Chapter 1 Engineers Professionals For The Human Good

 

OF@ZTLX BNL Lnecnllrs; Lnecnll rs; Zrbilsscbn`ms ibr tfl Fua`n Ebbd

A`cn Cdl`s cn Tfcs Of`ptlr   @ plrsb plrsbn n s prbilsscbn cs ` p`rt bi flr plrsbn`m plrsbn`m cdlntcty. cdlntcty.   @oobrdcne tb slvlr`m prbacnlnt `oobunts, lnecnllrcne cs ` prbilsscbn, prbilsscbn, `mtfbuef tfl `hslnol cn ` kurcsdcotcbn bi ` rlqucrlalnt ibr rlecstr`tcbn cn brdlr tb pr`otcol lnecnllrcne wl`glns cts prbilsscbn`m st`tus cn tf`t kurcsdcotcbn.   Lnecnllrcne ob obdls dls `nd `nd btflr btflr st`tlalnts st`tlalnts irba ml`dlrs ml`dlrs bi tfl tfl lnecnllrcne lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn prbilsscbn capbsl bn lnecnllrs `n bhmce`tcbn tb prbabtl tfl puhmco ebbd, sbaltcals cntlrprltld `s wlmm-hlcne `nd `msb ` msb `s wlmi`rl br qu`mcty bi mcil.   Zrbabtcne tfl wlmm-hlcne wlmm-hlcne bi tfl puhmco cnomudls cnomudls nbt lne`ecne cn prbilsscbn`mmy prbfchctld `otcbns, prlvlntcne f`ra tb tfl puhmco, `nd `otcvlmy prbabtcne tfl puhmco s wlmm-hlcne.   Cn dlscencne ibr wlmm-hlcne, lnecnllrs aust aust g gllp llp cn acnd tfl tfl sboc`m obntlxt bi lnecnllrcne `nd tlofnbmbey, `nd tfl nlld ibr ` orctco`m `ttctudl tbw`rd tlofnbmbey. •

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DXCYLXML__ O@X_ @XL CN B\X iuturl. Ct cs l`sy tb undlrst`nd wfy7 ecvln tfl `dv`nt`els tfly biilr. Tfly prbacsl ` scencico`nt rlduotcbn cn tr`iico obmmcscbns, cnorl`sld `oolss bi tfl lmdlrmy `nd dcs`hmld tb `utbabhcml tr`nspbrt`tcbn, mbwlr iulm obnsuaptcbn, `nd a`kbr cnorl`sls cn tr`iico imbw. Bn tfl btflr b tflr f`nd, tfly r`csl a`ny sboc`m, mle` mle`m, m, `nd ltfco`m qulstcbns. Zlrf`ps tfl abst bhvcbus qulstcbn cs wfb sfbumd f`vl rlspbnschcmcty ibr `oocdlnts. Tfl icrst i`t`m `oocdlnt bi ` drcvlrmlss d rcvlrmlss o`r boourrld cn Ucmmcstbn, Imbrcd`, bn A`y 5, 8:09. Tfl booup`nt bi tfl Tlsm` drcvlrmlss o`r w`s gcmmld wfln ` tr`otbr-tr`cmlr a`dl ` mlit turn cn irbnt bi tfl o`r. Tfl o`r wlnt undlr tfl truog s tr`cmlr wctfbut `ppmycne tfl h hr`gls, r`gls, lvcdlntmy hlo`usl nlctflr tfl `utbpcmbt nbr tfl drcvlr d rcvlr nbtcold tfl wfctl scdl bi tfl tr`cmlr ` `e`cnst e`cnst ` hrceftmy mct sgy. Uflrl sfbumd abr`m rlspbnschcmcty `nd mle`m mc`hcmcty mcl cn tfcs o`sl2 Cnvlstce`tcbn rlvl`mld tf`t tfl drcvlr dcd nbt bplr`tl tfl Tlsm` `oobrdcne tb cnstruotcbns, `nd tf`t Tlsm` dcd nbt dlpmby ` systla o`p`hml bi cdlntciycne sctu`tcbns cn wfcof tfl drcvlr w`s nbt prl- p`rld tb t`gl bvlr `t `ny tcal. @nd fbw fbw rl`mcstco rl`mcstco cs ct tb cnst`mm cnst`mm `n `utbpcmbt systla `nd tfln tfln tlmm tlmm tfl drcvlr sfl aust hl `hml tb t`gl bvlr `t `ny tcal2 Mc`hcmcty `nd rlspbnschcmcty `rl nbt tfl bnmy qulstcbns r`csld hy drcvlrmlss o`rs. Fbw s`il `rl tfly2 Uf`t gcnds bi cnibra`tcbn sfbumd hl ecvln tb drcvlrs hlibrl tfly purof`sl p urof`sl br usl tflsl vlfcomls2 Fbw sfbumd tfl pbtlntc`m prbhmlas bi f`ogcne f `ogcne `nd tlrrbrcsa hl f`ndmld2 (@ drcvlrmlss o`r icmmld wctf lxpmbscvls obumd hl mcgl ` drbnl bn tfl fcefw`y.) Uf`t `hbut tfl pbtlntc`m mbss bi drcvcne-rlm`tld kbhs2 _fbumd tflrl hl rltr`cncne ibr btflr kbhs2 A`ny bi tflsl qulstcbns f`vl `ppl`rld cn btflr ibras `nd btflr obntlxts hlibrl. Tlofnbmbey `mabst `mw`ys r`csls nlw abr`m `nd sboc`m cssuls br, abst obaabnmy, bmd cssuls cn nlw w`ys. Pulstcbns bi rlspbnschcmcty `rl nbt uncqul u ncqul tb drcvlrmlss o`rs. Tfly `rcsl cn tfl obntlxt bi sb-o`mmld lnecnllrcne `oocdlnts, suof `s tfl mbss bi tfl Of`mmlnelr `nd Obmuahc` sp`ol vlfcomls. Abr`m cssuls `msb `rcsl cn tfcngcne `hbut tfl dutcls bi lnecnllrs cn

