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FUZZY LOGIC BASED CONTROL OF WASHING MACHINE USING ARDUINO Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By Raheema Begum (09241A0289) G.SriKeerthi (09241A02A6) L.R.SindhuPriya (09241A02A2) B.Himabindu

(09241A0270)

Under the guidance of Mr.M.Ramesh (Assistant Professor)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING E NGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72 2013

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “FUZZY LOGIC BASED CONTROL OF WASHING MACHINE USING ARDUINO ”  that is being

submitted

by

Raheema

Begum,

G.SriKeerthi,

L.R.SindhuPriya,

B.Himabindu   under the guidance of Mr.M.Ramesh   in partial fulfilment for

the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of  bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any graduation degree.

Prof P.M.Sharma

Mr.M.Ramesh

HOD, EEE Dept,

Asst. Professor, EEE Dept

GRIET,Hyderabad GRIET,Hyderab ad

GRIET, Hyderabad (Internal Guide)

External Examiner

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “FUZZY LOGIC BASED CONTROL OF WASHING MACHINE USING ARDUINO ”  that is being

submitted

by

Raheema

Begum,

G.SriKeerthi,

L.R.SindhuPriya,

B.Himabindu   under the guidance of Mr.M.Ramesh   in partial fulfilment for

the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of  bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any graduation degree.

Prof P.M.Sharma

Mr.M.Ramesh

HOD, EEE Dept,

Asst. Professor, EEE Dept

GRIET,Hyderabad GRIET,Hyderab ad

GRIET, Hyderabad (Internal Guide)

External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  We have immense pleasure in expressing our thanks and deep sense of gratitude to our guide  Mr.M.Ramesh, Assistant Professor, Department of  Electrical Engineering, G.R.I.E.T for his guidance throughout this project. We also express our sincere thanks to  Prof. P.M.Sharma, Head of the  Department, G.R.I.E.T for for extending his help. We wish to express our profound sense of gratitude to Prof. to Prof. P. S. Raju,  Director, G.R.I.E.T  G .R.I.E.T for for his encouragement, and for all facilities to complete this  project. Finally we express our sincere gratitude to all the members of faculty and my friends who contributed their valuable advice and helped to complete the  project successfully. succe ssfully.

Raheema Begum (09241A0289) (09241A0289) G.SriKeerthi (09241A02A6) L.R.SindhuPriya (09241A02A2) B.HimaBindu (09241A0270)

ABSTRACT Our project deals with the control of operation of washing machine by using fuzzy logic control and Arduino. This control is with respect to the degree of dirt, amount of load and the type of load, since the wash time is based on the amount of clothes to wash, the type of loadand the degree of dirt in clothes. First, the dirt in water is sensed by optical sensor after 5 rotations which gives the output voltage in the range of 0-5 volts. For high level of contamination of water, the voltage range is 0 to 2 volts and for low level of contamination the range is 4-5 volts approximately approximately.. Secondly with respect to load, the supply current drawn increases as the load on the washing machine increases. By sensing the amount of current and optical sensor output voltage, the wash time is determined. So the control is done for both cases i.e. based on dirt level and amount of load. For lightly loaded and less dirt requires less wash time. For heavily loaded and more dirt condition wash time is more. The wash time is varied in order o rder to control the type of load. By giving these signals (current and voltage) as input to Arduino we determine the required amount of wash time for which the machine is operated. Thus, Fuzzy logic controlled washing machine controller gives a correct wash time even though a precise model of input and output relationship is not given.

CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT CHAPTER-1:INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER-2:HISTORY OF WASHING MACHINE ........................................................................ 2 2.1 THE PROCESS BY HAND ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2WASHING BY MACHINE ...................................................................................................... 3 2.3 TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT ......................................................................................... 3 2.4 MODERN WASHING MACHINES........................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER-3:PROJECT OVERVIEW .............................................................................................. 7 3.1 ADVANTAGES OF USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL....................................................... 7 3.2 DESIGN DETAILS ................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 HARDWARE ................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 SOFTWARE ................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER-4:ARDUINO ................................................................................................................ 20 4.1 ARDUINO PIN DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................... 20 4.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................... 22 4.1.2 SCHEMATIC & REFERENCE DESIGN........................................................................ 22 4.1.3 COMMUNICATION ...................................................................................................... 24 4.1.4 PROGRAMMING .......................................................................................................... 25 4.1.5 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET ............................................................................ 25

4.1.6 USB OVERCURRENT PROTECTION .......................................................................... 26 4.1.7 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER-5:FUZZY LOGIC ........................................................................................................ 27 5.1 DEFINITION ........................................................................................................................ 27 5.2 HOW IS FUZZY LOGIC DIFFERENT FROM CONVENTIONAL CONTROL METHODS?................................................................................................................................ 27 5.3 WORKING OF FUZZY LOGIC ............................................................................................ 28 5.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF FUZZY LOGIC IN WASHING MACHINE ............................ 28 5.4.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION ............................................................................................... 29 CONCLUSION FUTURE SCOPE REFERENCES APPENDIX

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1:19th-century Metropolitan washing machine………………………………………………2 Figure 2.2:A vintage German model washing machine………………………………………………...3 Figure 2.3:A 1950s washing machine model Constructa………………………………………………5 Figure 2.4:A see-through Bosch washing machine at the IFA 2010 in Berlin shows off its internal components……………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Figure 3.1:Washer drum with Propellor………………………………………………………………..8 Figure 3.2:Single Phase A.C. Motor …………………………………………………………………...9 Figure 3.3:Basic W ashing Machine Setup……………………………………………………………...9 Figure 3.4:Basic Power supply circuit………………………………………………………………...10 Figure 3.5:12V,5V D.C. Power circuit………………………………………………………………..11 Figure 3.6:Basic Relay Circuit………………………………………………………………………...12 Figure 3.7:Relay Circuit……………………………………………………………………………….13 Figure 3.8:Dirt sensor circuit………………………………………………………………………….13 Figure 3.9:Dirt sensor fitted to the washer drum.…………………………………………………….14 Figure 3.10:Selector switch…………………………………………………………………………...15 Figure 4.1:ARDUINO UNO Description ……………………………………………………………..21 Figure 5.1:Fuzz y Logic Block Diagram………………………………………………………………30 Figure 5.2:Membership function for dirtiness of clothes……………………………………………..31 Figure 5.3:Membership fun ction of type of dirt………………………………………………………32 Figure 5.4:Membership function for output variable washtime………………………………………33

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION Washing machines are a common feature today in the Indian household. The most important utility a customer can derive from a washing machine is that he saves the effort he/she had to put in brushing, agitating and washing the cloth. Most of the people wouldn’t have noticed that different type of cloth need different amount of washing time which depends directly on the degree of dirt, amount of load, type of cloth quality etc. The washing machines that are used today (the one not using fuzzy logic control) serves all the purpose of washing, but which cloth needs what amount of agitation time is a  business which has not been dealt with properly. In most of the cases either the user is compelled to give all the cloth same agitation or is provided with a restricted amount of control. The thing is that the washing machines used are not as automatic as they should be and can be. Our project aims at presenting the idea of controlling the washing time using fuzzy logic control and Arduino. Our project describes the procedure that can be used to get a suitable washing time for different cloths. The process is based entirely on the principle of taking non-precise inputs from the sensors, subjecting them to fuzzy arithmetic and obtaining a crisp value of the washing time. This method can be used in practice to further automate the washing machines. Never the less, this method, though with much larger number of input parameters and further complex situations, is being used by the giants like LG and Samsung.

CHAPTER-2 HISTORY OF WASHING MACHINE [1]

A washing machine is a machine to wash laundry, such as clothing and sheets. Washing entails immersing, dipping, rubbing, or scrubbing in water usually accompanied by detergent, or bleach. The simplest machines may simply agitate clothes in water while switched on; automatic machines may fill, empty, wash, spin, and heat in a cycle. Most washing machines remove substantial amounts of water from the laundry at the end of a wa sh cycle, but do not completely dry it.

