Centrifugal Compressors

 

B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ 

Imt` > Nufy, 31, 1338 F`btur`r > I. R. Oke

 

B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQR BDLY@LYR =. KLYQDIPBYKDL 1. R@F@BYKDL DJ BDESQ@RRDQR 2. AMRKB DJ B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQR 9. BDESQ@RRDQ YH@QEDI[LMEKBR 0. BDESQ@RRDQ @JJKBK@LB[ :. EPFYK-RYMG@ BDESQ@RRDQR 7. SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  8. FPAQKBMYKDL FPAQKBMYKDL MLI R@MFKLG R@MFKLG R[RY@E ;.BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR =3.RPQG@ BDLIKYKDL MLI MLYK-RPQG@ BDLYQDF ==.Q@J@Q@LB@

 

KLYQDIPBYKDL 

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BDESQ@RRDQ >Mly embhkl` whkbh us`s `xt`rlmf `l`rgy td klbr`ms` th`  pr`ssur` dj m gms/ gms/ ekxtur` dj gms`s ks bmff`i m bdepr`s bdepr`ssdr. sdr. Bdepr`ssdrs mr` ardmify bfmsskjk`i kltd th` jdffdwklg twd bmt`gdrk`s

Sdsktkv` Ikspfmb`e`lt Yyp`

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Iylmekb Yyp`

Sdsktkv` Ikspfmb`e`lt typ` bdepr`ssdrs mr` thds` kl whkbh subb`sskv` vdfue`s dj gms mr` bdljkl`i wkthkl sde` typ` dj `lbfdsur` (bdepr`sskdl bhmea`r) mli `f`vmt`i td m hkgh`r pr`ssur`. @g. Q`bkprdbmtklg bdepr`ssdrs, sbr`w bdepr`ssdrs, sfkiklg vml` bdepr`ssdrs `tb.

Iylmekb bdepr`ssdrs mbb`f`rmt` bdltklumffy jfdwklg @g.> gms str`me mli suas`qu`ltfy bdlv`rt th` v`fdbkty mh`mi kltd pr`ssur`. B`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdrs, mxkmf jfdw bdepr`ssdrs, ekx`i jfdw bdepr`ssdrs `tb.

 

KLYQDIPBYKDL 

KLYQDIPBYKDL> B`ltrkjugmf Bdepr`ssdr B`ltrkjugmf Bdepr`ssdrss mr` Qdt Qdtmry mry emb embhkl`s hkl`s whkbh mr` us`i td hmlif ` gms`s dr Ekxtur`s dj gms`s (Bdepr`sskaf` jfukis) mli Yrmlsj`r th` kl  put pdw`r ay rdtmry edtkdl td th` e`ikue hmlif`i th`r` ay trmlsj`rrk lg th` okl`tkb `l`rgy dj th` kep`ff`r td pr`ssur` `l`rgy.

 

R@F@BYKDL DJ BDESQ@RRDQR

 

AMRKB DJ B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQR 

Yh` b`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdr hms m rmikmf afmi`i kep`ff`r edult`i dl m shmjt. Yh` `l`rgy kepmrt`i td th` gms ms kt pmss`s thrdugh th` bdepr`ssdr ks okl`tkb, iu` td th` klbr`ms`i v`fdbkty mli b`ltrkjugmf jdrb` mbtklg dl th` gms. Ms th` gms ks bdepr`ss`i rmikmffy, th` wkith dj th` kep`ff`r ks  prdgr`sskv`fy r`iub`i tdwmris th` dutf`t. Ms th` gms f`mv`s th` kep`ff`r kep` ff`r,, kt pmss`s kltd kltd m ikjjus`r, ikjjus`r, th` julbtkdl julbtkdl dj whk whkbh bh ks td r`iu r`iub` b` th` v`fdbkty v`fdbkty dj tth` h` gms mmli li bdlv`rt okl`tkb ``l`rgy l`rgy kltd pr`ssur` `l`rgy. Kj th` bdepr`ssdr hms edr` thml dl` stmg` dl th` sme` shmjt, th` rmikmf gms jfdws jrde dl` kep`ff`r ks ikr`bt`i klwmris td th` `y` dj th` l`xt kep`ff`r. Yhks s`bdli kep`ff`r wkff a` hmlifklg m gms mt m hkgh`r pr`ssur` mli, th`r`jdr` m semff`r vdfue` ks r`qukr`i.

 

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Jkg.> R`btkdl thrdugh m Euftk-stmg` Amrr`f B`ltrkjugmf Bdepr`ssdr

 

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Jkg.> Hdrkzdltmffy spfkt Jkv`-stmg` bdepr`ssdr 

 

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Jkg.> Euftk-stmg` B`ltrkjugmf Bdepr`ssdr wkth twd ski` str`mes

 

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Jkg.> Kep`ff`r i`skgls

 

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Jkg.> Dv`rhulg kep`ff`r 

 

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Jkg.> R`btkdl thrdugh Rklgf` stmg` dv`rhulg kep`ff`r bdepr`ssdr 

 

AMRKB DJ B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQR 

Mly b`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdr hms td e``t m luea`r dj r`qukr`e`lts whkf` kl s`rvkb`, th` edst kepdrtmlt dl`s  a`klg   

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Yh` th`rediylmekb julbtkdl jdr whkbh kt ks klt`li`i  Rtmakfkty kl dp`rmtkdl dv`r fdlg p`rkdis EDB bmpmaf` dj wkthstmliklg th` rkgdrdus iutk`s mjjdri emxkeue smj`ty td th` embhkl`, th` syst`e kl whkbh kt dp`rmt`s mli th` p`rsdll`f dp`rmtklg th` syst`e

Emkltmkl th` `lvkrdle`lt jr`` jrde hmrejuf gms`s hmlif`i ay th` embhkl`  Emkltmkl th` vkarmtkdls dv`r m rmlg` dj sp``is wkthkl th`  p`reksskaf` fkekts  Emkltmkl th` ldks` g`l`rmt`i wkthkl fkekts

 

BDESQ@RRDQ YH@QEDI[LMEKBR 

Bdepr`ssdr Yh`rediylmekbs>>

Yh` vdfue` dbbupk`i ay ml ki`mf gms vmrk`s wkth pr`ssur` mli t`e  p`rmtur` a`bmus` klt`r edf`bufmr edf`bufm r ikstmlb` bhmlg`s, wh`r` ms th` sk z` dj edf`buf`s r`emkls th` sme`. Yh`rediylmekb prdb`ss`s kl k i`mf gms`s tmo`s pfmb` wkth sp`bkjk sp`bkjkbb h`mts h`mts mt bdlstml bdlstmltt p pr`ssur` r`ssur` (B p) mli bdlstmlt vdfue` (Bv) mli th`y da`y th` `qumtkdl dj stmt`, S 5 ύ QY. Wh`l thks `qumtkdl ks us`i kl bdepr`ssdr bmfbufmtkdls, th` r`suftkl g `rrdr wkff grdw wkth i`br`ms` kl t`ep`rmtur` mli klbr`ms` kl pr`s sur` dj th` gms. Yhus kt ks mppfk`i td m r`mf gms (fko` mkr) kt wkff gkv` `rrdr mli kt ks t df`rmaf` jdr jklmf pr`ssur` up td =3 epm mli a`ydli =3 epm `qumt kdl ks us`i wkth m bdrr`btkdl jmbtdr k.`. S 5 ^ ύ QY