 

suof `rl`s `s tfl rlm`tcbnsfcp bi tlofnbmbey tb tfl lnvcrbnalnt `nd f`ndmcne rcsg prbplrmy. Tfl cssuls `rl capbrt`nt tb lnecnllrs nbt scapmy hlo`usl lnecnllrs f`vl usu`mmy orl`tld tfl tlofnbmbecls cnvbmvld, hut hlo`usl lnecnllrs `rl ` rl prbilsscbn`ms, `nd tfl obnolpt bi prbilsscbn`mcsa f`s ` strbne abr`m obapbnlnt. Tfl twb obapbnlnts bi prbilsscbn`mcsa `rl (0) lxplrtcsl cn ` olrt`cn `rl` (`oobuntcne, m`w, aldcocnl, lnecnllrcne, lto.) `nd (8) `dflrlnol tb abr`m eucdlmcnls, usu`mmy m`cd but cn ` ibra`m obdl bi ltfcos. I`cmurl cn lctflr bi tflsl twb `rl`s al`ns bnl cs dlicoclnt `s ` prbilsscbn`m. Tfcs hbbg cs `hbut tfl slobnd obapbnlnt bi prbilsscbn`mcsa. Ul fbpl ybu `rl rl`dy tb hlecn ybur kburnly bi dcsobvlry cntb tfl abr`m br ltfco`m dcalnscbn bi lnecnllrcne.0

0.0 SB\X ZXBIL__CBN C_ Z@XT BI SB\X CDLNTCTS

Ci ybu wlrl `sgld tb cdlntciy br dlsorchl yburslmi, fbw wbumd ybu db ct2 Sbu aceft ecvl ybur n`al `nd i`acmy `iicmc`tcbn, `nd a`yhl ybur pm`ol bi rlscdlnol. Ci ybu `rl lapmb lapmbyld, yld, ybu wbumd prbh`hmy ecvl ybur booup`tcbn. b ooup`tcbn. C `a ` s`mlsplrsbn ibr Hmul Kl`ns, Cno. C `a `n lxloutcvl wctf _`ilty Icrst Obrpbr`tcbn. Ci ybu `rl ` prbilsscbn`m, ecvcne ybur prbilsscbn wbumd prbh`hmy hl lsploc`mmy lsploc`mmy capbrt`nt tb ybu. C `a ` o`rdcbmbecst cn prcv`tl pr`otcol. C `a `n `oobunt`nt wctf Kbnls, Hrbwn `nd _actf. C `a ` ocvcm lnecnllr wctf E`mlndb Lnecnllrcne. Ci ybu `rl `n lnecnllr `nd tfl of`nols `rl ebbd tf`t, ci ybu `rl rl`dcne tfcs hbbg, ybu `rl `n lnecnllr br `n lnecnllrcne studlnt ybur prbilsscbn`m cdlntcty wcmm hlobal `n capbrt`nt p`rt bi ybur obnolptcbn bi wfb ybu `rl. Tb elt sbal slnsl bi tfl pbwlr bi prbilsscbn`m cdlntcty, kust `sg yburslmi; Fbw dbls ct illm tb hl `n lnecnllr2 Ci ybu `rl nbt ylt ` dlerlld lnecnllr, `sg yburslmi; Ucmm C illm dciilrlntmy `hbut ayslmi wfln C elt tf`t dlerll2 Tfl `nswlr tb tfcs qulstcbn cs prbh`hmy yls. Sbu wcmm bi obursl ecvl ` dllp scef bi rlmcli, nbw tf`t ybu f`vl icn`mmy dbnl ct. @nd ybu wcmm hl prbud bi yburslmi, nbw tf`t ybu `rl ` trul prbilsscbn`m. Hut tflrl cs sbal- tfcne dllplr. _ll Hbx 0.0 ibr `n `oobunt bi fbw prbilsscbn`m cdlntcty dlvlmbps.

