Chapitre 03 Les Aciers

February 7, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Share Embed Donate


Short Description

Download Chapitre 03 Les Aciers...

Description

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

4

Kkf NDBDCVO

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs :.4. Bïioeotoce

Lfs djofrs scet bfs jckpcsïs bf ifr (If) ft bf jdrncef (% J < 4,=), 4,=), lf ifr ïtdet kdgcrotdorf. Ce pfut y dgcutfr bfs ïlïkfets b'dllodaf, fssfetofllfkfet pcur idvcrosfr ld trfkpf (rfircobossfkfet rdpobf pfrkfttdet b'cntfeor ue djofr trís bur) cu ld rïsostdejf è ld jcrrcsoce j crrcsoce (djofrs oecxybdnlfs). :.>. Idnrojdtoce L'djofr (% J < 4,=) fst cntfeu fe bïjdrnurdet ld icetf (% J ; > 7 2), ft ïlokoedet lf plus pcssonlf lf scuiirf ft lf pmcspmcrf tcut fe kcboiodet ld tfefur bfs dutrfs ïlïkfets (Zo, Ke). Lfs prcjïbïs prdtoqufs b'ïldnc b'ïldncrdtoce rdtoce bf l'djofr sce scett 7  

l'diioedaf loquobf, quo icureot ld qudso-tctdlotï bf l'djofr fkplcyï, lf kïtdl rfstdet loquobf è ld ioe bf l'cpïrdtoce,   l'diioedaf sclobf, quo bceef ue prcbuot è l'ïtdt pîtfux è ld ioe bf l'cpïrdtoce.

B'dprís ld jckpcsotoce jmokoquf, lfs djofrs scet bovosïs fe 7  

Djofr du jdrncef ece dlloïs Djofrs ece dlloïs b‟usdaf aïeïrdl (18% bfs djofrs)  djofrs)   Ols scet jdrdjtïrosïs pdr uef idonlf tfefur fe jdrncef, jf scet lfs plus utolosïs. Djofrs spïjodux, ece dlloïs (du jdrncef), bf typf J Bfstoeïs dux trdotfkfets tmfrkoqufs (trfkpf, jïkfetdtoce).

 

Djofrs dlloïs. Zo ce dgcutf plus bf 8,6 % b‟ïlïkfets b‟dllodaf è l‟djofr, ce pdrlf b‟djofr dlloï  Djofrs idonlfkfet dlloïs Xcur jfs djofrs, dujue ïlïkfet b‟dbbotoce ef bïpdssf 6%. Ols scet jmcosos jmdquf

icos qu‟uef mdutf rïsostdejf fst fxoaïf. Ols scet utolosïs fe l‟ïtdt cu dvfj trdotfkfet. Djofrs icrtfkfet dlloïs Ols scet bfstoeïs è bfs usdafs pdrtojulofrs (oecxybdnlf, rïirdjtdorf…). Xcur jfs djofrs, du kcoes ue ïlïkfet b‟dbbotoce bïpdssf ld tfefur bf 6%. Lfs prcproïtïs kïjdeoqufs bfs djofrs du jdrncef scet kcoebrfs quf lfs djofrs dlloïs (vcor tdnlfdu).

>

Kkf NDBDCVO

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

Vtolosdtoce 7 L'djofr fst trdesicrkï dprís sd prcbujtoce, fe ïlïkfets bf edturfs vdroïfs, ecus jotces • boiiïrfets prciolïs aïeïrdlfkfet utolosïs bdes ld jcestrujtoce kïtdlloquf, ld vcof ifrrïf, lfs pdlpldejmfs, ftj. • drkdturfs pcur nïtce drkï ft nïtce prïjcetrdoet 7 lossf, cebulï, lossf, cebulï, trfollos, ...ftj. :.:. Djofr bf jcestrujtoce

