Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM: ITS RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND Introduction Water
is
the
key
to
a
person's
survival
because
without water survival is simply not an option. However, water has to be purified otherwise bacteria in the water can
be
harmful
to
your
drink.
This
is
highlighted
especially in the Third World countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to contaminated water that contains lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness.
In all countries water is considered valuable to
maintain
its
purity
and
it
must
go
through
several
processes such as reverse osmosis which is quite expensive. However there are cheaper ways to purify water; it wouldn’t even cost you money.
One example is solar heat.
Solar radiation can kill bacteria in a period of time.
It
has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of the world. On the other hand, the seed extract of Moringa oleifera, commonly called Malunggay in the Philippines, has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria living in water.
1
Both
of
these
ways
are
proven
and
tested
researchers but not using these two as a combination. researchers
will
conduct
this
study
to
by The
determine
if
Malunggay seed extracts and heat combined is effective in purifying
water.
This
study
aims
to
determine
whether
Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in water purification.
Background of the Study The use of solar heat has been reported to be very effective in purifying water. The use of
raw malunggay
seed extract has also been reported to be a good water purifier. Considering that both solar heat and malunggay seed
extract
are
not
purification, and both
costly
at
all
when
used
in
water
of these ways are proven and tested
by researchers but not using these two as a combination, the researchers found it logical determine
if
the
combination
of
to try to verify both
solar
heat
malunggay seed extract is effective in purifying water.
2
and and
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This
study
is
anchored
on
both
foreign
and
local
claims, based on their studies, that solar radiation and moringga seed extracts have been tested and proven to be effective in purifying dirty waters. Sia
(2008)
reported
water on two levels, antimicrobial
agent.
that
moringa
acting
seeds
could
treat
both as a coagulant and an
Drs.
Geoff
Folkard
and
John
Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids 1996).
in
water
for
drinking
According also to
(Folkard
and
Sutherland,
to the study that was made by
researchers on From Haninger(2009), he says that crushed Moringa
seeds
purify
water
to
be
used
widely
around
a
certain
area
and it can lower the bacterial concentration
in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers. Waters are purified to improve its quality
and make
it fit for human consumption. Water purification does not only kill the harmful bacteria found in dirty waters but it
3
also aims to make the water looks clear and remove all its impurities to make it more acceptable to user. With the positive reports and encouraging results of earlier studies made
about water purification using solar
heat Moringga seeds, the researchers find it interesting to find out how the combination of malunggay seed extracts and solar heat exposure affects the quality of dirty waters in terms
of
its
pH,
turbidity and the presence of harmful
micro-organism, Escherichia coli. An evaluation is to made regarding the hypothesis that states that
“ H0:
There is
no significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.” And for the “H1:
There is a significant difference in the water
before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.” The
schema
clearly
illustrates
the
relationship
between the Independent Variables (IV) and the Dependent Variables (DV). There are two (2) namely: Malunggay
The Seed
first
is
added
the
IVs in the left box,
concentration
to
one
(1)
or
Liter
Number water
of for
purification ( 1 seed:1 Liter; 2 seeds: 1 Liter; and 3
4
seeds:1Liter, respectively) and the second is Solar Heat and in the right
box are the Dependent Variables (DV). The
arrow in between the two boxes is pointing to the right box containing the DV. This arrow signifies that the IVs have a direct influence on the DV
which is Water Quality measured
in terms of the following characteristics, namely: Color of Water; Water pH; and No. of Escherichia coli. It
means
that changes made in the concentration of the Independent Variables , a corresponding reaction will be noted from the DV.
In this study, should there be
the
Dependent
Variables,
the
significant effects on
positive
Hypothesis
may
be
accepted and it will prove that malunggay and solar heat is effective as water purifier.
5
Malunggay Seed Extract • 1 Kernel per Liter of Water
Water Quality Color of water
2 Kernels per Liter of Water 2 Kernels per Liter of Water Solar heat Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.