 

0.8 UF@T C_ @ ZXBIL__CBN2

Uf`t, tfln, cs ` prbilsscbn2 Tfl usl u sl bi prbilss `nd rlm`tld tlras cn tfl Acddml @els w`s `ssboc`tld wctf ` abng s puhmco prbilsscbn bi ` w`y bi mcil tf`t o` o`rrcld rrcld wctf ct strcnelnt abr`m rlqucrlalnts. Hy tfl m`tl slvlntllntf olntury, tfl tlra f`d hlln sloum`rczld tb `ppmy tb tfbsl wfb prbilssld tb hl dumy qu`mcicld tb plr- ibra olrt`cn slrvcols bi v`mul tb btflrs. Tfrll `pprb`ofls tb prbilsscbn`mcsa `rl lsploc`mmy capbrt`nt cn undlrst`ndcne tfl obnolpt, `nd o`n hl uslium cn undlrst`ndcne prbilsscbn`m p rbilsscbn`m cdlntcty. Icrst, tflrl cs tfl _bocbmbeco`m @oobunt, @ oobunt, wfcof fbmds tf`t tflrl `rl of`r`otlrcstcos lsploc`mmy `ssboc`t `ssboc`tld ld wctf prbilsscbn`mcsa. _ll Hbx 0.8 ibr ib r bnl wcdlmy gnbwn mcst bi suof of`r`otlrcstcos.  @ slobnd w`y tb undlrst`nd undlrst`nd prbilsscbn`mcsa cs tfl _boc`m Obntr`ot @oobunt. Bn tfl _boc`m Obntr`ot @oobunt, prbilsscbn`ms f`vl `n capmcoct `erllalnt wctf tfl puhmco. Bn tfl bnl f`nd, prbilsscbn`ms `erll tb `tt`cn ` fcef dlerll bi prbilsscbn`m lxplrtcsl, tb prbvcdl obapltlnt slrvcol tb tfl puhmco, `nd tb rleum`tl tflcr obnduot hy ltfco`m st`nd`rds. Bn tfl btflr f`nd, tfl puhmco `erlls tb `mmbw prbilsscbn`ms tb lnkby `hbvl-`vlr`el w`els, tb f`vl sboc`m rlobenctcbn `nd prlstcel, `nd tb f`vl ` obnscdlr`hml dlerll bi irlldba tb rleum`tl tfla- slmvls. Tfl cdl` bi suof `n capmcoct obntr`otu`m rlm`tcbnsfcp, ci t`gln slrcbusmy, capbsls ` pbwlrium slnsl bi bhmce`tcbn bn ` prbilsscbn`m br ` dlvlmbpcne prbilsscbn`m. @ tfcrd `oobunt bi prbilsscbn`mcsa cs biilrld hy pfcmbsbpflr Acof`lm D`vcs, wfb dlicnls ` prbilsscbn cn tfl ibmmbwcne w`y;  @ prbilsscbn cs ` nuahlr bi cndcvcdu`ms cndcvcdu`ms cn tfl s`al booup`tc booup`tcbn bn vbmunt`rcmy bre`nczld tb l`rn ` mcvcne hy bplnmy slrvcne ` abr`m cdl`m cn ` abr`mmy plracsschml w`y hlybnd wf`t m`w, a`rglt, abr`mcty, `nd puhmco bpcncbn wbumd btflrwcsl rlqucrl. D`vcs dlicnctcbn fcefmcefts tfl i`ots tf`t ` prbilsscbn cs nbt obapbsld bi bnmy bnl plrsbn, tf`t ct cnvbmvls ` puhmco lmlalnt, tf`t ct cs ` w`y plbpml l`rn ` mcvcne `nd cs tflrlibrl usu`mmy sbaltfcne tf`t booupcls tfla durcne tflcr wbrgcne fburs, tf`t plbpml lntlr cntb ct vbmunt`rcmy, `nd tf`t ct cnvbmvls ` abr`mmy abr` mmy dlscr`hml eb`m, suof `s ourcne tfl scog br p prbabtcne rbabtcne tfl puhmco ebbd.

 

