 

 ढहताटहतणईठ ढहतई   ु ढहतई ाोऺई   ाोऺईठदहखथतणईठु ७   ढहतई लई   लईलहलाुथौभहती  ु णु   णुई ओहतई   ओहतई ९?4  Pboi Hba`aw  ̍ aia Labvra `raitom porljssjfi tf bjs @aambaras   wjtb rospodt tf ]rtba,  Mbarla aim Gia, bo mustom sdoitom saimac wffm pfwmor ( Usakopa) fi tbojr boams tf hcoss tbol aim sajm trjf fe soitoido (trjpamj) ‒ ऊधढी  ऊधढीऀ ि ह   िऐऩीऀ ि ह   िठुीऀ ि ह ‚  wbjdb hodalo tbo rumjloitary haso efr tbo hjrtb fe acc daifis. Fi sudb aim sjljcar fddasjfis tboro was rodjtatjfi fe tbo Trj?=Laitra dflpfsom hy Jimrahbtj @autala, tbo 1st @aambara at tbo jistaido fe Tbrj Labvra . ]bjs Trj Laitra js acsf daccom @ajvjgg, wbjdb bas dflo mfwi erfl prodoptfr tf pupjc efr Doiturjos rj`bt erfl @autala Twl.  ]boroaetor, tboro woro 18 Ai`a, tbo laji part fe wbjdb was dflpfsom hy Tumbarlswal. Mj`a hara fpjijfi says tbat tbo Gaji sdrjpturos woro wrjttoi fut ji tbo hffk efrl ji tbo sodfim doitury A.M. wbjco wotlhara  hocjovos tbat tboy woro put ji hffk efrl ji ?14 A.M. hy Movarmbj`aj Kalralaa at Uacchbjpur (@ug)??  ji tbjrm aim tbo cast dfuidjc bocm at Uaccahbpur ji Taurra (U.I. :2>-::4) wboro ?>> dryas dryas   lot tf rodfccodt tbo daifijdac

cjtoraturo. Hosjmos tbo `als fraccy dflpjcom ji tbo ejrst dfuidjcs, ftbor avajcahco wfrks aim dflloitarjos tff woro dflpjcom ji tbjs dfuidjc. ]bo mjeeoroidos ji tbo toxts dflpjcom murji` tbo twf dfuidjcs woro rodfidjcom aim systolatjzom. ]bo `als avajcahco tfmay roprosoits fios addoptom aim systolatjzom ji tbo tbjrm dfivoitjfi. Ji Gaji `ala tramjtjfi Mtjvma?5, tbo 18tb Ai`a Ttra Ttra?0 , bam spodjac sj`ijejdaido. Fe dfurso tbjs `ala js ift oxjstji` aim avajcahco tfmay. Jt js cfst addfrmji` tf tbo Twotlhara hocjoe.?2  Fi tbo dfitrary, sflo fe tbo toxt js savom aim avajcahco tfmay as por  Mj`a  Mj`a hara fpjijfi aim jt js takoi daro fe ji tbo aakbai`ala?: , a prjlo daifi fe Mj`a hara sodt5>. Jt js tbo lfst autboitjd sdrjpturo addoptom hy Mj`a hars aim dfisjmorom ai oqujvacoit fe tbo Mtjvma. ]bo  Mtjvma  was dfisjstji` fe 1=  prvas, fe wbjdb fio, Ujmypravma  was jioxbaustjhco troasuro fe tbo sdjoido fe L aitras aim Ujmys51. drya r Hbamrahbuswl  wbf  wbf was tbo cast rutakovac (attajiom poreadt sdrjpturac kifwcom`o), bam kifwcom`o fe acc tbo 1=  prvas, oxtradtom tbo @rabaitj Ttftra erfl jt.58 Acc sodts fe Gaji G aji uiaijlfuscy amljt tbat Ialaskra lablaitra  js oxjstji` wjtbfut ho`jiiji` ( aimjkca). Jt js ahstradtom erfl twocvo hasjd daifis ( Mwmasi`j  Mwmasi`j). ]boro aro laiy stftras  attadbom wjtb laitras aim yaitra j.o.  Iavapamalaya r Tjmmbadakra-rambai , proeado hy Adarya, Ujgyfmayasrj. Ujgyfmayasrj. 

?4 ?=

 Jhjm.  Jhjm.

??

 Mjbvya, ( Mjvma  Mjvma) tbo twocetb fe tbo  A`a dato`fry wbjdb js cfst efro ovor bam ejvo mjvjsjfis.  A dcass fe votlhara daifijdac cjtoraturo. Jt J t dflprjsos twocvo toxts, suppfsomcy dflpcjom ji a spodjac assolhcy tb fe dryas sullfiom at ^cputra (=  Doit. HD) aim ejijsbom at tbo dfuidjc fe Uaccahbj (? tb-5tb Doitma AM). ?2  ]bo twocetb  Ai`a-Mjvma modcarom uiavajcahco as jt was ift ji tbo lolfry fe aiyfio ji tbo tbjrm dfuidjc ?5

?0

bocm at Uaccahbjpur, sf hocjovom tf ho cfst. ?:   Acsf kifwi as  Karlaprhbta,  Karlaprhbta,   dflpfsom hy ^upamaita aim Hbtahacj aim ro`armom as tbo oarcjost aim autbfrjtatjvo wfrk fe Gaji ^bjcfsfpby. 5>   `ala Tbjtya, dbaptor fe dfurso latorjac efr L.A. (Gajifcf`y), ^apor-1, GUH_, Camiui.   `ala 51   Dflloitary fi Talavya`a (Dbaptor RJU), oxpcajis Ujmyiupravma as  दहढीटिखह   िखहखभवदह  ि ऩी   भखहढुिधहथाौ धहथाौ ७ ]bat js Ujmyiupravma, Ujmyiupravma, wboroji  wboroji mosdrjhom laiy kjims fe ljradcos dausom hy vjmy.   58   बणहिहिगू ाौ   ई ाौ ुभ टी िॎस  ि ॎस  ७   िखहिधहथभऄ  ैििहऩहऩथौ   ऺवहॎथभह   ९  ( ऺवहो   ऺवहो ).). Luij, Iamj`bfsbvjgayagj`aj.  Tdjoitjejd Todrots fe  Gajijsl, p 8>8. Aim Tbab, M.]. Ialaskralablaitra Tjmmbj, p. 48 

1.1?

 

_vasa``abara _vasa``abara  Ttftra, Hbaktlar Ttftra, ]jgayapabut a Ttftra, Ialja Ttftra ( Hbayabara  Ttftra) otd. aro startom tf ho dflpfsom erfl 8im ora fe Ur Ijrva. Jijtjaccy tbo stftras aim laitra, ji `oiorac, woro dflpfsom tf attaji soce-roacjzatjfi aim cjhoratjfi erfl tbo dydco fe rohjrtb. Ji ammjtjfi, tbo stftras, wbjdb aro jidfrpfratom wjtb laitra, woro dflpfsom efr tbo wbfcosflo bappjioss aim `ffm efr tbo pofpco. _vasa``abara Ttftra was dflpfsom hy r Hbamrahbuswl  tf  tf `ot rocjoe erfl opjmoljd sproam wjmocy at tbat tjlo aim tf provoit lass moatb.54 ]boroaetor murji` tbo ]trjkyu`a laitra, taitra aim yaitra woro efrlom hy bfcy sa`o, rocj`jfus lastors fr spjrjtuac boams efr `ottji` `rado fe mojtjos hy tbojr smbai jitoimom tf tbo  partjducar purpfsos j.o. efr tbo prftodtjfi fe Gajis aim rocj`jfi aim efr tbo poado aim wocc-hoji` fe pofpco. Je wo roeor tf tbo daifijdac cjtoraturo fe Mj`a hara sodt, sodt , jt says tbat,  Matjvma, tbo twocetb daifi, bam ejvo sodtjfis 1 . ^arjkarla (latbolatjds) 8. Ttra (pbjcfsfpbjdac mosdrjptjfis) 4.  ^ratbaliuyf`a  (hjf`rapbjos aim co`oims) =.  ^rva`ata  (pro-daifis) aim ?. Dcjka  (dflloitarjos efr coariji` tbo daifis). ^ro-daifis fr  ^rva`ata sodtjfi fe  Matjvma bam dfitajiom :?,?>,>>,>>? vorsos. Jt bas attajiom tbo status fe ^ro-daifijdac kifwcom`o. Jt was jiejijto wjtb rospodt tf tbo suhgodt lattor. Gust tf amm tf tbo kifwcom`o fe roamors, borohy tbo dfitoit strudturo fe acc efurtooi suh-sodtjfis fe  ^rva`ata js `jvoi. Po roaccy eooc astfijsbom tbat wbat a `roat troasuro fe kifwcom`o jt was! Ialo fe ^rva 

If fe sodtjfis

If fe dbaptors

If ^amas

1

_tpma-prva 

1>

8>>

1>>>>>>>

pro daifi fi Frj`jiatjfi

8

 A`ryaya 

1=

82>

:5>>>>>

prjidjpac prodoptuac pro-daifi

4

Ujryiu-pravma 

2

15>

0>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi ^ftoitjacjty.

=

 Astj-istj-

12

45>

5>>>>>>

^ro-daifi Mjsdfursos fi Oxjstoido

If

fe

 pravma 

Tuhgodt

Mjsdfursos

fi

dul ifi-oxjstoido

?

 Gia-pravma 

18

8=>

:::::::

^ro-daifi Kifwcom`o

5

Tatya-pravma 

18

8=>

1>>>>>>5

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi ]rutb

0

 tla-pravma 

15

48>

85>>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi sfuc

2

 Karla-pravma 

8>

=>>

12>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi Karla

:

 ^ratykyia 

4>

5>>

2=>>>>>

^ro-daifi

54

  _vasa``abaral Ttftra, p. 18 

1.15

fi

fi

Mjsdfursos

Mjsdfursos

fi

fi

 

Xoiuidjatjfi 1>

Ujmyiu- pravma  pravma 

1?

4>>

11>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi Coariji`s

11

 Kacyavma prva 

1>

8>>

85>>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi wocearo

18

 ^rvya-prva 

1>

8>>

14>>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi sdjoido fe vjtacjty fr cjeo fr boactb

14

 Krjy-vjsbca prva 

1>

8>>

:>>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi arts aim cjtoraturo

1=

 Cfka-vjimu-sra-

1>

8>>

18?>>>>>>

^ro-daifi fi Mjsdfursos fi Dflpfioits aim Ossoido fe tbo Pfrcm

1:?

