Chapter 1-3

March 18, 2018 | Author: 'mCharity Tonii | Category: Water Purification, Water, Liquids, Chemistry, Wellness
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Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM: ITS RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND Introduction Water

is

the

key

to

a

person's

survival

because

without water survival is simply not an option. However, water has to be purified otherwise bacteria in the water can

be

harmful

to

your

drink.

This

is

highlighted

especially in the Third World countries such as Ethiopia and Gambia where many people die due to contaminated water that contains lots of bacteria that cause infection and illness.

In all countries water is considered valuable to

maintain

its

purity

and

it

must

go

through

several

processes such as reverse osmosis which is quite expensive. However there are cheaper ways to purify water; it wouldn’t even cost you money.

One example is solar heat.

Solar radiation can kill bacteria in a period of time.

It

has been tested and proven to purify water in many parts of the world. On the other hand, the seed extract of Moringa oleifera, commonly called Malunggay in the Philippines, has been tested and also proven to purify and kill bacteria living in water.

1

Both

of

these

ways

are

proven

and

tested

researchers but not using these two as a combination. researchers

will

conduct

this

study

to

by The

determine

if

Malunggay seed extracts and heat combined is effective in purifying

water.

This

study

aims

to

determine

whether

Moringa seed extracts and Solar Heat can be used in water purification.

Background of the Study The use of solar heat has been reported to be very effective in purifying water. The use of

raw malunggay

seed extract has also been reported to be a good water purifier. Considering that both solar heat and malunggay seed

extract

are

not

purification, and both

costly

at

all

when

used

in

water

of these ways are proven and tested

by researchers but not using these two as a combination, the researchers found it logical determine

if

the

combination

of

to try to verify both

solar

heat

malunggay seed extract is effective in purifying water.

2

and and

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This

study

is

anchored

on

both

foreign

and

local

claims, based on their studies, that solar radiation and moringga seed extracts have been tested and proven to be effective in purifying dirty waters. Sia

(2008)

reported

water on two levels, antimicrobial

agent.

that

moringa

acting

seeds

could

treat

both as a coagulant and an

Drs.

Geoff

Folkard

and

John

Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids 1996).

in

water

for

drinking

According also to

(Folkard

and

Sutherland,

to the study that was made by

researchers on From Haninger(2009), he says that crushed Moringa

seeds

purify

water

to

be

used

widely

around

a

certain

area

and it can lower the bacterial concentration

in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers. Waters are purified to improve its quality

and make

it fit for human consumption. Water purification does not only kill the harmful bacteria found in dirty waters but it

3

also aims to make the water looks clear and remove all its impurities to make it more acceptable to user. With the positive reports and encouraging results of earlier studies made

about water purification using solar

heat Moringga seeds, the researchers find it interesting to find out how the combination of malunggay seed extracts and solar heat exposure affects the quality of dirty waters in terms

of

its

pH,

turbidity and the presence of harmful

micro-organism, Escherichia coli. An evaluation is to made regarding the hypothesis that states that

“ H0:

There is

no significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.” And for the “H1:

There is a significant difference in the water

before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.” The

schema

clearly

illustrates

the

relationship

between the Independent Variables (IV) and the Dependent Variables (DV). There are two (2) namely: Malunggay

The Seed

first

is

added

the

IVs in the left box,

concentration

to

one

(1)

or

Liter

Number water

of for

purification ( 1 seed:1 Liter; 2 seeds: 1 Liter; and 3

4

seeds:1Liter, respectively) and the second is Solar Heat and in the right

box are the Dependent Variables (DV). The

arrow in between the two boxes is pointing to the right box containing the DV. This arrow signifies that the IVs have a direct influence on the DV

which is Water Quality measured

in terms of the following characteristics, namely: Color of Water; Water pH; and No. of Escherichia coli. It

means

that changes made in the concentration of the Independent Variables , a corresponding reaction will be noted from the DV.

In this study, should there be

the

Dependent

Variables,

the

significant effects on

positive

Hypothesis

may

be

accepted and it will prove that malunggay and solar heat is effective as water purifier.

5

Malunggay Seed Extract • 1 Kernel per Liter of Water

Water Quality Color of water

2 Kernels per Liter of Water 2 Kernels per Liter of Water Solar heat Figure 1.1 The Schema of the Study.

6



Ph



No. of coliform bacteria

Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine if Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lin.) seed extract and solar heat are effective in water purification. Specifically,

this

study

seeks

to

answer

the

following sub-problems: 1. Is

there

a

significant

difference

in

the

water

before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria? 2.