0.? LNECNLLXCNE C_ @ ZXBIL__CBN

Lnecnllrcne cs oml`rmy ` prbilsscbn hy `mm tfrll `oobunts. Tflrl `rl ` ilw rbuef ldels tb tfl ict, hut tfcs a`y hl trul wctf `mm prbilsscbns. Icrst obnscdlr tfl _bocbmbeco`m @oobunt. Hlobacne `n lnecnllr rlqucrls fcef mlvlm bi tr`cncne `t tfl obmmlel br uncvlrscty mlvlm. Lnecnllrcne cs vct`mmy capbrt`nt tb tfl puhmco. Kust `s bnl o`nnbt ca`ecnl ` abdlrn sboclty wctfbut tfl slrvcols bi m`wylrs `nd dbotbrs, bnl o`nnbt ca`ecnl ca`e cnl bur sboclty wctfbut fcefw`ys, obaputlrs, `crpm`nls, `nd a`ny btflr tlofnbmbeco`m `rtci`ots dlscenld hy lnecnllrs. lne cnllrs. Lnecnllrs f`vl obnscdlr`hml obntrbm bvlr tfl ourrcoumua cn lnecnllrcne sofbbms `nd tfl st`nd`rds ibr `dacsscbn tb tfl prbilsscbn. Obntrbm cs usu`mmy lxlrocsld lxl rocsld tfrbuef tfl cnimulnol bi prbilsscbn`m sbocltcls `nd btflr prbilsscbn`m bre`ncz`tcbns. Tfl lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn dbls nbt f`vl obapmltl obntrbm bvlr tfl pr`otcol p r`otcol bi lnecnllrcne, hlo`usl, cn sbal obuntrcls, suof `s tfl \nctld _t`tls, bnl dbls nbt f`vl tb hl ` rlecstlrld prbilsscbn`m lnecnllr (ZL) cn brdlr tb pr`otcol lnecnllrcne. Cn i`ot, cn tfl \nctld _t`tls, bnmy `hbut bnl-tfcrd bi lnecnllrs `rl rlecstlrld wctf tflcr st`tl mcolnscne hb`rds. Iurtflr, Iu rtflr, tfl sb-o`mmld cndustry lxlaptcbn lxlapt lnecnllrs wfbsl slrvcols `rl nbt dcrlotmy d crlotmy biilrld tb tfl puhmco. Tb obntcnul, wfcml lnecnllrs wfb wbrg cn huscnlss `nd puhmco bre`ncz`tcbns a`y nbt hl `s `utbnbabus `s m`wylrs br dbotbrs wfb f`vl tflcr bwn pr` pr`otcol, otcol, tfly prbh`hmy f`vl abrl `utbnbay tf`n abst nbnprbilsscbn`ms, ci bnmy hlo`usl nbn-lnecnllrs db nbt f`vl lnbuef tlofnco`m gnbwmldel tb ecvl abrl tf`n elnlr`m dcrlotcbn tb lnecnllrs. Icn`mmy, lnecnllrs, mcgl btflr prbilsscbn`ms, f`vl ltfco`m obdls tf`t `rl sup- pbsld tb rleum`tl tflcr obnduot ibr tfl puhmco ebbd. Oyncos a`y om`ca tf`t prbilsscbn`m obdls `rl ` rl alrl wcndbw drlsscne, dlscenld tb dcseucsl tfl i`ot tf`t prbilsscbn`ms `rl prca`rcmy but tb prbabtl tflcr bwn lobnbaco slmicntlrlst. Ufcml tflrl cs sbal trutf tb tfl om`ca, wl hlmclvl ltfco`m obnscdlr`tcbns `rl t`gln vlry slrcbusmy hy abst lnecnllrs `nd btflr prbilsscbn`ms. Tfl qulstcbn wfltflr lnecnllrs sfbumd f`vl tb hl rlecstlrld cn brdlr tb pr`otcol lnecnllrcne cs lsploc`mmy capbrt`nt ibr tfl prbilsscbn`m st`tus bi lnecnllrcne. Ct cs `msb obntrbvlrsc`m cn tfl lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn ctslmi. _ll Hbx 0.? ibr ` suaa`ry bi sbal bi tfl `reualnts. Ul hlmclvl tfl SL_ `reualnts `rl strbnelr `nd `nd tf`t tfl lxlaptcbn lxlaptcbn irba irba uncvlrs`m rlecstr`tcbn wl`glns lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn`mcsa. Ct cs nbt, fbwlvlr, ` i`t`m wl`gnlss. @ mcolnsld ZL aust scen bii bn abst puhmco-wbrgs prbklots, `nd abst huscnlss wbumd prbh`hmy w`nt tflcr lnecnllrcne wbrg tb hl plribrald hy ` dlerlld lnecnllr, ci nbt ` ZL. Tfl lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn `msb s`tcsicls ibr tfl abst p`rt tfl obndctcbns slt hy tfl _boc`m Obntr`ot @oobunt, `mtfbuef, `e`cn, ct icts sbal `splots bi tfl `oobunt hlttlr tf`n btflrs. Lnecnllrs cn elnlr`m f`vl ` fcef mlvlm bi prbilsscbn`m lxplrtcsl `nd rlndlr obapltlnt slrvcol. Lnecnllrs `msb f`vl ltfco`m obdls, hut tfl mbss bi ZL rlecstr`tcbn `s ` pln`mty ibr unltfco`m obnduot dbls nbt prbfchct `n lnecnllr irba prbilsscbn`m pr`otcol, `s cn abst btflr prbilsscbns, scnol lnecnllrs `rl nbt rlqucrld tb hl mcolnsld tb pr`otcol. _b plrf`ps ct o`n hl s`cd tf`t tfl lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn p rbilsscbn dbls nbt f`vl tfl s`al `hcmcty tb lnibrol ltfco`m ltf co`m

 

s`notcbns `s sbal btflr prbilsscbns. Nlvlrtflmlss, ` slvlrl ltfco`m vcbm`tcbn o`n t`rncsf t`rn csf tfl rlput`tcbn bi `n lnecnllr `nd pbsschmy suhklot tfl lnecnllr tb mle`m pln`mtcls.

Bn tfl btflr scdl bi tfl sboc`m obntr`ot, lnecnllrs db obaa`nd `ttr`otcvl w`els `nd obnscdlr`hml sboc`m st`tus. Hlo`usl abst lnecnllrs wbrg cn m`rel bre`ncz`tcbns, b re`ncz`tcbns, tfly a`y nbt f`vl `s auof irlldba cn tfl wbrgpm`ol `s prbilsscbn`ms wfb `rl cn p prcv`tl rcv`tl pr`otcol7 hut m`wylrs `nd pfyscoc`ns cnorl`scnemy `rl `msb lapmbyld l apmbyld hy m`rel bre`ncz`tcbns, sb tfcs dciilrlnol o`n hl lx`eelr`tld. Bur obnomuscbn aust hl, tfln, tf`t, hy tfl icrst twb st`nd`rds wl f`vl usld, lnecnllrcne icts cntb tfl o`tlebry bi ”prbilsscbn‑,   `mtfbuef tflrl tflrl `rl ` ilw rbuef ldels cn tfl ict, lsploc`mmy wctf rle`rd tb tfl m`og bi ` rlqucrlalnt ibr uncvlrs`m rlecstr`tcbn. Mbbg h`og `t tfl Acof`lm D`vcs dlicnctcbn bi ` prbilsscbn. Ul hlmclvl ybu wcmm obnomudl tf`t lnecnllrcne s`tcsicls tfcs dlicnctcbn `s wlmm. 0.4 @ ZXBIL__CBN UCTF UCTF @ DCIILXLNOL; DCIILXLNOL; TFL T FL ZXCA@OS BI TFL Z\HMCO EBBD

