CHAP 15-The Continuing Resistance.docx

CHAPTER 15: The Continuing Resistance (1901-1913)  The capture of Emilio Aguinaldo marked the end of the FilipinoAmerican war as far as as the Filipino elites and the Americans were concerned.  Filipino masses continued the resistance. Three sector perspectives of resistance: 1. Christian 2. Muslim 3. Tribal The Katipunan Inertia - despite the Aguinaldo capture,the remaining leaders and other army officers continued the war in their respective areas. Sakay attempted to put up his own Tagalog Republic with its own constitution. He kept alive the struggles for independence even after he saw the lost of the Aguinaldo war against imperialism. Sakay was eventually persuaded to yield but the masses who had looked up for the continuing resistance  General Miguel Malvar(Batangas)  General Vicente Lukban(Samar)  Macario Sakay - tried to put up his own “Tagalog Republic.”  Dominador Gomez - persuaded Sakay to surrender In Luzon, 1905 - disturbances were reported in Cavite and Batangas. The leaders of the uprisings were former officers of the Revolutionary army who were respected by the people. By 1907, a strong mass movement led by Salvador Felipe cause

to be popular as the Santa Iglesia movement. The policy of rapid Filipinization initiated by Governor General Francis Burton Harrison in 1913 contributed elite's successful campaign to win the Filipino masses encouraged by the American government. 1907 - Strong mass movement led by Salvador Felipe (‘Apo Ipe’) - Santa Iglesia movement (which means crusade of the “Holy Church”) 1910 - weakening movement in Nueva Ecija led by Simeon Mandac In Bicol. 1902 - Bicol Peninsula and the Visayas resistance showed a radical shift from the elite to the masses Simeon Ola (Guinobatan, Albay) - led the resistance in Bicol - has been suggested as the last Filipino general to surrender (on September 25, 1903) in place of Malvar. - Together with the “insurrectos” (rebels) Col. Harry Bandholtz - noticed Ola’s significant role in the American resistance in Bicol but regarded Ola as a notorious ladron. Reconcentration system (MarchOctober 1903) - Food and accommodation are inadequate and deplorable. - 300,000 casualties Governor Luke Wright and Dr. Pardo de Tavera - went to Albay to persuade the people to surrender Ola. September 22, 1903 - Col. Bandholtz signed agreement with Ola promising the latter immunity and “other things.” Later, the Americans denied promising Ola anything.

Late October - Ola surrendered joined by about 500600 followers. Ola turned state witness against those who joined him  Several followers were freed. Some were sentenced under Vagrancy Law, others under the Sedition Law. More serious cases were disposed of under Brigandage Act which carried death penalty.  Ola was given 30 years in prison for turning state witness In Visayas. 1902 - The inertia of the revolutionary struggle did not end w/ Lucban’s capitalization. They created the popular image of liberators and benefactors of the oppressed and the poor. Brig. General Willians II. Carter reported 1905 that a large proportion of the people had abandoned their homes and fields to join the bands. June 10, 1904 an accident took place and has known as the “Tauiran affairs” This was followed by “ Cantaguic affair”. The disturbances in Samar were followed by similar outbreaks in Negros in 1905. Then Puluhan movement appeared. Pulahanes - name given to the insurrectos (because of the red garments and because they leave a certain place that is on fire.) In Samar “Tauiran Affair” - One of the serious incident - July 10, 1904, in the village of Tauiran, town of Gandara

-100 houses were burned and 21 people killed. “Cantaguic Affair” - led by Juliano Caducoy - the police lieutenant and others were killed. - after the killing, they went to the town hall where the teniente was seized and the American flag was put around his head. Kerosene was poured on him and he was taken into the town square. They burned the flag and the teniente. Caducoy warned the people that that same fate awaits those who served the flag. Then they cut off the teniente’s lips, burned the barrio and took away 50 captives.  Several towns had the same fate as Tauiran and Cantaguic. Vice Governor Henry C. Ide - became Acting Governor-General on Nov. 4, 1905, he ordered Governor Curry of Samar to solve the problem. By 1906 - situation has not been changed and thousands of people joined the pulahan movement.  Curry and the pulahanes reached an agreement which the latter were to surrender on March 24, 1906. Instead of surrender 30 pulahanes under Nasario Aguilar attacked the garrison. In Leyte, the disturbance began in June 1906 Governor Jaime de Veyra - “most obnoxious Anti-Americans” In Mindanao. 1903 - Seven American woman of the town were able to avoid being killed when they were gathered by Luther S. Kelly, the provincial treasurer, a government stone house. Theodore Roosevelt commended Kelly for his heroic death.

