Chapter 01 Introduction 2020 Pertemuan #1

 

Lgºmptfr = Hbtrnaulthnb

•

Srninjuf Qgf

purpnsf • • • •

n`

tghs lgm ptfr hs tn5

Af`hbf gyarninjy Jhvf m orhf` ghstnry n` tgf fvniuthnb n` tghs hkpnrtmbt fmrtg slhfblf. \tmtf tgf `ubamkfbtmi fqumthnb fqumthnb n` gyarninjy. Afknbst rmtf gnw gy gyarni arninjhl njhl prhblhpifs prhblhpifs lmb of mppihfa tn suppifkfbt aflhshnb . suppnrt syst systfks fks `nr wm tfr

mba

fbvhrnbkfbtmi kmbmjfkfbt.

= = GXA_NINJX AF@HBFA Gyarninjy hs mb fmrtg slhfblf. t fblnkpmssfs tgf nllurrfblf, ahstrhouthnb, knvf kfbt, mba prnpfrthfs n` tgf wmtfrs n ` tgf fmrtg. M dbnwifajf n` gyarninjy hs `ubam kfbtmi tn aflhshnbkmdhbj prnlfssfs wgfrf wmtfr hs m lnkpnbfbt n` tgf systfk n` lnbl frb .Zmtfr mba fbvhrnbkfbt mi hssufs mrf hbfxtrhlmoi hbfxtrhlmoiy y ihbdfa, mba ht hs hkpnrtmbt tn lifmriy ubafrstmba gnw wmtfr hs m``fltfa oy mba gnw wmtfr m``flts flnsystfk kmbhpuimthnbs.

=.? M O_HF@ GH\QN_X

Mblhf bt pghin pghinsnpgf snpgfrs rs `nlusfa tgfhr mttf bthnb nb tgf bmturf n` prnlfssfs hbvnivfa hb tgf prnaulthnb n` sur`mlf wmtfr `inws mba ntgfr pgfbnkfbm rfimtfa tn tgf nrhjhb mba nllurrfblf n` wmtfr hb vmrhnus stmjfs n` tgf pfrpftumi lylif n` wmtfr ofhbj lnbvfyfa `rnk tgf sfm tn tgf mtknspgfrf tn tgf imba mba omld mjmhb tn tgf sfm. Vb`nrtubmtfiy. Vb`nrtubmtfiy. fmriy spfluimthnb wms n`tfb `mui `muity. ty.H-: H-: @nr fxmkpi fxmkpif, f, Gnkf r ofihfvfa ofihfvfa hb tgf fxhstfblf fxhstfblf n` imrjf suotfrrmbfmb rfsfrvnhrs tgmt suppihfa rhvfrs, sfms, sprhbjs, mba affp wfiis. t hs hbtfrfsthbj tn bntf, gnwfvfr, tgmt Gnkfr ubafrstnna tgf afpfbafblf n` inw hb tgf

*\upfrhnr bukofrs hbahlmtf rf`frfblfs mt tgf fba n` tgf lgmptfr. <

 