2.1 THE PROCESS BY HAND Washing by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles. Water for the laundry would be hand carried, heated on a fire for washing, and then poured into the tub. That made the warm soapy water precious; it would be reused, first to wash the least soiled clothing, then to wash progressively dirtier laundry. Removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was originally a separate process. First soap would be rinsed out with clear water. After rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water. The entire process often occupied an entire day of hard work, plus drying and ironing.

Figure 2.1:19th-century Metropolitan washing machine

2.2WASHING BY MACHINE Clothes washer technology developed as a way to reduce the manual labor spent,  providing an open basin or sealed container with paddles or fingers to automatically agitate the clothing. The earliest machines were hand-operated and constructed from wood, while later machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, keeping the water warm throughout the day's washing. As electricity was not commonly available until at least 1930, some early washing machines were operated by a low-speed single-cylinder hit and miss gasoline engine.

Figure 2.2:A vintage German model washing machine

2.3 TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT After the World War II, numerous appliance manufacturers were given permission to undertake the research and development of washers during the war years. Many took the opportunity to develop automatic machines, realizing that these represented the future for the industry.A large number of manufacturers introduced competing automatic machines (main ly of the top-loading type) in the late 1940s and early 1950s. An improved front-loading automatic model, the Bendix Deluxe was introduced in 1947. General Electric also introduced its first top loading automatic model in 1947. This machine had many of the features that are incorporated into modern machines.Several manufacturers produced semi-automatic machines, requiring the user to intervene at one or two points in the wash cycle. A common semi-automatic type included two tubs: one with an agitator or impeller for washing, plus another smaller tub for water extraction or centrifugal rinsing. One early form of automatic washing machine manufactured by  Hoover   used cartridges to program different wash cycles. This system, called the "Keymatic",  used plastic cartridges with key-like slots and ridges around the edges. The cartridge was inserted into a slot on the machine and a mechanical reader operated the machine accordingly. The system did not commercially succeed because it offered no real advantage over the more conventional program dial, and the cartridges were prone to getting lost. In hindsight it can b e seen as a marketing gimmick rather than offering any really useful functionality. Since their introduction, automatic washing machines have relied on electromechanical timers to sequence the washing and extraction process.On the early electromechanical timers, the motor ran at a constant speed throughout the wash cycle, although it was possible for the user to truncate parts of the program by manually advancing the control dial. However, by the 1950s demand for greater flexibility in the wash cycle led to

the introduction of more sophisticated electrical timers to supplement the electromechanical timer. These newer timers enabled greater variation in functions such as the wash time. With this arrangement, the electric timer motor is periodically switched off to permit the clothing to soak, and is only re-energized just prior to a micro-switch being engaged or disengaged for the next stage of the process. Fully electronic timers did not b ecome widespread until decades later.However, since the 1970s electronic control of motor speed has become a common feature on the more expensive models.

Figure 2.3:A 1950s washing machine model Constructa

2.4 MODERN WASHING MACHINES In the early 1990s, upmarket machines incorporated microcontrollers for the timing  process. These proved reliable and cost-effective, so many cheaper machines now incorporate microcontrollers rather than electromechanical timers. In 1998, New Zealand based company Fisher &Paykel introduced its “SmartDrive” washing machine line in the US. This washing machine uses a computer-controlled system to determine certain factors such as load size and automatically adjusts the wash cycle to match. It also used a mixed s ystem of washing, first with the "Eco-Active"  wash, using a low level of recirculated water being sprayed on the load followed by a more traditional style wash. Other variations include the  Intuitive Eco , which can sense the water level and type of fabric in the wash load, and the agitatorlessAquaSmart line. The SmartDrive also included direct drive  brushless DC electric motor, which simplified the bowl and agitator drive by doing away with the need for a gearbox system. In 2008, the University of Leeds created a concept washing machine that uses only a cup (less than 300ml) of water and 44 pounds (20 kg) of re-usable plastic chips to carry out a full wash. The machine leaves clothes virtually dry, and uses less than 2 per cent of the water and energy otherwise used by a conventional machine. As su ch, it could save billions of liters of water each year. The concept is being developed as the  Xeros Washing Machine.

