ch06 Lecture PPT A

 

Xbbfby‟s BXXBC^OGFX LJ

Gcgtl dy & Ymysolfl`y ^bctm Bnot Bnotolc olc Hoccgdlc Zgcputtb gcputt b Kbccojbr Ub`gc Gcnrbw Uussl Xbb sbpgrgtb YlwbrYloct sfonbs jlr gff jo`urbs gcn tgefbs prb-ocsbrtbn octl YlwbrYloct wotmlut cltbs.

 

© 597? Dh@rgw-M Dh@rgw-Moff off Bnuhgtolc. Bnuhgtolc. Gff ro ro mts rbsbrvbn. rbsbrvbn. Gutmlrozbn Gutmlrozbn lcf jlr ocstruhtlr ocstruhtlr usb oc tmb hfgssrlld. hfgssrlld. Cl rb rlnuhtolc lr jurtmbr nostroeutol nostroeutolc c brdottbn wotmlut tmb rolr wrottbc wrottbc hlcsbct hlcsbct lj Dh@rgw-Moff Dh@rgw-Moff Bnuhgtolc. Bnuhgtolc.

5

Hmgptbr :

Xabfbtgf Xystbd;Elcbs gcn Klocts Fbhturb Lutfocb

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Hldplcbcts lj Xabfbtgf Xystbd Elcbs Hgrtofg`bs ^bcnlcs Fo`gdbcts

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Elcbs lj tmb Xabfbtgf Xystbd

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Xabfbtgf Xystbd Juchtolcs 7. Xupplrt 5. Yrltbht 8. Dlvbdbct >. Xtlrg`b 2. Efll Eflln n hbff hbff pr prlnuh lnuhto tolc lc

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Bxtrghbffufgr Dgtrox

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Elcb, hgrtofg`b, tbcnlcs, gcn fo`gdbcts lj tmb sabfbtgf systbd grb gff hlccbhtovb tossubs. ^mbor hmgrghtbrostohs grb fgr`bfy nbtbrdocbn ey tmb hldplsotolc lj tmbor bxtrghbffufgr dgtrox. ^mb dgtrox gfwgys gfwgys hlctgocs hlffg`bc, `rlucn suestgchb, gcn ltmbr lr`gcoh dlfbhufbs, gs wbff gs wgtbr gcn docbrgfs.

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Bxtrghbffufgr Dgtrox

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Hlffg`bc os g tlu`m, rlpbfoab prltboc. Yrltbl`fyhgcs grb fgr`b dlfbhufbs hlcsostoc` lj dgcy plfysghhmgronbs gttghmoc` tl gcn bchorhfoc` hlrb prltbocs. ^mb prltbl`fyhgcs jlrd fgr`b g``rb`gtbs gcn gttrght wgtbr. ^mb bxtrghbffufgr dgtrox lj tbcnlcs gcn fo`gdbcts hlctgocs fgr`b gdlucts lj hlffg`bc joebrs, dgaoc` tmbsb struhturbs vbry tlu`m, foab rlpbs lr hgefbs.

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Hgrtofg`b Bxtrghbffufgr Dgtrox ^mb bxtrghbffufgr dgtrox lj hgrtofg`b hlctgocs hlffg`bc gcn prltbl`fy prltbl`fyhgcs. hgcs. Hlffg`bc dgabs hgrtofg`b tlu`m, wmbrbgs tmb wgtbr-joffbn prltbl`fyhgcs prltbl`fyhgcs dgab dgab ot sdlltm gcn gc n rbsofobct. Gs g rbsuft, hgrtofg`b os rbfgtovbfy ro`on, eut ot sproc`s egha tl ots lro`ocgf smgpb gjtbr eboc` ebct lr sfo`mtfy hldprbssbn. Ot os gc bxhbffbct smlha geslrebr.

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Elcb Bxtrghbffufgr Dgtrox ^mb bxtrghbffufgr dgtrox lj elcb hlctgocs hlffg`bc gcn docbrgfs, ochfunoc` hgfhoud gcn pmlspmgtb. ^mb rlpbfoab hlffg`bc joebrs fbcn jfbxoefb strbc`tm tl tmb elcb. ^mb docbrgf hldplcbct `ovbs elcb hldprbssolc (wbo`mt-ebgroc`) strbc` strbc`tm. tm. Dlst lj tmb docbrgf oc elcb os oc tmb jlrd lj hgfhoud pmlspmgtb hrystgfs hgffbn mynrlxygpgtotb.

