Cell - The Unit of Life

 

I@DB[F MD^BXD MD^BXD@ @^MAD@C [KFAAC & [X. [BKADN@X], [BKADN@X] ^`c. KFMGF@CM, Nmst., ZRDB tf

00  Kc`ss

Kf`ptbr 6 *KBCC - ^FB RDM^ AE CMEB* C0

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Mdtranuktmad

 

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Mt ms bstml`tbn tf`t tfbrb `rb 0: Lmccmad cmvmdi spbkmbs ad B`rtf. @cc tfbsb cmvmdi ari`dmsls `rb l`nb ae kbccs. ^fb Kbcc ms tfb smlpcbst kaccbktmad ae l`ttbr tf`t k`d cmvb.

 

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Lmkrair`pfm` Haag ‛ Xahbrt Faag 

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Emrst @dml`c cmgb kbcc ‛ @dml`ckucbs @dml`ckucbs ‛ Cbbuwbdfabg 

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E`tfbr ae Lmkrahmacaiy ‛ Xahbrt Gakf Qnmskavbrbn ^uhbrkucasms

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Zurpcb Zmilbdts - @dtfaky`dmd Kbcc w`cc ms l`nb up ae ‛ Kbccucasb, Fblmkbccucasb, Zbktmd Oamdmdi ae adb pc`dt kbcc ta tfb atfbr pc`dt kbcc ms nub ta

Zc`slanbsl`t`.  Da nmvmsmad ae c`haur md Rdmkbccuc`r Ari`dmsls.

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[b` `dbladb + Kcawd emsf < [ylhmatmk rbc`tmadsfmp

 

Emrst Ahsbrv`tmads ‛ Xahbrt Faagb •

Xahbrt Faagb, md 0552, ahsbrvbn l`dy tmdy, Faccaw, Xaal cmgb strukturbs md ` tfmd scmkb ae karg tfrauif ` kalpaudn lmkraskapb.

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Fb tbrlbn tfbl `s ‖Kbccs”. ^fb ms nbrmvbn eral tfb ` C`tmdwarns warn kbcc –Kbccuc`“ wfmkf lb`ds cmttcb raal.

Nmskavb Nmskavbry ry ae Kbccs ‛ @dtad U`d U`d

 

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Cbbuwbdfabg  @dtad U`d U`d Cbbuwbdfabg emrst ahsbrvbn cmvmdi kbccs. Md tfb yb`r 059;, fb mdvbdtbn f`dn kr`etbn lmkraskapbs. Fb nmskavbrbn smdicb kbccbn ari`dmsls `dn tbrlbn `s ‖`dml`ckucbs”.

L`ttfm`s [kfcbmnbd

 

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Ibrl`d hat`dmst L`fm`s [kfcbmnbd (06:>-0660)

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Md 06;6, L`fm`s [kfcbmnbd kadkcunbn tf`t `cc pc`dts wbrb l`nb ae kbccs.

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^fbanar [kfw`dd •

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Ibrl`d zaacaimst ^fbanar [kfw`dd (060:-0668) Md 06;=, ^fbanar [kfw`dd kadkcunbn tf`t `cc `dml`cs wbrb l`nb ae kbccs.

 

^fbanar [kfw`dd •

^fbanar [kfw`dd rbpartbn tf`t `dml`c kbccs f`n ` tfmd autbr c`ybr wfmkf ms daw k`ccbn Zc`sl` Lblhr`db.

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Fb `csa kadkcunbn, tf`t tfb  prbsbdkb ae kbcc w`cc w`cc ms ` udmqub ae tfb pc`dt kbccs.

 

Xunacpf Umrkfaw Xunacpf Umrkfaw Ibrl`d pfysmkm`d Xunacpf Umrkfaw (0680-0=:8) Xunace Umrkfaw eurtfbr bxp`dnbn tfrauif kbcc tfbary  hy usmdi ‖Aldms kbccuc`-b-kbccucc`” wfmkf lb`ds `cc kbccs `rmsb eral prb-bxmstmdi kbccs (0622).

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Kadkbpt ae Kbcc ^fbary •

H`smk struktur`c `dn eudkad`c udmt ae cmvmdi ari`dmsls. ari`dmsls.

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@cc cmvmdi ari`dmsl ms l`nb ae kbccs.