4:>>

:??>>>>>?

 purva

]F]AC

(Tfurdo- atakbaim`ala)5=   Ifw, Ujmyiu pravma prva moact wjtb 0>> ljifr coariji`s ( Acpa-vjmys  Acpa-vjmys) aim ?>> hraidbos 5? fe lagfr coariji`s ( Labvjmy  Labvjmy).   ]bus, Ujmyiu pravma prva fe Majvma was eucc fe laitra aim vjmy. Mj`ahardrya r Laccjoasrj bas ji tbo ho`jiiji` fe Ujmyiuasaia, wbjdb js wrjttoi hy bjl, sajm tbat sflo part fe Ujmypravma was oxjstji` ji bjs tjlo.55  ]bo laitra avajcahco ji Gaji tramjtjfi dai ho dcassjejom dcassj ejom jitf tbroo dato`frjos addfrmji` tf bjstfry fe jts hjrtb.50  1.  1.  ]bo laitra, wbjdb aro, spjrjtuac hy iaturo aim jts jmoitjty aim tboy aro ift efr tbo purpfso fe `ajiji` aiy latorjac fr pbysjdac mosjros. ]bo fhgodt fe rovoroido js tf rodjto suprolo ocoloits tbat aro bj`bcy pcadom ji  Ialaskralaitra. ]bus, Ialaskralaitra aim laitra rocatom tf jt aro ji tbjs dcass. Oxalpco7  ताो  एऺईभहतई , ताो  खओतहतई   खओतहतई, ताो  गऊथै   गऊथैॎतई ॎतई, ताो  ट   टी िॎसतई , ताो  खलहतई   खलहतई, ताो  अददहतई,   , ताो  सोआ      otd.  ताो  िऊहदहतई  ललहतई

8.  8.  ]bo laitra fe tbjs dato`fry uimor titrjka tramjtjfi hut `ramuaccy movocfpom hasom fi Gaji G aji vjow aim vjsjfi. ]f dortaji oxtoit, jt was proeorrom efr tbo auspjdjfus purpfso. ]boro lay  ho partjducar ]rtbakara cjko r ^rsvaitba fr r itjitba as a tar`otom `fm fr tbo `fms aim `fmmossos wbf bavo hooi ji tbo sfdjoty fe Gaji molj`fms aim aro rodf`ijsom ji Gaji tramjtjfi. ]boso laitra aro dfistrudtom lfstcy ji ^rkta cai`ua`o. Oxalpco7 1.  1.  फ़ ढाो    ढाो  बिऐऀआ  लु   लुदथीथी िदहआ  िदहआ  लई   लईखभथी भथी िदहआ  िदहआ  लथी   लथी िदहतई िदहतई थई   थई लऺई लऺई खथलहहसहतई   खथलहहसहतई ङऺई   ङऺई सोटहसहतई   सोटहसहतई   aakbai`ala, Ufc-1, p. 01    Jhjm. p. 05 

5= 5?

55  50

Labprahbvaka Iavaslaraa, p. 84  Gajia Mbarla Aur ]itrjk a Tmbai, p. 24

1.10

 

8.  8. 

 मऄ मऄ   मऄ हऺह    हऺह  ७ ( erfl  erfl Laitrarga Xabasyal fe Tjbatjcakasrj Tjbatjcakasrj)     ॎ     एऺ ढखाइत     ॎ     एऺ ढाऄ फ़ ॎ    ॎ    ढखाइत  हल    हल  िखलऺ    िखलऺ ि लऺ  ि   लऺ  खओत    खओत  फ   फु ईऐ ॎ    ॎ    ढाऄ ७ (Djitla laitra  erfl Ialja Ttftra) 

4.  4.  ]bjs dato`fry fe laitra aro dfistrudtom ji Taiskta cai`ua`o aim vory ludb dfcfurom wjtb yaitra taitra. ]boso laitra aro efr tbo purpfso fe addflpcjsbloit fe aakarla. Gaji  pbjcfsfpby mfos ift porljt sflo fe karla as loitjfiom ahfvo hut efr poado   (itjka),  dfitoitloit (]ujka) aim prf`ross ( ^aujka  ^aujka) karla aro accfwom. Oxalpco7 1.  1.  फ़ एऺऩुकटािसहखलखढ ! हहदच ! ुभहढहसह  लऺधखसभी   लऺधखसभी ाहई   ाहई ऺढ    ऺढ  ऺढ    ऺढ  

 थऺ  

   ु   ऄ ॎ  िठसी एाॄभलईिबीि ई  थऺ  ह ॎ  ि   ईिि ई    ई हऺह    हऺह  ७  Boro wo dai soo tbat tbo prfpjtjatfry mojty js wjsbom efr ocjljiatjfi fe sjis. Bfwovor, tboro aro laiy laitra efr pbysjdac aim wfrcmcy `ajis acsf. 8.  8. 

फ़ ढाो    ढाो  बिऐखभ ! एटी ! ए एहखहखसट सटी ! दथ  दथीी िॎ  िॎ  दै    दै   ई दई   दई     ऺॎसई   ऺॎस ै    ई ै   ई ऺल    ऺल        ई  ई        हई   हई हई   हई खढ    खढ  ी   ी      ोई  ाथढिी  ाथढहभु  ाथढहभुी   ॎ   ॎ   ोई  एाुटहई ि हट ि हटॄ खई   ट  टु    ट  टु    लिई  लिईरशौ रशौ  ७ ( Hbajrava-^amlvatkacp  Hbajrava-^amlvatkacp  hy Tarahbaj Laijcac Iawah, Ablomaham)

Je wo roeor tf Uajmjka pbjcfsfpby, @yatrlaitra  as wocc as Baiulia Dcjs  aro wjmocy rodjtom acc fvor tbo dfuitry aim ahrfam wboro laiy efccfwors aro ar o tboro. Ovory laitra fr stftra js dfistrudtom hy dbffsji` tbo wfrms bavji` jts sj`ijejdaido tbat bas bjmmoi loaiji` aim dfucm oljt cfts fe oior`y tf appoaso tbo rospodtjvo mojty. Efr oxalpco ji Baiulia Dcjs, fio vorso spoaks,

 दुऐ लऺ    लऺ  दोओढ    दोओढ        बहढु, खसदो  भहखऺ    भहखऺ  ाठु   ाठुस  ओहढु   ओहढु ७  Boro je wo uiefcm tbjs vorso, 1 Zu` < 18>>> yoars, 1 Tabastra < 1>>> aim 1 Zfgai < 2 ljcos. ]bat loais Zu` x Tabastra x Zfgai <  par hbiu (mjstaido wboro tbo sui js cfdatom). Ifw dacducatji` jt 18>>> x 1>>> x 2 < :5>>>> ljcos. Je wo dfivort jt jitf KLs, 1 ljco < 1.5 KLs, wbjdb wjcc arrjvo at 1?,45,>>> KLs. Dfidcumji` tbo mjstaido fe sui erfl oartb wbjdb js vory oxadtcy as IATA bas sajm. Jt js jitorostji` jitor ostji` bfw addurato aim loaiji`euc fur aidjoit sdrjpturos aro! Laiy efroj`iors ioutraccy stumjom tbjs Ujmy bavo prajsom jt hut fur fwi pfcjsbom aim ducturom  pofpco torlom jt soisocoss way fe smbai. Ifw tbo sjtuatjfi js dbai`ji` aim pofpco oi`uceom ji varjfus trfuhcos aro lfvji` tfwarms aidjoit pbjcfsfpby wjtb muo rospodt aim eajtb. Jt js iodossary tf dcoar tbat tboro aro laiy hraidbos fe Gaji rocj`jfi, wbjdb, lay mjeeoroitjato fi tbo varjfus aspodts fe laitra, yaitra aim taitra, hut fur `oiujio purpfso sbacc ift dfuitor aiy jmofcf`y tf iuccjey tbjs tbofry. Po bfpo sf. Po sbacc try fur host tf hrji` fut tbo purost efrl fe laitra, yaitra aim taitra vjgia efr tbo hoioejt fe Gaji dflluijty aim ftbors. Jt js acsf tf dcarjey tbat tboro js hocjoe fe koopji` tbo suhgodt fe laitravjmy vory sodrot, hut wo  hocjovo tbat tbo  smbai-ups  smbai-upsai ai fe spjrjtuac laitra js tbo rj`bt fe ovoryhfmy wbf waits aim tboro js if aiy amvorso oeeodt je sflotbji` js capsom.

1.12

 

]bo hasjd prjidjpco fe Gajijsl js tbat wbatovor hoioejdjac tf fur sfuc js addoptom aim barleuc tf tbo sfuc lust ho j`ifrom. Hodauso tbo laitra upsai js efr spjrjtuac prf`rossjfi, Gajijsl bas acways rospodtom jt. ]bfu`b Gajijsl bas porljttom aim rodf`ijzom tbo dfidopt fe laitrayaitra-taitra hut mjm ift dflprfljsom wjtb tbo hasjd prjidjpcos aim ostahcjsbom tbofry fe karla. Ift ficy tbat hut tbo vjmya ̍ woro prftodtom aim dfiejiom tf tbo dflpotoit sa`o sf as ift  ho ljsusom aim provoitom tf `f ji jidflpotoit baims. ]boro js vory ealfus oxalpco fe Ttbucjhbamra, tbo `roat sdbfcar ( rutambara), wbf attajiom tbo kifwcom`o fe toi prva bfwovor rostrjdtom tf awarm tbo kifwcom`o fe rolajiji` efur purva hy loaiji`.52 ]boroefro, bo dfucm  ho a lastor fe toi  prva ficy, ftborwjso bo was ficy fio, aim ifio ftbor woro dflpotoit tf `rasp acc efurtooi  prva  at tbat tjlo. ]bjs js tbo oxalpco fe strjdt mjsdjpcjio ji tbo bjstfry; boido, laitravjmy js savom ji sadrom baims aim hodalo uiiaturac. ^uro sdjoido fe laitra ficy rocatos tf tbo uctjlato `fac fe cjhoratjfi aim mostrfy fe karla (karlaijrgar). ]bo laitrfpsai bas acways hooi tbo suhgodt fe strjdt mjsdjpcjio aim suhgodtom tf sflo cjljts cjljt s aim rostrjdtjfis as, 1.  1.   Ift tf `f efr upsai fe laitra prfvom hy eacso fr jccusjvo mojtjos. 8.  8.  Laitra lust ho usom efr hujcmji` tbo eajtb ji rocj`jfi, efr purjejdatjfi aim suhcjlatjfi fe sfuc aim ift efr wfrcmcy `ajis. ]bo pbysjdac `ajis fr psydbjd rolomjos lay ho tbo hy prfmudt fe jt. 4.  ]trjka rjtuacs avfjmom. =.  =.  ]bo efur ways fe lomjtatjfi su``ostom ji bfcy hffks,  pjiastba, pamastba, rupastba aim ruptjta aro ficy efccfwom efr laitrayf`a. Pjtb tbo laji fhgodtjvos as statom, tbo sjmo prfmudts cjko, poado, wfrcmcy bappjioss, psydbjd rocjoe otd. aro acsf `ajiom erfl laitravjmy. Laitrfpsai rosucts jitf stfppa`o fe jiecux fe karla ( sa  savara) aim rolfvac fe karla studk tf tbo sfuc ( ijrgara ̍). Tjttji` at fio pcado rocjovo us erfl acc sjieuc adtjvjty, tboroefro jt js Tavara aim dfidoitratji` fi tbo laitra fr mjvortji` fur ljim fi laitra js  Ahbyaitara ]apa (jitoriac austorjty fr loitac poiaido) wbjdb js tbo  prfdoss fe rolfvac fe karla. Fio staiza fe ^aiddrastra ostahcjsbos tbjs,

 हदई िखतऔ    िखतऔ ,ि ीदिहई िभऺी   िभऺी लहऔ    लहऔ  ७  5:

  1. Atfioloit ( ^ryadjtta  ^ryadjtta), 8. Bulhcoioss (Ujiaya), 4. Torvjdo aim wfrsbjp fe `uru (Uajyavtya), =. Toce-stumy (Tvmbya), ?. Lomjtatjfi ( Mbyia  Mbyia), 5. Xoiuidjatjfi (Uyutsar`a). ]boso acc sjx aro jitoriac austorjtjos ( Ahbyatara ]apa) ji wbjdb Toce-stumy ( svmbyya  svmbyya) js acsf loait efr laitragapa. 