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Xmgpb Hfgssojohgtolc lj Elcbs

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^mbrb grb jlur jlur elcb smgpb smgp b hfgssojohgtolcs; flc`, smlrt, jfgt, gcn orrb`ufgr. Flc` elcbs grb flc`br tmgc tmby grb wonb1 bxgdpfbs bx gdpfbs grb uppbr gcn flwbr fode elcbs. Xmlrt elcbs grb gpprlxodgtbfy gpprlxodgtbfy gs wonb w onb gs tmby

grb flc`1 bxgdpfbs bxgdpfbs grb tmb elcbs lj tmb wrost gcn gcafb.

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Xmgpb Hfgssojohgtolc lj Elcbs

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Jfgt elcbs mgvb g rbfgtovbfy tmoc, jfgttbcbn smgpb1 bxgdpfbs bx gdpfbs grb elcbs lj tmb sauff s auff gcn stbrcud. Orrb`ufgr elcbs ochfunb tmb vbrtbergb vbrtbergb gcn jghogf elcbs, wmohm mgvb smgpbs tmgt nl clt jot rbgnofy octl tmb ltmbr tmrbb hgt hgtb`lrobs. b`lrobs.

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Flc` Elcb Xtruhturbs

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Nogpmysos; Xmgjt hldpght elcb tossub (lc lutsonb) Bpopmysos; bcns splc`y elcb tossub Grtohufgr hgrtofg`b; hgrtofg`b; hlvbrs bpopmysbs rbnuhbs jrohtolc

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Flc` Elcb Xtruhturbs

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Bpopmysbgf pfgtb; sotb lj `rlwtm ebtwbbc nogpmysos gcn bpopmysos Dbnuffgry hgvoty; hbctbr lj nogpmysos rbn lr ybfflw dgrrlw Jo`urb :.5e

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7>

Flc` Elcb Xtruhturbs

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Ybrolstbud; dbdergcb grlucn elcb‟s lutbr

surjghb Bcnlstbud; dbdergcb tmgt focbs dbnuffgry hgvoty Jo`urb :.5g

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Xtruhturb lj Flc` Elcb

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Elcb Dgrrlw

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Elcbs hlctgoc hgvotobs, suhm gs tmb fgr`b dbnuffgry hgvoty oc tmb nogpmy nogp mysos, sos, gs wbff gs sdgffbr hgvotobs oc tmb bpopmysbs lj flc` elcbs gcn oc tmb octbrolr lj ltmbr elcbs. ^mbsb spghbs grb joffbn wotm sljt tossub hgffbn dgrrlw. Ubn dgrrlw os tmb flhgtolc lj eflln jlrdoc` hbffs. _bfflw dg dgrr rrlw lw os dls dlstfy tfy jg jgt.

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Elcb Dgrrlw

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Oc cbwelrcs dlst elcbs mgvb eflln dgaoc` rbn elcb dgrrlw. dgrrlw. Oc dgrrlw oc tmb nogpmysos os rbpfghbn eygnufts ybfflwrbn elcb dgrrlw. Oc gnufts dlst rbn elcb dgrrlw os oc tmb jfgt elcbs gcn tmb flc` elcbs lj tmb jbdur gcn mudbrus.

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Hldpght Elcb ^ossub ^ossub

7

Flhgtolc; lutbr pgrt lj nogpmysos (flc` elcbs) gcn tmoccbr surjghbs lj ltmbr elcbs Lstblc; struhturgf ucot lj hldpght elcb ochfunbs fgdbffg, fghucgb, hgcgfohufus, hbctrgf hgcgf, lstblhytbs Fgdbffg; roc`s lj elcb dgtrox

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Hldpght Elcb ^ossub ^ossub

5

Fghucgb; spghbs ebtwbbc fgdbffg Hgcgfohufus; tocy hgcgfs trgcsplrt cutrobcts gcn rbdlvb wgstb Hbctrgf hgcgf; hbctbr lj lstblc hlctgocs eflln vbssbfs

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Xtruhturb lj Elcb ^ossub

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(g) ©^rbct Xtbpmbcs

 

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Xplc`y (Hgchbfflus) Elcb ^ossub Xplc`y elcb •

•

•

Ot os flhgtbn gt tmb bpopmysbs lj flc` elcbs gcn hbctbr lj ltmbr elcbs. Ot mgs trgebhufgb, wmohm grb octbrhlccbhtoc` octbrhlccbhtoc` rlns, gcn spghbs tmgt hlctgoc dgrrlw. Ot mgs cl lstblcs.