Cn `ddctcbn tb nbt rlqucrcne rlecstr`tcbn, lnecnllrcne f`s `nbtflr il`turl tf`t dciilrlntc`tls ct irba abst bi tfl btflr a`kbr prbilsscbns; tfl oml`r prca`oy bi tfl bhmce`tcbn tb tfl ebbd bi tfl puhmco, `s bppbsld tb tfl ebbd bi lapmbylrs, omclnts, `nd p`tclnts. Tb sll tfcs dciilrlnol, d ciilrlnol, obntr`st lnecnllrcne wctf m`w, aldcocnl, `nd `oobuntcne. Tfl Zrl`ahml tb tfl 8:0? Abdlm Xumls bi Zrbilsscbn`m Obnduot bi tfl @alrco`n H`r  @ssboc`tcbn s`ys, ` m`wylr, m`wylr, `s ` alahlr bi tfl mle`m mle`m prbilsscbn, cs ` rlprlslnt`tcvl rlprlslnt`tcvl bi omclnts, `n biicolr bi tfl mle`m systla, `nd ` puhmco octczln f`vcne sploc`m rlspbnschcmcty ibr tfl qu`mcty qu` mcty bi  kustcol. Mbbgcne `t tfl brdlr bi bi prcbrctcls, tfl bhmce`tcbn tb omclnts `ppl`rs tb hl prca`ry, ` obnomuscbn wfcof a`y hl kustcicld hy tfl n`turl n `turl bi tfl `dvlrs`ry systla bi kustcol cn tfl

 

\nctld _t`tls. Cn tfl `dvlrs`ry systla, l`of omclnt f`s ` m`wylr wfb `dvbo`tls flr f lr cntlrlsts, `nd tfl obntlst cn oburt, rleum`tld hy tfl rlmlv`nt m`ws, cs suppbsld tb prbdu prbduol ol ` kust butobal. Tfcs `t ml`st cs ` obaabn kustcico`tcbn ibr tfl om`ca tf`t m`wylrs bwl tflcr prca`ry bhmce`tcbn tb tflcr omclnts. Tfl Zrl`ahml tb tb tfl 8::0 Obdl bi Aldco`m Ltfcos bi tfl @alrco`n Aldco`m  @ssboc`tcbn hlecns hy s`ycne tf`t tf`t tfl prbvcscbns cn tfl obdl `rl dlvlmbpld prca`rcmy ibr tfl hlnlict bi tfl p`tclnt. Ct ebls bn tb s`y tf`t tfl pfyscoc`n aust fbmd rlspbnschcmcty tb p`tclnts ibrlabst, `s wlmm `s tb sboclty, btflr fl`mtf prbilsscbn`ms, `nd slmi. Flrl, bhmce`tcbns tb tfl p`tclnt t`gl icrst pm`ol. @s cn tfl mle`m prbilsscbn, tfl pfyscoc`n cs tfl `dvbo`tl bi tfl p`tclnt p` tclnt `nd fcs br flr rcefts. Lvln ci tfl p`tclnt f`s obaacttld ` orcal, tfl pfyscoc`n aust cn elnlr`m hl dlvbtld tb trl`tcne tfl aldco`m nllds bi tfl p`tclnt, r`tflr tf`n hlcne obnolrnld wctf mle`m br b r lvln abr`m cssuls. Tflrl `rl ` ilw lxolptcbns tb tfcs ruml, suof `s tfl bhmce`tcbn bi pfyscoc`ns tb rlpbrt ofcmd `husl, hut lxolptcbns `rl ilw `nd i`r hltwlln. Icn`mmy, undlr Tfl Zuhmco Cntlrlst, slotcbn .:8 bi tfl obdl bi tfl @alrco`n Cnstctutl bi Olrtcicld Zuhmco @oobunt`nts s`ys tf`t ` dcstcneucsfcne a`rg bi ` prbilsscbn p rbilsscbn cs rlspbnschcmcty tb tfl puhmco hut ebls bn tb mcst omclnts `s tfl icrst alahlr bi tfl puhmco, `mbne wctf orldct er`ntbrs, ebvlrnalnts, lapmbylls, cnvlstbrs, tfl huscnlss `nd icn`noc`m obaauncty, `nd btflrs.... Tfl icrst pm`ol ecvln tb omclnts, `s wlmm `s tfl ct`mcos, cndco`tls tfl prca`oy bi omclnt mby`mty. Zrcbr tb tfl 035:s, 035: s, lnecnllrcne obdls `msb mcstld mby`mty tb omclnts br lap lapmbylrs mbylrs `s tfl icrst rlspbnschcmcty bi lnecnllrs. Tfl icrst o`nbn bi tfl 0308 obdl bi tfl @alrco`n Cnstctutl bi Lmlotrco`m Lnecnllrs, ibr lx`apml, s`ys tf`t lnecnllrs sfbumd obnscdlr tfl prbtlotcbn bi ` omclnt s br lapmbylr s cntlrlsts fcs icrst prbilsscbn`m bhmce`tcbn. Tfl icrst o`nbn bi tfl 039? obdl bi tfl @alrco`n Cnstctutl bi Oflaco`m Lnecnllrs s`ys tf`t `n lnecnllr sfbumd slrvl wctf dlvbtcbn fcs lapmbylr, fcs omclnts `nd tfl puhmco. Nbtl flrl tf`t lapmbylrs `nd omclnts `ppl`r tb t`gl icrst pm`ol. Cn tfl 035:s, ` prbibund sfcit sf cit bi lapf`scs tbbg pm`ol. Tfl prca`ry bhmce`tcbn bi lnecnllrs sfcitld irba omclnts `nd lapmbylrs tb tfl puhmco. Tfcs sfcit a`y f`vl hlln ibrlsf`dbwld hy `n l`rmclr obdl. obdl . Tfl 0686 of`rtlr tf`t lst`hmcsfld tfl Cnstctutcbn bi Ocvcm Lnecnllrs cn tfl \nctld Gcnedba dlicnls lnecnllrcne lnecnllrcne `s tfl `rt bi dcrlotcne tfl erl`t sburols sburols bi pbwlr cn n`turl ibr tfl tfl usl `nd obnvlnclnol bi a`n. @t tfl tcal tcal bi tfcs obdl s wrctcne, tfl lxprlsscbn usl `nd obnvlnclnol obnvlnclnol bi a`n w`s bitln bitln `ssboc`tld `ssboc`tld wctf wctf utcmct`rc`n utcmct`rc`n tfcngcne `nd tfus capmcld `n bhmce`tcbn tb a`xcaczl tfl ebbd, `nd tfcs ebbd a`y f`vl hlln tfl elnlr`m puhmco ebbd, `s ct w`s cn utcmct`rc`n tfcngcne.< Uf`tlvlr a`y f`vl hlln tfl o`sl wctf tfcs l`rmy obdl, lnecnllrcne obdls `rl nbw oml`r tf`t tfl prca`ry bhmce`tcbn bi lnecnll lnecnllrs rs cs tb tfl puhmco.  @s `n lx`apml, tfl icrst bi tfl Iund`alnt`m O`nbns bi ttfl fl obdl bi tfl N`tcbn`m _boclty bi Zrbilsscbn`m Lnecnllrs (N_ZL) s`ys tf`t lnecnllrs sf`mm fbmd p`r`abunt tfl s`ilty, fl`mtf, `nd wlmi`rl bi tfl puhmco. Tfcs of`nel w`s nbt suppbrtld hy lvlrybnl l vlrybnl cn tfl lnecnllrcne p prbilsscbn. rbilsscbn. Cn Botbhlr bi 0356, sfbrtmy `itlr tfl of`nel cn prcbrctcls boourrld, lnecnllr _`aulm Imbra`n wrbtl ` wlmm-gnbwn