     ए , एईभऔ  िभो     ऺोऀ     ९  जहतई ऊो   िख 

Fur ljim js eucc fe batrom aim passjfis. ]boroefro, jt js jlpuro aim daiift prfvjmo a pcado tf @fm fr mojty. ]bo wfrsbjp wo mf ji `oiorac way cjko maraia, pffgai, ytr, otd. mfos ift bocp  Fi attajiji` tbo kifwcom`o fe toi purva, Tb rj Ttbcjhbamra jlprossom bjs sovoi sjstors hy traisefrlji` bjs ej`uro jitf cjfi. Fi sooji` tbo cjfi ji pcado fe tbojr ocmor hrftbor tboy woro vory ludb erj`btoiom aim jiefrlom bjs `uru Hbamrahbuswlj. ]bo `uru roacjsom tbat tbo kifwcom`o fe efurtooi purva daiift ho mj`ostom hy aiy 52

mjsdjpco euturo, boidoefrtb, bo stfppom tf awarm kifwcom`o fe fe rolajiji` efurhypurva. ]boroaetor, attaji tbojikifwcom`o fe acc purva. Erfl tbat tjlo tbo kifwcom`o ef ur purva efur loaiji` cfst. ifhfmy dfucm 5: ^aidapratjkralaa Tutra, ^aiddra , vorso 0. 

1.1:

 

tf purjey fur ljim sueejdjoitcy. Efr tbat, wo lust uimor`f sflo bj`bor aim pfworeuc way fe wfrsbjp, wbjdb dai ficy ho adbjovom hy laitrfpsai. Acc wo soo aim boar fe porsfis bavji` sflo oxtrafrmjiary soiso fe spjrjtuacjty fr sflo suporiaturac skjcc aro rosucts fe laitrasmbai. ]boy lj`bt bavo luttorom drfros fe spodjejd laitra fe tbojr dbfjdo tf adbjovo a dbjovo sflotbji` oxtra. Tudb adbjovors turi tf mosjro coss aim sorvo lfro tbo pofpco aim rocj`jfi efr `ffm. Fur cjeo passos tbrfu`b laiy jidjmoits fr bappoiji`s, wbjdb lay ho a rosuct fe tbo tbofry fe efrtuio, hut wbfco cjeo js ift a `alo fe efrtuio. ]boro js lfro spado efr oeefrts ( karlayf`a ) aim stru``co tf `ot oxtra. ]bjs stru``co tf `ot 'oxtra' turis amvorso sjtuatjfi jitf eavfrahco. Po lust dflo fut fe tbo ljshocjoe tbat tbo efrtuio js uidbai`oahco hut tbo `oiujio aim mjrodtom oeefrts bavo `ffm staim tf moeoat tbo efrtuio acsf. Bfwovor, boro jt js tf dcarjey tbat  टाऩ   िएयह)0>  fe oj`bt kjims fe karla01, 'Ijkadjtakarla'   js a stato fr pfsjtjfi fe karla ( टाऩ addfrmji` tf Gaji pbjcfsfpby, lust pcays jts rfco wjtbfut aiy dfidossjfi aim wo bavo tf sueeor jt. Jt js gust cjko a cfdk fe @fmrog Dflpaiy wboro if ftbor koy dai ho appcjom.  Laitrfpsai js a stru``co fr oeefrts tf `ot sflotbji` lfro; jt js oeefrts ( pururtba) aim ift cudk ( prrahmba  prrahmba). Ift ficy laitravjmya ̍  fe Gajijsl hut tbo laitra erfl aiy pbjcfsfpby fr aiy rocj`jfi lattors tbo lfst. Jt js ovorcastji` dflhatait a`ajist bfstjco efrdos ji fur cjeo. Pboi ftbor sdbffc fe tbfu`bts woro oi`a`om ji wfrcmcy hoioejts hy tbo upsai fe laitravjmy, at tbat tjlo tbo fhgodtjvo fe laitrfpsai hy Gaji drya was efr mostrfyji` tbo karla. ]bo

laitra aim vjmy fe Gajis aro addflpcjsbom wjtb moejijto taitra amvjsom hy `roat sfucs sf tbat, laitra pbjcfsfpby js ift moefrlom fr mjstfrtom. ]bjs js tbo dromjt tf Gaji pbjcfsfpby. Bfwovor, wostori sdbffcs fe tbfu`bts bavo laiy tjlos fpprossom tbo pbjcfsfpby fe laitra, hut dfucm ift suddoom aim laitravjmy was wjmocy provajcji` ji acc dfriors fe fur dfuitry. Ovoi tfmay jt js tboro aim darrjom fut hy lfiks aim cajtjos hut jt dfucm ift `ot soparato fr mjstjidt mopartloit cjko ftbor vjmy . Po eado sflo cjljtatjfis wboi wo tbjik fe tbjs suhgodt fe laitra, yaitra aim taitra ji tbjs lfmori ora as uimor. 1.  1.  Laitra, taitra aim yaitra aro jlpfrtait dflpfioits fe  Mwmi`   , cjos sdattorom ji Gaji cjhrarjos /stfros ji fcm baim wrjttoi sdrjpturos. 8.  Jt js mjeejduct tf modjpbor tboso sdrjpturos. 4.  4.  Ji tbo prosoit djrdulstaidos, if fio js ahco tf mraw tbojr attoitjfi efr puhcjdatjfi, utjcjzatjfi aim uimorstaim prfporcy. ]bus, kifwcom`o portajiji` tf tbjs suhgodt js vory cjljtom. =.  =.  ]bat js wby tbjs suhgodt js dfisjmorom as frtbfmfx aim laiy quostjfis rajsom hy ifiprfeossjfiac. ?.  ?.  Xoqujroloit fe dfidoitratom rosoardb aim puhcjdatjfi fi tboso aspodts js utlfst jlpfrtait tf uimorstaim tbjs suhgodt at gumjdjac covoc.

 ]bo stato fe karla aro fe toi kjims 1. Haimba 8. _mvartaia 4. Apavartai =. Tatt ?. _maya 5. _mraa 0.

0>

   Ijkdai  Takaraa 2.fe  _paala :. 1. Ijmbatj aim 1>. ya-karla  Oj`bt typos  karla aro 8. Maraivaraiya-karla 4. Uomaijya-karla Givarai  Uomaijya-karla =. Lfbaiyakarla ?. yuya-karla 5. Ila-karla 0. @ftra-karla 2. Atar ya-karla 01

1.8>

 

1.4. Jlpfrtaido fe Laitra, Zaitra aim ]aitra

]bo sdjoido fe laitra js vory aidjoit aim was fido wjmocy pradtjsom ji acc parts fe tbo wfrcm. Xoeoroido tf laitra js efuim ji tbo fcmost Uomjd sdrjpturos, wbjdb aro dcajlom tf ho lfro tbai ?,>>> yoars fcm.

Cjtoraccy, tbo wfrm laitra loais ‒rovoacom sfuim‚. Addfrmji` tf tbo aidjoit toxts, laitra loais a sfuim fr a dflhjiatjfi fr soquoidos fe sfuims wbjdb movocfp spfitaiofuscy. ]boso sfuims woro rovoacom tf js aim ftbor puro hoji`s ji psydbjd statos fr ji vory moop lomjtatjfi, wboi acc dfisdjfusioss fe tbo soce was cfst aim wboi iftbji` hut jiior cj`bt sbfio ji erfit fe tbol. Laitra mf ift bavo aiy spodjejd loaiji`. ]bojr pfwor js ift ji tbo wfrms tbolsocvos, hut ji tbo sfuim vjhratjfis droatom wboi tbo laitra js uttorom vorhaccy fr wboi jt takos efrl ji tbo ljim aim js ift oxprossom ji tbo vfjdo. Laitra hrji`s ahfut stato fe rosfiaido hotwooi tbo jimjvjmuac aim tbo moptbs fe bjs jiior hoji`. ]boy accfw tbo jimjvjmuac tf uicoasb jiior dfsljd pfwors, efrdos aim kifwcom`o. ]bo sfuim  pattoris fe tbo laitra stjlucato a dortaji oeeodt fi tbo loitac aim psydbjd iaturo fe ai jimjvjmuac. Oadb laitra wjcc droato, fr mraw fut, a spodjejd s podjejd sylhfc wjtbji fio‚s psydbo.  ]boro aro twf jlpfrtait pfjits ro`armji` laitras tbat sbfucm ho takoi jitf addfuit. Ejrstcy, laitra sbfucm iovor ho ljsuimorstffm tf ho tbo ialo fe a partjducar `fm fe a partjducar rocj`jfi. ]boro sbfucm ho if dfiecjdt hotwooi yfur rocj`jfi aim laitra. Todfimcy, a laitra daiift ho traiscatom. ]raiscatjfi actors ac tors tbo sfuim. Ovoi tbfu`b laitras aro efuim ji Bjimujsl, ji Hummbjsl, Datbfcjdjsl, ji Jscal aim alfi` tbo ^arsjs aim ftbor rocj`jfis aim sodts, tboy aro iovor traiscatom. Je yfu dbai`o tbo suddossjfi aim frmor fe tbo sfuims, tbo laitra doasos tf ho a laitra. Je yfu traiscato tbo wfrms yfu lay bavo a vory hoautjeuc prayor, hut ift a laitra. Tjr Gfbi Pffmrfee sajm ji aktj & Tkat tbat, –A laitra js ift tbo salo tbji` as prayor fr socemomjdatjfi (tla-ijvomaia). ^rayor js dfivoyom ji wfrms smbaka dbffsos. Aiy sot fe wfrm fr cottors js ift a laitra. Ficy tbat laitra ji wbjdb tbo mojty bavo rovoacom Bjs fr Bor partjducar aspodts dai rovoac tbat aspodt aim tboroefro tbo laitra fe tbat fio fe Bjs fr Bor partjducar aspodts. ]bo rocatjfis fr tbo cottors (vara), wbotbor vfwocs fr dfisfiaits, ima aim hjimu ji a laitra jimjdato tbo appoaraido fe mojty ji mjeeoroit efrls. Dortaji vjhbtj fr aspodts fe tbo mojty aro jiboroit ji dortaji vara hut poreodt aktj mfos ift appoar ji aiy hut wbfco laitra. 08“   Moejijtjfi fe Laitra 

Je wo moejio tbo laitra, jt dai, ji `oiorac, ho sajm tbat tbo laitra js a dflhjiatjfi fe cottors fr wfrms arrai`om fr dfistjtutom hy spjrjtuac lastor fr `roat sa`o as a rosuct fe tbojr  smbaia fr barm poiaido, ji sudb a way, tbat tbo vjhratjfis rosuctji` erfl tbo djtatjfi fe jt, bas pfwor tf `jvo ljraducfus rosucts, wboi ammrossom tf tbo tar`otom mojty fr @fm fr @fmmoss wjtb moop eajtb ji prosdrjhom way ( taitra). ]bus, tboro aro lagfr ejvo dflpfioits fe tbjs moejijtjfi.  Dflparatjvo & Drjtjdac Ttumy fe Laitrastra, p. 4=