6
•
Ph
•
No. of coliform bacteria
Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lin.) seed extract and solar heat are effective in water purification. Specifically,
this
study
seeks
to
answer
the
following sub-problems: 1. Is
there
a
significant
difference
in
the
water
before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria? 2.
How
many
malunggay
seeds
are
needed
to
purify a liter of open well water? 3. Does malunggay alter water pH? Hypotheses On
the
bases
of
the
research
problems
stated,
two
hypothesis are hereby formulated: H0:
There is no significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.
7
H1:
There is a significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.
Significance of the Study This
study
hopes
to
create
an
impact
on
people’s
health and the economy. People’s Health. who
are
living
in
People in the rural areas, or those the
hinterlands
purified water available,
where
there
is
no
just drink water taken from
open wells. They are highly vulnerable to getting sick with diarrhea from their dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this type of water purification can lessen the cause of
diarrhea
and
many
other
diseases
caused
by
harmful
bacteria in water. The purification process is very easy to do
because
even
small
children
can
do
it
right
and
it
doesn’t use sophisticated and costly gadgets. The Poor.
The poor living in either rural areas or in
the cities can do water purification by themselves using malunggay and solar radiation which is cash-saving. Poverty won’t be a hindrance for the poor to drink clean and safe water.
8
Economy.
This study can also be a big help in the
economy of our poor families and the nation, in general, because
it
doesn’t
use
processes.
It uses only
taken
malunggay
from
any
expensive
chemicals
and
a very common natural ingredient
seeds.
Malunggay
is
most
commonly
found in many parts of the country and it could be easily grown in everyone’s backyard and last for a number of years. Environment. this
process
is
It can benefit the environment because purely
organic.
This
process
would
encourage Maluggay tree planting in order to have a readily available
source
of
kernels
for
water
purification.
Likewise, it would eventually guarantee a year-round supply of a very nutritious malunggay leaves for home consumption and
for
sale.
Furthermore,
the
waste
from
pounding
malunggay seeds is biodegradable; therefore, it won’t cause poisoning and environmental pollution. It is very safe. Student-Researchers.
The results of this study would
be a good source of information for the students
to use in
the pursuit of further verifications and experimentations regarding the benefits that
the
give to us in water purification.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
9
malunggay plant could
The study will be conducted at the Lood’s Residence, Turno, Dipolog City covering the period from last week of September
to
the
second
week
Researchers will use samples of
of an
October
2011.
The
open-well water
found
at the heart of the City of Dipolog owned by the Kyamko family in Cental Barangay, a block away from the Dipolog City Pilot Demonstration School. The water samples examined
by
researchers
the will
production of
Agape
Laboratory,
collect
12
Dipolog
Malunggay
will be
City.
kernels.
The The
Malunggay seed extract will be done using
the crushing method.
This study is limited only to the
use of the Malunggay seed extract and solar heat for water purification of an open-well water samples.
Definition of Key Terms Moringa oleifera.
Malunggáy in Filipino, refers to the
most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is
the
only
genus
in
the
family
Moringaceae.
It
is
an
exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of potential uses.
10
Kernel.
This term refers to the grain or seed, as of
a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk grain or seed, as of a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk. Etract. This term refers to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out from other material Water purification. This term refers to the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants
from
contaminated
water.
The
produce water fit for a specific purpose.
goal
is
to
Most water is
purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes,
including
meeting the requirements of medical,
pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. Water
quality. This
term
refers
to
the
physical,
chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure
of
the
condition
of
water
relative
to
the
requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. Solar heat. by
the
sun
from
This term refers to the a
energy emitted
nuclear fusion reaction that creates
electromagnetic energy.
11
pH.
This term refers to the measure of acidity or
alkalinity. Turbidity. or haziness
This
term
refers
of
to
the
cloudiness
a fluid caused
by
individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible
to
the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The
measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality. Open well. This term refers to a well whose diameter is great enough (1 meter or more) for a person to descend to the water level. It is an artificial pond filling a large excavation in the zone of saturation up to the water table. Escherichia coli , commonly abbreviated E. coli This term refers to the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of mammals. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious
food
poisoning
in
humans,
responsible for product recalls.