How

many

malunggay

seeds

are

needed

to

purify a liter of open well water? 3. Does malunggay alter water pH? Hypotheses On

the

bases

of

the

research

problems

stated,

two

hypothesis are hereby formulated: H0:

There is no significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.

7

H1:

There is a significant difference in the water before and after it is exposed to malunggay extract and solar heat in terms of turbidity, pH and number of the Coliform bacteria.

Significance of the Study This

study

hopes

to

create

an

impact

on

people’s

health and the economy. People’s Health. who

are

living

in

People in the rural areas, or those the

hinterlands

purified water available,

where

there

is

no

just drink water taken from

open wells. They are highly vulnerable to getting sick with diarrhea from their dirty or contaminated drinking water. Using this type of water purification can lessen the cause of

diarrhea

and

many

other

diseases

caused

by

harmful

bacteria in water. The purification process is very easy to do

because

even

small

children

can

do

it

right

and

it

doesn’t use sophisticated and costly gadgets. The Poor.

The poor living in either rural areas or in

the cities can do water purification by themselves using malunggay and solar radiation which is cash-saving. Poverty won’t be a hindrance for the poor to drink clean and safe water.

8

Economy.

This study can also be a big help in the

economy of our poor families and the nation, in general, because

it

doesn’t

use

processes.

It uses only

taken

malunggay

from

any

expensive

chemicals

and

a very common natural ingredient

seeds.

Malunggay

is

most

commonly

found in many parts of the country and it could be easily grown in everyone’s backyard and last for a number of years. Environment. this

process

is

It can benefit the environment because purely

organic.

This

process

would

encourage Maluggay tree planting in order to have a readily available

source

of

kernels

for

water

purification.

Likewise, it would eventually guarantee a year-round supply of a very nutritious malunggay leaves for home consumption and

for

sale.

Furthermore,

the

waste

from

pounding

malunggay seeds is biodegradable; therefore, it won’t cause poisoning and environmental pollution. It is very safe. Student-Researchers.

The results of this study would

be a good source of information for the students

to use in

the pursuit of further verifications and experimentations regarding the benefits that

the

give to us in water purification.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

9

malunggay plant could

The study will be conducted at the Lood’s Residence, Turno, Dipolog City covering the period from last week of September

to

the

second

week

Researchers will use samples of

of an

October

2011.

The

open-well water

found

at the heart of the City of Dipolog owned by the Kyamko family in Cental Barangay, a block away from the Dipolog City Pilot Demonstration School. The water samples examined

by

researchers

the will

production of

Agape

Laboratory,

collect

12

Dipolog

Malunggay

will be

City.

kernels.

The The

Malunggay seed extract will be done using

the crushing method.

This study is limited only to the

use of the Malunggay seed extract and solar heat for water purification of an open-well water samples.

Definition of Key Terms Moringa oleifera.

Malunggáy in Filipino, refers to the

most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is

the

only

genus

in

the

family

Moringaceae.

It

is

an

exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of potential uses.

10

Kernel.

This term refers to the grain or seed, as of

a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk grain or seed, as of a cereal grass, enclosed in a husk. Etract. This term refers to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out from other material Water purification. This term refers to the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants

from

contaminated

water.

The

produce water fit for a specific purpose.

goal

is

to

Most water is

purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes,

including

meeting the requirements of medical,

pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. Water

quality. This

term

refers

to

the

physical,

chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure

of

the

condition

of

water

relative

to

the

requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. Solar heat. by

the

sun

from

This term refers to the a

energy emitted

nuclear fusion reaction that creates

electromagnetic energy.

11

pH.

This term refers to the measure of acidity or

alkalinity. Turbidity. or haziness

This

term

refers

of

to

the

cloudiness

a fluid caused

by

individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible

to

the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The

measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality. Open well. This term refers to a well whose diameter is great enough (1 meter or more) for a person to descend to the water level. It is an artificial pond filling a large excavation in the zone of saturation up to the water table. Escherichia coli , commonly abbreviated E. coli This term refers to the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of mammals. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious

food

poisoning

in

humans,

responsible for product recalls.