Figure 2.4:A see-through Bosch washing machine at the IFA 2010 in Berlin shows off its internal components

Features available in most modern consumer washing machines: •

Predefined programs for different laundry types

•

Variable temperatures, including cold wash

•

Rotation speed settings

•

Delayed execution: a timer to delay the start of the laundry cycle

Additionally some of the modern machines feature: •

Child lock

•

Time remaining indication

•

Steam

Future functionalities will include energy consumption prognosis before starting the p rogram, and electricity tariff induced delayed start of the machines. Integration into home local (wireless) networks will allow to monitor energy demand via different clients like computers or smart phones.

CHAPTER-3 PROJECT OVERVIEW Our project is based entirely on the principle of taking non-precise inputs from the sensor,subjecting them to fuzzy arithmetic using Arduino and obtaining crisp value of washing time. In our project we control the operation of washing machine with respect to: i.

Amount of load

ii.

Degree of dirt

iii.

Type of load

The amount of load is directly proportional to the current drawn by the current transformer.As the load increases the current drawn will be more and hence the wash time is decided. The degree of dirt is determined by the transparency of wash water.Thedirtier the clothes, less transparent the water being analyzed by the sensors is.The dirt in water is sensed  by optical sensor which gives the output voltage in the range of 0-5 volts. For high level of contamination of water, the voltage range is low and for low level of contamination the range is high. The wash time is varied for different types of load based on the program in Arduino and also by using fuzzy logic.

3.1 ADVANTAGES OF USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL By the use of fuzzy logic control we have been able to obtain a wash time for different type of dirt and different degree of dirt. The conventional method required the human interruption to decide upon what should be the wash time for different cloths. In other words this situation analysis ability has been incorporated in the machine which makes the machine much more automatic and represents the decision taking power of the new arrangement. Though the analysis in this paper has been very crude, but this clearly depicts the advantage of adding the fuzzy logic controller in the conventional washing machine.

3.2 DESIGN DETAILS Our project mainly consists of hardware part and software part. The hardware part constitutes the basic model of washing machine along with the control circuitry. The software  part consists of the Arduino programming which is interfaced with the hardware part through Arduino Uno.

3.2.1HARDWARE

The hardware part of our project can b e divided into two parts: 1. the basic washing machine and 2. the relevant control circuit. BASIC WASHING MACHINE

The basic washing machine is constructed as follows. A simple Plastic tub is taken as the washer drum where the washing takes place. A propeller is fixed to the bottom of the drum which is used for agitating the water. A normal tap is attached to the bottom of the drum which is used as the outlet valve to drain the used water. The shaft of the propeller is coupled to the shaft of a single phase A.C. motor.

Figure 3.1:Washer drum with Propeller

Figure 3.2:Single Phase A.C. Motor

Figure 3.3:Basic Washing Machine Setup

CONTROL CIRCUIT

The Control circuit of the washing machine consists of : i. ii.

the 12V, 5V Power circuit, the relay circuit,

iii.

the dirt sensor and

iv.

the selector switch.

 POWER CIRCUIT

Figure 3.4:Basic Power supply circuit

Power supply block consists of following units: 1) Step down transformer. 2) Full wave rectifier circuit. 3) Input filter. 4) Voltage regulators. 5) Output filter. 6) Indicator unit. Step down transformer:

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of 230v ac from mains to lower values, as the various devices used in this project require reduced voltages. The outputs from the secondary coil are the ac values of 0V , 18V.The conversion of these ac values to dc values is done using the full wave rectifier unit. Rectifier Unit:

The rectifier circuit is used to convert the ac voltage into its co rresponding dc voltage. The most important and simple device used in rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to co nduct in reverse bias. Regulator unit:

Regulator regulates the output voltage to a sp ecific value. The output voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in t he input dc voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltage fluctuations, the dc voltage also changes. Regulators used in this application are: 1.7805 which provides 5V D.C.