12
and
are
occasionally
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES This
chapter
presents
the
Legal
Aspects,
Related
Literature and Studies which has bearing to the present studies Legal Aspects A. Foreign The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal
law
drinking
that
ensures
water.
Under
the
quality
SDWA,
of
Americans'
United
States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities,
and water suppliers who implement those
standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974
to
nation's
protect public
public drinking
health water
by
regulating
supply.
The
law
the was
amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies.
13
This is the
principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA
authorized
the
to
promulgate
regulations
regarding water supply. The major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142,
and
regulate
primary
states,
and
contaminants
40CFR143).
Parts
contaminants, secondary
are
implementation
141,
those
allows
142,
and
143
implementation
by
contaminants.
with
health
states
to
Primary
impacts.
be
the
State
primary
regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided
they
contaminants
meet
certain
generally
requirements.
cause
aesthetic
Secondary
problems
and
Water
1993
are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com) B. Local Philippine
Standards
for
Drinking
(PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks Officials,
Developers and Operators of Water Supply
Systems both Government and Private entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and all
other
concerned by
standards cover requirements
for the acceptable values of the determined parameters
14
in measuring water quality. These parameters include microbiological, compositions
physical,
of
the
chemical
water.
The
and
radiological
standard
also
delineates values established in conforming with the medical and health implication of the parameters as opposed
to
values
established
purely
to
satisfy
aesthetic requirements (DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994) Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable
development
shall
be
pursued.
This
includes the use of water for domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water treatment. Literature Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by
researchers
on
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html hey say that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely
around
a
certain
area
and
it
can
lower
the
bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to
15
drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method
for
cleaning
method
does
not
dirty
only
water
remove
in
water
rivers.
This
pollution,
simple
but
also
removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins with the solids in the water and then they
both
sink
to
the
bottom.
This
kind
of
treatment
removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa
seeds,
expensive
people
means
purification
of
will
will
no
longer
purification.
replace
the
be
Using
use
of
depending
this
method
chemicals
such
on of as
aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Every different water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities on such
waters
will
not
be
the
same.
Using
a
jar
for
experimenting will be a bid help in working out the correct amount needed. Heat. Clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of the
world
and
many
persons
die
because
of
this.
It
is
estimated that two million people die every year because of water related diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap
16
way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method
will
be
faster if the temperature is higher,
it
would be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.
This method only works in clear water not pond or
river water. SODIS (Solar Disinfection), Microbes radiation,
are
destroyed
provided
by
the
through Sun.
temperature
Water
is
and
placed
UVA
in
a
transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and gives
an
extended
dose
of
solar
radiation,
killing
any
microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides
a
simple
method
of
disinfection
for
tropical
developing countries. Water
purification, or drinking water treatment,
is
the process of removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater
to
make
it
safe
and
palatable
for
human
consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used, depending on the raw water source, contaminants present,
17
standards to be met, and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources of raw water demand different treatment methods to render
it
ft
for
human
consumption.
(microbiologyreader.com) It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials,
and
biological
contaminants
from
contaminated
water. It’s goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose.
Most
(drinking
water
water)
is
but
purified
water
for
human
purification
consumption
may
also
be
designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the
requirements
industrial include
physical
or
medical,
applications.
sedimentation, filters
of
processes
biological
activated
flocculation electromagnetic
and
In
pharmacology,
chemical
general
methods
such
processes
sludge,
as
such
as
as
slow
processes
and
used
filtration
such
chemical
chlorination
radiation
the
and
the
and sand
such use
ultraviolet
as of
light.