(wh`r` ^ ks bdepr`sskakfkty jmbtdr)

 

BDESQ@RRDQ YH@QEDI[LME YH@QEDI[LMEKBR KBR Yh` jkrst fmw dj th`rediylme th`rediylmekbs kbs us`i mfdlg wkth ki`mf gms `qumtkdl dj stmt` r`sufts kl th` jdffdwklg `qumtkdls whkbh i`sbrka`s th` prdb`ss dj bdepr`sskdl / `xp `xpmlskdl mlskdl dbburrklg kl bd bdepr`ssdrs. epr`ssdrs. l

l

=) Sdfytrdpkb, wh`r` S / ύ 5 bdlstmlt ? pv 5 bdlstmlt 1) Mikmamtkb, wh`r` p /ύξ   bdlstmlt? SZ o 5 bdlstmlt 2) Ksdth`remf S / ύ 5 bdlstmlt ? SZ 5 bdlstmlt

Yh` Sdfytrdpkb Sdfytrdpkb prdb prdb`ss `ss ks th` g`l`rmf g`l`rmf typ typ`` dj th` th`rediylmekb rediylmekb prdb`ss bhmrmbt`rks`i bhmrmbt`rk s`i ay th` pdfytrdpkb `xpdl`lt ‘l‛ g`l`rmffy thks vmfu` fk`s  a`tw``l =.10 td =.90.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ YH@QEDI[LME YH@QEDI[LMEKBR KBR Yh` pdfytrdpkb h`mi ‘H‛ dj m bdepr`sskdl stmg` ks gkv`l ay th` `qumtkdl.

H5 zQY3 (rl-=/l ‒=) wh`r`, ^ ks th` bdepr`sskakfkty jmbtdr ( td a` msb`rtmkl`i jrde gms prdp`rtk`s) Q ks th` gms bdlstmlt whkbh `qumfs 898 / edf. wt Y3 ks th` masdfut` t`ep`rmtur` mt ldremf bdliktkdl

 

BDESQ@RRDQ YH@QEDI[LMEKBR

⎟  S  ⎜ 5 ⎕  ⎕⎖  S  ⎣⎔

(o  ∑ =)/(o 

∗ =/   η pdf

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j 

ύ

k

 pj  / pK

ks th` bdepr`sskdl rmtkd

o ks th` rmtkd dj sp`bkjkb h`mts (B /B ) l ks th` pdfytrdpkb bd-`jjkbk`lt

 p

v

Yd i`v`fdp sme` h`mi gms`s dj fdw`r edf`bufmr w`kght l``i edr` bdep r`sskdl r`ssk dl stmg`s stmg`s thml thmt thmt dj hkgh`r hkgh`r edf. wt gms` gms`s. s. M S`rj`bt mikmamtkb prdb`ss bml‛t a` mttmkl`i kl bdepr`ssdrs sklb` `xbhm lg` dj h`mt a`tw``l th` wdroklg e`ikue mli kts surrduliklgs mr` ldt pr  `v`lt`i iu` td b`rtmkl mivmltmg`s. Yh` th`dry dj bdepr`sskdl mfsd i`mfs wkth th` ks`ltrdpkb prdb`ss wh`r`k l ld klt`rlmf h`mt ks fka`rmt`i ay jfuki jrkbtkdl. Mppmr`ltfy subh m thklg b mlldt hmpp`l kl r`mf bdepr`ssdrs.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ YH@QEDI[LMEKBR 

Jkg.> S-Z Ikmgrme dj ikjj`r`lt bdepr`sskdl prdb`ss`s

 

BDESQ@RRDQ YH@QEDI[LMEKBR 

Jkg.> R-Y Ikmgrme dj ikjj`r`lt bdepr`sskdl prdb`ss`s

 

BDESQ@RRDQ @JJKBK@LB[ 

Yh` `jjkbk`lby dj m bdepr`ssdr bybf` ks η

bp(Y1-Y=) bp(Y1-Y=) + q wh`r` q ks th` `xt`rlmf h`mt fdss iu` td bddfklg.

Hdw`v`r, th` bdepf`t`l`ss dj th` prdb`ss dj bdepr`sskdl ks e`msur`i  ay r`fmtkv` r`fmtkv` th`rediy th`rediylmekb lmekb `jj `jjkbk`lbk`s kbk`lbk`s ηks` mli ηksb Jdr th` mbtumf pdfytrdpkb prdb`ss kl m bdepr`ssdr wkth ml `xpdl`lt ‘l‛ mli sp`bkjkb `l`rgy ‘F‛, th` ksdth`rekb mli ks`ltrdpkb `jjkbk`lbk`s mr` gkv`l ay ηksd 5 Fksd

F ηks`

5 Fks` F

Wh`r` Fksd mli Fks` mr` sp`bkjkb `l`rgk`s dj ksdth`remf mli ks`ltrdpkb

 prdb`ss`s  

BDESQ@RRDQ @JJKBK@LB[ Yh` ks`ltrdpkb `jjkbk`lby ks us`i ms m p`rjdremlb` brkt`rkdl jdr  b`ltrkjugmf mli mxkm mxkmff jfdw bdepr`ssdrs wkth fdw rmt` dj bddfklg. Yhks ks iu` td th` jmbt thmt th` stmlimri dj p`rj`bt p`rjdremlb` jdr th`s` bdepr`ssdrs ks th` ks`ltrdpkb prdb`ss. Jdr th` mbtumf pdfytrdpkb prdb`ss, th` jdreufm bml a` `xpr`ss`i kl t`res dj stmglmtkdl pmrme`t`r pmrme`t`rs, s, prdvki`i q53. F5 bp(Y1*-Y=*) Yh` madv` r`fmtkdlshkp sugg`sts thmt ηks` 5

(p1*/p=*) o-=/o  - = (Y1*-Y=*) - =

 

EPFYK RYMG@ BDESQ@RRKDL Kliustrkmf r`qukr`e`lts bmff jdr hkgh pr`ssur` bdepr`ssdrs. Kt ks ikjjkbuft td g`l`rmt` kl dl` bdepr`sskdl stmg` thks hkgh pr`ssur`. Yh`  prdaf`e wkth b`ltrkjugmf b`ltrkjugmf bdepr bdepr`ssdrs `ssdrs ks thmt kep`ff kep`ff`r `r vml`s jmarkbmt jmarkbmt`i `i jrde oldwl emt`rkmfs bmlldt a` `xp`bt`i td wkthstmli v`fdbktk`s hkgh `ldugh td e``t th` pr`ssur` mli `jjkbk`lby i`emlis. Yh` twd bdls`qu`lb`s mr` thmt,  th` gms a`klg bdepr`ss`i shdufi a` bddf`i mt th` hkgh`st pdsskaf` rmt` & 

bdepr`sskdl shdufi a` bmrrk`i dut kl s`rk`s bdll`bt`i stmg`s wkth gms t`ep`rmtur`s r`iub`i kl `xt`rlmf bddf`rs fdbmt`i a`tw``l th` stmg`s.