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@cc kbccs `rmsb eral prb-bxmsdi prb-bxmsdi kbccs.

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^fb kbcc tfbary k`d hb st`tbn `s eaccaws.

 

Kc`ssmemk`tmad ae Cmvmdi Ari`dmsl•

H`sbn Ad Dulhbr

@d ari`dmsl k`d hb bmtfbr udmkbccuc`r (l`nb up ae ` smdicb kbcc) ar Luctmkbccuc`r (L`nb up ae luctmpcb kbccs). Cmvmdi Ari`dmsls

Rdmkbccuc`r Ari`dmsls

Luctmkbccuc`r Ari`dmsls

 

Rdmkbccuc`r Ari`dmsls •

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Rdmkbccuc`r ari`dmsls pbrearl `cc dbkbss`ry eudktmads cmgb ` nmibstmad, rbspmr`tmad, btk. hy smdicb kbcc. Z`r`lbkmul, `labh`, h`ktbrm`, buicbd` btk.

 

Luctmkbccuc`r Ari`dmsls Luctmkbccuc`r ari`dmsls kalprmsb ae l`dy iraups ae spbkm`cmzbn kbccs k`ccbn tmssubs ta  pbrearl p`rtmkuc`r eudktmad.

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Bx`lpcbs? Zc`dts, Eudim `dn `dml`cs

 

LKPs Pumz 0. Yfm Yfmkf kf adb ms tfb tfb c`ribst c`ribst udmk udmkbcc bccuc` uc`rr ari`dm ari`dmsl. sl. `. Zc`d`rm` h. @kbtah`ktbrm` k. Hcub irbbd `ci`b n. ]b`st

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Umrus •

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@dytfmdi cbss tf`d ` kalpcbtb strukturb ae kbcc nabs dat bdsurb mdnbpbdnbdt cmvmdi. Bx`lpcb ? Umrus Umrus

 

Cmvmdi Ari`dmsls

 

Kbcc [mzb •

Kbccs r`dib md smzb eral adb lmccmlbtrb nawd ta adb lmkralbtrb.

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H`ktbrmapf`ib r`dibs hbtwbbd 0: ta 0::dl. [l`ccbst kbcc? Lykapc`sl` (H`ktbrm` ‛ :.; ul

C`ribst Kbcc? Dbrvb kbcc (up ta 0 lbtbr)

H`ktbrm` ‛ ; ta 2 ul

Dbrvb Kbcc

Lykapc`sl` H`ktbrm`

Astrmkf Bii Hmiibst smdicb kbcc? Astrmkf

Ful`d rbn hcaan kbccs `rb `haut 9.: ul md

Ful`d Bii? 0::ul

nm`lbtbr Ful`d Bii

Bii

Ful`d Xbn Hcaan Kbcc

Kbcc [f`pb - Eudktmads

 

^fmd & Ec`t ear @hsarptmad Bpmtfbcm`c

Nmsk [f`pb ear [cmnmdi - XHK Dbrvb ‛ ^frb`n Cmgb

XHK ‛ Nmsk Cmgb

Bcadi`tbn ‛ ^r`kfbmns

Bpmtfbcm`c - Zacyiad`c

Mrrbiuc`r [f`pb ta Bdiuce - YHK

^fmd `dn Cadi  ‛ ^a ^a K`rry mlpucsb

YHK - Av`c

YHK - Mrrbiuc`r

YHK - Xaudn

^uhb Cmgb [f`pb ta

^r`dspart - ^r`kfbmns

Kbcc [f`pb ‛ Eudktmads

 

Kbcc `rb ae nmeebrbd nmeebrbdtt sf`pbs. ^fby l`y hb nmsk-cmgb,  pacyiad`c, kaculd`r kaculd`r,, kuhamn, tfrb`n cmgb, ar bvbd mrrbiuc`r.