12

and

are

occasionally

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES This

chapter

presents

the

Legal

Aspects,

Related

Literature and Studies which has bearing to the present studies Legal Aspects A. Foreign The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal

law

drinking

that

ensures

water.

Under

the

quality

SDWA,

of

Americans'

United

States

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities,

and water suppliers who implement those

standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974

to

nation's

protect public

public drinking

health water

by

regulating

supply.

The

law

the was

amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of the nation's public drinking water supplies.

13

This is the

principal federal law concerning drinking water. The SDWA

authorized

the

to

promulgate

regulations

regarding water supply. The major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142,

and

regulate

primary

states,

and

contaminants

40CFR143).

Parts

contaminants, secondary

are

implementation

141,

those

allows

142,

and

143

implementation

by

contaminants.

with

health

states

to

Primary

impacts.

be

the

State

primary

regulators of the water supplies (rather than USEPA) provided

they

contaminants

meet

certain

generally

requirements.

cause

aesthetic

Secondary

problems

and

Water

1993

are not directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com) B. Local Philippine

Standards

for

Drinking

(PNSDW 1993) under the provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks Officials,

Developers and Operators of Water Supply

Systems both Government and Private entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and all

other

concerned by

standards cover requirements

for the acceptable values of the determined parameters

14

in measuring water quality. These parameters include microbiological, compositions

physical,

of

the

chemical

water.

The

and

radiological

standard

also

delineates values established in conforming with the medical and health implication of the parameters as opposed

to

values

established

purely

to

satisfy

aesthetic requirements (DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994) Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable

development

shall

be

pursued.

This

includes the use of water for domestic purposes like drinking and potable water and also water treatment. Literature Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by

researchers

on

http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html hey say that crushed Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely

around

a

certain

area

and

it

can

lower

the

bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to

15

drink. And it can also be used as a quick and very simple method

for

cleaning

method

does

not

dirty

only

water

remove

in

water

rivers.

This

pollution,

simple

but

also

removes harmful bacteria. They also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins with the solids in the water and then they

both

sink

to

the

bottom.

This

kind

of

treatment

removes 90-99% of bacteria in water. They say that by using Moringa

seeds,

expensive

people

means

purification

of

will

will

no

longer

purification.

replace

the

be

Using

use

of

depending

this

method

chemicals

such

on of as

aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and especially the environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Every different water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because impurities on such

waters

will

not

be

the

same.

Using

a

jar

for

experimenting will be a bid help in working out the correct amount needed. Heat. Clean drinking water is lacking in many parts of the

world

and

many

persons

die

because

of

this.

It

is

estimated that two million people die every year because of water related diseases. By using solar radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of people dead and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap

16

way. This can be done with clear plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill with clear water and place above roofs. The radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in the sun. The method

will

be

faster if the temperature is higher,

it

would be recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or the surface of the roof.

This method only works in clear water not pond or

river water. SODIS (Solar Disinfection), Microbes radiation,

are

destroyed

provided

by

the

through Sun.

temperature

Water

is

and

placed

UVA

in

a

transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking, followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and gives

an

extended

dose

of

solar

radiation,

killing

any

microbes that may be present. The combination of the two provides

a

simple

method

of

disinfection

for

tropical

developing countries. Water

purification, or drinking water treatment,

is

the process of removing contaminants from surface water or groundwater

to

make

it

safe

and

palatable

for

human

consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used, depending on the raw water source, contaminants present,

17

standards to be met, and available finances. Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water supplies can be drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources of raw water demand different treatment methods to render

it

ft

for

human

consumption.

(microbiologyreader.com) It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials,

and

biological

contaminants

from

contaminated

water. It’s goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose.

Most

(drinking

water

water)

is

but

purified

water

for

human

purification

consumption

may

also

be

designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the

requirements

industrial include

physical

or

medical,

applications.

sedimentation, filters

of

processes

biological

activated

flocculation electromagnetic

and

In

pharmacology,

chemical

general

methods

such

processes

sludge,

as

such

as

as

slow

processes

and

used

filtration

such

chemical

chlorination

radiation

the

and

the

and sand

such use

ultraviolet

as of

light.