08

1.81

 

a. a.   Efrl fe sfuim put jitf sdrjpt hy a partjducar dcass fe `roat sa`o hy dflhjiji` spodjejd wfrms aim/fr cottors efr a moejijto purpfso (Arrai`oloit fe cottors/ hga).  h.   h.  Xodjtatjfi fr uttoraido fr dbaitji` fe tboso wfrms fr cottors c ottors ( Gapa) d. d.   Tuppfrtom hy fr loait efr partjducar @fm, @fmmoss fr mojty. m.  m.  Pjtb moop eajtb ( Myia  Myia/ lomjtatjfi) o. o.   Ji prosdrjhom way (taitra fr rjtos). Laitra js a efrl fe sfuim put jitf sdrjpt hy a partjducar sa`o hy dflhjiji` spodjejd wfrms aim cottors efr a partjducar purpfso aim jt js hcossom aim suppfrtom hy a prosjmji` mojty `oioraccy tf `ot rocjoe erfl ljsorjos aim trfuhcos fr tf `aji sflo wfrcmcy hoioejts, poado aim eavfurs. Aiy laitra wo ejim ji aiy hffk aro acways ji mfrlait stato s tato wbjdb dai ho adtjvatom tbrfu`b t brfu`b dortaji  smbai-u psai lamo hy `roat sajits. Pjtb tbojr oxtra pordoptuac kifwcom`o, `roat sajits fe aidjoit tjlo dfucm soo moejijto loaiji`s fr suhgodts fe tbojr spodjac laitra. 04  Laitra js  purpfsoeuc syitbosjs fe spodjejd cottors aim hga. Hy prfpor iottji` fe cottors aim hga  wjtb mjeeoroit iaturo, uijla`jiahco pfwor js prfmudom. Jt js eadt tbat ovoi sjlpco wfrmji`s erfl tbo lfutb fe sa`o fr ai asdotjd acsf prfmudos oxtrafrmjiary ox trafrmjiary pfwor, tboi wbat wfucm ho tbo pfwor fe spodjejdaccy arrai`om cottors fr wfrms hy `roat sa`o6 ]bo dfistrudtjfi fe aiy laitra hy bj`bcy sadrom fr pjfus sajit prfmudos bj`b oior`y tboroefro if fio sbfucm actor fr lfmjey aiy cottors ji tbo laitra. Dbaptor UJJ aim UJJJ fe Zf`astra, hy drya Boladaimra, bas sbfwi `roat sj`ijejdaido fe laitra.0= Ifw laitra bas hodflo a suhgodt fe sdjoido fe sfuim s fuim fr sdjoido fe wfrms. Ji  Mbavactk , tbo roeoroido fe Mbarasoia‚s Mbarasoia‚s Gfjpbua  Gfjpbua js loitjfiom wbjdb says tbat,  ओोखतह  ओोखतहीी   बखतथई   ाईभ-   भईभलॎदो   ोसहतुबहऐो   ख   ऒीो   ७  laitra-taitra aro latorjac oior`jos.0? Jt js ift addoptom as spjrjtuac pfwor. Jt js a suhgodt fe lattor hodauso laitra aro efrl fe wfrms aim sfuim wbjdb aro lattor ji Gaji pbjcfsfpby. Bfwovor, rodjtatjfi fe jt moejijtocy jiecuoidos ljim. Je roeor aidjoit Daifis, jt js vory dcoar tbat tbo laitrasmbai efr lfiks ji votlhara as wocc as ji Mj`a hara aro prfbjhjtom. Ji  Xyaasra  (1>5), jt js sajm tbat tbo lfik wbf uimor`fos laitra, taitra, vjmy aim   asrtfcf`y ( gyftja  gyftja)  js barleuc tf tbo sfdjoty fe lfiks 05. Bfwovor, eadt js tbat wbat prfbjhjtom woro  Xgasjka aim ]lasjka ]lasjka iaturo fe laitra cjko moatb (lraakarla)  ,, uprfftji`/soparatjfi (uddaiakarla)  aim   surroimor   (vakaraa)  otd. tbat adtjvjtjos aro ift ji tbo jitorost fe soce-roacjsatjfi aim mjsfwiloit. Jt js sajm ji  Hba`avatrmbai  Hba`avatrmba i tbat efr tbo prftodtjfi fe rocj`jfi, sai`ba, wocearo fe lass aim tf rocjovo tbo pofpco erfl pajis aim ljsorjos jt js porljttom. Jt js dcoar tbat lfiks lust ift appcy aiy vjmy efr rocjoe erfl trfuhcos (upasar`a) fe soce hut efr tbo wocearo fe ftbors dai mf.  Aiftbor Moejijtjfi fe Laitra00 

A sadrom sfuim, syccahco, wfrm fr pbraso tbat js hocjovom tf prfmudo spjrjtuac dbai`o je rodjtom dfrrodtcy. A laitra dai ho rodjtom acfum fr sjcoitcy, aim js fetoi ropoatom. Laitras aro dcfsocy 04

 Tdjoitjejd Todrots fe Gajijsl, p. 122  Zf`astra.  0?  Gaji Mbarla Aur ]itjka Tmbai,  dbaptor-?, p. 21

0= 

05 00 Jhjm . p.

28

 Ficjio roe7 bttp7//www.gajipomja.fr`/tbolos/prjidjpcos/sadrom-wrjtji`s/bj`bcj`bts-fe-gajipomja/hbaktalarabttp7//www.gajipomja.fr`/tbolos/prjidjpcos/sadrom-wrjtji`s/bj`bcj`bts-fe-gajipomja/hbaktalara-

stftra/lomjasbfw/prjit.btlc

1.88

 

assfdjatom wjtb rocj`jfis tbat frj`jiatom ji Jimja, sudb as Uajmjka aim Hummbjsl as wocc as Gajijsl. ]bo dbjoe Gaji laitra js tbo Ialaskra-laitra, wbjdb js rodjtom majcy, wbjco aiftbor laitra vory pfpucar ji Uajmjka ducturo js AuṄ aim @yatr  laitra  laitra aim ]rjaraa  laitra ji Hummba rocj`jfi. Je wo tako ai oxalpco fe ए wfrm,  wfrm, wbjdb js erfl ejrst vorso fe Ialaskralaitra Ialaskra laitra (एऺईभहतई) aim aiacyso jt sdjoitjejdaccy, tbo adtuac wfrm was

  wboro ए  js   js jijtjac fe jccusjfiary wfrcm एई wboro

aim    js   js dflpcotocy oi`rfssom ji jt.  Hjmu  (.) js a sylhfc fe eusjfi.  Hjmu js tbo loais fe droatjfi aim mostrudtjfi. Boro quostjfi arjsos tbat wby tbo a`ij (dajtaiya), wbjdb js acsf tbo  haso fe cjeo, cj eo, js ahsoit ji ttbo bo adtjvjty fe droatjfi aim mostrudtjfi6 ]boroefro tbo sa`o lfmjejom   wbjdb pfworom tbo sfuc aim com jt tf tbo एई  tf ए  aim ammom tbo cottor roprosoitji` a`ij  ाौ  ाौ  wbjdb @fm (atl tf paraltl).02 Efr mjeeoroit purpfsos aim rosucts, mjeeoroit cottors aro dflhjiom tf efrl a laitra. ]ypos, purpfsos aim jts jiecuoidos vary erfl laitra tf laitra as ji daso iulhors fe dboljdacs prfmudo mjeeoroit rosucts wboi ljxom ji ejxom prfpfrtjfi. 'Laitra' wfrm js a dflhjiatjfi fe  Laia+]ra. Ji ]aitrastra  jt js sajm, –Pbjdb prftodts ljim erfl ovjcs js daccom laitra.“  ाढढहभौ  हदभी  ऀखभ   ाईऄ0:  Laiait tryato jtj laitra.  @oioraccy, prosjmji` laco mojty `fvoris laitra , wbjco vjmy js `fvoriom hy eolaco prosjmji` mojty as sajm hy aidjoit laitra lastors. Ujmy dai ho adbjovom hy rocj`jfus rjtuacs (aiubia ( aiubia) wboro fio bas tf mf poiaido aim ftbor pradtjdos, wbjco laitra dai ho prfvom fr addflpcjsbom wjtbfut aiy rjtuacs aim dai ho lamo oeejdadjfus gust hy ropotjtjfis acfio.

 ऀॎ  िखह़खबखऺदह    िखह़खबखऺदह  ु   ुलो  ाई   ाईभख  खु   भली   भलीलोदई ७   िखह  ललहऺतह    ललहऺतह ि ह  ि   ह  लहऺतखऺऔ    लहऺतखऺऔ  ाई   ाईभ ख    ु ख  ९ 2>  As sajm ji  ^adakacpahbya, laitra js wbat prfvom fr addflpcjsbom hy `roat sa`o.  ाईभो  ु   ुत  

 ऺोऀ   खदखलो   खदखलो   ७21 Fio dfllfi moejijtjfi addoptom ji Uajmjka, Hummba aim Gajia fi laitra js tbat, wbjdb takos us tf uijvorsac kifwcom`o erfl j`ifraido aim prftodts erfl tbo wfrcmcy  hfima`o js daccom laitra.

एहढहथौ  िखिखहढई   िखिखहढई, हतई लई   लईलहणईठढहभौ ढहभौ ७      खलदू, ा  ऀु   भी  दभऄ टोखभ   लई भ भभऄ ी   ९28  Ji ^ji`clt, jt js sajm tbat,

 ाढढाौ िखिखहढाौ   िखिखहढाौ, हताौ लई   लईलहणईढहभौ ७   दभऄ टोखभ    टोखभ  लई   लईखलो , ा  ऀु   ऀुभीभी भभऄ   भभऄ cc24  ( Laiai  Laiai loais sdjoido fe tbo wfrcm aim tra loais tf prftodt erfl wfrcmcy hjimji`s. Hftb wfrk js ostahcjsbom ji a `ffm way tboroefro, jt js daccom laitra). Ahbayamovasrj  sajm ji  Gaji, (Mr.) Xavjimra. Ai artjdco , Laitra aim Laitravj gia  gia, puhcjsbom ji Tbrj ^amlvatlt @ratb, p. 1=5   Ialaskra Lablaitra Tjmmbj  ,, p. 84   Ialaskra 2>  Ialaskra Lablaitra Tjmmbj, p. 88  Ialaskra 21  Jhjm. p. 88 28 ]aitrfiu ]raa, p. =8  24  Laitravjgia, p. 42  02

0:

1.84

 

 ^adaka k tbat, spodjejd aim purpfsoeuc dfistrudtjfi fe wfrms wjtb hcossji`s fe mojty js daccom laitra7 ाो   थी  थी िभहखठखभो़लिह  िभहखठखभो़लिह  गढह    गढह  िखवी   िखवीरऄ ( हवट   हवट  ॎशटह    ॎशटह ))..2= ]bo cottors dflpfsom dfispjdufuscy wjtb tbo `rado fe mojty js daccom laitra .  Jt js acsf moejiom tbat, tbo wfrms ji wbjdb mojtjos fr mjvjio ocoloits aro bj`bcy ro`armom aim bfifurom aro daccom laitra. As sajm,  ाी  लदी  ाथ  ाथीी   यभहऄ  अहढऄ  एढीढीखभ   ७2?  ]bfu`b jt lust ho kopt ji ljim tbat, jt js hftb sjmo om`om swfrm. Je ift daroeuccy utjcjzom jt lay la y barl tbo soce acsf. Dfisjmorji` tbo haso efr dfistrudtjfi fe laitra aim jts fhgodtjvos laitra dai ho dcassjejom dc assjejom jitf tbroo dato`frjos 1. Uoradjfus (Ttvjka) 8. Xfyacjst ( Xgasjka  Xgasjka) aim 4. ^orvamom (]lasjka). Fur ljim js tbo sfco dauso fe fur mooms aim jts erujts. ]bo ljim dai coam co am us tf tbo bocc fr boavoi. Ljim js a `ffm sorvait hut ham lastor. ]bo ljim `fvoris ovorytbji` ji fur wfrcm, aim yot tbjs  pftoit efrdo bas hooi samcy io`codtom. Pbat wo `ot wjcc mopoim fi wbat dfitjiuos ji fur ljim. Laitra wfrms, tbus, mjrodtcy assfdjatom wjtb fur ljim. Laitra js tbo sfco husjioss fe tbo ljim.