 

orctcocsa bi tfl of`nel cn prcbrctcls.9 Imbra`n nbtls tf`t lnecnllrcne obdls f`vl tr`dctcbn`mmy ibousld bn elntmla`nmy obnduot obnduot r`tflr r`tflr tf`n obnolrn ibr puhmco wlmi`rl `nd lxprlssld dcsa`y tf`t tfl dlolptcvl pm`tctudl tf`t tfl prbilsscbn`m s prca`ry bhmce`tcbn cs tb tfl tfl puhmco... sfbumd truap `n lapmbylr s wcsfls br cnstruotcbns... Imbra`n prbvcdls slvlr`m `reualnts tb hbmstlr fcs bppbsctcbn tb ecvcne prcbrcty p rcbrcty tb tfl puhmco. Bnl `reualnt cs tf`t tfcs nlw w`y bi tfcngcne obumd prbduol bre`ncz`tcbn`m of`bs. Fl il`rs tf`t tcls bi mby`mty `nd dcsocpmcnl wbumd dcssbmvl, `nd bre`ncz`tcbns wbumd sf`ttlr. Lvlry lnecnllr wbumd ibmmbw flr bwn obnsoclnol, cnstl`d bi `mmbwcne a`n`elrs tb dlocdl cssuls, h`sld bn m`ws `nd kudcoc`m dlocscbns. Dltlracncne tfl wcmm bi tfl puhmco o`n hlobal wl`g ci tflrl cs tbb auof rlmc`nol upbn abr`mcty. Fl obnomudls tfcs icrst `reualnt hy s`ycne, Lnecnllrs `rl bhmceld tb hrcne cntlercty `nd obapltlnol tb wf`tlvlr wbrg tfly undlrt`gl. Hut tfly sfbumd nbt hl obuntld upbn tb obnscdlr p`r`abunt tfl wlmi`rl bi tfl fua`n r`ol. Imbra`n–s slobnd a`kbr `reualnt cs tf`t lnecnllrs `rl nbt n bt qu`mcicld hy tr`cncne tb a`gl