(Wikipedia.com) [REFER TO APA STYLE FOR IN TEXT FORMAT OF CITATION OF SOURCES]
18
Related Studies A. Foreign Studies In
large
scale
treatment
plants
Aluminium
Sulphate is used as a conventional chemical coagulant. As an alternative to conventional coagulants, Moringa oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant in household water treatment as well as in the community water treatment systems. Natural coagulant properties were
found
laboratory oleifera
in
6
studies. contain
different
Moringa
species
The
kernels
of
seed
significant
quantities
by
Moringa of
low
molecular-weight, (water-soluble proteins) which carry a positive charge. When the crushed seeds are added to raw
water,
the
proteins
produce
positive
charges
acting like magnets and attracking the predominantly negatively
charged
particles
such
as
clay,
silk,
bacterias, and other toxic particles in water). The flocculation process occurs when the proteins bind the negatives
charges
forming
flocs
through
the
aggregation of particles which are present in water. These
flocs
are
easly
to
remove
by
settling
or
filtration. The material can clarify not only highly turbid muddy water but also water of medium and low
19
turbidity. required
The time
level for
of
the
turbidity
influences
floculation.
As
with
the all
coagulants, the effectiveness of the seeds may vary from
one
raw
water
to
another.
The
practical
application of dosing solutions is exactly the same as for all other coagulants. Studies have been carried out to determine the potential risks associated with the use of Moringa seeds in water treatment. To date, no evidence has found that the seeds cause secondary effects in humans, especially at the low doses. Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree which are the seeds. Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the press
cake
shown
to
remaining retain
after the
oil
extraction
active
coagulation,
making
it
a
(Folklard and
Sutherland, 1996)
has
been
ingredients
for
marketable
commodity
According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes:
Ideas
Conditions, compared
to
for
ECHO, alum
Growing 1996), in
its
Food
Moringa
Under oleifera
effectiveness
at
Difficult has
been
removing
suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage.
Because it can be produced locally, "using
moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange
20
and
generate
farm
and
employment
income."
The
potential for moringa to create a new market for a community
is
there,
and
studies
and
projects
are
taking place examining this potential. At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. the
tests
successful
in
Not only were
removing
as
much
solid
material as alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from
enthusiastic
villagers
in
Nsanje
Region
in
Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996). B. Local Studies Sia
(2008)
reported
that
moringa
seeds
could
treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and
an
accepted
antimicrobial as
water-soluble
a
agent.
coagulant proteins
due which
Moringa to
is
generally
positively
bind
with
charged,
negatively
charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting ‘flocs’ to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa continue to be researched. The process of
21
treating the water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours. As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star,
Reports
said
moringa
seeds,
seed
kernels
or
dried presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa
solutions
for
treating
water
should
be
prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil extraction.
22
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the methods, procedures and the materials, the Treatments and number of Replications to be made in the event that this proposed experiment will be carried
out.
This
chapter also presents the data to
be
collected. Research Design The present study used the single group design. In this
design,
it
involves
treatment
with
two
or
more
dosages.
Materials and Equipment This
experiment
does
not
require
the
use
of
sophisticated gadgets. The following are the materials and equipments needed: Plastic bottles (one liter capacity), with caps – 8 pcs. Malunggay Seeds- 12 Kernels Open Well water Samples, 8 Liters Mortar and Pestle – 1 pair Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief- 1 pc.
23
Marker Cash for Laboratory Analysis Fee Record Notebook Ballpens Plastic bags to hold/carry the 8 bottles General Procedure A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract The researchers will collect malunggay seeds in pods. A total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in this study. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be done manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by
pounding
the
seeds
on
a
Mortar
and
Pestle.
Using
a
cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice. B. Collection and Preparation of Water The
researchers
open well found
will
collect
water
at Kyamko Residence
samples
from
an
in Central Barangay ,
Dipolog City. The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample from the
well.
bottles
Eight
will
be
pieces filled
of
one-
with
24
liter the
capacity
sample
plastic
waters
for
experimentation.
Two
(2)
replicates
(Replicate
Replicate B) will be made which will consist of
A
and
a set of
four (4) bottles for each replication where each bottle contains 1 Liter water. C.