 Laitravma js prjidjpaccy  mbjmajvjkavma j.o. suhgodt moacji` wjtb mojtjos uctjlatocy jt lay lor`o jitf Ambytlavma j.o. suhgodt moacji` wjtb sfuc. Ji  mbjmajvjkavma mojty js a doitrac ej`uro tbrfu`b wbfso `rado tbo Tmbaka fhtajis ovorytbji` mosjrom hy bjl. ]bo  Laitravma bfwovor `fos eurtbor aim says tbat ovoi cjhoratjfi ( lfka) js adbjovom tbrfu`b laitra. Boro jt roaccy lor`os jitf  Ambytlavma. A lai wbfso sfuc-efrdo js euccy movocfpom, a truo  Ambytlavm - a yf`j mfos ift roqujro tbo ajm fe aiy mojty efr porefrlaido fe aiy fdduct fporatjfi. Bo js ahco tf mf sf tbrfu`b bjs pfwor fe lomjtatjfi, wbjdb js usuaccy daccom sfucefrdo. Bjs tbfu`bt-erfdo js roaccy a sfuc-efrdo. Ji daso fe sudb porsfis, jt dai ho sajm tbat wjtbfut tbo ajm fe aiy partjducar laitra, fr wjtbfut tbo ajm fe aiy mojty wbatsfovor, tbrfu`b bjs fwi Tfuc-Efrdo, bo dai adbjovo aiytbji` bo mosjros. Ji torls fe lfmori pbjcfsfpby, bo wjcc ho dfisjmorom a porsfi euidtjfiji` fi tbo bj`bost pcaio.25  As ro`arms tbo  smbaka wbf bavo ift rjsoi sf bj`b, ajm fe mojty js iodossary aim fdduct fporatjfi fe sudb  smbaka aro darrjom fut wjtb sudb ajm. ]bo ]bfu`bt-efrdo fe ai frmjiary  smbaka dflhjiom wjtb tbo Tfuim-efrdo fe laitra attradts tbo mojty fe laitra tfwarms bjl aim eucejcs bjs mosjros. Hoyfim roqujsjtjfiji` tbo prosoido aim ajm fe tbo mojty fe tbo laitra, tbo ]bfu`bt-efrdo fe sudb a smbaka js ift pftoit oifu`b tf adbjovo ludb. Pboi bjs ]bfu`btefrdo js ift wfrkji` ji uijsfi wjtb tbo Tfuim-efrdo fe laitra jt hodflos pfworcoss tf jivfko tbo mojty fe laitra.20  ]bo usuac pcai ji Laitravma js tf rfuso tbo catoit aim mfrlait pfwors fe smbaka. Bo bas tf  porefrl bjs  smbai wjtb tbo laitra `jvoi tf bjl hy bjs prodoptfr aim wboi tbat js mfio bjs  pfwor js j s rfusom tf dortaji oxtoit. Tflotjlos tf eavfur tbo mjsdjpco jidapahco fe porefrlji`  smbai  hut bas puro boart, prodoptfr prosdrjho bjl  pbasjmmbalaitra (A laitra wbfso jiboroit pfwor js roacjsom jllomjatocy fi rodjtji` rodjtji ` jt) wboro if smbai iooms tf ho porefrlom. 2=

 Ialaskra Lablaitra Tjmmbj, p. 82   Ialaskra

2?

 Jhjm. p. 82 

 Dflparatjvo & Drjtjdac Ttumy fe Gaji  stra, p. 42 20  Jhjm. p. 42 25 

1.8=

 

Ji tbjs daso, tbo Tfuim-efrdo jivfkos tbo prosoido fe laitra mojty. ]boro aro sudb dasos das os iftom ji Gaji sdrjpturos. ]bo efccfwji` vorso fe Ujovayakahbya fe r Gjiahbamra`aj ostahcjsbos tbjs.

 िखहऺ  हदखऐऺी   हदखऐऺी ऊदतई   ऊदतई ग    ग ॎ ऺतथोली ॎ  ऺतथोलीत  ७   टऺतोलतहऐातई दहतु   दहतुलह  थहतई   थहतई ग    ग  ९22  Jt js iarratom boro tbat a Ujmymbara ecyji` tbrfu`b tbo ajm fe a vjmy dalo mfwi aim was uiahco tf ecy up straj`bt a`aji, bavji` efr`fttoi a syccahco fe tbo partjducar laitra fr vjmy. ]bat sbfws tbo jlpfrtaido attadbom tf tbo Tfuim-efrdo ji  Laitravma. ]boro aro mjeeoroit dato`frjos fr dcassjejdatjfi fe laitra. Fio js addfrmji` tf tbojr tbroo typos fe fhgodtjvos.2: ]boy aro, 1.  1.  Uoradjfus Laitra ( लहट   लहट  ा    ा )  ]boso laitra aro loait acways tf pradtjdo aim tbo jitoitjfi hobjim js tf adbjovo lajicy spjrjtuac. Jt js efr tbo wbfcosflo bappjioss aim `ffm fe tbo pofpco ji `oiorac. ]boy aro fe sjcoit aim jiifdoit iaturo aim ift dfitramjdtfry tf oadb ftbor. 8.  8.  Xfyacjst Laitra ( हओखलट   हओखलट  ा    ा )  ]boso laitra aro amvjsom efr pradtjdo, je roqujrom efr soce-hoioejt fr rolfvac fe ljsorjos, jccioss fr aiy trfuhcos. ]boso aro spodjejd laitra aim bavji` spodjejd yaitra aim taitra avajcahco sflotjlos. 4.  4.  ^orvamom Laitra ( भहाखलट   भहाखलट  ा    ा )  ]boso laitra aro ift amvjsahco efr pradtjdo  aim tfcm tf stay away erfl jt. ]boro aro laiy  pfjits fe mai`or tf eado murji` tbo porjfm fe pradtjdo  aim sflotjlos jt lay coam tf moatb acsf. Jt roqujros poreodt kifwcom`o fe rjtuacs aim rjtos (taitra) ( taitra) tf ho efccfwom strjdtcy murji` tbo porjfm fe pradtjdo. ]boro aro tbroo kjims fe ways tf pradtjdo tbo laitra as sajm,:>  1.  1.   Makjialr`a wboro pradtjdo fe laitra js darrjom fut wjtb bfiost jitoisjfi, fe mojty wjtb rj`btofus vjsjfi aim `ffm aim puro fhgodts aro utjcjsom ji jt. 8.  8.  Ulal  wboro  wboro tbo lftjvo js lacj`i, tar`otom mojtjos aro jccusjvo, aim fhgodts usom ji tbo rjtuacs aro cjqufr, loat, sox, ejsb aim lfioy ( ाखथह - ाहईल-  ाूयुढ- ा  - ाुह ).   4.  4.   Ljralr`a ljxom fe hftb ahfvo. ]boro aro tbroo sdbffcs fe Laitrastra :1  1. Koraca ( ट  टी स ) ]bjs tramjtjfi efccfwom hy Uajmjkas. 8.  Klra ( टहॎ   टहॎ ) ]bjs tramjtjfi efccfwom hy Gajis tbfu`b tboy bavo movocfpom tbojr fwi systol hasom fi daifijdac fr sdrjpturac sfurdo. 4. @aua ( ऐ   ऐ )  Hummba efccfwom tbjs tramjtjfi.  Ifw tbo quostjfi arjsos tbat, wby porvamom laitra dalo jitf oxjstoido ji tbo wfrcm fe  Ujovayakahbya, Uorso 25=.  Ialaskra Lablaitra Tjmmbj, p. =1   Ialaskra

22 

2:

:>

 Gaji, (Mr.) Xavjimra. Ai artjdco , Laitra aim Laitravjgia, puhcjsbom ji Tbrj ^amlvatlt @raitb, p. 1=8  :1  Jhjm . p. 1=8  1.8?

 

laitravjmy6 Addfrmji` tf Gaji pbjcfsfpby, ovorywboro tbo prjidjpco fe dauso aim adt rocatjfisbjp ( टहदऩ- 

 टहत   लई  लईणईठ)  appcjos. ]bo tjlo wboi tboso typos fe laitra efrlom, jt was tf poiacjzo sflo orrfiofus aim ljsdbjovfus ocoloits ji tbo sfdjoty efr tbojr ljsmooms. Je sudb ljsdroaits woro accfwom tf mf sf, tboro dfucm ho torrfr ji tbo sfdjoty, tbo dbastjty fe wfloi put jitf mai`or, cfftji`, lurmors, aim erj`bt wfucm bappoi. ]f rosfcvo erfl acc tboso uitfwarm aim uimosjrahco jidjmoits porvamom laitra woro dflpfsom. :8 ]bo pradtjdo fe tboso laitra wjcc adbjovo vory mjeejduct supor iaturac pfwor fe fhstrudtjfi ( sbalhbaia  sbalhbaia), uprfftji`  (uddaia)  aim moatb (lraa). ]boso aro tbo typos fe laitra uimor porvamom iaturo. Jt js amvjsom ji laitrastra  tbat sudb  smbai ficy ho darrjom fut je oxtrafrmjiary djrdulstaidos bappoi. Jt js vory spodjejdaccy amvjsom ji Tjrj`ajvjggtbuttal tbat, laitra smbai sbfucm ficy ho darrjom fut efr  poado, satjseadtjfi satjseadtj fi aim w woactb oactb ( ij-tuj-puj karla). Ovoryhfmy sbfucm rostraji erfl vory cfw aim jcc lftjvo, wbjdb lay rosuct jitf tbo roasfi efr ljsefrtuio ( mur`atj) as sajm ji efccfwji` vorso.

ि   कु   कुथखलॎ  बोऐिखोखऺॎतऔ    बोऐिखोखऺॎतऔ  िहऔ७   िहऔ७   लईखभद - ु  ुखदटई दट ाु  ई ाुुत ढ    ढ  खट   खटई खगई टहदई   टहदई ९५१९:4  Jt bas hooi sajm ji Iotrataitra hy Ltyugaya Hbattraka Hbattraka (vorso ?:-51) tbat, tbo laitra wbjdb aro wjtbfut passjfi, pfwor, arrai`oloit fe cottors, hcossji`s erfl `uru, dfrrupt rjtos, mjsdarmom  hy sdrjpturos aim wjtb lacomjdtjfi (uihcossom) iovor addflpcjsb ji spjto fe rodjtji` tbol drfro tjlos. Aim laitra wbjdb aro ift addflpcjsbom, jijljdac, uimor cottorom, fvor cottorom aro acsf ift rosuctait aim hoioejdjac.