 

EPFYK RYMG@ BDESQ@RRKDL Yh` g`l`rmf mrrmlg`e`lt dj subh m syst`e ks i`pkbt`i kl Jkg. Euftkstmg` bdepr`sskdl mbbdepmlk`i ay klt`r bddfklg smv`s m skz`maf` medult dj irkvklg pdw`r. Yhks ks `vki`lt jrde Jkg. Kl thks ikmgrme th` smvklg pdw`r ks i`pkbt`i ay shmi`i mr`ms =‛‛-1‛-1-1‛‛. Edst bdepr`ssdrs `epfdy bddfklg th` gms kl klt`r bddf`rs fdbmt`i   a`tw``l bdepr`sskdl stmg`s. M skglkjkbmlt smvklg kl pdw`r bml a` mbhk`v`i ay thks e`thdi. Kl b`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdrs th` klt`r bddf`rs mr` usumffy klstmff`i a`tw``l stmg` grdups kl dri`r td emo` th` pfmlt i`skgl skepf`r.

 

EPFYK RYMG@ BDESQ@RRKDL Jkg.> GM dj m euftkstmg` b`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdr 

 

EPFYK RYMG@ BDESQ@RRKDL Jkg.> S-Z & R-Y ikmgrmes dj m twd stmg` bdepr`ssdr

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

BMRKLG Bmsklgs mr` emi` dj `kth`r bmstklgs dr jdrgklg i`p`liklg updl th` i`skgl pr`ssur`. Jurth`r th`y mr` bmt`gdrkz`i ms  hdrkzdltmffy spfkt mli v`rtkbmffy spfkt bmsklgs. A`mrklg hdusklgs mr` emi` klt`grmf pmrt dj bmsklgs bmsk lgs kl dri`r dri`r td td r`iub` r`iub` th` th` spml jdr jdr hkgh`r hkgh`r stmakfk stmakfkty. ty. Ms p` p`rr th` r`qukr`e`lts dj MSK :=7, i`spkt` dj th` a`mrklg hdusklgs a`klg ml klt`grmf pmrt dj th` bmsklg, th` a`mrklgs mr` emi` mbb`sskaf` jdr klsp`btkdl wkthdut i`-pr`ssurksklg th` bmsklg. Fdw pr`ssur` bmsklgs mr` spfkt hdrkzdltmffy mfdlg th` b`lt`rfkl` dj th` e/b & klbdrpdrmt` ldzzf`s kl th` upp`r dr fdw`r hmfj dj th` bmsklg. Hkgh pr`ssur` e/b usumffy hmv` th` ikmphrmges mli ikjjus`rs edult`i wkthkl m hdrkzdltmffy spfkt kll`r bmsklg whkbh ks jktt`i kltd m jdrg`i st``f amrr`f hmvklg r`edvmaf` `lis. Bmsklgs mr` ldt ldremffy wmt`r bddf`i aut dbbmskdlmffy kt ks l`b`ssmry td bddf th` ikmphrmges dl euftk-stmg` embhkl`s.

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ 

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

Jkg.> Bdepr`ssdr bmsklg jdrg`i 

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

Jkg.> Yyp`s dj bmsklgs

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

Qdtdr> Yh` rdtdr dj m bdepr`ssdr bdlsksts dj m shmjt dv`r whkbh th` kep`ff`rs, spmb`r aush`s, amfmlbklg irue mli thrust iksb mr` edult`i. G`l`rmffy shmjts mr` emi` dj hkgh qumfkty mffdy st``f jdrgklg mli kep`ff`rs emy a` dj bmst, w`fi`i dr rkv`t`i bdlstrubtkdl i`p`liklg updl th` mppfkbmtkdl mli skz`. @mbh kep`ff`r ks amfmlb`i mli gkv`l ml dv`rsp``i t`st ul uli`r i`r vm vmbuue buue bbdliktkdls dliktkdls a`jdr` a`klg jkt jktt`i t`i dl td th` shmjt. Yh` mss`eafy ks th`l iylmekbmffy amfmlb`i td sp`bkjk`i fkekts. Yh` klf`t mr`m dj `mbh kep`ff`r ks suan`bt`i td stmg` subtkdl pr`ssur`, whkf` th` r`emkli`r dj th` mr`m ks uli`r hkgh`r pr`ssur`. Yhks ulamfmlb` bmus`s m thrust tdwmris th` kep`ff`r subtkdl whkbh ks  amfmlb`i ay e`mls dj pkstdl jktt`i dl dl` `li dj th` shmjt mli suan`bt`i suan` bt`i td subtkdl subtkdl pr`ssur` pr`ssur` dl kts kts dut`r ski`. ski`. Miikt Miiktkdlm kdlmffy, ffy, m thru thrust st  a`mrklg ks jktt`i sd thmt mxkmf edv`e`lt dj th` shmjt ks fkekt`i mli mly r`skiumf mxkmf ulamfmlb` mbbdeedimt`i. Ms prdt`btkdl kl th` `v`lt dj shmjt mxkmf edv`e`lt kl `xb`ss dj thrust a`mrklg bf`mrmlb`, m shmjt mxkmf edv`e`lt i`vkb` ks klbdrpdrmt`i.

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

Qdtdr mss`eafy

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

Ikmphrmges> Ikmphrmges s`rv` th` iumf julbtkdl dj mbtklg ms  pmrtktkdls a`tw``l subtkdl mli iksbhmrg` dj klikvkiumf stmg`s mli td guki` th` jfdw dj e`ikue jrde th` kep`ff`r dutf`t dj th` pr`vkdus stmg` td th` kep`ff`r `y` dj subb`sskv` stmg`. Yh`s` mr` prdvki`i wkth vml`s td ikstrkaut` th` gms `v`lfy dv`r th` bkrbuej`r`lb`. Yh` ikmphrmges mr` spfkt hdrkzdltmffy mli mr` prdvki`i wkth m suktmaf` mrrmlg`e`lt mt th` pmrtklg pfml` td pr`v`lt gms f`momg` mbrdss. G`l`rmffy th`s` mr` `kth`r bmst dut dj e``hmlkt` dr jmarkbmt`i dut dj st``f.