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XHK ‛ Nmsk Cmgb

Bpmtfbcm`c - Zacyiad`c

^fb sf`pb ae tfb kbcc l`y v`ry wmtf tfb eudktmad tfby pbrearl. Bpmtfbcm`c - Kuhamn`c

YHK - Av`c

YHK - Mrrbiuc`r

YHK - Xaudn

^uhb Cmgb [f`pb ta

^r`dspart - ^r`kfbmns

Dbrvb ‛ ^frb`n Cmgb

 

^ypbs ae Kbccs •

Kbccs `rb ae twa typbs ^ypb ae Kbccs

Zrag`ryatmk Kbccs

Bug`ryatmk Kbccs

B.i. H`ktbrm`, Hcub

B.i. Zc`dt Kbccs `dn

Irbbd @ci`b

@dml`c Kbccs

 

LKPs Pumz 0. Xa Xahb hbrt rt Hra Hrawd wd nms nmska kavb vbrb rbn n `. Kbcc w`cc h. Lmtakfadnrm` k. Dukcbacus n. Dukcbus 8. Yfmkf Yfmkf ae tfb tfb eacca eaccawmd wmdi i ms tfb tfb bxkbpt bxkbptmad mad ae kbc kbccc tfbary tfbary `. H`ktbrm` h. Eudim k. Cmkfbd n. Umrus ;. Yfa prapasbn prapasbn tfb tfbary tfbary tf`t –kbcc `rmsb adcy eral eral tfb tfb prb-bxmst prb-bxmstmdi mdi kbccs“ `. Lafc h. Umrkfaw k. F`bkgbc n. Hrawd

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Zrag`ryatbs •

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Zrag`ryatmk ari`dmsls `rb struktur`ccy sl`ccbr `dn smlpcbr ari`dmsl. Bxtrblbcy sl`cc? 0-0.2ul wmnb `dn 85ul cadi. Bx`lpcbs mdkcunbs h`ktbrm`, Hcub-irbbd `ci`b, lykapc`sl` & ZZCA (Zcbura Zdbuladm` Cmgb Ari`dmsls).

 

Kalp`rmsad ae Bug`ryatmk Kbcc Ymtf Atfbr Ari`dmsls

 

H`ktbrm` [f`pbs [pmr`c - [pmrmccul •

H`ktbrm` wmcc akkur md tfrbb h`smk sf`pbs?

[pfbrmk`c ‛ Kakkus

Xan ‛ [f`pbn - H`kmccus

Kall` [f`pbn - Umhrma

 

Zrag`ryatmk atmk Kbcc ‛ Kbcc Bdvbcapb Zrag`ry •

Kbcc Bdvbcapb mdkcunbs?

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Icykak`cyx Kbcc w`cc Zc`sl` lblhr`db

 

LKPs Pumz 0. Kb Kbcc cc tf tfbbar ary y st`t st`tbs bs `. @cc kbccs `rb cmvmdi cmvmdi h. @cc kbccs f`vb dukcbus k. Kbcc `rb eudn`lbdt`c udmt ae cmvmdi ari`dmsls n. Kbcc rbpranukb hy lmtasms `dn lbmasms 8. @ lykap lykapc`sl` c`sl` ms `d ari`dmsl ari`dmsl wmtf ` nm`lb nm`lbtbr tbr hbtwbbd hbtwbbd :.0 `dn 0.:ul 0.:ul.. Yf`t Yf`t nabs mts smzb tbcc yau `haut faw mt lmift hb kc`ssmembn1 `. Mt lust hb ` smdicb s mdicb kbccbn pratmsts  h. Mt lust hb ` smdicb kbccbn kbccbn eudius k. Mt kaucn hb `clast `dy typmk`c h`ktbrmul n. Mt kaucn hb ` vbry sl`cc h`ktbrmul

 

LKPs Pumz 0. ^fb warn warn –Zr –Zrag` ag`ry ryat atb“ b“ lb` lb`ds ds ` kbc kbccc `. Ymtf Ymtf l`dy dukcbm h. Ymtf Ymtf adb dukcbus k. Ymtfaut dukcbus n. Ymtfaut kfcarapc`st 8. ^fb smt smtbb ae rbsp rbspmr` mr`tma tmad d md h`k h`ktbr tbrm` m` ms `. Bpmsalb h. Lbsasalb (Kytapc`slmk lblhr`db) k. Xmhasalb n. Lmkrasalb ;. H`kt H`ktbrm brm`` wfasb wfasb kbcc kbcc f`s f`s adcy adcy ` kurvb kurvb/ka /kall` ll` ms `. Umhrma h. Kakkm k. [pmrmccm n. H`kmccm

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Bug`ryatbs

 

Bug`ryatmk kbccs `rb ibdbr`ccy lukf l ukf c`ribr tf`d prag`ryatmk kbcc

 

Bug`ryatmk Kbcc •

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Bug`ryatmk kbccs kadt`md ND@ md ` dukcbus tf`t ms haudnbn hy ` lblhr`daus dukcb`r bdvbcapb. Zc`sl` lblhr`db Kytapc`sl md tfb rbimad hbtwbbd tfb pc`sl` lblhr`db `dn dukcbus. Lblhr`db-haudn ari`dbccbs.