Lfs jcestrujtoces rfquoírfet tcugcurs uef jfrtdoef roaobotï ft uef jfrtdoef rïsostdejf, so nofe quf lfs djofrs bf jcestrujtoce scet kcoes bïicrkdnlfs ft bcovfet tcugcurs dvcor uef rïsostdejf koeokdlf. Ld rïsostdejf s‟cntofet pdr l‟dgcut b‟ïlïkfets b‟dllodaf. b‟dllod af. Lfs proejopdux burjossdet scet pdr crbrf b‟okpcrtdejf lf jdrncef, lf kdeadeísf, lf solojouk, ftj. Xlus ol y d b‟ïlïkfets b‟dllodaf, plus lf kdtïrodu fst bur. Lfs ïlïkfets b‟dllodaf cet ïadlfkfet uef ardebf oejobfejf sur ld jckpdtonolotï bf l‟djofr dv dvfj fj lf scubdaf ft ld adlvdeosdtoce, so nofe quf l‟ce ef pfut dgcutfr oebïioeokfet bfs ïlïkfets b‟dllodaf. Ld b‟dllodaf. Ld eudejf ld plus rïpdebuf fst lf Z>:6G^. :.:.4. Xroejopdlfs jdrdjtïrostoqufs pmysoqufs ft kïjdeoqufs   Ld ^fsostdejf è ld trdjtoce Zcukosf è uef trdjtoce suovdet sd sfjtoce, uef ndrrf fe djofr s‟dllceaf ueoicrkïkfet  gusqu‟è uef jfrtdoef jfrtdoef lokotf, dppflïf dppflïf  lokotf b‟ïldstojotï 0 b‟ïldstojotï 0 Bckdoef bf bïicrkdtoce bï icrkdtoce ïldstoquf 7 ld bïicrkdtoce fst rïvfrsonlf ft prcpcrtoceefllf è ld jmdraf 0 so ld jmdraf fst supprokïf, ld ndrrf b‟djofr rfprfeb sd bokfesoce oeotodlf (lco bf Mcc`f). Bckdoef bf bïicrkdtoce pldstoquf7 Du-bflè Dubflè bf ld lokotf l okotf b‟ïldstojotï b‟ïldstojotï,, l‟dllceafkfet bf ld ndrrf duakfetf duakfetf kçkf  kçkf so ld jmdraf ïvcluf pfu, puos pdssf pdr uef pmdsf bf b bïicrkdtoce ïicrkdtoce pldstoquf orrïvfrsonlf. Ld rupturf Dprís uef pmdsf b‟dllceafkfet, ld jmdraf bokoeuf jdr ld sfjtoce  sfjtoce   b‟djofr bokoeuf. Ol y d dlcrs rupturf bf ld ndrrf, ld bïicrkdtoce tctdlf fst dppflïf «

dllceafkfet è ld rupturf °

Jcurnf bf trdjtoce b‟ue djofr  :

Kkf NDBDCVO

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

^f 7 Ld lokotf b‟ïldstojotï b‟ue djofr fst ld jcetrdoetf (jmdraf ueotdorf) bïlokotdet lfs bckdoefs ïldstoqufs ft pldstoqufs. ^k 7 Ld rïsostdejf è ld trdjtoce rfprïsfetf lldd jcetrdoetf kdxokuk dbkossonlf pdr ue djofr. Du-bflè, ol y d rupturf. r upturf. D% 7 L‟ dllceafkfet L‟ dllceafkfet rfprïsfetf ld bïicrkdtoce rfldtovf kdxokdlf dbkossonlf b‟ue djofr dvdet rupturf.

Ld lokotf b‟ïldstojotï pcur ue djofr crboedorf fst bf >:6 Kpd (>:6 E/kk > ) cu bf :66 Kpd. :.:.>. Djofrs mdutfs lokotfs l okotfs ïldstoqufs (MLF)  Lfs djofrs MLF scet bfs djofrs è mdutf rïsostdejf cntfeuf pdr l‟dgcut b‟ïlïkfets bf kojrc-dllodaf (eocnouk, totdef, vdedbouk, ftj…) dioe bf koeokosfr l‟dgcut bf jdrncef, bf kdeadeísf,ftj. Ols prïsfetfet uef scubdnolotï supïrofurf.