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

Jkg.> Ikmphrmge mss`eafy

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  

A`mrklgs> Yh` rdtdr ks suppdrt`i (kl th` bmsklg) dl twd ndurl`f  a`mrklgs mt th` shmjt `xtr`ektk`s. Yh`s` s`rv` ms suppdrt pdklts jdr th` rdtdr. Sr`ssurkz`i dkf miektt`i td th` a`mrklgs bdltkludusfy fuarkbmt` th` a`mrklgs & mffdw th` rdtdr td hmv` th` rdtmtkdl. Yh` rdtdr a`mrklg syst`e ms m whdf` i`t`rekl`s i`t`rekl`s th` stma stmakfkty kfkty dj dp` dp`rmtkdl. rmtkdl. Kts mf mfff edr` kepdrtmlt thmt th` syst`e ks i`skgl`i wkth iu` bmr` td `fkeklmt`  prdaf`es iurklg iurklg ldremf dp`rmtkdl. Yh` a`mrklgs bml a` dj sf``v` dr tkftklg pmi typ`. Ykftklg pmi typ`  a`mrklgs mr` s`fj mfkglklg typ` ulkts whkbh tmo` wkth `ms` uftkemt`  pdsktkdl dj th` shmjt iurklg dp`rmtkdl dp`rmtkdl.. Yh`s` a`mrklgs pr`v`lt dbburr`lb` dj dkf whkp ph`lde`ldl mfsd. Yh` a`mrklg bdltmbt surjmb`s surjm b`s wkth wkth th` rdtdr rdtdr mr` mr` mfkgl`i mfkgl`i wkth wkth amaakt amaakt emt` emt`rkmf rkmf dj dj sp`bkmf sp`bkmf bdepdsktkdl. Yh` a`mrklg sh`ff mli tkftklg pmis mr` g`l`rmffy emi` jrde st``f.

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  M thrust a`mrklg a`mrklg ks mfsd prdvk prdvki`i i`i dl mmff ff b`ltr b`ltrkjugmf kjugmf bdepr`ssdrs bdepr`ssdrs td tmo` th` thrust g`l`rmt`i iurklg dp`rmtkdl. Madut 83-;3% dj th` g`l`rmt`i ks mfr`miy amfmlb`i mbrdss th` amfmlbklg irue mli th` thrust r`emklklg thrust mfdl` ks tmo`l dl th` thrust a`mrklg. Kt ks bhds`l kl subh m emll`r thmt kt bml tmo` 2-0 tke`s dj th` r`suftmlt thrust. M thrust a`mrklg bdeprks`s m bmg`, amboklg rklgs, thrust pmis (iduaf` mbtklg typ`). Yhrust pmis mr` prdvki`i dl adth ski`s dj th` thrust ikso. Yh`s` mr` i`skglmt`i ms mbtkv` mli ldl-mbtkv` pmis.

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  Jkg>> Ndurlmf Jkg Ndurlmf a`mrkl a`mrklgg- Ykftklg Ykftklg pmi pmi typ`

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  Jkg> Ndurlmf a`mrklg Rh`ffs

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  Rhmjts mli s`mfs > th` shmjts `lis mr` td a` s`mf`i mgmklst f`momg` f`momg`'s 's iu` td emly r`msdls.th` prklbkpf` dl`s mr`, -

Yd r`iub` th` f`momg`'s suastmltkmffy

-

Yd mvdki pdffutkdl

 

SQKLBKSF@ BDESDL@LYR DJ M B@LYQKJPGMF BDESQ@RRDQ  Jkg.> Fmayrklth s`mf

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

Dkf Ryst`e Yh` purpds` dj th` dkf syst`e ks td jurlksh bf`ml dkf uli`r pr`ssur` td  Fuarkbmt` th` a`mrklgs mli th` t``th dj jf`xkaf` bdupfklgs 

Bdltrdf bkrbukts dj irkv`s mli 



Rhmjt `li s`mfs (wh`l dkf s`mfs mr` prdvki`i) Fuarkbmtklg dkf bkrbukts utkfkz` fdw pr`ssur` dkf kl th` rmlg` dj =.0 td 0 mtm. Yurakl` bdltrdf bkrbukts l``i dkf mt hkgh`r pr`ssur` (sde`tke`s mrduli :3 mtm) jdr mbtumtklg th` bdltrdf `f`e`lts thrdugh s`rvdedtdrs. R`mf dkf pr`ssur`s mr` ikbtmt`i ay th` i`emlis dj th` r`j`r`lb` gms  pr`ssur` whkbh ks bfds` td subtkdl subtkdl pr`ssur` pr`ssur`.. Kj kt ks m bdeedl syst`e kt bml a` jurlksh`i ay `kth`r th` v`lidr dj irkv`r dr bdepr`ssdr. Kj th` embhkl` ks st`me turakl` irkv`l, ldremffy th` bdepr`ssdr v`lidr wkff jurlksh th` th` dkf syst`e. Kl thks bms`, tth` h` st`me turakl` v` v`lidr lidr hms td klikbmt` hks dkf r`qukr`e`l r`qukr`e`lts ts mfdlg wkth th` suppfy pmrme`t`rs th`r`dj

td th` bdepr`ssdr v`lidr.  

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Kj th` embhkl` ks gms turakl` irkv`l, th` dkf syst`e ks kl th` sbdp` dj suppfy dj gms turakl` turakl` v`lidr. Kl dri`r td ``jj`bt jj`bt smvklg dl spmb`, th` gms turakl` ams` jrme` kts`fj s`rv`s ms th` dkf r`s`rvdkr mli h`lb` th` dkf syst`e bde`s uli`r th` sbdp` dj gms turakl` v`lidr. Kl thks bms`, th` bdepr`ssdr v`lidr hms td klikbmt` hks dkf r`qukr`e`lts r`qukr`e`l ts td th` gms turakl` v`lidr. Fua`-dkf syst`es bml a` bdeedl jdr th` irkv` mli irkv`l embhkl` dr kli`p`li`lt. M typkbmf fua` dkf syst`e bdljdreklg td MSK-:=9 ks i`pkbt`i kl jkg.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Bdeakl`i fua` mli s`mf dkf syst`es bml a` bdlski`r`i kl ldremf bms`s, sklb` s`mf dkf r`qukr`e`lts mr` semff`r wh`l bdepmr`i td fuarkbmtkdl mli bdltrdf dkf r`qukr`e r`qukr`e`lts. `lts. R`mf dkf syst`e (jkg. Rhdws typkbmf s` s`mf mf dkf syst`e) bml a` emi` kli`p`li`lt pmrtkbufmrfy jdr hkgh pr`ssur` bdepr`ssdrs. Yh` s`mf dkf bml a` irmwl jrde ml kli`p`li`lt s`mf dkf r`s`rvdkr dr ay tmoklg m tmp-djj jrde th` fua` dkf i`fkv`ry fkl` mli th`l  addst`i jurth`r jurth`r td s`mf dkf pr`ssur` mli bf`mlk bf`mlklg lg kt jurth` jurth`rr td f`ss th thml ml =3 ekbrdls pmrtkbufmt` bdlt`lt mli th`l j`i td s`mfs. Ml dkf bf`mlklg `qukpe`lt ks mfsd mii`i td th` dkf syst`e, whkbh bml a` dl-fkl` dr swktbh`i dl ms l``i`i, i`p`liklg dl th` l``is dj th` pfmlt. Dkf ks bddf`i a`jdr` a`jdr` utkfkz utkfkzmtkdl mtkdl jdr ffuarkbmtkdl uarkbmtkdl mli s`mfklg. Bdltrdf dkf kkss emkltmkl`i v`ry bf`ml aut ks ldt bddf`i a`jdr` us`.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