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Xplc`y Elcb ^ossub ^ossub

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Elcb Hbffs Lstblefgsts; rbsplcsoefb jlr tmb jlrdgtolc lj Lstblefgsts; elcb gcn tmb rbpgor gcn rbdlnbfoc` lj elcb. Lstblhytbs; Lstblhyt bs;lstblefgst hbffs tmgt dgoctgoc dgocelcb tgoc elcb dgtrox dgmgs trox gcn jlrd jrld lstblefgs t gjtbr dgtrox surrlucnbn ot. Lstblhfgsts; hlctroeutb tl elcb rbpgor Lstblhfgsts; rbpgor gcn rbdlnbfoc` ey rbdlvoc` bxostoc` elcb, hgffbn elcb rbgeslrptolc.

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5>

Elcb Jlrdgtolc Lssojohgtolc os tmb jlrdgtolc lj elcb ey lstblefgsts. Elcb tmgt wotmoc hlccbhtovb tossubjlrdgtolc dbdergcbs os lhhurs hgffbn octrgdbdergclus lssojohgtolc. Elcb jlrdgtolc tmgt lhhurs ocsonb mygfocb mygfocb hgrtofg`b os hgffbn bcnlhmlcnr bcnlhmlcnrgf gf lssojohgtolc. Eltm typbs lj elcb jlrdgtolc rbsuft oc hldpght gcn splc`y elcb.

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Octrgdbdergclus Lssojohgtolc

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Octrgdbdergclus lssojohgtolc lhhurs wmbc Octrgdbdergclus lstblefgsts lstblefgs ts eb`oc tl prlnuhb elcb wotmoc hlccbhtovb tossub. ^mos lhhurs prodgrofy oc tmb elcbs lj tmb sauff. Lstblefgsts Lstblefgs ts focb up lc tmb surjghb lj hlccbhtovb tossub joebrs gcn eb`oc nbplsotoc` elcb dgtrox tl jlrd trgebhufgb.

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5:

Octrgdbdergclus Lssojohgtolc

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^mb prlhbss eb`ocs oc grbgs hgffbn lssojohgtolc rgnogtb lut jrld tmb hbctbrs gcn tmb trgebhufgb rgnogtb hbctbrs. Rsugffy, twl lr dlrb lssojohgtolc hbctbrs bxost oc bghm jfgt sauff elcb gcn dgturb sauff elcbs rbsuft jrld jusolc lj tmbsb tm bsb hbctbrs hbctbrs gs tmby t mby bcfgr`b. ^mb trgebhufgb grb hlcstgctfy rbdlnbfbn gcn tmby dgy bcfgr`b lr eb rbpfghbn ey hldpght elcb.

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Elcb Jlrdgtolc oc tmb Jbtus

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Bcnlhmlcnrgf Lssojohgtolc Bcnlhmlcnrgf elcb jlrdgtolc os elcb jlrdgtolc jlrdgtolc wotmoc g hgrtofg`b dlnbf. ^mb hgrtofg`b dlnbf os rbpfghbn ey elcb. Ocotogffy jlrdbn os g prodgry lssojohgtolc hbctbr hbctbr, wmohm os elcb jlrdgtolc oc tmb nogpmysos lj g flc` elcb. G sbhlcngry lssojohgtolc hbctbr os elcb jlrdgtolc jlrdg tolc oc tmb bpopmysos.

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5?

Xtbps oc Bcnlhmlcnrgf Lssojohgtolc 7. Hmlcnr Hmlcnrlef lefgs gsts ts euofn euofn g hgrtof hgrtofg`b g`b dlnbf, dlnbf, tmb tmb hmlcnrlefgsts ebhldb hmlcnrlhytbs. 5. Hgrtof Hgrtofg`b g`b dlnb dlnbff hg hgfho fhojob jobss (mgr (mgrnbcs). nbcs). 8. Lstblefgs Lstblefgsts ts ocv ocvgnb gnb hgfhojobn hgfhojobn hgrtofg`b hgrtofg`b gcn g prodgry lssojohgtolc hbctbr jlrds jlrds nogpmysos. >. Xbhlcngry Xbhlcngry lssojohgt lssojohgtolc olc hhbct bctbr brss jjlrd lrd bpopmysos. bpopmysos. 2. Lro`ocg Lro`ocgff hgrtof hgrtofg`b g`b dlnbf dlnbf os gfdls gfdlstt hldpfbt hldpfbtbfy bfy lssojobn gcn rbdgococ` hgrtofg`b os grtohufgr

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Bcnlhmlcnrgf Lssojohgtolc lj g Flc` Elcb

89

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Elcb @rlwtm oc Pontm Elcb `rlwtm lhhurs ey tmb nbplsotolc lj cbw elcb fgdbffgb lctl bxostoc` elcb lr ltmbr hlccbhtovb tossub. Gs lstblefgsts nbplsot cbw elcb dgtrox lc tmb surjghb lj elcbs ebtwbbc tmb pbrolstbud gcn tmb bxostoc` elcb dgtrox, tmb elcb ochrbgsbs oc wontm,, lr nogdbtbr. wontm nogdbtbr. ^mos prlhbss os hgffbn gpplsotolcgf `rlwtm.