1

LGMSQF_ =

HBQ_NAVLQHNB

Jrffd mqufaults nb ontg lnbvfymblf lrnss sflthnb mba vfinlhty. Qghs dbnwifajf wms inst tn tgf _nkmbs, mba tgf prnpfr rfimthnb oftwffb mrfm, vfinlhty, mba rmtf n` `inw rfkmhbfa ubdbnwb ubthi Ifnbmran If nbmran a m Phblh rfahslnvfrfa ht aurhbj tgf Htmihmb _fbmhs smblf. Aurhbj tgf `hrst lfbtury O.L. Kmrlus Phtruvhus, hb Pniukf 7 n` ghs trfmthsf Af rlghtflturm Ihorh Aflfk (tgf fbjhbffr's lghf` gmbaonnd aurhbj tgf Khaaif Mjfs), sft `nrtg m tgfnry jfbfrmiiy lnbshafrfa tn of tgf prfaflfssnr n` knafrb bnthnbs n` tgf gyarninjhl lylif. Gf gypntgfshzfa tgmt rmhb mba sbnw `miihhij hb knubtmhbnus mrfms hb`hitrmtfa tgf fmrtg's sur`mlf mba imtfr mppfmrfa hb tgf inwimbas ms strfmks mba sprhbjs. Hb sphtf n` tgf hbmllurmtf tgfnrhfs prnpnsfa hb mblhfbt thkfs, ht hs nbiy `mhr ttn n stmtf tgmt prmlthlmi mppihlmthnb n` vmrhnus gyarninjhl prhblhpifs wms n`tfb lmrrhfa nut whtg lnbshafrmoif sullfss. @nr fxmkpif, monut1333 O.L. m amk wms lnbstrultfa mlrnss tgf Bhif tn pfrkht rflimkmthnb n` prfvhnusiy omrrfb imbas `nr mjrhluiturmi prnaulthnb. \fvfrmi tgnusmba yfmrs imtfr m lmbmi tn lnbvfy `rfsg wmtfr `rnk Lmhrn tn \ufz wms ouhit. Kfsnpntmkhmb tnwbs wfrf prntfltfa mjmhbst `i `inna nnass oy ghjg ffmrtgf mrtgfb b wmiis. Qgf Jrffd mba _nkmb mqufaults mba fmriy Lghbfsf hrrhjmthnb mba `inna lnbtrni wnrds wfrf misn shjbh`hlmbt prneflts. Bfmr tgf fba n` tgf `h`tffbtg lfbtury tgf trfba tnwmra m knrf slhfb slhfbth`h th`hll mpprnmlg tn gyarninjy omsfa nb tgf nosfrvmthnb n` gyarninjhl pgfbnkfbm oflmkf fvhafbt Ifnbmrann`am Smihssy hbafpfbafbtiy rfmlgfaknrf mb mllurmtf ubafr stmbahbj tgfPhblh wmtfrmba lyliOfrbmra lylif. f. Qgfy mppmrfbtiy mppm rfbtiy omsf omsfa a tgfhr tgfnrhfs nb nosfrvmthnb tgmb nb purfiy pghinsnpghlmi pghinsnpghlmi rfmsnbh rfmsnbhbj. bj. Bfvfrtgfifs Bfvfrtgfifss, s, ubthi tgf sfvfbtffbtg lfbtury t sffks fvhafbt tgmt ihttif h mby f``nrt wms ahrfltfa tnwmra notmhbhbj qumbthtmthvf kfmsurfkfbts n` gyarninjhl vmrhmoifs. Qgf mavfbt n` wgmt khjgt of lmiifa tgf bhnafrb slhfblf n` gyarninjy hs usumiiy lnbshafrfa tn ofjhb whtg tgf stuahfs n` sulg phnbffrs ms Sfrrmui t, Kmrhnttf, mba Gmiify hb tgf sfvfbtffbtg lfbtury. H 1 Sfrrmuit notmhbfa kfmsurfkfbts n` rmhb`mii hb tgf \fhbf _hvfr armhbmjf omshb nvfr m pfrhna n` < yfmrs. Vshbj tgfsf mba kfmsurfkfbts n` rubn``, mba dbnwhbj tgf armhbmjf mrfm shzf, gf sgnwfa tgmt rmhb`mii wms mafqumtf hb qumbthty tn mllnubt `nr rhvfr `inws Gf misn kmaf kfmsurfkfbts n` fvmpnrmthnb mba lmphiimrhty. lmphiimrh ty. Km Kmrhnttf rhnttf jmujfa tgf vfinlhty n` `inw n` tgf _hvfr \fhbf. _flnrafa vfinl vfinl hthfs wfrf trmbsimtfa hbtn hbtn tfrks n` ahslgmrj ahslgmrjff oy hbtrnaulhbj kfmsurfk kfmsurfkfbts fbts n` tgf rhvfr lrnss sflthnb. Qgf Fbjihsg mstrnbn kfr Gmiify kfmsurfa tgf rmtf n` fvmpnrmthnb n` tgf Kfahtfrrmbfmb \fm mba lnbliuafa tgmt tgf mknubt n` wmtfr fvmpnrmtfa wms su``hlhfbt tn mllnubt `nr tgf nut`inw n` rhvfrs trhoutmry tn tgf sfm. Kfmsurfkfbts sulg ms tgfsf, mitgnujg lruaf, pfrkhttfa rfihmoif lnbliushn lnbliushnbs bs tn of armwb rfjmrahbj tgf gyarnin gyarninjhl jhl pgfbnkfbm ofhbj stuahfa. Qgf fhjgtffbtg lfbtury ornujgt `nrtg bukfrnus mavmblfs hb gyarmuihl tgfnry mba hbstrukfbtmthnb. Qgf Ofrbnuiih p h z n k t r ~ tgf Shtnt tuof, Ofrbnuiih's tgfnrfk, mba tgf Lgfzy `nrkuim mrf snkf fxmbhpifs. 7 Aurhbj tgf kbftffbtg lfbtury, fxpfrhkfbtmi gyarninjy `inurhsgfa. \hjbh`hlmbt mavmblfs wfrf kmaf hb jrnubawmtfr gyarninjy mba hb tgf kfmsurfkfbt n` sur`mlf wmtfr. \ulg shjbh`hlmbt lnbtrhouthnrhs ms Gmjfb-Snhsfwiif's lmphiimry `inw fqumthnb, Amrly's imw n` `inw hb pnrnus kfahm, mba tgf Aupuht-Qghfk wfii `nrkuim wfrf fvnivfa.8- == Qgf ofjhbbhbj n` systfkmthl strfmk jmujhbj lmb misn of trmlfa tn tghs pfrhna. Mitgnujg tgf omshs `nr knafrb gyarninjy wms wfii fstmoihsgfa hb tgf bhbf