Jkg.> fuarkbmtklg dkf syst`e sbh`emtkb

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

Jkg.> R`mf dkf syst`e sbh`emtkb

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

Jkg.> Bdeakl`i fua` dkf & s`mf dkf syst`e jdr edtdr irkv`l bdepr`ssdr

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

FMA[QKLYH R@MFR> Fmayrklth s`mfs (Jkg mttmbh`i) mr` us`i wh`r` fdss dj gms bml a` tdf`rmt`i. Yh` s`mf ks prdiub`i jrde m luea`r dj bkrbufmr strkps kl s`rk`s mrduli th` shmjt. Yh` strkps mr` r`pfmb`maf` & hmv` m olkj` `ig` mli mr` usumffy emi` dj mfueklkue dr f`mi`i ardlz`, sd thmt eklkemf imemg` ks ks idl` td th` shmjt kl bms` dj ruaaklg bdl bdltmbt. tmbt. SYJ@ hms mfsd  a``l us`i ay sde` emlujm emlujmbtur`rs. btur`rs. Yh` shmjt e emy my sde`tke sde`tke`s `s a` jktt` jktt`i i wkth m s`t dj fmayrklth strkps klt`rfdboklg wkth thds` kl th` hdusklg, mli kl sde` i`skgls th` fmayrklth emy a` stmgg`r`i dl ikjj`r`lt ikme`t`rs td klbr`ms` th` f`lgth dj th` f`momg` pmth a`tw``l subb`sskv` s`ts dj fmayrklths.Yh` f`momg` pmst th` s`mf ks m julbtkdl dj th` bf`mrmlb` mr`m, pr`ssur` ikjj`r`ltkmf, ikstmlb` a`tw``l th` strkps, mli thkbol`ss dj th` strkps.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

FMA[QKLYH R@MFR> Yh` f`momg` wkff vmry mbbdriklg td i`lskty, vksbdskty, mli `xpmlskdl bhmrmbt`rkstkbs dj th` gms. M luea`r dj s`mfs emy a` jktt`i td th` sme` shmjt wkth v`ltklg dr aujj`r gms bdll`btkdls kl a`tw``l th` s`mf s`btkdls. @mbh stmg` dj m euftkeuftk-stmg` stmg` b`lt b`ltrkjugmf rkjugmf bde bdepr`ssdr pr`ssdr ks usu usumffy mffy s`mf`i jrde th` l`xt ay m fmayrklth s` s`mf. mf. Sr`ssur` ikjj`r`lb` ikjj`r`lb` mbrd mbrdss ss thks typ` dj s`mf ks semff, a`klg th` ikjj`r`lb` a`tw``l th` iksbhmrg`  pr`ssur` dj th` jkrst ke kep`ff`r p`ff`r mli mli th` klf` klf`tt pr`ssur` d djj th` s`bdl s`bdli i kep`ff`r.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E FMA[ FM A[QK QKLY LYH H R@MF R@MFR R> Fmayrklths mr` mfsd jktt`i mrduli th` `y` dj `mbh kep`ff`r td s`mf kep`ff`r iksbhmrg` pr`ssur` jrde subtkdl pr`ssur` mli r`iub` ambo jfdw td th` subtkdl. Fmayrklth s`mfs bml a` `epfdy`i up td pr`ssur`s dj =0 og/be±. og/be±. Madv` thks pr`ssur` th` fmayrklth f`lgth a`b a`bde`s de`s `xb`sskv`. Yh` pr`ssur` irdp mbrdss m tddth bml a` `xp`bt`i td a` madut 3.2 og/be± wkth m rrullklg ullklg bf`mrmlb` bf`mrmlb` dj 3.1% dj th th`` shmjt ikme`t`r. Rtmgg`r`i fmayrklths bml r`iub` th` tdtmf f`momg` ay 23 td 93%.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E DKF QKLG R@MFR> Jdr hkgh`r pr`ssur`s, madv` :3 og/be±g, dr wh`r` th` gms ks tdxkb mli eust a` bbdltmkl`i, dltmkl`i, ml dkf rklg s`mf ks us`i us`i (J (Jkgur`). kgur`). Yh` shmjt ks jjktt`i ktt`i wkth m r`l`wmaf` sf``v` whkbh pmss`s thrdugh ml dkf bhmea`r kl th` s`mf hdusklg. Yh` s`mf bbhmea`r hmea`r ks bbfds`i fds`i mt `mb `mbh h `li ay jfdm jfdmtklg tklg rklgs. Yh` bf`mrmlb` a`tw``l th` rklg mli th` shmjt ks o`pt semff, mli dkf  pr`ssur` kl th` bhme bhmea`r a`r ks emkltmkl`i emkltmkl`i madv` madv` th` gms pr pr`ssur` `ssur` kl th` bdepr`ssdr ay m jkx jkx`i `i medul medultt (3.2 td =.33 og/be og/be±). ±). Yhks ks usumffy usumffy mbhk`v`i ay bdll`btklg th` s`mf bhmea`r td ml dv`rh`mi tmlo sde` e`tr`s madv` th` bdepr`ssdr, bdepr`ssdr, ml mli i bdll`btk bdll`btklg lg th` surjmb surjmb`` dj th` dkf kl th` tmlo td th` gms l`xt td th` s`mf, sd thmt th` s`mf dkf pr`ssur` ks mfwmys hkgh`r thml th` gms pr`ssur` ay ml medult `qumf td th` h`mi dj fkquki.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E M pr`ssur` r`gufmtklg vmfv` bml a` us`i klst`mi dj ml dv`rh`mi tmlo,  aut thksjfdws bms` thrdugh bms` th`r` kkss ld ‖rul-idwl― l― bmpmbkty th` s`mftddkf puep jmkfs.klDkf th`‖rul-idw s`mf td bddf kt mli ks kj r`turl`i m fdw`r stdrmg` tmlo tmlo jdr r`-us`. Dkf f`momg` td th` mte mtedsph`rkb dsph`rkb ski ski`` ks mfsd bdff`bt`i jdr r`-us`. Dl th` gms ski` dj th` s`mf, m sklgf` fmayrklth s`pmrmt`s th` bdepr`ssdr jrde m bhmea`r minmb`lt td th` s`mf. R`mf dkf mfsd f`mos kltd th` bhmea`r mli th` dkf mli gms mr` tmo`l td m i`gmssklg tmlo. Yh` tmlo ks h`m h`mt`i t`i td s`pmrmt` s`pmrmt` th` gms jrde th` dkf. Yh` gms ks v`lt`i mli th` i`bdltmeklmt`i dkf r`turl`i td th` tmlo dr ikspds`i djj. Wkth dlfy m semff pr`ssur pr`ssur`` ikjj`r`lb ikjj`r`lb`` mbrdss th` kll`r fmayrklth th` gms f`momg` ks semff.Ms kl th` bms` dj th` fuarkbmtklg dkf syst`e, kt ks bdlv`lk`lt bdlv`lk`lt td grdup th th`` bdepdl`l bdepdl`lts ts kltd m ulk ulkt. t. Kj th` sme` dkf ks us`i kl th` s`mf ms td fuarkbmt` th` a`mrklgs, th` twd ulkts emy a` bdeakl`i, bdeakl`i, adth suppfk`i jrde m sklgf` tml tmlo, o, puep, bddf bddf`r, `r, mli jkft`r.Kj twd ulkts mr` prdvki`i, th` klstrue`lts dl th` s`mf dkf ulkt wkff

 a` skekfmr td thds` us`i kl th` i`sk i`skgl gl dj th` ffuarkbmtklg uarkbmtklg dkf ulkt.  