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85

Elcb @rlwtm oc Fbc`tm

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@rlwtm oc tmb fbc`tm lj g elcb, wmohm os tmb dgklr slurhb lj ochrbgsbn mbo`mt oc gc ocnovonugf, lhhurs oc tmb tm b bpopmysbgf pfgtb. ^mos typb lj elcb `rlwtm lhhurs tmrl tmrlu`m u`m bcnlhmlcnrgf lssojohgtolc. Hmlcnrlhytbs ochrbgsb oc cudebr lc tmb bpopmysbgf sonb lj tmb bpopmysbgf pfgtb.

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88

Elcb @rlwtm oc Fbc`tm

5

^mbc tmb hmlcnrlhytbs bcfgr`b gcn nob. ^mb hgrtofg`b dgtrox ebhldbs hgfhojobn. Duhm lj tmb hgrtofg`b tmgt jlrds grlucn tmb bcfgr`bn hbffs os rbdlvbn ey lstblhfgsts, gcn tmb nyoc` hmlcnrlhytbs hm lcnrlhytbs grb rbpfghbn ey lstblefgsts.

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8>

Elcb @rlwtm oc Fbc`tm

8

^mb lstblefgsts stgrt jlrdoc` jlrdoc` elcb ey nbplsotoc` elcb fgdbffgb lc tmb surjghb lj tmb hgfhojobn hgrtofg`b. ^mos prlhbss prlnuhbs elcb lc tmb nogpmy nogp mysbgf sbgf sonb lj tmb bpopmysbgf pfgtb.

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Bcnlhmlcnrgf Elcb @rlwtm

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8:

Elcb Ubdlnbfoc` Elcb rbdlnbfoc` ocvlfvbs; ocvlfvbs; •

•

rbdlvgf lj bxostoc` bxostoc` elcb ey lstblhfgsts gcn nbplsotolc lj cbw elcb ey lstblefgsts

•

lhhurs oc gff elcbs

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rbsplcsoefb jlr hmgc`bs oc elcb smgpb, elcb

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rbpgor,, gnkustdbct lj elcb tl strbss, gcn rbpgor

•

hgfhoud olc rb`ufgtolc

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Elcb Ubpgor  7

7. Erla Erlabc bc elcb elcb hgusbs hgusbs efbb efbbnoc` noc` gcn gcn g eflln eflln hflt jlrds. 5. Hgffus Hgf fus jlrds jlrds wmohm wmohm os g joerlus joerlus c cbtw btwlra lra ebtwbbc 5 jrg`dbcts. 8. Hgrtofg`b Hgrtofg`b dlnbf dlnbf jlrds jorst jorst tmbc, tmbc, lstblefgs lstblefgsts ts bctbr tmb hgffus gcn jlrd hgchbfflus elcb tmos hlctocubs jlr >-: wbbas gjtbr ockury. >. Hgchbf Hgchbfflu fluss elcb os os sflw sflwfy fy rbdl rbdlnbf nbfbn bn tl tl jlrd jlrd hldpght gcn hgchbfflus elcb.

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8=

Elcb Ubpgor  5

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(g) (tlp gcn elttld) ©Gcnrbw J. Uussl

 

8?

Elcb gcn Hgfhoud Mldblstgsos Elcb os g dgklr stlr stlrg`b g`b sotb jlr hgfhoud Dlvbdbct lj hgfhoud oc gcn lut lj elcb mbfps nbtbrdocb eflln fbvbfs lj hgfhoud Hgfhoud dlvbs octl elcb gs lstblefgsts euofn cbw elcb Hgfhoud dlvb lut lj elcb gs lstblhfgsts erbga nlwc elcb Hgfhoud mldblstgsos os dgoctgocbn ey pgrgtmyrlon pgrgtm yrlon mlrdlcb (Y^M) gcn hgfhotlcoc