2.7812 which provide 12V D.C. Output Filter:

This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Capacitors used here are of value 1000uF,0.1uF for 12V supply and 220uF for 5V supply.

Figure 3.5:12V,5V D.C. Power circuit

 RELAY CIRCUIT

The relay circuit is used to guide the motor to rotate in the forward and reverse directions. The circuit consists of relays, transistors(2N2222) and resistors(220ohm). Three digital output pins of Arduino Uno are connected to each of these and to the three terminals of the motor.

Figure 3.6:Basic Relay Circuit

When the relay gets energized the 230V A.C. gets connected to the respective terminal of the motor. The programming is done in such a wa y that the neutral terminal of the motor should always be connected to the neutral of the supply. The other two terminals are connected according to the program whenever forward or reverse direction rotation of the motor is needed.

Figure 3.7:Relay Circuit

 DIRT SENSOR The dirt sensor circuit consists of two test tubes in which the LED(Light Emitting Diode) and LDR(Light Detecting Resistor) are placed. The principle of the dirt sensor is that when the water is dirtier (i.e., more opaque) the light from the LED falling on the LDR is less,so the resistance of the LDR increases.The voltage across the resistor which is connected in series with the LDR reduces.The amount of voltage reduced or increased shows the dirtiness of the water.

Figure 3.8:Dirt sensor circuit

Figure 3.9:Dirt sensor fitted to the washer drum

SELECTOR DIAL There are different varieties of textiles made of different fibers. Some may be of thick cloth and some are sensitive fiber. For these textiles, the wash time given in the washing

machine varies. Since for hard textiles agitating motion should be more whereas for light clothes, they may not withstand more washing. For this we are providing a selector switch for noted textiles like silk, cotton, woolen, nylon, terylen, etc. For which the wash time and the delay is pre-programmed. Whenever the required textile is selected, the washing machine runs for the given wash time and delay and stops. This is independent of the fuzzy logic and used only when the particular clothes needs to be washed. As the fuzzy logic is the last option of the washing machine. This option takes in all the required parameters and determines the wash time, which is actually a best way of washing.

Figure 3.10:Selector Switch

3.2.2 SOFTWARE

The software part of our project consists of programming done in Arduino and interfacing it with the hardware setup.  ARDUINO PROGRAM voidwashtime(int,int); void fuzzy(void); constintstartmotor=10; // starting of motor constint forward=9; // forward direction constint reverse=8; // reverse direction constint voltage=A4; //voltage input constint current=A5; //current input //**************initialisation of diff inputs**************  boolean s;

 boolean c;  boolean t;  boolean w;  boolean l;  boolean f; constint silk=2; constint cotton=3; constinttereline=4; constint woolen=5; constintlenin=6; constint fuzzy1=7; // ******************* initialization of revolution count *************************** int i = 0; // initialization of revolution int count = 0; // maximum revolutions // setup section of the washing machine program void setup() {  pinMode(startmotor,OUTPUT); // set up of starting of the machine  pinMode(forward,OUTPUT); //forward direction  pinMode(reverse,OUTPUT); //reverse direction  pinMode(silk,INPUT);  pinMode(cotton,INPUT);  pinMode(tereline,INPUT);  pinMode(woolen,INPUT);  pinMode(lenin,INPUT);  pinMode(fuzzy1,INPUT); } // iteration section of washing machine progrom void loop() { s= digitalRead(silk); c= digitalRead(cotton); t= digitalRead(tereline); w= digitalRead(woolen); l= digitalRead(lenin); f= digitalRead(fuzzy1); if(s==LOW) for(i = 0; i