(Wikipedia.com) [REFER TO APA STYLE FOR IN TEXT FORMAT OF CITATION OF SOURCES]

18

Related Studies A. Foreign Studies In

large

scale

treatment

plants

Aluminium

Sulphate is used as a conventional chemical coagulant. As an alternative to conventional coagulants, Moringa oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant in household water treatment as well as in the community water treatment systems. Natural coagulant properties were

found

laboratory oleifera

in

6

studies. contain

different

Moringa

species

The

kernels

of

seed

significant

quantities

by

Moringa of

low

molecular-weight, (water-soluble proteins) which carry a positive charge. When the crushed seeds are added to raw

water,

the

proteins

produce

positive

charges

acting like magnets and attracking the predominantly negatively

charged

particles

such

as

clay,

silk,

bacterias, and other toxic particles in water). The flocculation process occurs when the proteins bind the negatives

charges

forming

flocs

through

the

aggregation of particles which are present in water. These

flocs

are

easly

to

remove

by

settling

or

filtration. The material can clarify not only highly turbid muddy water but also water of medium and low

19

turbidity. required

The time

level for

of

the

turbidity

influences

floculation.

As

with

the all

coagulants, the effectiveness of the seeds may vary from

one

raw

water

to

another.

The

practical

application of dosing solutions is exactly the same as for all other coagulants. Studies have been carried out to determine the potential risks associated with the use of Moringa seeds in water treatment. To date, no evidence has found that the seeds cause secondary effects in humans, especially at the low doses. Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree which are the seeds. Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but the press

cake

shown

to

remaining retain

after the

oil

extraction

active

coagulation,

making

it

a

(Folklard and

Sutherland, 1996)

has

been

ingredients

for

marketable

commodity

According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes:

Ideas

Conditions, compared

to

for

ECHO, alum

Growing 1996), in

its

Food

Moringa

Under oleifera

effectiveness

at

Difficult has

been

removing

suspended solids from turbid water, but with a major advantage.

Because it can be produced locally, "using

moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange

20

and

generate

farm

and

employment

income."

The

potential for moringa to create a new market for a community

is

there,

and

studies

and

projects

are

taking place examining this potential. At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to remove solids in water for drinking. the

tests

successful

in

Not only were

removing

as

much

solid

material as alum, but the seeds used were "purchased from

enthusiastic

villagers

in

Nsanje

Region

in

Malawi" (Folkard and Sutherland, 1996). B. Local Studies Sia

(2008)

reported

that

moringa

seeds

could

treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and

an

accepted

antimicrobial as

water-soluble

a

agent.

coagulant proteins

due which

Moringa to

is

generally

positively

bind

with

charged,

negatively

charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting ‘flocs’ to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of moringa continue to be researched. The process of

21

treating the water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours. As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star,

Reports

said

moringa

seeds,

seed

kernels

or

dried presscake can be stored for long periods but moringa

solutions

for

treating

water

should

be

prepared fresh each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one liter of water. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil extraction.

22

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the methods, procedures and the materials, the Treatments and number of Replications to be made in the event that this proposed experiment will be carried

out.

This

chapter also presents the data to

be

collected. Research Design The present study used the single group design. In this

design,

it

involves

treatment

with

two

or

more

dosages.

Materials and Equipment This

experiment

does

not

require

the

use

of

sophisticated gadgets. The following are the materials and equipments needed: Plastic bottles (one liter capacity), with caps – 8 pcs. Malunggay Seeds- 12 Kernels Open Well water Samples, 8 Liters Mortar and Pestle – 1 pair Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief- 1 pc.

23

Marker Cash for Laboratory Analysis Fee Record Notebook Ballpens Plastic bags to hold/carry the 8 bottles General Procedure A. Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Seed Extract The researchers will collect malunggay seeds in pods. A total of twelve (12) malunggay kernels will be used in this study. The shelling of the malunggay pods will be done manually by the researchers. The extract will be obtained by

pounding

the

seeds

on

a

Mortar

and

Pestle.

Using

a

cheesecloth, the pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice. B. Collection and Preparation of Water The

researchers

open well found

will

collect

water

at Kyamko Residence

samples

from

an

in Central Barangay ,

Dipolog City. The Researchers will get eight (8) Liters sample from the

well.

bottles

Eight

will

be

pieces filled

of

one-

with

24

liter the

capacity

sample

plastic

waters

for

experimentation.