 

1

QGF GXA_NINJHL OVAJFQ

6

tffbtg lfbtury, kulg n` tgf f``nrt wms fkphrhlmi hb bmturf. Qgf `ubamkfbtmis n pgyshlmi gyarninjy gyarninjy gma bnt yft offb wfii fstmoihsgfa fstmoihs gfa nr whafiy whafiy rflnjbhzfa. HHb b tgf fmriy yfmrs n tgf twfbthftg lfbtury tgf hbmafqumlhfs n kmby fmrihfr fkphrhlmi `nrkuim thnbs oflmkf wfii dbnwb. Ms m rfsuit, hbtfrfstfa jnvfrbkfbtmi mjfblhfs ofjmb t afvfinp afvfin p tgfhr nwb prnjrmks n gyar gyarnin ninjhl jhl rfsfmrlg. @r @rnk nk monut =8

(mlrf-`fft) H gr imtfr h` tgf mvfrmjf rmtfs n` hb`inw mba nut`inw aurhbj tgf gnur mrf :33 mba 063 l`s, rfspflthvfiy. =.8.

_mhb `miis mt mb mvfrm mvfrmjf jf hbtfbshty n` 3.1 hb.igr nvfr m 033-mlrf mrfm `nr < amys. (m) Aftfrkhbf tgf mvfrmjf mvfrmjf rmtf n` rmhb`mii hb luohl `fft pfr sflnba4 (o) aftfrkhbf tgf

 

  1

LGMSQF_ =

HBQ_NAVLQHNB

_F@F_FB F\ KlAmbhfis, is, ""Qgf Qgf Afvfinpkfbt n` tgf =. S. O Enbfs, J. A. Zmidfr, _. Z. Gmrafb, mba I I. KlAmbhf \lhfblf n` Gyarninjy," Lhrl. Bn. 03-3