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Jkg.> Smboklg mli R`mfs

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Jkg.> Smboklg mli R`mfs

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Jkg.> Smboklg mli R`mfs

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

E@BHMLKBMF R@MFR E`bhmlkbmf s`mfs mr` suktmaf` jdr edi`rmt` pr`ssur` (20 og/be±g) wh`r` th` f`momg` rmt` eust a` r`iub`i td m eklkeue. Kl thks bms`, th` dkf whkbh ks suppfk`i td bddf th` s`mf, bkrbufmt`s dutski` th` jmb`s. Yh` s`mf jmb`s hmv` m stmtkdlm stmtkdlmry ry s`mt mmli li rdtmtklg rdtmtklg s`mt, usum usumffy ffy wkth m jfdmtklg bmradl rklg a` a`tw``l tw``l th` tw twd. d. M v`ry semff qum qumltkty ltkty dj dkf f`mos pmst th` s`mts td fuarkbmt` th`e mli pr`v`lts f`momg` dj gms pmst th` s`mf.Yhks s`mf.Yhks dkf ekx`s wkt wkth h gms ff`moklg `moklg jrde th` bdepr`ssdr mli bml  a` jkft`r`i jrde th` f`momg` gms mli r`turl`i td m fdw pr`ssur` pdklt kl th` th` syst` syst`e. e. Yh` sdur dkf dkf mli mli gms gms f`momg` f`momg` ks g`l`rm g`l`rmffy ffy dj th` th` dri` dri`rr dj =3% dj th` f`momg` `xp`rk`lb`i wkth m fkquki rklg s`mf uli`r skekfmr dp`rmtklg bdliktkdls. Yhks semff s`mf dkf jfdw rmt` r`sufts kl m smvklg kl th` skz` dj th` dkf ulkt. Kl b`rtmkl bms`s (subh ms pr`ssur`s madv` 133 td 233 og/be±) adth dkf rklg mli e`bhmlkbmf s`mfs mr`

r`qukr`i td mbhk`v` mi`qumt` s`mfklg.  

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Kl dri`r td `lsur` ld f`momg` dj hmzmridus dr tdxkb prdb`ss gms`s td th` mtedsph`r` kt ks usumf td klbdrpdrmt` ml dv`rh`mi s`mf dkf rul idwl tmlo. Yhks eust a a`` skz` skz`i i td emkltmkl th` s` s`mf mf d dkf kf supp suppfy fy kl th` `v`lt dj  puep jmkfur` jmkfur` iurklg th` tke` thmt th` r`qukr`i r`qukr`i ks i`p`li` i`p`li`lt lt dl th` tke` tmo`l jdr th` bdepr`ssdr mli mly mssdbkmt`i pkp` wdro td a` i`pr`ssur kz`i bdepf`t`fy. Yhks bml dlfy a` i`t`rekl`i mjt`r i`pr`ssurkz`i shutidwl prdb`iur`s mr` mgr``i mli gms vdfue`s mli v`lt skz`s mr` jkx`i. Mldth`r vmrkmtkdl vmrkmtkdl dj th` e`bhmlkb e`bhmlkbmf mf typ` s` s`mf mf ks th` ‖stmli stkf stkff― f― s`mf. Yhks prdvki`s jdr m sprklg fdmi`i s`mfklg rklg td a` h`fi djj kts s`mt ay s`mf dkf pr`ssur`. Wh`l pr`ssu pr`ssur` r` ks r`ed r`edv`i, v`i, jdr klstmlb` klstmlb` wh wh`l `l th` ulkt ks shutidwl, th` rklg bfds`s dltd kts s`mt mli th` sprklg pr`ssur` emkltmkls th` s`mf, kksdfmtklg sdfmtklg th th`` klski` dj th` bdepr bdepr`ssdr. `ssdr. Yhks emy r`edv` th` l`b`sskty jdr ml dv`rh`mi s`mf dkf rulidwl tmlo.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Edst suppfk`rs suppfk`rs i`skgl mmli li emlujm emlujmbtur` btur` th th`kr `kr dwl sh shmjt mjt s`mfs, aut kt hms a`bde` bdeedl prmbtkb` td sua-bdltrmbt adth th` s`mf dkf mli fuarkbmtklg dkf ulkts.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

IQ[ GMR R@MF Edst bdepr`ssdrs dj tdimy us` dkf jr`` s`mfs thmt hmv` ld bdltmbt jmb`s iurklg dp`rmtkdl. Yhks emo`s th`e mfedst emklt`lmlb` jr``. Yh` mivmltmg`s mr` > - Fdw Fdw pdw`r pdw`r r`quk r`qukr`e r`e`lt `lt - Ld w` w`mr  - Ld s`mf s`mf dkf syst`e syst`e r`qukr r`qukr`i  `i  - Ld pr`ssur pr`ssur`` / sp``i sp``i fkektm fkektmtkdl tkdlss - Ld dkf dkf td td gms gms pdffut pdffutkd kdl l

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

Amskb s`mfklg `f`e`lts DI pdfye`r 

Jkff`i SYJ@ pdfye`r ld i`bdepr`sskdl dr bh`ekbmf fkekt

Bmradl / YB dr Rkb jdr dptkemf jrkbtkdlmf

Rprklg td prdvki` bdltrdff`i s`mfklg jdrb`

 p`rjdremlb`

A`hkli jmb` s`mf o`y`i td r`skst r`v`rs` pr`ssur` mt stmlistkff

O`y`i kl Sdfye`r s`mf i`skgl jdr fdw jrkbtkdl mt adth fdw mli hkgh  pr`ssur`

Yulgst`l Bmraki` bdmtklg jdr eklkeue

Bdltrdff`i @xtruskdl gmp

jrkbtkdl mli w`mr   

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

IQ[ GMR R@MF Srklbkpf` dj dp`rmtkdl > Yh` s`mf bdeprks`s twd emndr s`mfklg pmrts. Yh`y mr` th` stmtkdlmry `f`e`lt, whkbh ks sprklg fdmi`i wkth m bmradl jmb` mli m rdtmtklg tulgst`l bmraki` `f`e`lt. Yh` fmtt`r hms m luea`r

dj spkrmf grddv`s dj 3.3310 td 3.3=3 ee thkbol`ss. Yh` prklbkpf` dj dp`rmtkdl dj th` spkrmf grddv` s`mf ks th` amfmlbklg dj m`rdstmtkb mli m`rdiylmekb jdrb`s td prdvki` m stmaf`, eklkemf rullklg bf`mrmlb`.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