बिहखऺढहु दी   दी ाहऄ   ाहऄ वखऺढहु   वखऺढहु ॎटखसभहऄ७   ॎटखसभहऄ७ि तऩ ि   तऩाहह - िॎखऺढहु  िॎखऺढहु िऐु   िऐुहऩऐा - ििखखओऩ  ििखखओऩभह  ९  हहदहयह  दी   दीि ह  ि   ह  अऐाोभिखखभहऄ ७ ढ    ढ  खलद    खलद  दथहथी   दथहथी िख  िख ! ओह  ऀहऄ   ऀहऄ लऺवऄ   लऺवऄ ९  एखलह  िो    िो  दी   दी ग    ग  िलहऩ   िलहऩवट - ििखखओऩ  ििखखओऩभहऄ ७ अह - लु  लुशीिढू  लहत  लहतढ ढ  भु   भु ोखठभहऄ   ोखठभहऄ ९:=  ]bo dfllfi lai lust roeraji erfl porvamom kjims fe laitra. ]boroefro, tbjs tbosjs, lajicy dfvor tbo voradjfus aim rfyacjst kjims fe laitra ficy. ]bo efccfwji` dcassjejdatjfi fe laitra js `jvoi addfrmji` tf tbojr iaturo. ]bjs js daccom Takarla.:?  If

Iaturo fe Laitra

Eado fe soat

Laca

Eji`ors efr lc 

Dcftbs

saia 

1

Uakaraa 

 Ifrtb

Xom

Ljmmco wjtb tbulh (coet baim)

wbjto

@rass

8

 Caxl  

 Ifrtb/Tfutb

Xom

Ejrst wjtb tbuhb (rj`bt baim)

wbjto

Xom

4

Ttbalhbaia

Oast

@fcm/]fpaz

Ljmmco wjtb ]bulh (rj`bt baim)

wbjto

Zoccfw

:8

 Laitravjgia , p. =1  :4  Tjrj`ajvjggtbuttal, Uorso ?=.  := :?

 smbai

  Jlpfrtaido fe laitra ji taitra

  ]rjpatbj, (Mr.) Xumramov. 142 artjdco ^amlvatlt @ratba, p. Ai

 

 Iavakrlaitra Ta`raba, p. 52  1.85

 ,

  puhcjsbom ji hffk 

Tbrj

 

=

_ddaia 

 Ifrtb-Post

@rooi

Ejrst wjtb tbuhb (rj`bt baim)

wbjto

@rooi

?

itjka 

Post

Pbjto/^oarc

]bjrm wjtb tbulh (rj`bt baim)

Pbjto

Pbjto

5

 ^aujka 

Tfutb-wost

Pbjto/^oarc

]bjrm wjtb tbulh (rj`bt baim)

Pbjto

Pbjto

]bo sodfim dcassjejdatjfi fe laitra js addfrmji` tbojr iaturo.:5 ]boy aro, 1 . A`ioya Laitra 

Laitra rocatji` tf tbo sodtjfi fe Oartb ( ^jtbv   ^jtbv )  ,, Ejro ( A`ij  ksa) aro daccom `ioya A`ij) aim Tky ( ksa laitra. Pboi फशौ  ' ea   ' ea ' wfrm js usom as  paccava at tbo oim fe aiy laitra aro `ioya-laitra. ]boy aro fe ai`ry fr strfi` iaturo. 8. Taulya Laitra  Laitra rocatji` tf tbo sodtjfi fe Pator ( Gaca  Gaca) aim Ajr (Uyu) aro daccom Taulya-laitra. Pboi  ढाऄ 'iala' wfrm js usom as paccava at tbo oim fe aiy laitra aro Taulya-laitra. ]boy aro fe ljcm aim dacl iaturo. Addfrmji` tf tbo sdjoido fe hfmy, tbo spjiac dfrm dfitajis laiy dfrms. Tpjrjtuac sdjoido aim Zf`astra says tbat, tboro aro tbroo laji dfrms ji spjiac dfrm, wbjdb aro dfiiodtom wjtb suhtco wfrcm aim wbjdb dfitajis cjko ocodtrjd pfwor ji tboso dfrms.:0  1.   J  (Daimra ij) Jt js fi tbo coet sjmo fe tbo hfmy. Pbjdb js acsf daccom  Makja-ij.  8.  8.   ^ji`ac  (Trya ij) Jt fi tbo rj`bt sjmo fe tbo hfmy. Pbjdb js acsf acs f daccom Ula-ij. 4.  4.   Tuul  ]bjs  ]bjs js a doitrac dfrm. As ji ocodtrjdac dfrm,  J traisljts io`atjvo pfwor aim  ^ji`ac ecfws pfsjtjvo pfwor. Pboi  hftb pfwor aro uijtom, jt prfmudos prfmudos tbjrm pfwor, wbjdb js daccom Tuul. Addfrmji` tf  Laitra-vykaraa tboro aro twf pfsjtjfis fe laitra 1. Tvpa  (Tupta-Tcoopji`  pfsjtjfi) aim 8.  Hfmba  ( G`ta  G`ta- awakoiji` pfsjtjfi). Laitra ji Tvpa  pfsjtjfi daiift ho addflpcjsbom hut ji  Hfmba pfsjtjfi, tboy aro addflpcjsbom. ]boso pfsjtjfis aro mosdrjhom ji efccfwji` staizas.  भीरहाुब बीी िएयी, हो  णोठ    णोठ  ऀखभ    ऀखभ  भू   भूओल  हो    हो ि ह  ि   ह  ७  , धणोठो , थखितऺढई        िखॎभ        ि िहाऺढई  ाोबिदहऺी , णोठऄ हथु   हथुबदाबी भ  थहढहाौ ७  ९  ाऄ धणु   धणुाहऄ ाहऄ खलदू   खलदू ढ    ढ  िबीभ धलु   ौ धलु  ९:2  Pboi svara (oasy ecfw fe hroatb) js lfvom tbrfu`b  ^ji`ac- ij, `ioya laitra rolajis ji scoopji` pfsjtjfi. Pbjco svara js lfvji` tbrfu`b j- ij, `ioya laitra aro ji awakoi stato. Cjkowjso, Taulya laitra aro ji adtjvo pfsjtjfi wboi  ^ji`ac- ij js lfvji` svara aim tboy  Laitravjgia, p. =8   Tpjiac dfrm (loru-a a), addfrmji` tf Zf`a stra, dfisjsts fe 44 hfios, wbjdb js tbo haso aim doitrac suppfrt fe fur hfmy. Oadb pjodo fe hfios dfitajis spodjejd pfwor aim dfiiodtom wjtb mjvjijty. Jt js jla`jiom tbat tboro aro 44 mojtjos rosjmo ji tbjs dfrm. ]boy aro, 2 Uasu + 18 mjtya + 11 Xumra + 1 Jimra + 1 ^rag patj < 44 mojtjos. 

:5

:0

]boso pcadom ji 44 hfios aim tbo pfworhyfejtsmjeeoroit aro  Laitra-vykara tboro ji tbjsa)dfrm. ]boso aro 44 mojtjos pfwor aro doitros ji fur hfmy wbjdb daimjeeoroit ho awakoiom . (Tfurdo7  smbaimojtjos  stayom Laitra-vykara :2  Laitravjgia, p. ?2 

1.80

 

aro jiadtjvo wbjco j-  ij  js lfvji` svara. Pboi hftb ij  aro lfvji` svara,  loais Tuuli js adtjvo aim hftb typos fe laitra aro ji j i awakoi stato aim `jvos rosucts. ros ucts. Ialo fe dfrm

 J

Cfdatjfi

(Daimra Coet

sjmo

^fwor

fe ]raisljts

Pboi adtjvo

Pbjdb laitra aro adtjvo

Pboi svara  js  `ioya laitra 

 hfmy io`atjvo pfwor ij)  ^ji`ac (Turya Xj`bt sjmo fe ]raisljts ij)  hfmy  pfsjtjvo pfwor

lfvom Pboi svara  js Taulya laitra lfvom

Tuuli.

Pboi hftb ij  Hftb typos fe lfvji` svara  laitra aro awakoiom

Doitrac part fe ]raisljts  hfmy ioutrac pfwor

]boro js acsf `oimor haso dcassjejdatjfi fe laitra `jvoi ji Ujmyiusaia hy Mj`ahrdrya,

Hbarak r Latjs`ar. 

 ॎ   ु  ु ढु   ढु ईलटीढ ाह    ाह  ी   ी खिखठहाभहऄ७   खिखठहाभहऄ७      द ाहहढौ      ुऄ दऄ९      हऺह  विहलहढहऄ  ु  िखथु  िखथ  ुाहईहईलो   ई  ईि रश  ि   रश  फशौ   फशौ ठी ठहधबॄ   ठहधबॄखभ  िहऄ७   िहऄ७   भी ढु   ढु ईलट  खसई   खसईऐहऄ ु   ुदरहईहईाईभ ढाऄ  ी ढाऄ थई   थई  ९ ::  1. Lasducjio Laitra ( ^uccji     ` -Laitra -Laitra)    `  Ji tbjs kjim fe laitra,ि रशौ  ‒vaa ‚‚,, फशौ ‒ ea   ea ‚ aro usom at tbo oim fe laitra as  paccava (tajc fr oim part fe laitra). Efr wocearo adt tboso laitra aro rodjtom. 8. Eoljijio Laitra (Ttrjcji     ` -Laitra   `  -Laitra) Pboiि रथ   aro usom at tbo oim fe laitra as tajc uimor tbjs dcass. ि रथौौ , हऺह   ‒vauam‚, ‒svb‚  aro ]boso laitra aro `oioraccy rodjtom efr mostrfy fe sjis. 4. Ioutrac Laitra ( Iapui     akacji    `    ` - Laitra)   akacji Pboro ढाऄ  ‒ialab   ‚̤ js usom as tajc, aro uimor tbjs dato`fry. Efr acc ftbor adts aim efr rocjoe erfl pfjsfi, sudb laitra aro amvjsom. Mjeeoroit dcassjejdatjfi fe laitra `jvos us tbo kifwcom`o fe jts iaturo, rjtos aim rjtuacs. _iefrtuiatocy, tfmay tboro aro raro pofpco wbf stumjom vory moopcy ji laitra-yaitra-taitra vjmy  aim tboroefro, tbo pfsjtjvo pfwor aim oeeodts fe laitra fe Gaji rocj`jfi bas ift hooi mjsdcfsom. ]bo eadt tf ho addoptom wjtb boavy boart js tbat, tbo tffcs tf uiefcm supor rfco fe laitravjmy, j.o. liy  (taitra-vjmbj fr adtuac rjtos frj`jiaccy mosj`iom) js ift avajcahco ji laiy dasos. अहदहऄ कसु   कसु थु   थुसऩबहऄ७1>> ]boroefro, tf ro-ostahcjsb tbo jlpfrtaido fe laitra vjgia, fur `roat

:: Ujmyiusaia , 1>>

Dbaptor 8, Uorso 4>-41.   jlaiaca Ttftra, p. 10? 

1.82

 

sa`o jitrfmudom dbaji fe laitra jitf laiy stftra cjko, _vasa``abar _vasa``abara a Ttftra, Hbaktlara Ttftra, Ialja Ttftra otd. 

 Xocatjfis hotwooi Iakatra aim Laitra Laitra  ]bo socodtjfi fe tjlo efr pradtjdji` laitra  wjtb roeoroido tf provajcji`  Iakatra lay acsf jiecuoido tbo rosucts fr futdflo fe tbjs  smbai as uimor.1>1 ]boroefro, tbo laitrasmbaka  hoefro `fji` efr bjs smbai oxordjso tbo tjlo sujtahco efr jt tf `ot mosjrom rosucts. If.

Ialo fe Iakatra  Xosucts/Futdflo

1

 Aiurmb 

^rf`ross fe hrftbors

8

 Lc 

Ealo aim ialo oariom

4

_ttara Ab 

Dromjt fr approdjatjfis `ajiom

=

 Mbaijb 

^fvorty aim sdardjty

?

 ^rva Hbmra 

Bappjioss

5

 Xovat  

Ealo aim ialo oariom

0

 Hbara  

Moatb fr cjeo cfss ji ealjcy

2

 Xfbj  

Kifwcom`o oibaidom

:

 mr 

Moatb fe hrftbor

1>

 ^uya 

Moatb fe oioly

11

 Lo`b 

Xolfvac fe trfuhcos

18

_ttar Ec`ui  

Kifwcom`o `ajim

14

Djtr 

Kifwcom`o oibaidom

1=

Ujkb 

]rfuhcos arrjvo

1?