Lfs djofrs MLF (pdr fxfkplf lf Z:66KJ) scet utolosïs pcur lfurs rïsostdejfs, bïicrkdnolotïs ft scubdnolotïs Ld lokotf b‟ïldstojotï b‟ïldstojotï   b‟ue  djofr è mdutf lokotf b‟ïldstojotï,  b‟ïldstojotï,  fst bf 298 Kpd è 9?8 Kpd (djofrs tmfrkckïjdeoqufs) tmfrkckïjdeoqufs).. :.2. Lfs djofrs bdes lf nïtce drkï 

Lfs ndrrfs b‟djofr scet tcugcurs fercnïfs bf nïtce ft e‟cet fetrf fllfs quf pfu bf jcetdjts. Lfs jmdrafs scet dpploquïfs du nïtce ft j‟fst lf nïtce quo trdeskft jfs jmdrafs dux djofrs.  

icrkf rcebf 7 Icrkf cptokdlf fst ld icrkf rcebf

 

jdr lcrs bf ld kosf fe Śuvrf, lf nïtce bcot pcuvcor rfkplor lf plus pcssonlf bf vclukf quo luo fst ciifrt. Jfttf jcebotoce fst plus idjolf è rfkplor qudeb ld sfjtoce fst plus rdkdssïf quf so l‟drkdturf prïsfetf bfs dealfs vois 0 vois  0   lcrsquf ld ndrrf fst ploïf, ld icrkf bf jfttf sfjtoce ef bcot pds tfllfkfet t fllfkfet jmdeafr 0 bïkcetrf quf l‟dbmïrfejf nïtce-djofr nïtce-djofr fst kfollfurf pcur lfs ndrrfs è sfjtoce   ce bïkcetrf rdkdssïf quf pcur lfs dutrfs.  

Bujtolotï 

J‟fst ue jdrdjtírf okpcrtdet bfs djofrs pcur l‟drkdturf, j‟fst sce jdrdjtírf è çtrf kdeodnlf (bïicrkdnlf) (bïicrkdnlf)..  

Lokotf b‟ïldstojotï bfs djofrs 

Lfs jcestrujtfurs jcestrujtfurs icet tcugcurs trdvdollfr lfs ndrrfs b‟djofr è ue tdux oeiïrofur cu ïadl è ld lokotf b‟ïldstojotï bf jft djofr. L‟dllceafkfet bdes lf sfes bf l‟fiicrt b‟uef ndrrf 2

Kkf NDBDCVO

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

trdesvfrsdlf  °. Fe jcesïqufejf s‟djjckpdaef tcugcurs b‟uef jcetrdjtoce trdesvfrsdlf  j cesïqufejf so ld lokotf lokot f ïldstoquf bf l‟djofr fst bïpdssïf, ld jcetrdjtoce trdesvfrsdlf fst trís okpcrtdetf ft l‟drkdturf e‟fst plus dbdptïf è sd adoef bf nïtce. Jf quo bokoeuf jcesobïrdnlfkfet l‟dbmïrfejf djofr-nïtce. djofr-nïtce. :.2.4 Rypfs b‟djofrs pcur lf nïtce drkï  drkï  

drkï 7 Tudtrf typfs b‟djofrs utolosïs pcur lf nïtce drkï 7  

Lfs rcebs lossfs   Lfs ndrrfs è mdutf dbmïrfejf   Lfs trfollos scubïs   Dutrfs d.  Lfs rcebs lossfs

Lfs bodkítrfs eckoedux scet lfs suovdets suovdets 7 6, 9, =, 48, 4>, 42, 49, >8, >6, :> ft 28 kk Jdrdjtïrostoqufs kïjdeoqufs Jfs djofrs scet cntfeus fe trcos (8:) eudejfs quo scet 7 If F >> 0 If F >2 0 If F :2 b‟ïldstojotï)  ( Lokotf b‟ïldstojotï) 

n.  Lfs ndrrfs è mdutfs dbmïrfejfs 

Ce d jmfrjmï j mfrjmï è duakfetfr lfs lokotfs b‟ïldstojotï bfs djofrs pcur rïdlosfr bfs ïjceckofs pcur lf prox. Kdoes bf ecknrfusfs rfjmfrjmfs rfjm frjmfs fiifjtuïfs sur sur lfs ndrrfs cet kcetrï quf so ce e‟dkïlocrf pds l‟dbmïrfejf bfs djofrs du nïtce, ce s‟fxpcsf è bf ardvfs oejcevïeofets 7 Ce bïkcetrf è prcpcs bf l‟ïtubf bf iossurdtoce bu nïtce quf ld ldrafur bf ld iossurf duakfetf dvfj ld jcetrdoetf bf l‟djofr kdos quf l‟dbmïrfejf bf l‟djofr du nïtce idot bokoeufr jfttf ldrafur bf iossurf. Ol idut quf lfs drkdturfs bf mdutfs eudejfs scofet dusso è mdutf dbmïrfejf.

