Cerebral Palsy
Short Description
This slide is about very important neurological disease in children call "Cerebral Palsy"....
Description
PAEDIATRICS TOPIC DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY: Cerebral Palsy
OBJECTIVES • A brief overview of developmental milestones • Difference between the terms developmental delay and regression • Cerebral palsy Etiology Presentation Treatment
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES DEFINITION: “Important developmental skills attained over time are called developmental milestones”
Median age Limit age Adjustment for prematurity (Illustrated textbook of Pediatrics, 3rd Edition)
AT BIRTH…
(Illustrations from Developmental Milestones)
Gross motor
Fine motor
When pulling up, the head lags
Hearing and speech Responds to loud noise
Ventral suspension
Social Comforted by mother’s presence
AT 03 MONTHS…
Gross motor
Lifting head and chest in prone position
Raised head on ventral suspension
Little head lag On sitting up
Fine motor puts hands in mouth
Speech and hearing Social Vocalizes, laughs
recognizes mother
AT O6 MONTHS…
Gross motor
Uses hands and arm for support when prone
Uses shoulders for support when pulled to sit
Can bear most of the weight
Fine motor
Speech and hearing
Palmer grasp for holding objects
Social Changes position to localize sound
Social smile
AT 01 YEAR…
Gross motor
Fine motor Walks with one hand held
Walks with feet apart
Pincer grasp and hand preference
Speech and hearing
Turns in response to his own name
Social
Speaks two to six recognizable words
AT 02 YEARS…
Gross motor
Complete coordinated walk and movements
Fine motor
Speech, hearing and social Drinks independently from a cup
Spectator play
AT 5 YEARS…
Gross motor
Fine motor Hearing speech and social
Bends and touches the toe
Draws a person
Can build complex models
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY DEFINITION: “Global developmental delay implies delay in acquisition of all skill fields (gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing and speech/language, social/emotional and behavior). It usually becomes apparent in the first 2 years of life”
(Illustrated textbook of Pediatrics, 3RD Edition)
DEVELOPMENTAL REGRESSION DEFINITION: “ A previously healthy child begins to deteriorate losing already attained skills with progressive loss of speech, hearing, vision and muscle strength for more than three months”
(National Conference on Neurogenetics, SESSION: REGRESSION OF MILESTONES)
CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
GENETICS Chromosomal disorders Duchene muscular dystrophy Metabolic syndrome CONGENITAL BRAIN ANOMALIES Hydrocephalus
CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY PRENATAL INSULT Teratogens Congenital infections Hypothyroidism PERINATAL INSULT Complication of extreme prematurity Birth asphyxia Metabolic disorder
CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
POST NATAL EVENTS Brain injury CNS infection Metabolic
(Oxford handbook of Pedriatics)
CEREBRAL PALSY
DEFINITION
“Cerebral
palsy is a diagnostic term used to describe a group of permanent disorders of movement and posture causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non progressive disturbances in the developing infant or fetal brain”
(Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th Edition.)
INCIDENCE •Most common and most costly form of chronic motor disability •Incidence 3.6/1000 live births in developed nations •Incidence 1.5 to 6/1000 live births in developing world.
•M:F 1.4:1 •Incidence greater in premature and twin births.