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HMACAI] BVZBX^

 

Bug`ryatmk Kbccs? Ari`dbccbs •

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Bug`ryatmk kbccs `rb kalp`rtlbdt`cmzbn. ^fby kadt`md sl`cc strukturbs k`ccbn ari`dbccbs. Zbrearl spbkmemk eudktmads. Msac`tbs rb`ktmads eral atfbrs.

 

Bug`ryatmk Kbccs? Ari`dbccbs •

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^wa kc`ssbs ae ari`dbccbs? Bdnalblhr`db systbl Ari`dbccbs tf`t kalludmk`tb wmtf adb `datfbr. Um` lblhr`db lblhr `db kf`ddbcs Um` sl`cc vbsmkcbs

 

LKPs Pumz 0. Zc`slmns `rb `. Umrusbs h. Dbw lmkra-ari`dmsl lmkra-ari`dmsl k. Bxtr` kfralasal`c ibdbtmk l`tbrm`c n. Dadb ae tfbsb 8. Icy Icykak kak`cy `cyx x ae emhrbs emhrbs ad salb salb h`ktbr h`ktbrm` m` sa prbsbd prbsbdtt ms l`nb l`nb up ae  `. Zratbmd h. E`t k. Zacys`kkf`rmnb n. Dadb ae tfb `havb

 

C2

LKPs Pumz 0. Zc Zc`s `sl` l` lb lblh lhr` r`db db ms l`n l`nbb up up ae  ae  `. @ pratbmd c`ybr hbtwbbd twa cmpmn c`ybrs  h. @ cmpmn c`ybr c`ybr hbtwbbd twa pratbmd pratbmd c`ybrs k. @ pratbmd ` cmpmn & ` kbccucasb c`ybr  n. Zfaspfacmpmn hmc`ybr, pratbmd, k`rhafynr`tb, pratbmds, kfacbstbrac 8. Yfmkf Yfmkf p`mr p`mr ae struktur strukturbs bs `rb usu` usu`ccy ccy eaudn eaudn md hatf pc`dt pc`dt `dn `dml` `dml`cc kbcc. `. Kbcc lblhr`db & Dukcbacus h. Kbcc lblhr`db & Kbcc w`cc k. Dukcbacus & Kfcarapc`st n. Dukcbus & Kbcc w`cc

 

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Zc`sl` Lblhr`db ^fb pc`sl` lblhr`db ms tfb haudn`ry tf`t sbp`r`tbs tfb cmvmdi kbcc eral mts surraudnmdis.

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Mt ms eaudn md pc`dt `dn `dml`c kbccs.

 

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Zc`sl` Lblhr`db ^fb pc`sl` lblhr`db ms l`nb ae pfaspfacmpmn

 hmc`ybr, pratbmd,  hmc`ybr, k`rhafynr`tb, pratbmds, kfacbstbrac. •

Zfaspfacmpmn `rb tfb last `hudn`dt cmpmn md tfb pc`sl` lblhr`db.

- [trukturb [trukturb

 

Zfaspfacmpmn Kalpadbdt

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^fb cmpmn kalpadbdt ae tfb lblhr`db l`mdcy kadsmst ae pfaspfaicykbrmnbs

Zfaspfacmpmns ‛ @lpfmp`tfmk

 

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Zfaspfacmpmns `rb `lpfmp`tfmk lacbkucbs, kadt`mdmdi fynrapfahmk `dn fynrapfmcmk rbimads

D`turb

 

Lblhr`db ^r`dspart Z`ssmdi ^frauif ^fb H`rrmbr ae ` Kbcc

 

Ecumn Las`mk Lanbc •

Md 0=98, O. [mdibr & I. Dmkacsad prapasbn tf`t tfb pc`sl` lblhr`db ms ` las`mk ae pratbmds nmspbrsbn wmtfmd tfb pfaspfacmpmn hmc`ybr hmc`ybr,, wmtf adcy tfb fynrapfmcmk rbimads bxpasbn ta w`tbr.