6

Kkf NDBDCVO

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

Lfs ecknrfusfs rfjmfrjmfs fiifjtuïfs sur lfs ndrrfs cet jcebuot è ld jcejlusoce suovdetf 7 lfs l fs kfollfurfs icrkfs scet jfllfs bf jyloebrf pcrtdet pcrt det bfs efrvurfs trdesvfrsdlfs ecrkdlfs è l‟dxf cu oejloeï sur luo ft bf sdollof sd ollof rfldtovfkfet idonlf. Djtufllfkfet lfs djofrs è mdutf eudejf jckprfeefet bfux (8>) jldssfs 7  

djofrs jrïeflïs   djofrs ïjrcuos 7 djofrs tcrs (lfs plus prïsfets sur lf kdrjmï) bf efrvurfs lceaotuboedlfs bodkïtrdlfkfet cppcsï quo dprís ldkoedaf ïtdofet pdrdllílfs pdr dllílfs è l‟dxf fesuotf dprís tcrsoce scet trdesicrkïs fe mïlojf jorjuldorf.

Jdrdjtïrostoqufs kïjdeoqufs kïjdeoqufs bf l‟djofr l‟djofr 0  0 Ol y d qudtrf (82) eudejfs 7  

MD If F 28 D   MD If F 28 N   MD If F 26   MD If F 68 j.  Lfs trfollos scubïs  J‟fst ue arolldaf bf iol b‟djofr sf jrcosdet pfrpfebojuldorfkfet è l‟oetfrvdllf rïaulofr.   Jf scet bfs drkdturfs utolosïfs bdes lfs bdllfs, bdes lfs kurs prïidnroquïs, ftj. lfs bodkítrfs eckoedux scet 7 : ‚ :,6 ‚ 2 ‚ 6 ‚ 9 ‚ 1 ‚ = ‚ ? ‚ 48 ‚ 4>

Rrfollos scubï fe ifr MD 

Rrfollos scubï fe ifr lossf 

9

Kkf NDBDCVO

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

:.2.>. Jdrdjtírfs tfjmeclcaoqufs bfs djofrs d. Jdrdjtírfs b‟dbmïrfejf  L‟dptotubf b‟uef drkdturf è rfstfr sclobdorf bu nïtce quo l‟fercnf fst jdrdjtïrosïf pdr bfux (8>) jcfiiojofets sdes bokfesoce 7  

jcfiiojofet bf iossurdtoce

ƕ 0

Jfjo oetfrvofet bdes lfs jdljuls rfldtois è ld

iossurdtoce ft quo prfeefet lfs vdlfurs vdl furs suovdetfs 7

 

jcfiiojofet bf sjfllfkfet

έ  s 0

Jfjo oetfrvofet bdes lfs jdljuls rfldtois dux dejrdafs.

n. Dptotubf du idáceedaf ft du scubdaf L‟dptotubf du idáceedaf fst bïtfrkoeïf pdr lfs fssdos bf plodaf cu bf plodaf suovo bf bïplodaf. Jfs fssdos pfrkfttfet bf bïtfrkoefr lf rdyce koeokdl bu kdebroe (bf joetrdaf) sur lfqufl lfs ndrrfs pfuvfet çtrf joetrïfs so eïjfssdorf.

Rcus lfs djofrs pcurrdofet çtrf scubïs è jcebotoce b‟y kfttrf lf tfkps, lfs kcyfes ft lf prox. :.6. Xdtmclcaof- jcrrcsoce- ft boiiïrfetfs kïtmcbfs bf prctfjtoce bfs djofrs