Two

(2)

replicates

(Replicate

Replicate B) will be made which will consist of

A

and

a set of

four (4) bottles for each replication where each bottle contains 1 Liter water. C.

Preparations of Treatments During the extraction process, the specified number of

malunggay kernels pounded

to be used for each treatment will be

separately,

such

that,

for

T1

which

is

1

Kernel:1Liter water, only one (1) kernel will be pounded and its juice will be extracted

and immediately added to

one (1) liter bottled water sample, and so on for the other Treatments. The

different

concentrations

of

malunggay

seed

extracts added to the water samples will be expressed based on its quantity or number of seeds (kernels) used per liter of water. The treatments, in two (2) replications A and B, will use the following proportions or seed (kernel) extracts added to

25

a

number of malunggay

liter of water, viz:

Replicate A

Treatments (Tx)

No. of Malunggay Kernels (pcs.)

Volume of water (Liter)

Control (0 Kernel:1Li.)

0

1

T1 (1 kernel:1Li.)

1

1

T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.)

2

1

T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.)

3

1

Replicate B There will be two (2) replicates ( Replicate A and No. of Volume of water Malunggay Treatments (Tx) (Liter) Kernels (pcs.) Control (0 Kernel:1Li.)

0

1

T1 (1 kernel:1Li.)

1

1

T2 (2 Kernels:1Li.)

2

1

T3 (3 Kernels:1Li.)

3

1

26

The equally hours.

set-ups

exposed The

under

Control,

with the in

malunggay heat

two

(2)

of

extracts

the

sun

bottles,

will

for will

six be

be (6)

left

unexposed to the heat of the sun. Marking

all

the

eight

bottles

with

its

assigned

Treatment will be done prior to malunggay juice extractions to make sure that there will be no error done in pouring in the (Treatments) extracts to the right marked bottles. The prevailing weather condition should be given due consideration in the conduct of this study. Extractions of malunggay kernel juice and setting-up of this study will be carried out only when there is an apparent sunny day to ensure

that

there

will

be

enough

and

continuous

uninterrupted solar radiation that would last for

at least

six

exposure

(6)

hours

requirement

to

meet

the

six-hour

solar

of this study.

Data-Gathering Procedure The Researchers will subject the eight (8) bottles to laboratory analysis. of

the

six

(6)

After six

bottles

extracts, all the eight (8)

(6) hours of sun exposure

containing

malunggay

seed

bottles: 2 bottles containing

27

the

Control

group,

and

containing the water Laboratory out

the

6

bottles

samples,

with

Treatments

will be brought to Agape

in Dipolog City for Laboratory Analysis to find

their

pH,

turbidity,

and

E.Coli

presence,

respectively. The data

on

laboratory

both

the

analysis

Control

results

group

and

will

give

the

those

with

the

different Treatments. Table 4.1 below will contain all the data that the Researchers need to gather. Statistical Treatment of the Study

Table 4.1

Laboratory Results of

Water Analysis

Tx Control 0 Kernel: 1 Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli

TRIAL

T1

T2

T3

1Kernel: 1Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli

2 Kernel: 1Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli

3 Kernel:1 Liter TurbidE. pH ity Coli

Replicate A Replicate B TOTAL MEANS

Table 4.1 above will contain the primary data taken by the

Researchers

analysis. F-test or

from

the

ANOVA

results

of

(Analysis Of

28

the

laboratory

Variance) will

be used with

to compare the means of the different Treatments

the

significant

Control

group

difference

and

find

between

Control. Itsresults will lead to

out

the

if

there

Treatments

and

is

a the

finding out the validity

or nullity of the hypothesis of this study relative to the effectiveness of the combinationof Solar Heat and Malunggay Seed extract as water purification agents

Preparation of twelve (12) sterilized plastic bottles.

29

Collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay seeds in pods

Manual shelling of the malunggay

Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water sam ples from an open well

Pounding the seeds using a Mortar and Pestle The water sample will have four (4) set-ups each containing 100mL of its respective water. The Control group is going to be brought to Agape Lab for analysis.

Pounded Malunggay seeds will be pressed to extract its juice using cheesecloth.