(United Cerebral Palsy Research and Education Foundation” Cerebral Palsy Fact Sheet”)
RISK FACTORS ANTENATAL •Low socioeconomic status •Low birth weight/ fetal growth retardation(less than 1500g at birth) •Treatment with thyroid hormone, estrogen or progesterone •Multiple births •Maternal fever
RISK FACTORS
PERINATAL •Congenital malformations/ syndromes •Newborn hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy •Kernicterus
RISK FACTORS POST NATAL •Meningitis •Head injury car crashes violence •Stroke
(Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics, 6th Edition)
BRAIN DAMAGE
White matter damage PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA
Abnormal brain development CEREBRAL DYSGENESIS
BRAIN DAMAGE
Lack of oxygen supply HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Brain hemorrhage INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
(Nelson textbook of Pedriatics, 19th Edition)
PRESENTATION
•Delayed motor milestones •Abnormal limb tone/trunk posture •Slowing of head growth •Feeding difficulties •Abnormal gait •Asymmetrical hand function •Persistent primitive reflexes
(Illustrated textbook of Pediatrics, 3rd Edition)
TYPES OF CEREBRAL PALSY Most common form Damage to the upper motor neuron of the pyramidal tract. SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY
Less common Damage to the upper motor neurons of the extra pyramidal tract DYSKINETIC CEREBRAL PALSY
Least common Damage to cerebellar pathways ATAXIC CEREBRAL PALSY (Nelsons Essentials of Pediatrics, 6TH Edition)
CLASSIFICATION OF CEREBRAL PALSY Major syndrome
Neuropathology/MRI
Major causes
SPASTIC DIAPLEGIA(35%)
Periventricular leukomalacia Periventricular cysts or scars White matter scars
Prematurity Ischemia Infection Endocrine/metabolic
SPASTIC QUADRIPLEGIA(20%)
Periventricular leukomalacia Multicystic encephalomalacia Cortical malformations
Ischemia, infection Endocrine/metabolic Genetic/developmental
HEMIPLEGIA(25%)
Stroke; in utero or neonatal Focal infarct Cotical malformations
Thrombophilic disorders Infection Genetic/developmental Hemorrhagic infarct
EXTRAPYRIMIDAL(15%)
Asphyxia; scars in putamen and thalamus Kernicterus; scars in globus pallidus, caudate, putamen
Asphyxia Kernicterus Mitochondrial Genetic/metabolic
(Table 591-1, Nelsons textbook of Pediatrics,19th Edition)
SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY DIPLEGIA
•Legs are affected more than arms. Legs adducted and internally rotated.
SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY QUADRIPLEGIA •All four limbs affected •Arms affected more than legs Extensor posturing Poor head control Low central tone
SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY HEMIPLEGIA • Unilateral involvement of arm and leg • Arm affected more than leg • Face spared Fisting of the affected hand Flexed arm Pronated forearm
NON-SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY ATAXIC CEREBRAL PALSY Intention tremors
DYSKINETIC CEREBRAL PALSY Chorea Athetosis
COMMON ASSOCIATIONS
•Learning difficulties (about 60%) •Epilepsy (40%) •Squints (30%) •Visual impairment from errors of refraction and cortical damage (20%) •Hearing impairment (20%)
(Illustrated textbook of Pediatrics, 3rd Edition)
INVESTIGATIONS •Neuroimaging Cranial USG MRI Brain MRI Spinal Cord CT •Conduction studies •Laboratory tests Blood tests •Hearing and visual assessment
(Forfars and Arneils Textbook of Pediatrics, 3rd Edition)
INVESTIGATIONS
USG Cranium: PVL
MRI brain TS: Periventricular Leukomalacia
INVESTIGATIONS
MRI Brain TS: Infarct
INVESTIGATIONS
MRI Brain TS: Cerebral Malformation
INVESTIGATIONS
MRI Brain TS: Resolving Hemorrhage
TREATMENT Multidisciplinary approach • • • •
Medical therapy Surgical therapy Rehabilitation Continuous monitoring
(Forfars and Arneils Textbook of Pediatrics, 3rd Edition)
MEDICAL THERAPY FOR SPASTICITY Benzodiazepines Baclofen Oral diazepam Dantrolene FOR DYSTONIA Levodopa Trihexyphenidyl Reserpine Tetrabenzene
MEDICAL THERAPY Intrathecal baclofen
Botulinum toxin
SURGICAL THERAPY Derotation osteotomy Dorsal root rhizotomy
REHABILITATION
REFERENCES •Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th Edition •Nelsons Essentials of Pediatrics, 6th Edition •Illustrated Textbook of Pediatrics, 3rd Edition •Oxford Handbook of Pediatrics •Forfar’s and Arneil’s Textbook of Pediatrics, 6th Edition •Cerebralpalsy.com •Illustrations from Developmental milestones Forfar’s and Arneil’s Textbook of Pediatrics Neuroimaging copyrights Indiana University •All original photographs taken with parental consent •Courtesy AFIRM
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