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>9

Hgfhoud Mldblstgsos

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>7

Gcgtldohgf Elcb Gcgtldoh gf ^brds Jlrgdbc; •

mlfb

•

Bxgdpfb Bx gdpfb - jlr jlrgdbc gdbc dg`cud

Jlssg; •

nbprbssolc

•

Bxgd Bx gdpf pfb b - `f `fbc bclo lon n jjls lssg sg

Yrlhbss; •

prlkbhtolc

7

•

Bxgd Bx gdpf pfb b - dg dgst stlon lon pr prlh lhbss bss

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>5

Gcgtldohgf Elcb Gcgtldoh gf ^brds Hlcnyfb; •

sdlltm, rlucnbn bcn

•

Bxgdpfb Bx gdpfb - lhhopot lhhopotgf gf hlcny hlcnyfb fb

Dbgtus; •

hgcgf-foab pgssg`bwgy

•

Bxgdpfb Bx gdpfb - bxt bxtbrcgf brcgf gunot gunotlry lry dbg dbgtus tus

^uebrhfb; •

fudp lj elcb

5

•

Bxgdpfb Bx gdpfb - `rbg `rbgtbr tbr tuebr tuebrhfb hfb

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>8

 Gxogf Xab Xabfbtlc fbtlc

7

^mb gxogf sabfbtlc sabfbtlc os hldplsbn lj tmb sauff, ttmb mb vbrtbergf vbrtber gf hlfudc, gcn tmb tm b tmlrghoh hg`b. ^mb sauff mgs 55 elcbs novonbn octl tmlsb lj tmb ergochgsb gcn tmlsb lj tmb jghb. ^mb ergochgsb, wmohm bchflsbs tmb hrgcogf hgvoty, hlcsosts lj = elcbs tmgt oddbnogtbfy surrlucn gcn prltbht tmb ergoc. ^mb elcy struhturb lj tmb jghb mgs 7> jghogf elcbs.

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>>

 Gxogf Xab Xabfbtlc fbtlc

5

^mortbbc lj tmb jghogf elcbs grb rgtmbr slfonfy hlccbhtbn tl jlrd jlrd tmb eufa lj tmb jghb. ^mb dgcnoefb, mlwbvbr, jlrds g jrbbfy dlvgefb  kloct wotm tmb rbst lj tmb sauff. ^mbrb grb gfsl tmrbb gunotlry gunotlry lssohfbs oc bghm donnfb bgr (sox tltgf).

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>2

Hrgcogf Elcbs

7

Jrlctgf elcb •

Gctbrolr pgrt lj hrgcoud

Ygrobtgf elcbs •

Xonbs gcn rllj lj hrgcoud

Lhhopotgf elcbs •

Ylstbrolr plrtolc gcn jfllr lj hrgcoud

^bdplrgf elcbs •

•

Ocjbrolr tl pgrobtgf elcbs lc bghm sonb lj tmb hrgcoud ^bdplrldgcnoeufgr kloct

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>:

Hrgcogf Elcbs

5

Xpmbclon elcb •

•

Jlrds pgrt lj hrgcoud jfllr, fgtbrgf plstbrolr plrtolcs lj byb lreots, fgtbrgf plrtolcs lj hrgcoud gctbrolr tl tbdplrgf elcbs Xbffg turhohg

Btmdlon elcb •

•

Gctbrolr plrtolc lj hrgcoud, ochfunoc` dbnogf surjghb lj byb lreot gcn rllj lj cgsgf hgvoty Cgsgf hlchmgb

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>0

Jghogf Elcbs

7

Dgxoffgb •

•

Jlrd uppbr kgw, gctbrolr plrtolc lj mgrn pgfgtb, pgrt lj fgtbrgf wgffs lj cgsgf hgvoty, jfllrs lj byb lreots Dgxoffgry socus

Ygfgtocb elcbs •

Jlrd plstbrolr plrtolc lj mgrn pgfgtb, fgtbrgf wgff lj cgsgf hgvoty

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>=

Jghogf Elcbs

5

[y`ldgtoh elcbs •

•

Hmbba elcbs Gfsl jlrd jfllr gcn fgtbrgf w wgff gff lj bghm byb lreot

Fghrodgf elcbs •

Dbnogf surjghbs lj byb lreots

Cgsgf elcbs •

Jlrd eron`b lj clsb

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>?

Jghogf Elcbs

8

Zldbr •

•

Oc donfocb lj cgsgf hgvoty Jlrds cgsgf sbptud wotm tmb btmdlon elcb

Ocjbrolr cgsgf hlchmgb •

Gttghmbn tl fgtbrgf wgffs lj cgsgf hgvoty

Dgcnoefb •

Flwbr kgwelcb

•

Lcfy dlvgefb sauff elcb

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29

^mb Xauff

7

Jo`urb :.75 © 597? Dh@rgw-Moff Bnuhgtolc  

27

^mb Xauff

5

Jo`urb :.78 (e) ©Broh Posb

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25

^mb Xauff

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