 

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Ecumn Las`mk Lanbc ^fb ecumn las`mk lanbc st`tbs tf`t ` lblhr`db ms ` ecumn strukturb wmtf ` –las`mk“ ae v`rmaus pratbmds blhbnnbn md mt.

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Zfaspfacmpmns md tfb pc`sl` Zfaspfacmpmns lblhr`db k`d lavb wmtfmd tfb hmc`ybr hmc`ybr..

Last ae tfb cmpmns, & salb  pratbmds, nrmet nrmet c`tbr`ccy c`tbr`ccy..  

0. Zf Zfas aspf pfac acmp mpmn mnss `r `rbb `. @lpfmp`tfmk h. @lpfmhacmk k. Fynrapfahmk n. Dadb ae tfbsb 8. Ma Mad d k`r k`rrm rmbr brss `rb `rb ca cak` k`tb tbn n md md `. Dukcbus h. Kbcc w`cc k. Kbccuc`r sp`kb n. Zc`sl` lblhr`dbs ;. Yfbd Yfbd ` kbcc kbcc bdiuce bdiuce ar ar surrau surraudns dns ` p`rt p`rtmkc mkcbb `dn earl earlss ` vbsmkc vbsmkcbb `raudn mt, tfb pfbdalbdad ms gdawd `s `. Bxakytasms h. Zf`iakytasms k. Bdnakytasms n. Dadb ae tfbsb

C5

LKPs Pumz

 

0. Yfmkf ae tfb eaccawmd eaccawmdi i nabs dat rbqumrb rbqumrb k`rrmbr k`rrmbr lacbkucbs lacbkucbs nurmdi nurmdi tr`dspart tr`dspart tfrauif tfrauif kbcc lblhr`dbs lblhr`dbs `. [mlpcb nmeeusmad h. E`kmcmt`tbn nmeeusmad k. D`+, G+ tr`dspart n. @ktmvb tr`dspart ae sui`rs sui`rs & `lmda `kmns `kmns 8. ^fb lmdutb lmdutb prata pratapc`sl pc`slmk mk kaddbk kaddbktmads tmads hbtwb hbtwbbd bd kbccs kbccs `rb `rb k`ccbn k`ccbn `. Kfm`sl`t` h. Zc`slanbsl`t` k. ^r`ktmcb emhrbs k. Rctr`-kbccuc`r str`dns ;. Lm Lmnn nncb cb c` c`lb lbcc cc`` ms `. Zrbsbdt mdsmnb tfb prml`ry w`cc h. Zrbsbdt mdsmnb tfb sbkadn`ry w`cc w`cc k. Zrbsbdt autsmnb autsmnb tfb prml`ry w`cc n. Zrbsbdt md hbtwbbd hbtwbbd sbkadn`ry & tbrtm`ry w`cc >. ^fb strbdi strbditf tf & rmimnmty rmimnmty ae ae ` kbcc w`cc w`cc ms nub nub ta tfb tfb suhst`dkb suhst`dkb gdawd gdawd `s `. [uhbrmd h. Kbccucasb k. Cmidmd n. Zbktmd

 

Ecumn Las`mk Lanbc ‛ Zra Zratbmds tbmds

@ lblhr`db lblhr`db ms ` kacc`ib ae nmeebrbdt  pratbmds blhbnnbn md tfb ecumn ecumn l`trmx ae tfb cmpmn hmc`ybr.

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Zratbmds nbtbrlmdb last ae tfb lblhr`db”ss spbkmemk eudktmads. lblhr`db” Zbrmpfbr`c pratbmds `rb haudn ta tfb sure`kb ae tfb lblhr`db. Mdtbir`c pratbmds pbdbtr`tb tfb fynrapfahmk karb. Mdtbir`c pratbmds tf`t sp`d tfb

lblhr`db `rb k`ccbn tr`dslblhr`db  pratbmds.