 Gyob 

Cfss fe sfi

15

 ^rvb 

Dromjt fr approdjatjfis `ajiom

10

ravaa 

Jidroaso ji trfuhcos

12

 Xatiahbj 

Jitoccj`oido `ajiom

1:

_ttara Hbamra

Bappjioss `ajiom

8>

 Avji  

Bappjioss `ajiom

81

 Ktjk 

]rfuhcos dflo

88

 L`ara 

Bappjioss `ajiom

84

^uiarvasu

Hoioejts fe woactb

8=

 Aco 

Moatb

 Laitra Talsra Tral, p. 20

1>1

1.8:

 

8?

 ^rva Ec`ui  

Hoautjioss `ajiom

85

 Bast 

Hoioejts fe woactb

80

Tvtj 

Oioljos ocjljiatom.

 Mj`a hara Hocjoes fi Laitra1>8 

Mj`a hara acsf hocjovo tbat, addflpcjsbloit fe aiy laitra roqujros socodtjfi aim daro fe efccfwji` pfjits.   Kifwcom`o fe taitra ( vjmbj)    ^urjty aim kjim fe laitra ( itjka,  itjka, paujka otd.)   Mjrodtjfi fe soat efr  smbai addfrmji` tf typo fe laitra (wost, sfutb-wost).   ]jlo aim pcado fe smbai.   Lumr fe gapa ( akba,  akba, vagra).   saia ( pamlsaia,  pamlsaia, hbamrsaia).   ^accava fe laitra ( vaa, iala).   Dcftbs put fi ji smbai (wbjto, rom, yoccfw).   Ecfwors efr feeorji`s (wbjto, yoccfw).  praka, kuhbaka).   Zf`a tf pradtjdo ji smbai ( praka,   Lc socodtjfi efr gapa (drystac, poarc otd.).    Eji`or usom efr lc ji gapa.    Kjim fe gapa.   @ujmaido erfl `uru otd. 



























Uarjfus Lotbfms efr ^romjdtjfi fe Xosucts erfl e rfl Laitrfpsai  

]boro aro sflo promjdtjfi oxordjsos efr tbo rosucts fe laitrfpsai efr tbo socodtjfi fe laitra aim tf dfieor tbo jijtjatjfi fe laitra ( Laitramjk). ]boso aro gust prodautjfis hoefro `fji` tf laitrfpsai sf tbat fio dai ostjlato tbo suddoss fr eajcuro. 1. Addfrmji` tf tbo

Mj`a hara hocjoe boro jt js loitjfiom ahfut tbo koy tf kifw wbotbor tbo

laitra wjcc `jvo `jvo rosucts fr ift6 Pjcc prfvo ffrr ift6 Luctjpcy tbo cottors fe laitra hy tbroo aim amm tbo iulhor fe cottors cotto rs fe yfur ialo tf jt. Mjvjmo jt hy 18. Fi mjvjsjfi, je roljimor iulhor js ? fr :, jt wjcc `jvo rosuct. Je jt js 5 fr 1> mocayom rosuct. Je jt js 0 fr 11 sflotbji` `ffm aim ji ftbor dasos jt wjcc eajc. Jt js acsf amvjsom tbat, tf dfrrodt sudb laitra, hga cjko, Brl, rl fr Kcl aro ammom tf laitra fr  Iala js ta``om at tbo oim fe laitra tf padjey tbo amvorsjty. 1>4  8. ]boro js aiftbor tbofry fe latdbji` tbo cottors fe laitra tf ho addflpcjsbom aim tbat fe

 smbak tf promjdt tbo rosuct. As ahfvo, acc cottors fe laitra aim  smbak aro so`ro`atom jitf aiusvra (iasac sj`i wrjttoi ahfvo cottor), dfisfiaits aim vfwocs. ]bo ioutrac cottors cjko  ट,    _maydaca, p. 441  1>4  _maydaca, p. 441  11>8 >8

1.4>

 

 ऋ , ः , टॄ aro coet. ]bo cottors fe laitra aim cottors fe  smbak aro luctjpcjom. Ifw tbo aiswor js mjvjmom hy =. Je rolajimors dflos tf 1 tbo laitra js Tjmmba, je jt js 8 tbo laitra js Tmbya, je jt js 4 tbo laitra js Tusjmmba aim rolajimor js > tbo laitra js atru. ]bo sjmmba & Tusjmmba laitra aro suddosseuc wbjco Tmbya & atru laitra eajcs.1>=  Oxalpco7

]bo laitra fe ^amlvatmov js rodjtom hy Xakosb     ौ  ाौ    अ ि ौ    ए  भौ    ऀ     < :  ौ ए  थौ  थ    ौौ अ  ट   टौ  आ    आ  वौ   वौ ए  <  < 5  Ifw : R 5 < ?= ?= ð = < 14 aim rolajimor js 8. Xosuct js Tmbya. Loais tbo laitra wjcc ift `jvo mosjrom rosuct. 4. Kucadakra 1>? 

]bjs tahco dfitajis ejvo rumjloitary ocoloits fe cjeo. ]boso aro Ajr ( Uyu)  ,, Ejro ( A`ij  A`ij)  ,, Oartb ( Hblj  Hblj)  ,, Pator ( Gaca  ka). ]bo cottors aro mjstrjhutom jitf tboso ejvo ealjcjos. e aljcjos. Je tbo  Gaca) & Tky ( ka ejrst cottor fe laitra aim smbak dflo ji fio ealjcy fr ji tbo ealjcy fe a erjoim jt `jvos rosucts ftborwjso ift. Oxpcaiatjfi. Cottors fe wator aim oartb ealjcjos aro erjoims. Cottors fe ajr aim ejro ealjcjos aro erjoims. Cottors fe ejro ealjcy aro oioljos fe wator aim oartb ealjcjos. Cottors fe ajr ealjcy js oioly fe oartb ealjcy. Cottors fe sky ealjcy js erjoim tf acc. ]AHCO  Ajr Ealjcy Ejro Ealjcy Oartb Ealjcy Pator Ealjcy Tky Ealjcy

a,  

j,   

u,  

 ( ऋ   ऋ ),),  ( ८   ८ )

c ( ः   ः ),), c ( ॡ   ॡ )

o ka

aj kba

f `a

au `ba

a  i`a

da

dba

ga

gba

a 

a 

ba 

a 

ba 

 Ia (a) 

ta

tba

ma

mba

ia

 pa

pba

ha

hba

la

ya

ra

ca

va

a 

 Hba`avat ^amlvat Ltg , p. ?=  Hba`avat ^amlvat Ltg , p.  p. ??

1>= 1>?

1.41

 

a 

ka 

 

sa

ba

=. Iaktradakra (Dfistoccatjfi)  1>5 

Addfrmji` tf fur Uajmjka aim Gaji tbofry tboro aro 80  Iakatra wbjdb aro aeeodtji` tbo cjeo fe bulai hoji`s. ]boy aro acsf roeorrom tf ji laitrastra aim bavo rocatjfi tf tbo rosucts erfl

laitrfpsai. Borouimor a tahco js `jvoi tf modjmo wbotbor tbo laitrfpsai  hy a partjducar  smbaka wjcc ho suddosseuc fr ift. ]bjs tahco bas 80 dflpartloits dfitajiji` ialo fe  Iakatra, rocatom cottors aim fio ialo erfl Mojty, Lai ( Iara) aim Molfi ( Xkasa). ]bo ejrst cottor fe  smbaka aim ejrst cottor fe laitra wjcc modjmo tbo eato fe  smbai. Addfrmji` tf tbjs tahco je tbo dcass fe  smbaka js a LAI, tbo laitra fe LAI fr MOJ]Z dcass js hoioejdjac tf bjl hut fe MOLFI dcass js barleuc. Efr  smbaka erfl MOJ]Z dcass, laitra erfl MOJ]Z dcass js tbo host, LAI dcass js lomjul aim MOLFI dcass js oioly. Efr MOLFI dcass  smbaka ficy MOLFI dcass laitra js hoioejdjac.  Avji   a.  

 Hbara  Ktjk       u  j

`ba i`a MOLFI (rakasa )  Luca

 c  

MOLFI (rakasa )

LAI (iara)

_.  ^.  Ec`ui    Ec`ui  

 Basta

MOJ]Z (mova)

 La`b 

 Xfbj  

LAI (iara)

da LAI (iara)

 gba ia dba ga MOJ]Z (mova) LAI (iara)

 ^. _.  Ab   Ab 

ia pa pba MOLFI  ha (ra LAI (iara) kasa)

 hba LAI (iara)

rava a

la MOJ]Z (mova)

 L`ajrs a

o MOJ]Z (mova)

Djtr  a

 mra 

^uiarvasu

 ^uya 

 co

aj

f au

ka

LAI (iara)

MOJ]Z (mova)

MOJ]Z (mova)

kba `a MOLFI

Tvtj 

Ujakb 

 Aiurmb 

ba a

MOLFI (rakasa)

MOJ]Z (mova)

ba MOLFI (rakasa)

(rakasa )

 Gyob 

a ta tba ma mba MOJ]Z (mova)

MOLFI (rakasa )

 Xovat    ^. _.  Hbmrapam   Hbmrapam  a ka a a a ya ra Ca a MOLFI MOLFI va a a sa ba MOJ]Z (rakasa) (rakasa) (mova) LAI

 Mbaijb  

atahbj  

LAI (iara)

1>5

 Jhjm. p. ?5

1.48

(iara)

 

?. Xdakra (Wfmjad djrdco)

]bo ialo fe  smbaka js ta``om wjtb spodjejd r wbjdb aro twocvo ji iulhors. Dfuitji` js mfio erfl tbo dflpartloit ji wbjdb tbo ialo fe  smbaka eaccs tf tbo dflpartloit ji wbjdb tbo ejrst cottor fe laitra eaccs. Je tbo iulhor dflos tf 5,2,18 tbjs laitra sbfucm ho avfjmom. Je jt js 1,?,: laitra js erjoimcy. Je jt js 8 & 5 jt js hoioejdjac, 4, 0, 11 aro efr prf`ross ( puj) aim =, 2, 18 aro barleuc ( `btaka  `btaka)

Uahba 

u

Loa 

L  ̀ ia 

a  j   

ya ra ca va

Ljtbui

 c c   Kulhba

 pa pba ha hba la

Karka

Lakara

o aj

ta tba ma mba ia

]uc 

Tjlba

Mbaia

a ba a ba a 

ka kba `a `ba i`a

Kaiy 

f au

a a a a sa ba

Udjka 

a ka

da dba ga gba 

]bo karla bas ai jlpfrtait rfco ji tbo tbofry fe Gajijsl. ]boy wjcc moejijtocy `jvo tbo rosucts addfrmji` tf tbo typos fe  karla. Bfwovor, coavji` tbo  Ijkdjta karla, acc karla 

ojtbor ocjljiatom fr traisefrlom jitf cfw dato`fry tf ljijljzo jts ham oeeodts hy sflo oeefrts (hy tapa fr austorjtjos). ]bjs dai ho mfio hy oeefrts cjko poiaido wbjdb coams tf mostrfy fe karla,  smbai upsaia  fe laitra otd. ]bo pradtjdo fe laitra ji Gajis bas hooi efr laiy  purpfsos, sudb as71>0  1.  1.  ]f prftodt tbo poado fe ljim. 8.  8.  ]f `ot loitac pcoasuro. 4.  4.  ]f `ot lfka (cjhoratjfi). 1>0

 Hbaktlara Maraia , p. 484 

1.44

 

=.  =.  ?.  ?.  5.  5.  0.  0.  2.  2. 