IQ[ GMR R@MF Srklbkpf` dj dp`rmtkdl >

Iurklg rdtmtkdl, th` spkrmf grddv`s pfmy m vktmf rdf` ay g`l`rmtklg m s`pmrmtklg jdrb` whkbh h`fps prdvki` th` e`mls dj mbhk`vklg ml mbb`ptmaf` gmp. Yh` jdffdwklgs r`pr`s`lts m spkrmf grddv`s.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

IQ[ GMR R@MF Grddv`s > Plk-Ikr`btkdl

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

IQ[ GMR R@MF Grddv` > Ak-Ikr`btkdl

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

IQ[ GMR R@MF Srklbkpf` dj dp`rmtkdl >

Yh` rdtmtkdl dj th` s`mt sbddps gms kltd th` spkrmf grddv`s wh`r` kt ks kliub`i tdwmris th` b`lt`r ultkf e``ts th` s`mfklg ime. Yhks `jj`bt bdepr`ss`s th` gms mt th` rddt dj th` grddv`s br`mtklg m  pr`ssur` klbr`ms` mli bmusklg th` jf`xkafy edult`i jmb` td ‖fkjt djj― thus `stmafkshklg ml dp`rmtklg bf`mrmlb`. Pli`r i`skgl bdliktkdls th` jdrb`s mbtklg updl th` s`mf kl dp`rmtkdl bml a` grmphkbmffy r`pr`s`lt`i ay thds` shdwl th` jdffdwklg jkgur`  prdiubklg ml dp`rmtklg dp`rmtklg s`mfk s`mfklg lg gmp dj mpprdxkemt` mpprdxkemt`fy fy 3.332ee.

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

IQ[ GMR R@MF Srklbkpf` dj dp`rmtkdl > Jdrb`s dl th` s`mf iurklg dp`rmtkdl

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E IQ[

GMR R@MF

Gms R`mf Roki mli Bdltrdf Sml`f

Bdepf`x Gms R`mf bdltrdf pml`f &

Bdepf`x Gms R`mf bdltrdf pml`f & addst`r jdr AS Hdrl Edultmkl

R@S R@ Srd s sys yst`e t`e

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E 

@XY@QLMF GMR

SQDB@RR GMR

JKFY@Q EDIPF @

Jkft`r`i Srdb`ss Gms

JK

 

Iry Gms R`mf >@lsur` th` gms ks bf`ml mli iry Jdr `xt`li`i r`fkmakfkty bf`ml / iry s`mf gms ks Z@Q[ kepdrtmlt 

Gms shdufi a` jkft`r`i td 6 2 ekbrdl



Bdmf`sbklg jkft`rs bml a` us`i td iry th` gms



H`mt`rs bml a` us`i td pr`v`lt bdli`lsmt`s



H`mt trmbklg shdufi a` us`i td  pr`v`lt h`mt h`mt fdss

JK

Srdb`ss Srdb `ss Gms Gms  

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E @XY@QLMF GMR

Iry

JKFY@Q EDIPF@

Jkft`r`i Srdb`ss Gms Srdb `ss Gms

SQDB@RR GMR JK

Srdb`ss Srdb `ss Gms Gms

 

JK

Gms R`mf

Bf`ml s`mf gms kln`btkdl  ‒ Ldremf dp`rmtkdl Jfdw pmth dj s`mf gms uli`r ldremf iylmekb dp`rmtklg bdliktkdls

 

FPAQKBMYKDL & R@MFKLG R[RY@E Jkft`r`i L1 R` R`bd bdli limry mry Gms Gms

@XY@QLMF GMR JKFY@Q EDIPF@

SQDB@RR GMR

SK

L1

SBZ

Jkft`r`i Srdb`ss Gms Srdb `ss Gms

R@BDLIMQ[ JKFY@Q EDIPF@

 JK

JK

 

JK

JK

Amrrk`r s`mf  pr`ssur` bdltrdff`i

SK

@lsur` Amrrk`r gms suppfy pr`ssur` ks kli`p`li`ltfy bdltrdff`i 

Srdb`ss rd b`ss + L1 Gms Gm s td t d Jfmr`

wkth SBZ‛s SK JD JK

Iry Gms R`mf >

SK



Rhdufi a` bdltrdff`i td 3.23.0 amr ldt jfdw 

JD JK

Amrrk`r R`mf f`momg`

Z@LY JFMQ@

bhmlg`s wkth tke`



Srdb`ss Srdb `ss Gms Gms

L1 t d

Klt`rfdbo wkth  a`mrklg dkf

M t e d s p h `r `r` `

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Fdmi bmpmbkty bdltrdf> Yh` bdepr`ssdrs ldremffy dp`rmt`s mfdlg th` bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv` whkbh ks irmwl jdr dl` sp``i. Yh` bdepr`ssdr wkff dp`rmt` mt th`  pdklt dj klt`rs`btkdl klt`rs`btkdl dj th` bhmrm bhmrmbt`rkstkb bt`rkstkb bburv` urv` mli th` th` syst`e r`skstmlb` burv`. Kj th` sp``i ks r`iub`i, m l`w bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv` mppfk`s mli th` th` embhkl` wkff mgmkl s`ttf` mt th` klt`rs` klt`rs`btkdl btkdl dj th` twd burv`s.

Rp``i bdltrdf> Jdr bdlstmlt klf`t bdliktkdls, jfdw ks prdpdrtkdlmf td sp``i. Sr`ssur` rks` ks prdpdrtkdlmf td th` squmr` dj th` sp``i mli pdw`r prdpdrtkdlmf td th` bua` dj sp``i. Kl thks wmy th` bdepr`ssdr bml a` emi` td dp`rmt` mlywh`r` dl th` syst`e bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv` a`tw``l th` surg` fkl` mli th` emxkeue sp``i burv`.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Kj m bdlstmlt sp``i embhkl` ks klikbmt`i, th` bdepr`ssdr bml a` bdltrdff`i ay subtkdl thrdttfklg. Yhks hms th` `jj`bt dj r`iubklg th` emss jfdw mli th` iksbhm iksbhmrg` rg` pr`ssur` dj th` gms ttd d mffdw th` e embhkl` mbhkl` td dp`rmt` mfdlg th` fdw`r bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv`. Yhks e`thdi ks bh`mp td suppfy mli skepf` td dp`rmt` mutdemtkbmffy mli bdlstmlt pr`ssur` iksbhmrg` bml a` edlktdr`i. Kt bml hdw`v`r a` mppfk`i dlfy td edi`rmt` bhmlg`s kl p`rjdremlb p`rjdremlb`. `. Zmrkmaf` mlgf` klf`t guki` vml`s kepmrt m i`gr`` dj pr`-rdtmtkdl td th` gms a`jdr` kt `lt`rs th` kep`ff`r, wkth th`edr` `jj`bt dj edvklg surg`dl fkl` td th` f`jt. Guki` vml`s e emy my a` jktt jktt`i `i td thml dl` kkep`ff`r ep`ff`r euftk-stmg` embhkl`s td pr`v`lt kep`ff`r surgklg. Yhks e`thdi gkv`s m edr` `jjkbk`lt e`thdi dj bdltrdf thml subtkdl thrdttfklg aut ks edr` bdstfy td klstmff.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Minustmaf` ikjjus`r vml`s whkbh r`iub` th` bhmll`f mlgf`s mli mr`ms bml mfsd gkv` bdlt bdltrdf rdf idwl ttd d 23% dj i`skgl jfdw wkthdut surgk surgklg lg aut thks ks `xp`lskv` td klstmff. Kl th` bms` dj iksbhmrg` pr`ssur` thrdttfklg, th`r` ks v`ry fkttf` pdw`r smvklg mli th` embhkl` wkff dp`rmt` mfdlg th` i`skgl burv`.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> S`rjdremlb` burv` dj b`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdr

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> Rp``i vmrkmtkdl burv`

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> Klf`t guki` vml` dp`rmtkdl

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> Rubtkdl thrdttfklg bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv`

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> B`ltrkjugmf mli Mxkmf bdepr`ssdr bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv`s

 

BDESQ@RRDQ RPQG@ BDLIKYKDLR & MLYK-RPQG@ BDLYQDFR Yh`r` ks m eklkeue bmpmbkty jdr `mbh bdepr`ssdr, mt `v`ry sp``i,  a`fdw whkbh dp`rmtkdl dp`rmtkdl a`b a`bde`s de`s ulstmaf ulstmaf`. `. Yhks klst klstmakfkty makfkty ks mbbdepmlk`i mbbdepmlk` i ay m bhmrmbt`rkstkb ldks` oldwl ms Suepklg dr Rurg`. Yh` prkemry bmus` dj thks a`hmvkdr fk`s kl th` shmp` dj th` h`mibmpmbkty burv` whkbh mjt`r r`mbhklg th` emxkeue a`gkls td irdp tdwmris th` z`rd bmpmbkty pdklt. Wh`l th` bmpmbkty ks r`iub`i a`fdw thks pdklt, th` pr`ssur` kl th` iksbhmrg` pkp` `xb``is thmt prdiub`i ay th` bdepr`ssdr mli th` jfdw t`lis td r`v`rs` ede`ltmrkfy. Hdw`v`r, ms sddl ms th` ks jurth`r r`iub`i, th`iksbhmrg` pr`ssur` kl th`th` iksbhmrg`  pkp` irdps mlijfdw th` bdepr` bdepr`ssdr ssdr a`gkls td kkltd ltd pkp` mgmkl. Rubh pufsmtkdls kl pr`ssur` mli bmpmbkty mr` emglkjk`i ay th` r`spdls` dj th` bdepr`sskaf` gms kl th` iksbhmrg` syst`e. Bdepr`ssdrs shdufi ldt a` dp`rmt`i mt vdfue`s a`fdw th` surg` pdklt.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ RPQG@ & MLYKRPQG@ BDLYQDFR Jdffdwklg e`thdis mr` pr`ideklmltfy us`i ms Mltk-Rurg` bdltrdf. (Kt shmff a` ldt`i thmt djt`l m bdeaklmtkdl dj edr` thml dl` dj th`s` e`thdis ks us`i jdr Mltk-surg` bdltrdf)  

Rp``i bdltrdf Klf`t bmpmbkty bdltrdf Q`bkrbufmtkdl

Rp``i bdltrdf> Jkg kffustrmt`s bdltrdf dj surg` thrdugh sp``i bdltrdf. Zmrkmaf` sp``i bml a` mbhk` mbhk`v`i v`i ay uskl usklg g vmrkmaf` sp``i irkv` irkv`rs rs fko` gms turakl`s, vmrkmaf` sp``i edtdrs `tb.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> Bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv`s dj m B`lt. Bdep. kffustrmtklg th` `jj`bt dj sp``i bdltrdf

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> Jfdw bdltrdf syst`e wkth vmrkmaf` sp``i bdltrdf

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> Bhmrmbt`rkstkb burv`s dj m b`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdr kffustrmtklg Klf`t guki`-vml` bdltrdf

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Klf`t bmpmbkty bdltrdf> Klf`t guki` vml`s (KGZ) bml a` minust`i td r`iub` th` bmpmbkty mli klbr`ms` th` stmaf` dp`rmtklg rmlg`. Mfthdugh th` prkemry rdf` dj guki` vml`s ks td prdvki` pr`-rdtmtkd pr`-rdtmtkdl l mh`mi dj th` kep`ff`r mli thus td r`iub` `ltrmlb` fdss`s, th` sme` vml`s mbt ms m thrdttf` td r`iub` th` jfdw rmt` ay r`iubklg th` gms i`lskty. Q`bkrbufmtkdl> Rurg` ks mvdki`i ay r`bybfklg dr Q`bkrbufmtklg pmrt dj th` gms kltd th` embhkl` thrdugh m aypmss vmfv` a`tw``l iksbhmrg` mli subtkdl fkl`s ms klikbmt`i kl th` jkg. Ay prdp`r us` dj dl` dr edr` dj th`s` e`thdis dj bdltrdf tdg`th`r wkth mi`qumt` klstrue`ltmtkdl, b`ltrkjugmf bdepr`ssdrs bml a` `qukpp`i td i`fkv`r gms mt bdlstmlt iksbhmrg` pr`ssur`, bdlstmlt

subtkdl pr`ssur`, bdlstmlt vdfue` jfdw dr bdlstmlt emss jfdw.

 

BDESQ@RRDQ BDLYQDFR Jkg.> Q`-bkrbufmtkdl

 

Q@J@Q@LB@(MSK RYMLIMQI) =.

MSK :=7 B`ltrkjugmf Bdepr`ssdr (7th, Nuf. ‛31)

1. 2.

MSK :=1, Rp`bkmf Surpds` Yurakl`s(0th, Mpr. '32) MSK :=1, Rp`bkmf Surpds` Yurakl`s(0th, Mpr. '32)

9.

MSK :=9, Fuarkbmtkdl, Rhmjt-R`mfklg mli Bdltrdf Dkf Ryst`e(9th, Mpr. ';;)

0.

MSK :==, :==, G`l`rm G`l`rmff Surpd Surpds` s` Yurakl Yurakl`` - jdr fua` dk dkff puep irkv`r(9th, Nul.';7)

:.

MSK :73, Zkarmtkdl, Mxkmf-Sdsktkdlklg, A`mrklg Y`ep`rmtur`

7.

Edlktdrklg Ryst`e(9th, I`b.'33) MSK :7=, Rp`bkmf Surpds` Bdupfklgs(2ri, Dbt.';8)

8.

MSK :7:, Sdsktkv` Ikspfmb`e`lt Sueps-Qdtmry(1li, ';:)

;.

MSK ;9=, Rt``f jdr hyirdg`l s`rvkb` MRE@ SYB =3, Bdepr`ssdr mli @xhmust`rs

=3.

 

Q@J@Q@LB@(S & KI) HMLI DPY

 

YH@ @LI

]&M

Yhmlos