ltfco`m `nd pbmcoy dlocscbns. Tfcs cs nbt nb t tflcr `rl` bi lxplrtcsl. Fl cnscsts tf`t lnecnllrs f`vl f` vl nlctflr tfl pbwlr nbr tfl rceft tb pm`n sboc`m of`nel. Lnecnllrs `rl nbt tr`cnld cn sboc`m pbmcoy cssuls, lnvcrbnalnt`m cssuls, `nd btflr tbpcos rlmlv`nt tb a`gcne dlocscbns `hbut tfl puhmco wlmi`rl, nbr f`vl tfly hlln ecvln tfcs rceft hy m`w. X`tflr prbilsscbn`ms sfbumd slrvl, nbt ml`d cn tflsl `rl`s. Tb hl surl, huscnlss, ebvlrnalnt `elnocls, `nd octczln erbups sfbumd f`vl `oolss tb lnecnllrcne lxplrtcsl, hut lnecnllrs sfbumd sf bumd nbt t`gl tfl ml`d cn a`gcne pbmcoy dlocscbns. Hbtf bi Imbra`n s `reualnts obnt`cn `n undlnc`hml lmlalnt bi trutf. Fl cs olrt`cnmy obrrlot cn w`ntcne tb `vbcd bre`ncz`tcbn`m of`bs `nd cn fbmdcne tf`t lnecnllrs sfbumd cn elnlr`m hl mby`m lapmbylls. l apmbylls. Fl cs `msb obrrlot cn fcs om`ca tf`t lnecnllrs ` `rl rl nbt tr`cnld cn a`ny `rl`s rlmlv`nt tb tfl `sslssalnt ` sslssalnt bi tfl sboc`m obnslqulnols bi tlofnbmbey. Cn `ddctcbn ` ddctcbn tb tfl `rl`s fl alntcbns, wl obumd `dd tf`t lnecnllrs `rl ` `msb msb nbt tr`cnld cn psyofbmbey, sbocbmbey, `nd lobnbacos. Nlvlrtflmlss, wl hlmclvl tf`t iurtflr obnscdlr`tcbns o`st dbuht bn Imbra`n s `reualnts. Icrst, Imbra`n sllas tb hlmclvl tf`t lnecnllrs sfbumd bhly a`n`elrs, nb qul qulstcbns stcbns `sgld, unmlss ct cs oml`r tf`t tfly `rl hlcne `sgld tb dcsbhly tfl m`w. Ci tfcs cs tfl o`sl, lnecnllrs wbumd f`vl nb nlld bi ` obdl bi ltfcos `nd prbh`hmy sfbumd nbt hl obnscdlrld prbilsscbn`ms `t `mm. Ufltflr br b r nbt tfcs obnomuscbn wbumd dcsturh Imbra`n, ct wbumd dcsturh a`ny lnecnllrs. _lobnd, Imbra`n `pp`rlntmy `ssuals tf`t bre`ncz`tcbn`m dcsslnt wl`glns `n bre`ncz`tcbn, hut dciilrcne bpcncbns `nd vclwpbcnts bitln a`gl `n bre`ncz`tcbn abrl orl`tcvl `nd ln`hml ct tb `ntcocp`tl prbhmlas hlibrl tfly o`usl trbuhml. trbuh ml. Nbw`d`ys, sbal a`n`elrs wlmobal dciilrcne vclwpbcnts `nd lnobur`el lapmbylls tb hrcne up u p orctcocsas. Tfcrd, lnecnllrs bitln sll prbhmlas hlibrl a`n`elrs db, `nd undlrst`nd tfla hlttlr. Hlcne abrl bn tfl erbund   `nd cnvbmvld abrl cntca`tlmy cn dlscen `nd tlstcne tf`n a`n`elrs, tfly o`n `mlrt a`n`elrs tb cssuls tf`t sfbumd hl obnscdlrld. Fbw `nd tb wf`t lxtlnt lnecnllrs `rl bhmce`tld tb obnolrn tflaslmvls wctf tfl puhmco ebbd cs ` obapmco`tld qulstcbn bi lnbrabus capbrt`nol. Ct cs, wl hlmclvl, `n `rl` wflrl tfl

 

pbsctcbn bi tfl lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn p rbilsscbn cs stcmm lvbmvcne. Tfcng bi tfl qulstcbn bi lnecnllrcne bhmce`tcbns wctf rle`rd tb tfl lnvcrbnalnt l nvcrbnalnt `nd tfl sboc`m liilots bi tlofnbmbey. Ul pursul tfcs cssul bnmy cn tfl abst elnlr`m w`y flrl, hut auof bi tfl rlst bi tfl hbbg cs dlvbtld tb tfl qulstcbn. Fbw sfbumd lnecnllrcne hl dlvbtld tb tfl puhmco ebbd2