]f lako tbo attoimait mojtjos appoar hoefro tbo aspjrait. ]f `ot jimjrodt bocp fe attoimait mojtjos. ]f modjmo tbo spjrjtuac bojr efr tbo dflluijty fr efr tbo `rfup fe lfiks. ]f prftodt tbo daifis aim daifijdac cjtoraturos.

]f `ot tbo bocp fe @fmmoss Tarasvat aim laiy @fms aim @fmmossos tf dfiquor tbo fppfioit ji mohatos fr ji wrjtji` wrjtj i` fe hffks.

  :. ]f kifw rolfvo fr lagostjd oeeodts fe jcc iaturo. 1>.  ]f 1>. tbolystjdac euturo aim tf warm fee fhstrudtjfis fr trfuhcos ji ioar euturo. 11.  ]f warm fee aiy fhstrudtjfis ji tbo dfistrudtjfi fe iow tolpcos. 11. 18.  ]f bavo poadoeuc moatb ( salmbj 18.  salmbj laraa laraa fr paijt laraa laraa). 14.  ]f prftodt tbo rocj`jfi aim Gaji dflluijty (sai`ba) erfl aiy tbroats. 14. As por Uajmjka pbjcfsfpby laitra mojty pfssosos tbroo kjims fe hfmy. 1. @rfss hfmy (Ttbuca). Jt js vjsjhco. 8. Ljiuto hfmy (Tukla). Jt js vjsjhco. 4. Tuhtco hfmy ( ^ar  ^ar). Hoyfim pordoptjfi. ]bo laitra mojty sbfucm ho wfrsbjppom hy tbo ejvo kjims fe troatloits ( ^aidfpadra). 1. Era`raido (@aimba) 8. Ecfwors ( ^upa  ^upa) 4. Jisoido ( Mbpa  Mbpa) =. @boo-calp ( Mjpa  Mjpa) aim ?. Twoots  Iajvomya). Boro jt sbfucm ho iftom tbat oadb mojty bas sflo eavfurs wjtb ro`arms tf tboso ejvo ( Iajvomya kjims fe fhgodts, tboroefro jt lay mjeeor erfl mojty tf mojty wjtb tbojr dbfjdo. Efr oxalpco,   @baiakara Labvra proeors sukba proeors sukba (wboat ecfur swoot) tf ho feeorom.

Zaitra aim jts Jlpfrtaido 

A laitra js fio kjim fe dflhjiatjfi fe mjeeoroit dfisfiaits aim vfwocs, sf yaitra js a dflhjiatjfi fe mjeeoroit typos fe `oflotrjdac ej`uros fr mosj`is. Ji aidjoit porjfm, tbo sbaro fe yaitra was `roat aim lfst fe laitra pfssossom jts yaitra. A yaitra js a `rapbjdac roprosoitatjfi roprosoitat jfi fe sfuims fe wfrms fe laitra. Jt js a ljraducfus mosj`i efrlom hy tbo `roat sa`o wbf bam  prfvom tbo laitrfpsai. ]boro was tbo spodjejd rjto tf lako tbo yaitra cjvo. Laiy sa`o ji  past `jetom yaitra tf mosorvji` porsfis aetor lakji` lakji` jt prfvom (sjmmba) efr tbo sfcutjfi fe tbojr mjeejductjos. Ovoi tfmay laiy pofpco wjtb `ujmaido aim hcossji`s fe prfpor @uru koop aim efuim Xjjliaca yaitra at bflo aim porefrl jts pffgai majcy. Hut wbat cadkji` tfmay js tboro aro ifw vory eow lastors wbf bas tbo kifwcom`o fe yaitra aim jts rjtos, tboroefro, tbo cj cjtoraturo toraturo avajcahco fi jt js acsf vory cjljtom. Zaitra js acsf a tffc as `ffm as laitra efr tbo purpfso fe upsai. Laitra jtsoce aim acfio js dflpotoit tf awarm mosjrom rosucts, tbfu`b tbo yaitra js acsf proeorrom tf prfpjtjato tbo tar`otom mojty aim tf `ot tbo rosuct east. As sajm7  वहहयऩटसी टसीकढधटहटी  ७1>2 Zaitra js a tffc efr poado, woactb aim prf`ross as moejiom ji  jliacastavayaitracokbaial  jliacastavayai tracokbaial. Jt js acsf sajm ji  Hbajrava-^amlvatkacpa1>: tbat yaitra js efr prfpjtjatjfi fe @fm fr @fmmossos lamo bflocy as sajm7 थी  थी हऄ हऄ ु   ुऺदाौ दाौ ९11>  Arrai`oloit fe hga  ji dfistrudtjfi fe laitra js vory jlpfrtait; sjljcarcy, tbo mosj`i fr 1>2

 Ialaskra ya, part-8, =>  A.M. autbfrom hy Mj`ahara drya, Laccjsoia.   Ialaskra  Gaji ]itrjkaTvmy toxt dflpfsom jip.1>=0 11>  Hbajrava-^amlvatkacpa, Uorso 11.

1>:

1.4=

 

mja`ral fe yaitra js acsf oquaccy jlpfrtait. Zaitra lay ho fe trjai`co, squaro, rfuimom, fvac sbapom fr ji tbo pjdtfrjac efrl fe hjrms fr aijlacs fr pcaits. Lfst fe yaitra aro squaro sbapom. Bfwovor,  poita`fiac yaitra tf wfrsbjp Uoius, boxa`fiac efr Gupjtor, Taturi aim ^amlvatmov, fdta`fiac efr  Lordury,  Lordury, twocvo dfriorom efr Tui aim sjxtooi dfriorom efr Lffi 111 aro efuim.  r  Tjmmbadakra  Tjmmbadakra aim r  Xjjliaca  Xjjliaca yaitra aro fe rfuim sbapom. ]bo sylhfcs ji tbo efrl fe yaitra aro ai jioxbaustjhco troasuro fe psydbjd oior`y. ]boso yaitra ejim fut fur ljssji` ocoloit aimyaitra suppcy jt fi wfrsbjppji` tboy As lako cje fr cjeo o gfyeuc, oior`otjd loaiji`euc. Ovory bas jts prosjmji` `fmjt.fr]bus, `fmmoss. tbofur efrl tbo ialo fe @fmaim fr @fmmoss dbai`os, tbo laitra aim yaitra acsf dbai`os addfrmji`cy. Acc tbjs laitra aim yaitra aro ji efrl fe lattor j.o.  pum`aca aim tbat js way tboy aro jiort aim ift acjvo j.o. bavji` if mosjrom oeeodt. ]boro aro spodjac prfdossos fe lakji` tbol vjtac fr oeeodtjvo ( taitravjmya ̍). Zaitra dai ho lamo vjtac fr aro jivostom wjtb oeeodtjvoioss tbrfu`b tbojr frj`jiac laitra, efccfwji` strjdtcy wjtb su``ostom rjtos (taitra).

 दई ाई   ई ाईादई धोई   धोई, ाहह   थू  थू ििभू ििभू खऺ    खऺ  ७   थ  थीी ऺहढो  ऺहढो  दयह    दयह  बीथो , दथ  दथीी िभदोयह  िभदोयह  ९118  Je tbo laitra js sfuc fe tbo yaitra, tbo yaitra js hfmy fe tbo laitra. A yaitra js a pcado wboro @fms fr @fmmossos rosjmo ji a suhtco efrl. ]bo arrai`oloits fe hga, iulhors, cottors aim mojtjos aim tbojr ealjcjos, je tboro, aro vory prfporcy aim daroeuccy mfio as statom, ftborwjso jt wjcc ift wfrk, ocso, lay barl acsf. As ji aiy oi`jio fr ladbjio tbo ejttji`s fe ovoi a slacc sdrow fr iut at jts pcado wjcc ficy wfrk. Taloway ovory dbaradtors mrawi ji tbo yaitra bavo jts mjstjidt vacuo. Ovoi tfmay alfi` db joe soats fe laji `fmmossos Ahjk, Mur`, Kc, Labkc   aim ftbors, yaitras fe tbo `fmmossos aro lfro bj`bcy ostoolom tbai jmfcs. ]boso sylhfcs ji tbo efrl fe yaitras aro ai jioxbaustjhco troasuro fe psydbjd oior`y. ]boso yaitras ejim fut fur ljssji` ocoloit aim suppcy jt. Ji aclfst acc Gaji tolpcos fe Twotlhara & Mj`a hara wo ejim laiy yyaitra aitra efuimom efr majcy wfrsbjp. Ji sflo tolpcos tboy aro olhfm olhfmjom jom ji tbo wacc acsf. Zaitra `jvos us mosjrom rosucts. द  दईई खभ  हदभी   हदभी दी   दीखभ  दाौ   दाौ७ Hba`avi Tbjv says

tf ^rvatj tbat, –F –F Hba`avat ^rvatj! As sfuc js ji tbo hfmy, fjc js ji calp, sf tbo @fm@fmmossos aro pcadom ji yaitra wbjdb eucejcs acc mosjros fi wfrsbjppji` as prosdrjhom .“    ी िऄ     खओभऄ  दखाही भढौ  दखाही भढौ थ  थी िऄ ॎधतहखत   ै खओभऄ ७   वॎिाी ॎिओ    ॎिओ  ॎथ    ॎथ  िी   िीऺभौ खधदी   खधदी! ९114  ]boro aro sflo ealfus yaitra fe Gaji eajtb, e ajtb, sudb as,

r  Tjmmba  Tjmmbadakra Labyaitra. r  jliaca  jliaca Zaitra. r  Uarmbaliavjmy Zaitra. r  Turjlaitra  Turjlaitra Zaitra. r  ^amlvat  ^amlvat Zaitra. r  Uajrfyamov  Zaitra.  Zaitra.

111  118

a, p. =?  Laitravjgi   Ialaskra Ialaskra Tvmyya, part-8, p. =8  114  ]rjpatbj, Tamaiaim. Ji artjdco ]aitr`ala puhcjsbom ji ^amlvatlt @raitb, p. 85>

1.4?

 

r @baikara Labvjra Zaitra. r  @autalswl Zaitra. r  Lajhbamra  Lajhbamra Zaitra. Zaitra.́  ]bo iulorjdac yaitra aro acsf efuim ji tbo Gaji tramjtjfi. ]bo Tarvatfhbamra Zaitra j.o. tbo yaitra fe fio buimrom sovoity, rocatom tf r  ]jgaypabutta  ]jgaypabutta Ttftra11= js kifwi oxalpco tfmay.  Iulhors aro efuimom ji yaitra efr tbo `oioratjfi fe mjvjio oior`y. oior`y. ]bo iulhors aro arrai`om ji systolatjd aim purpfsoeuc laiior `jvo pfpucar host rosucts, efr wbjdb rjtuacs tf ho  porefrlom.  js tbotflfst aim addoptom efrsflo  Efraro oxalpco Tarvatfhbamra-Zaitra upsai. borouimor Dftrjsf-yaitra js `jvoi. :

15

8

0

5

4

14

18

1?

1>

2

1

=

?

11

1=

Boro, tbo sul fe aiy dfculi fr aiy rfw wjcc arrjvo at 4=. Mja`fiac tftac wjcc acsf ho 4=. Je wo tako fio vortjdac sul, :+5+1?+=