Lacbkucbs Krass Kbcc Lblhr`db

 

H] H]

Z`ssmvb ^r`dspart

@ktmvb ^r`dspart

Lavmdi Nawd

L`y Hb

Lavmdi Nawd

Xbqumrbs

Kadkbdtr`tmad Ir`nmbdt Nmeeusmad

[l`cc Dad Zac`r

E`kmcmt`tbn Nmeeusmad

Zac`r

Rsbs

Rsbs

@^Z

^r`dspart Zratbmds

Lacbkucbs

Lacbkucbs

 

Nmeeusmad •

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Nmeeusmad ms tfb tbdnbdky ear lacbkucbs ta sprb`n aut bvbdcy mdta tfb `v`mc`hcb sp`kb. @ctfauif b`kf lacbkucb lavbs r`dnalcy, nmeeusmad ae ` papuc`tmad ae lacbkucbs l`y bxfmhmt ` dbt lavblbdt md adb nmrbktmad. @t nyd`lmk bqumcmhrmul, `s l`dy lacbkucbs krass adb w`y `s krass md tfb atfbr nmrbktmad.

Nmeeusmad

 

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[uhst`dkbs nmeeusb nawd tfbmr kadkbdtr`tmad ir`nmbdt, tfb nmeebrbdkb md kadkbdtr`tmad ae ` suhst`dkbs eral adb `rb` ta `datfbr.

 Da warg lust hb nadb ta lavb suhst`dkbs nawd tfb kadkbdtr`tmad ir`nmbdt.

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^fb nmeeusmad ae ` suhst`dkb `krass ` hmacaimk`c lblhr`db ms p`ssmvb tr`dspart hbk`usb mt rbqumrbs da bdbriy eral tfb kbcc ta l`gb mt f`ppbd.

 

Aslasms •

Aslasms ms tfb nmeeusmad ae w`tbr `krass ` sbcbktmvbcy

 pbrlb`hcb lblhr`db. lblhr`db. Y`tbr nmeeusbs `krass ` lblhr`db eral tfb rbimad

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ae cawbr sacutbta tfb rbimad kadkbdtr`tmad ae fmifbr sacutb kadkbdtr`tmad.

C9  

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^admkmty

^admkmty ms tfb `hmcmty ae sacutmad ta k`usb ` kbcc ta i`md ar casb w`tbr. Msatadmk sacutmad? [acutb kadkbdtr`tmad ms tfb s`lb `s tf`t mdsmnb tfb kbcc7 da dbt w`tbr lavblbdt `krass tfb pc`sl` lblhr`db.

Fypbrtadmk sacutmad? [acutb kadkbdtr`tmad ms irb`tbr tf`d tf`t mdsmnb tfb kbcc7 kbcc casbs w`tbr. Fypatadmk sacutmad? [acutb kadkbdtr`tmad ms cbss tf`d tf`t mdsmnb tfb kbcc7 kbcc i`mds.

 

LKPs Pumz 0. Yfa Yfa ahsb ahsbrv rvbn bn tfb tfb –lmta –lmtakf kfad adnr nrm` m`““ emrst emrst `. Gaccmgbr h. Xahbrt Hrawd k. Xahbrt Faagb n. @ctl`dd 8. E0 p` p`rt rtmk mkcb cbss `rb `rb `csa `csa k`c k`ccb cbn n `. Bcbktrad tr`dspart p`rtmkcbs p`rtmkcbs h. Bcblbdt`ry p`rtmkcbs k. Kytakfralbs n. Krmst`b

LX. Z@Y@X D@]@D

HMACAI] BVZBX^

 

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Bdbriy ‛ Xbc`tbn Ari`dbccbs

Bdbriy rbc`tbn ari`dbccbs Lmtakfadnrm` `rb tfb smtbs ae kbccuc`r rbspmr`tmad, ` lbt`hacmk prakbss tf`t ibdb ib dbr` r`tb tbss @^Z @^Z.. Kfcarapc`sts, Kfcarapc`s ts, eaudn md pc`dts & `ci`b, `rb tfb smtbs ae

 pfatasydtfbsms.  

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Bdbriy ‛ Xbc`tbn Lmtakfadnrm` & kfcarapc`sts @rb dat p`rt ae tfb bdnalblhr`db

Ari`dbccbs

systbl. F`vb ` nauhcb lblhr`db F`vb pratbmds l`nb hy erbb rmhasalbs. Kadt`md tfbmr awd ND@.