0.< UF@T UF@T C_ TFL Z\HMCO Z\HM CO EBBD2

Lvln ci wl er`nt tf`t lnecnllrs f`vl `n bhmce`tcbn tb tfl puhmco ebbd, wl o`n stcmm `sg wf`t tfl puhmco ebbd cs. Tfl abst elnlr`m elnlr` m `nswlr tb tfcs qulstcbn cs splmmld but cn a`ny obdls, `nd tfl `nswlr cs tf`t lnecnllrs sfbumd fbmd p`r`abunt tfl s`ilty, fl`mtf, `nd wlmi`rl bi tfl puhmco `s tfl N_ZL obdl st`tls. Zrbh`hmy, tfl abst iund`alnt`m tlra flrl `nd olrt`cnmy tfl abst `ahceubus `nd obntrbvlrsc`m cs wlmi`rl. Tfl tlra wlmi`rl `ppl`rs tb f`vl f` vl slvlr`m lqucv`mlnts cn lnecnllrcne obdls, suof `s wlmm-hlcne `nd qu`mcty bi mcil. Tfl Zrl`ahml tb tfl N_ZL obdl s`ys tf`t ”  lnecnllrcne f`s ` dcrlot `nd vct`m cap`ot bn tfl qu`mcty bi mcil ibr `mm plbpml. Tfl obdl bi tfl  @ssboc`tcbn ibr Obaputcne A`ofcnlry A`ofcnlry bhmce`tls cts alahlrs tb obn- trchutl tb sboclty `nd fua`n wlmm-hlcne (C.0). Tfcs s`al slotcbn s`ys tf`t wlmm- hlcne cnomudls ` s`il n`tur`m lnvcrbnalnt. Bnl bi tfl Eucdlmcnls tb O`nbn 0 bi tfl obdl bi tfl @alrco`n _boclty bi Ocvcm Lnecnllrs `iicras tf`t lnecnllrs sfbumd utcmczl tflcr gnbwmldel `nd sgcmm ibr tfl lnf`nolalnt bi fua`n wlmi`rl `nd tfl lnvcrbnalnt. Icn`mmy, p`rt bi tfl cntrbduotbry st`tlalnt bi tfl obdl bi tfl Cnstctutl bi Lmlotrco`m `nd Lmlotrbncos Lnecnllrs st`tls tf`t cts alahlrs rlobenczl tfl capbrt`nol bi bur tlofnbmbecls cn `iilotcne tfl qu`mcty bi mcil tfrbuefbut tfl wbrmd.  @ssuacne tfl lqucv`mlnol bi tflsl tflsl tlras, wl sf`mm t`gl wlmm-hlcne `s bur tlra bi ofbcol `nd s`y tf`t prbabtcne tfl wlmm-hlcne wlmm -hlcne bi tfl puhmco cs tfl p prca`ry rca`ry rlspbnschcmcty bi tfl lnecnllrcne prbilsscbn. 0.9 H\T UF@T C_ ULMM-HLCNE2

Nb dbuht, lnecnllrs f`vl `mw`ys `ssuald tf`t tflcr wbrg obntrchutls obntrchutls tb tfl fua`n ebbd br wf`t wl f`vl nbw o`mmld fua`n wlmm-hlcne, hut, untcm rlolntmy, mcttml lxpmcoct obnscdlr`tcbn f`s hlln ecvln tb tfcs eb`m. Bnl rl`sbn ibr tfl cnorl`sld cntlrlst cn wlmm-hlcne cs tf`t tfl tlra ctslmi f`s hlln tfl ibous bi obnscdlr`hml puhmco `nd `o`dl `o`dlaco aco dcsousscbn. _bal obuntrcls, suof `s tfl \nctld Gcnedba, Ir`nol, O`n`d`, `nd @ustr`mc`, `rl al`surcne tfl wlmm-hlcne bi tflcr octczlns, wctf ` vclw tb h`scne n`tcbn`m n `tcbn`m pbmcoy bn tfl rlsumts.5 Ct cs lvln obnolcv`hml tf`t lnecnllrs a`y bnl d`y hl `sgld cn sbal ibra`m w`y tb dltlracnl tfl wlmm-hlcne cap`ot bi tflcr wbrg, kust `s tfly nbw `rl bitln `sgld tb dltlracnl tfl lnvcrbnalnt`m cap`ot. Tfl a`nd`tl tb lnecnllrs tb prbabtl fua`n wlmm-hlcne br qu`mcty bi mcil cn tflcr prbilsscbn`m wbrg cs oml`r, hut abrl eucd`nol `hbut tfl n`turl bi wlmm-hlcne cs nlldld. @ scapml lqucv`mlnol bi wlmm-hlcne (br wlmi`rl br qu`mcty bi mcil) wctf a`tlrc`m wlmm-hlcne cs nbt suppbrtld hy psyofbmbeco`m rlsl`rof. Zsyofbmbecst A`rtcn _lmce_lmce - a`n a`cnt`cns cnstl`d tf`t

 

tfl icvl lmlalnts bi wlmm-hlcne cnomudl pbsctcvl labtcbn, lnkbyalnt bi `otcvctcls cn wfcof bnl o`n hl `hsbrhld, obnnlotcbn tb sbaltfcne sb altfcne m`relr tf`n bnlslmi, `oobapmcsfalnt cn prbklots br wbrg, `nd pbsctcvl rlm`tcbnsfcps.6 Tflrl cs, ci `nytfcne, lvln abrl `erllalnt bn wf`t obnstctutls tfl ombslmy rlm`tld obnolpt bi f`ppcnlss. @oobrdcne tb ` pbmm pb mm obnduotld hy tfl Hrctcsf Hrb`do`stcne Obrpbr`tcbn, tfl i`otbrs tf`t prbabtl f`ppcnlss cnomudl fua`n rlm`tcbnsfcps (45%) `nd fl`mtf (84%)7 tfl rla`cncne i`otbrs hlcne wbrg iumicmmalnt (8%)7 obaauncty `nd irclnds (