Another violent affair was reported in Misamis (May 1903). March 23, 1903 - Howard Taft reported that a group of “outlaws” entered the town of Surigao and attacked the Constabulary under Capt. Clark. The captain was killed and the attackers. Misamis (May 1903) - the resistance is unlike in Surigao because real insurrectos were part of the resistance. The Muslim Struggle Sporadic clashes between Muslim & American troops started in Moroland. Bates treaty (August 20, 1899). Moro Problem.1903 - Moro Province was announced. 1904 - Inauguration of Moro province w/ Gen. Leonardo Wood. A. The Lanao Resistance (1902 – 1912) - June 1907, military contingents engaged Ampuans and his band at didaganan. B. The Sulu resistance (1899 – 1913) 1. The Bates treaty - After the session of the Philippines by Spain to the United States. Sulu Muslims remained unreconciled to colonial race. 2. Panglima Hasran - Hassan was captured by Col. Hughes Slott. Hassan deceived Scott into stopping at one of Hassan’s hideout. Hassan escaped and chided attempts. Hassan killed by 26 bullet wounds. 3. Bud Dajo, 1906 - Was formidable a strict Gov. Leonard Wood, who was dealing personally with problem, admitted at the campaign was

difficult because of the natural difficulties Col. Hugh W. Scott and Captain John Watt were ordered to proceed to Sulu w/ men. 4. Jikiri, 1907 - A motive of Jolo, began his practical attacks on trading vessels or villages early in the American period. 5. Bud Bagsak, 1913 - Began the process for another uprising when Panglima Indanan was arrested and disarmed, together w/ his sons and aids. The Cotabato Resistance(1903-1912) 1. Datu Ali (1903) * Datu Ali, successor to Datu Utu`s mantle and son-in-law of Datu Piang, began to defy American offer of peace and persuade the Maranaos to join the anti-colonial movement. * The use of Sabalihas to harass the American during the day while Ali`s warriors attacked American troop encampments in the evening. 2. Datu Alamad 1912 – Datu Alamada and 300 men rose in rebellion. 2 plans : 1st was to infiltrate Alamada`s group and kill him, 2nd for Datu Piang and him to persuade Alamda to surrender and then liquidate Alamada`s band. Highlander’s Reaction a. Back to tradition In Mindanao, Manobos joined the Muslim, in Luzon Igorot represented reaction.

b. The Subanum Affair, 1909 Nov. 20 – Deputy Torot reported being stopped by about 30 men and was taken to their two headers. Literature of Resistance  Tagalog writers expressed resistance through zarzuela and drama. Zarzuela - Spanish comic operetta. Juan Abad - wrote the play Tinakalang Ginto. - Because of this, he was punished by the court for sedition and sentenced to two years imprisonment and $2,000 fine. - continued to write seditious plays including Isang Punlo ng Kaaway. Aurelio Tolentino - Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas. - Nationalistic play that indicted American rule and indicted the outbreak of violent Filipino resistance to further American intrusion. - was translated to Bikol and Pampango. - the play was shown in various theatres in the country, especially in Manila,

hence getting the attention of attention of American authorities. - In 1905, he was arrested and tried for sedition and was given maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Although it was reduced to 15, and then 8, and in 1912, he was pardoned by Governor William C. Forbes. Newsmen and Journalists were also active in articulating the value of independence.  Jaime C. De Veyra of Leyte  Sergio Osmeña of Cebu  Rafael Palma of Manila El Nuevo Dia - founded by Osmeña - known for its nationalistic fervor. - De Veyra and Palma were regular contributors. El Renaimiento - founded by Palma - exposed American anomalies and abuses in the government. - most famous cases was that of Interior Secretary Dean C. Worcester summed up in libellous editorial entitled “Aves de Rapiña”(Birds of Prey)