Ld jcrrcsoce kïtdlloquf fst ue pmïeckíef b'dttdquf prcarfssovf bf ld kdtoírf pldjïf bdes ue kolofu idvcrdnlf è jfttf dttdquf. Ld jcrrcsoce pfut dppdrdåtrf scus qudtrf icrkfs7 

d.  Jcrrcsoce ueoicrkf. Zf prcbuot pdr dttdquf è pfu prís ueoicrkf dkoejossdet lf kïtdl sur tcutf sce ïtfebuf. Jfjo jcrrfspceb è l'dttdquf bfs kïtdux ifrrfux pdr ld l d rcuollf.  n.  Jcrrcsoce lcjdlosïf   Fe ue jfrtdoe ecknrf bf pldafs quo vcet fe s'ïtdldet ft fe sf jrfusdet dvfj cu sdes djjrcossfkfet bu ecknrf bfs pcoets b'dttdquf

1

Kkf NDBDCVO

 

Jmdpotrf 8: 7 Lfs djofrs

KBJ

4 írf deeïf

j.  Jcrrcsoce pdr poqðrfs ioefs   Tuo vcet fe s'dpprcicebossdet ft fe sf kultoplodet fe jfrtdoefs pdrtofs b'uef poíjf kïtdlloquf.  Jcrrcsoce bdeafrfusf pdr poqðrf Dafets darfss darfssois ois (jmlcrur (jmlcrurfs) fs)

b.  Jcrrcsoce iossurdetf  

Jcrrcsoce quo jmfkoef bdes tcus lfs sfes ft bïtruot tcutf rïsostdejf, fllf jrcåt sdes dltïrdtoce sfesonlf bu pcobs bf ld poíjf. :.6.4. ^ïsostdejf b'ue kïtdl è ld jcrrcsoce Ld rïsostdejf b'ue kïtdl è ld jcrrcsoce bcot çtrf fxdkoeïf fe icejtoce bf l'dknodejf bdes ldqufllf ol sf trcuvf pldjï fe sfrvojf 7   dor sfj cu mukobf ft jmdub.   nrcuolldrb bdes lfs rïaoces è jlokdt kdrotokf    dor pclluï ft djobfs bfs vollfs oebustrofllfs    dor sdloe, fdu bcujf, fdux oebustrofllfs, tfkpïrdturfs ïlfvïfs, ...ftj. 

Fe fiift, fe kolofu mukobf ft sdes dujue dppcrt jmokoquf, lfs adz JC >cu C >bf l‟dor scet ecjois è l‟djofr 7  7   

Lf prfkofr scus icrkf b‟djobf jdrnceoquf « JC °, bïpdssovf l‟djofr. l‟djofr.     Lf sfjceb fetrftofet ue jcurdet bf kojrc polf fetrf zcefs bf ld poíjf bf kïtdl è bfs pctfetofls boiiïrfets. Ol sf icrkf bfs jdtmcbfs ft bfs decbfs0 lfs dtckfs bf ifr pdssfet lfetfkfet bf l‟decbf è ld jdtmcbf, vïmojulïs pdr l‟fdu ft l‟cxyaíef scus icrkf b‟mybrcxybfs, tdebos quf ld ndrrf b‟djofr jcestotuf lf jcebujtfur fxtïrofur bf ld polf. L‟dttdquf fst doeso jcetoeuf jcetoeuf bdes lfs zcefs decboqufs, tdebos quf ld rcuollf sf bïpcsf bdes lfs zcefs jdtmcboqufs ft rofe ef pfut drrçtfr lf pmïeckíef tdet quf s‟fetrftofet ld prïsfejf b‟C>ft b‟M>C

:.6.>. Kïtmcbfs bf prctfjtoce bfs djofrs Xcur luttfr jcetrf ld jcrrcsoce kïtdlloquf, ce fkplcof bfs febuots, oscldets ld suridjf bu kïtdl bf l'dor cu bu kolofu dknodet 7 -  prcjïbïs jmokoqufs. -  pfoeturfs ft vfreos … 

Jfs rfvçtfkfets bcovfet prïsfetfr 7 -  Vef dbmïrfejf sdes bosjcetoeuotïs eo iossurfs. -  Vef okpfrkïdnolotï du kolofu jcrrcbdet. -  Vef burftï ft uef rïsostdejf dux bïtïrocrdtoces kïjdeoqufs. Bdes lf jds bu nïtce drkï ol fst jcesfollï b‟d b‟dpploqufr pploqufr lfs oemonotfurs bf jcrrcsoce bdes cu sur lf nïtce =

Kkf NDBDCVO

View more...

Comments

Copyright ©2017 KUPDF Inc.
SUPPORT KUPDF