Preparations of Treatments During the extraction process, the specified number of
malunggay kernels pounded
to be used for each treatment will be
separately,
such
that,
for
T1
which
is
1
Kernel:1Liter water, only one (1) kernel will be pounded and its juice will be extracted
and immediately added to
one (1) liter bottled water sample, and so on for the other Treatments. The
different
concentrations
of
malunggay
seed
extracts added to the water samples will be expressed based on its quantity or number of seeds (kernels) used per liter of water. The treatments, in two (2) replications A and B, will use the following proportions or seed (kernel) extracts added to
25
a
number of malunggay
liter of water, viz:
Replicate A
Treatments (Tx)
No. of Malunggay Kernels (pcs.)
Volume of water (Liter)
Control (0 Kernel:1Li.)
0
1
T1 (1 kernel:1Li.)
1
1
T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.)
2
1
T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.)
3
1
Replicate B There will be two (2) replicates ( Replicate A and No. of Volume of water Malunggay Treatments (Tx) (Liter) Kernels (pcs.) Control (0 Kernel:1Li.)
0
1
T1 (1 kernel:1Li.)
1
1
T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.)
2
1
T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.)
3
1
26
The equally hours.
set-ups
exposed The
under
Control,
with the in
malunggay heat
two
(2)
of
extracts
the
sun
bottles,
will
for will
six be
be (6)
left
unexposed to the heat of the sun. Marking
all
the
eight
bottles
with
its
assigned
Treatment will be done prior to malunggay juice extractions to make sure that there will be no error done in pouring in the (Treatments) extracts to the right marked bottles. The prevailing weather condition should be given due consideration in the conduct of this study. Extractions of malunggay kernel juice and setting-up of this study will be carried out only when there is an apparent sunny day to ensure
that
there
will
be
enough
and
continuous
uninterrupted solar radiation that would last for
at least
six
exposure
(6)
hours
requirement
to
meet
the
six-hour
solar
of this study.
Data-Gathering Procedure The Researchers will subject the eight (8) bottles to laboratory analysis. of
the
six
(6)
After six
bottles
extracts, all the eight (8)
(6) hours of sun exposure
containing
malunggay
seed
bottles: 2 bottles containing
27
the
Control
group,
and
containing the water Laboratory out
the
6
bottles
samples,
with
Treatments
will be brought to Agape
in Dipolog City for Laboratory Analysis to find
their
pH,
turbidity,
and
E.Coli
presence,
respectively. The data
on
laboratory
both
the
analysis
Control
results
group
and
will
give
the
those
with
the
different Treatments. Table 4.1 below will contain all the data that the Researchers need to gather. Statistical Treatment of the Study
Table 4.1
Laboratory Results of
Water Analysis
Tx Control 0 Kernel: 1 Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli
TRIAL
T1
T2
T3
1Kernel: 1Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli
2 Kernel: 1Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli
3 Kernel:1 Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli
Replicate A Replicate B TOTAL MEANS
Table 4.1 above will contain the primary data taken by the
Researchers
analysis. F-test or
from
the
ANOVA
results
of
(Analysis Of
28
the
laboratory
Variance) will
be used with
to compare the means of the different Treatments
the
significant
Control
group
difference
and
find
between
Control. Itsresults will lead to
out
the
if
there
Treatments
and
is
a the
finding out the validity
or nullity of the hypothesis of this study relative to the effectiveness of the combinationof Solar Heat and Malunggay Seed extract as water purification agents
Preparation of twelve (12) sterilized plastic bottles.
29
Collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay seeds in pods
Manual shelling of the malunggay
Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water sam ples from an open well
Pounding the seeds using a Mortar and Pestle The water sample will have four (4) set-ups each containing 100mL of its respective water. The Control group is going to be brought to Agape Lab for analysis.
Pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice using cheesecloth.