 

Lmtakfadnrm` •

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Lmtakfadnrm` `rb prbsbdt md db`rcy `cc bug`ryatmk kbccs. ^fby `rb sl`ccbr tf`d kfcarapc`st. [f`pb ‛ s`us`ib sf`pbn ar kycmdnrmk`c f`vmdi ` nm`lbtbr ae :.8-0.:ul (`vbr`ib :.2ul) `dn cbditf 0.:->.0ul

 

Lmtakfadnrm` [trukturb •

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[urraudnbn hy ` nauhcb lblhr`db. ^fby f`vb ` slaatf autbr lblhr`db & `d mddbr lblhr`db eacnbn mdta krmst`b. ^fb mddbr lblhr`db krb`tbs twa kalp`rtlbdts? mdtbrlblhr`db sp`kb &lmtakfadnrm`c l`trmx. Krmst`b prbsbdt ` c`rib sure`kb `rb` ear bdzylb b dzylbss tf`t tf` t sydtfbsmz sy dtfbsmzbb @^Z @^Z.. [alb lbt`hacmk stbps ae kbccuc`r

rbspmr`tmad `rb k`t`cysbn md tfb lmtakfadnrm`c l`trmx.  

Lmtakfadnrm` - [trukturb

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Kadt`md rmhasalbs (9:[) `dn tfbmr awd ND@. ^fb lmtakfadnrm` nmvmnb hy emssmad.

Lmtakfadnrm` ‛

 

[trukturb - Eudktmad •

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L`trmx ‛ Mddbr sblmecumn kadt`mdmdi rbspmr`tary bdzylbs. Hrb`g nawd k`rhafynr`tbs. Mdvacvbn md kbccuc`r rbspmr`tmad (`brahmk rbspmr`tmad). Zranukb last ae @^Z utmcmzbn hy tfb kbcc. ^fby `rb k`ccbn ‖pawbr fausbs” ae

tfb kbcc.

 

Zc`stmns

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Zc`stmns `rb eaudn md `cc pc`dt kbccs & md Buicbdamns.

 

^ypbs ae Zc`stmns

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H`sbn ad tfb typbs ae pmilbdts pc`stmns k`d hb kc`ssmembn mdta Kfcarapc`sts, Kfralapc`sts & Cbukapc`sts. ^ypbs ae Zc`stmns

Cbukapc`sts

Kfcarapc`sts

Kfralapc`sts

Fmhmskus

 

Zc`stmns - Kfralapc`sts Kfralapc`sts ‛ •

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Md tfb Kfralapc`sts e`t sacuhcb k`ratbdamn pmilbdts cmgb K`ratbdb, V`dtfapfyccs & atfbrs `rb prbsbdt. Mlp`rt kacaur, ` ybccaw, ar`dib ar rbn kacaur ta pc`dts.

 

Cbukapc`sts •

Zc`stmns - Cbukapc`sts

^fb cbukapc`sts `rb tfb kacaurcbss

 pc`stmns ae v`rmbn sf`pbs & smzbs wmtf starbn dutrmbdts? •

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@lycapc`sts starb k`rhafynr`tbs ([t`rkf), b.i., pat`ta Bc`mapc`sts starb amcs & e`ts @cburapc`sts starb pratbmds. Fmhmskus

LX. Z@Y@X D@]@D

HMACAI] BVZBX^

 

Zc`stmns - Kfcarapc`sts

^fb kfcarapc`sts ms ` lblhbr ae ` e`lmcy ae ari`dbccbs k`ccbn pc`stmns. Kfcarapc`st kadt`md tfb irbbd  pmilbdt kfcarapfycc, kfcarapfycc, `s `s wbcc `s bdzylbs & atfbr lacbkucbs tf`t eudktmad md pfatasydtfbsms.

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Kfcarapc`sts `rb eaudn md cb`vbs & atfbr irbbd ari`ds ae pc`dts & md `ci`b.

 

LKPs Pumz

0. @utadalmk ibdalb systbl ms prbsbdt md

`. Xmhasalbs `dn kfcarapc`sts h. Lmtakfadnrm` Lmtakfadnrm` `dn rmhasalbs k. Lmtakfadnrm` & Kfcarapc`sts n. Iacim-hanmbs Iacim-hanmbs & lmtakfadnrm`

Kfcarapc`sts

 

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^fby `rb ae v`rmaus sf`pb & smzb.

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[f`pb av`c, spfbrmk`c, nmskamn‛ar bvbd rmhhad ‛ cmgb ari`dbccbs. •

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[mzb-cbditf (2-0:ll) `dn wmntf (8->ll). Irbbd pc`dts `rb eaudn md tfb

lbsapfycc kbccs ae tfb cb`vbs.