Three (3) of the set ups will have treatments T1, T2, and T3 and a Control with different malunggay extract concentration: T1= 1 kernel:1 Liter, T2= 2 kernels:1 Liter T3=, 3 kernels: 1 Liter and Control=3 kernels: 1 Liter

All eight (8) bottles containing the water samples will be brought to Agape Laboratory for analysis to find out their pH, Turbidity, and E.Coli presence

Six (6) hours of sun exposure

Bibliography

30

Madsen M, J Schlundt, and EF Omer (1987) Effect of water coagulation by seeds of Moringa oleifera on bacterial concentrations.

Journal

of

Tropical

Medicine

and

Hygiene 90: 101-109. Retrieved August 13, 2011.

Solar water disinfection. Retreived September 3, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SODIS

Olsen

A

(1987)

Low

technology

water

purification

by

bentonite clay and Moringa oleifera seed flocculation as

performed

Schistosoma

in

mansoni

Sudanese

villages.

cercariae.

517-522. Retrieved August

Water

Effects

Research

on

21(5):

25, 2011

Duke JA (1987) Moringaceae: Horseradish-tree, benzolivetree,

drumstick-tree,

malunggay,

p.

multipurpose

19-28.

sohnja, In:

M.

moringa, Benge

(ed.)

murunga-kai, Moringa:

A

vegetable and tree that purifies water.

Sci. & Technol./ For., Environ., & Natural Resources Agro-Forestation

Tech.

Ser.

D.C. Retrieved August 28, 2011

31

27.

US

AID,

Washington,

Yongbai

KA

(2005)

Studies

on

the

potential

use

of

medicinal plants and macrofungi (lower plants) in water and waste water purification.

Retreived September 8,

2011 from www.biotech.kth.se/iobb/news/kenneth04.doc.

Berger

MR,

M

Habs,

SA

Jahn,

S

Schmahl

(1984)

Toxicological assessment of seeds from Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala, two highly efficient primary coagulants for domestic water treatment of tropical raw waters.

East

African

Medical

Journal

61:

712-716.

Retrieved September 15, 2011

Jahn SA, HA Musnad and H Burgstaller (1986) Tree that purifies water: Cultivating multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan. Unasylva 38(152): 23-28. Retreived September 18,

2011

from

http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp? url_file=/docrep/r7750e/r7750e04.htm

Haninger, M (2009) Moringa: a supermarket on a tree! Retreived September

18,

2011

32

from

http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htm l

APPENDIX- A (Letter-head of ZNNHS)

33

August 5, 2011 NOEL G. SOLIS. R.N. Research Adviser ZNNHS Science Department Dipolog City Re: Submission Proposal Writing

of

Research

Titles

for

Research

Sir: In view of my desire to start writing my research proposal for the first semester, school year 2011-2012, may I have honor to submit these research titles for your consideration: (1)

(1st title of research)

(2)

(2nd title of research)

(3)

(3rd title of research)

(4)

(4th title of research)

(5)

(5th title of research)

(6)

(6th title of research)

(7) (8) Very truly, Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa and Alexa C. Tiu APPENDIX-B Proposed Budget

34

Materials

Quantity

Price/Uni t

Plastic bottles (one liter capacity) with caps

8 pcs.

Malunggay Seeds

12 Kernels

Open Well water Samples

8 Liters

Mortar and Pestle

1 pair

Cheese Cloth or clean cotton handkerchief

1 pc.

Laboratory Analysis Fee

APPENDIX- C Schedule of Activities 35

Cost

DAY

ACTIVITIES

1 Collection of Eight (8) one Liter water samples from an open well and collection of 12 kernels of fresh malunggay seeds in pods. 2

3

4

5

CURRICULUM VITAE I 141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City. Email add: [email protected] Contact No.: 212-6566

36

Name:

Maritoni Charity J. Gayapa

Gender:

Female

Address:

141, Zamora St. Ext., Estaka, Dipolog City

Age:

14

Birthday: February 7, 1997 Place of Birth:

Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte

Email Address:

[email protected]

Father:

Antonio C. Gayapa

Occupation: Mother:

Retired

Ma. Lenita J. Gayapa

Occupation:

Government Employee

CURRICULUM VITAE II 535 Ranillo St., Central Barangay, Dipolog City. Email add: [email protected] Contact No.: 212-7180

37

Name:

Alexa C. Tiu

Gender:

Female

Address: Age:

13

Birthday: August 3, 1997 Place of Birth:

Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte

Email Address:

@yahoo.com

Father: Occupation: Mother: Occupation:

38

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