Three (3) of the set ups will have treatments T1, T2, and T3 and a Control with different malunggay extract concentration: T1= 1 kernel:1 Liter, T2= 2 kernels:1 Liter T3=, 3 kernels: 1 Liter and Control=3 kernels: 1 Liter
All eight (8) bottles containing the water samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH, Turbidity, and E.Coli presence
Six (6) hours of sun exposure
Bibliography
30
Madsen M, J Schlundt, and EF Omer (1987) Effect of water coagulation by seeds of Moringa oleifera on bacterial concentrations.
Journal
of
Tropical
Medicine
and
Hygiene 90: 101-109. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
Solar water disinfection. Retreived September 3, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SODIS
Olsen
A
(1987)
Low
technology
water
purification
by
bentonite clay and Moringa oleifera seed flocculation as
performed
Schistosoma
in
mansoni
Sudanese
villages.
cercariae.
517-522. Retrieved August
Water
Effects
Research
on
21(5):
25, 2011
Duke JA (1987) Moringaceae: Horseradish-tree, benzolivetree,
drumstick-tree,
malunggay,
p.
multipurpose
19-28.
sohnja, In:
M.
moringa, Benge
(ed.)
murunga-kai, Moringa:
A
vegetable and tree that purifies water.
Sci. & Technol./ For., Environ., & Natural Resources Agro-Forestation
Tech.
Ser.
D.C. Retrieved August 28, 2011
31
27.
US
AID,
Washington,
Yongbai
KA
(2005)
Studies
on
the
potential
use
of
medicinal plants and macrofungi (lower plants) in water and waste water purification.
Retreived September 8,
2011 from www.biotech.kth.se/iobb/news/kenneth04.doc.
Berger
MR,
M
Habs,
SA
Jahn,
S
Schmahl
(1984)
Toxicological assessment of seeds from Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala, two highly efficient primary coagulants for domestic water treatment of tropical raw waters.
East
African
Medical
Journal
61:
712-716.
Retrieved September 15, 2011
Jahn SA, HA Musnad and H Burgstaller (1986) Tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan. Unasylva 38(152): 23-28. Retreived September 18,
2011
from
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp? url_file=/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm
Haninger, M (2009) Moringa: a supermarket on a tree! Retreived September
18,
2011
32
from
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htm l
APPENDIX- A (Letter-head of ZNNHS)
33
August 5, 2011 NOEL G. SOLIS. R.N. Research Adviser ZNNHS Science Department Dipolog City Re: Submission Proposal Writing
of
Research
Titles
for
Research
Sir: In view of my desire to start writing my research proposal for the first semester, school year 2011-2012, may I have honor to submit these research titles for your consideration: (1)
(1st title of research)
(2)
(2nd title of research)
(3)
(3rd title of research)
(4)
(4th title of research)
(5)
(5th title of research)
(6)
(6th title of research)
(7) (8) Very truly, Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. Tiu APPENDIX-B Proposed Budget
34
Materials
Quantity
Price/Uni t
Plastic bottles (one liter capacity) with caps
8 pcs.
Malunggay Seeds
12 Kernels
Open Well water Samples
8 Liters
Mortar and Pestle
1 pair
Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief
1 pc.
Laboratory Analysis Fee
APPENDIX- C Schedule of Activities 35
Cost
DAY
ACTIVITIES
1 Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water samples from an open well and collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay seeds in pods. 2
3
4
5
CURRICULUM VITAE I 141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City. Email add:
[email protected] Contact No.: 212-6566
36
Name:
Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa
Gender:
Female
Address:
141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City
Age:
14
Birthday: February 7, 1997 Place of Birth:
Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte
Email Address:
[email protected]
Father:
Antonio C. Gayapa
Occupation: Mother:
Retired
Ma. Lenita J. Gayapa
Occupation:
Government Employee
CURRICULUM VITAE II 535 Ranillo St., Central Barangay, Dipolog City. Email add:
[email protected] Contact No.: 212-7180
37
Name:
Alexa C. Tiu
Gender:
Female
Address: Age:
13
Birthday: August 3, 1997 Place of Birth:
Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte
Email Address:
@yahoo.com
Father: Occupation: Mother: Occupation:
38