LKPs Pumz

 

0. Cmpm Cmpmn n hm hmc` c`yb ybrr ms pr prbs bsbd bdtt md md `. Zc`sl` Lblhr`db h. Xmhasalb k. Kfralasalb n. Dukcbacus 8. Md pra rag` g`ry rya atm tmkk kb kbcc ccs. s. `. Mdtbrd`c kalp`rtlbdt `rb `hsbdt h. Dukcbus ms `hsbdt k. Xmhasalbs `rb 9:[ n. @cc ae tfb `havb ;. ND ND@ @ `kt `ktss `s ` tblp tblpc`t c`tbb ear ear sydt sydtfb fbsm smss ae  ae  `. XD@ h. ND@ k. Hatf (`) & (h) n. Zratbm Zratbmd d >.

Nmeebrbdk Nmeebr bdkbb hbtw hbtwbbd bbd pra prag`r g`ryat yatbb & Bug Bug`ry `ryatb atb ms md `. Kbcc smzb h. Kbcc sf`pb sf`pb k. Kfblmk`c kalpasmtmad ae pratapc`sl n. Ari`dms`tmad ae dukcb`r l`tbrm`c

2. ^fb ^fb tbrl tbrl ‖Z ‖Zra rata tapc pc`sl `sl”” ka kamd mdbn bn hy `. Umrkfaw h. Zurgmdob k. Nuo`rnmd n. Gaccmgbr   

5.

Ymtfmd tfb dukcbus dukcbus ND@ ms ari`dmsb ari`dmsbn n `cadi `cadi wmtf wmtf pratbmds pratbmds mdta l`tbrm` l`tbrm`cc k`ccbn. k`ccbn. `. Dukcb`r c`lmd` h. Kfral`tmd k. Kfralasalb n. Kfral`tmn

9. ^f ^fbb lmdb lmdbr` r`cc prbs prbsbd bdtt md kbc kbccc w`cc w`cc ms ms `. D` h. K` k. G n. Ld 6. Lb Lbsb sbcsa csad d `dn `dn [t` [t`fc fc bx bxpb pbrm rmlb lbdt dt pr prav avbn bn `. ND@ ms ` ibdbtmk l`tbrm`c h. Kbdtr`c nail` nail` k. ^r`dsearl`tmad ^r`dsearl`tmad n. [blm-kadsbrv`tmad ND@ rbpcmk`tmad b. ^r`dsn ^r`dsnuktmad uktmad =. XD@ XD@ f` f`ss ur ur`k `kmc mc md mdst stb` b`n n ae  `. Kytasmdb h. Iu`dmdb k. ^fylmdb n. Dadb ae tfbsb 0:. Yfmkf ae tfb eaccawmdi ms kf`r`ktbrmstmks ae pfaspfacmpmns ae pc`sl` lblhr`db1 `. Adb dad-pac`r fb`n & twa pac`r pac`r t`mcs h. Adb pac`r fb`n fb`n & twa dad-pac`r dad-pac`r t`mcs

k. ^wa ^wa dad-pac`r fb`ns & adb pac`r t`mc n. ^wa ^wa pac`r fb`ns & adb dad-pac`r t`mc n. ^wa ^wa pac`r fb`ns & twa t wa pac`r twa pac`r t`mcs  

Zcb`sb Na Cmgb [f`rb & [uhskrmhb ^a Aur ]au^u hb Kf`ddbc

 

Fm stunbdts! Ybckalb ta tfb A[@ (Axearn [kmbdkb @k`nbly) adcmdb kc`ss/ka`kfmdi. अय शब ऒ लङम ऽ अयऒ      ं यद ऐदसउद टदस त.

0) ]au^uhb ~ fttps?//www.yautuhb.kal/kf`ddbc/RKyCtMlN-]OwVOcVc=LIiMi@1suhQkademrl`tmad) ^bcbir`l ~ fttps?//t.lb/axearnskmbdkb`k`nbly fttps?//t.lb/axearnskmbdkb`k`nbly   2) Mdst`ir`l ~ fttps?//www fttps?//www.mdst`ir`l.kal .mdst`ir`l.kal/mdvmtbs/kadt`kt/1 /mdvmtbs/kadt`kt/1m;rw& m;rw&utlQkadtbdt