CBSE XII Chemistry Project Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks (1) (1) (1) (3)

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Chemistry Project CHEMISTRY PROJECT on On "Determination of contents of Cold Drinks" Determination Of The Contents Of Cold Drinks

PROJECT Report PREPARED Project ByBY: :-

Gaurav Aakash Aakash sangal sangal XII XII XII--AA Session:2011-12 2260 Session : 2008-2009 Session:-2011-12 2-13 S.D. Mandir S. D.Vidya VidyaRoll Mandir Board’s Number : 6229000 Board roll no. :-:roll no. Mother Divine Sr. Sec. Public School Submitted Manju Khurana Submittedto to Mrs. Mrs. Manju khurana (signature)

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Aim AIM COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE COMPARITIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OFSTUDY DIFFERENT BRANDS OF ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET. COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.

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Certificate CERTIFICATE This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation has been out to investigate This is herebywork to certify that,carried the original and genuine about the subject matter and the related collection investigation work has been carried outdata to investigate and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely about the subject matter and the related data and satisfactorily by Aakash of CLASS XII A,completed S.D. Vidya collection and investigation has been Mandir School (Panipat), regarding his titled GAURAV of, solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by project Aakash Sangal “Determination Contents of Cold Drinks”. CLASS XII A,of the Mother Divine Sr. Sec.Mandir Public Sanatan Dharam Vidya School (Panipat) (Rohini), regarding his project titled Teacher’s Signature of the Contents of Cold Drinks”. “Determination

"Determination of Contents of Cold drinks"

Teacher’s Signature

Teacher's Signature (Mrs. Manju Khurana)

Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It would be my utmost pleasure to express my It wouldthanks be my to utmost pleasure toteacher expressMrs. my sincere sincere my chemistry Manju Mrs.inAditi, Mrs. thanks toinMy Chemistry Teachers Manju khurana providing a helping hand this project.

Richa and Mrs. Shobhna in providing a helping hand in this project. Their valuable guidance, support Her guidance, support this & supervision all and valuable supervision all through project titled through this project areContents responsible for attaining of the of Cold Drinks”,its “Determination are responsible attaining its present form. present form. I for would also like to thank my parents

as they encouraged me to put forward my project.

Gaurav Aakash XII XII-A

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PURPOSE Purpose PURPOSE In recent days, soft drink brands were put into In recent days, regarding soft drinktheir brands wereNews put into various questions purity. variousthatquestions regarding purity.which News flashed they contain harmfultheir pesticide, flashed that interest they contain harmful pesticide, which arouse many in knowing its contents arouse many interest in knowing its contents because because I have been drinking them for years. I I have been drinking them for years. I wanted to wanted to confirm that whether theimposed charge on these confirm that whether the charge imposed on these brands are true orbrands not. are true or not. Anotherfact factwhich whichinspired inspiredme metotodo dothis thisproject projectisis Another thatI am I am in touch qualitative analysis whose that in touch withwith qualitative analysis whose knowledge with other factors helped me to do so. knowledge with other factors helped me to do so.

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CONTENTS Contents I. Introduction

I. II.Introduction Theory II. Theory III. Apparatus III. Apparatus IV. Chemicals Required IV. Chemicals Required V. Detection Detection of V. ofpH pH VI. Dioxide VI. Test Testfor forCarbon Carbon Dioxide VII.Test Testforfor Glucose VII. Glucose VIII. Test Phosphate VIII. Test forfor Phosphate IX. Test Testfor forAlcohol Alcohol IX. X. Test for Sucrose X. Test for Sucrose XI. Result XI. XII.Result Conclusion XII. Conclusion

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Introduction INTRODUCTION The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization its its beginning withwith industrializationininIndia Indiamarked marked beginning launching parley group of of launchingofofLimca Limcaand andGoldspot Goldspotbyby parley group companies. beginning of cold drinks waswas companies.Since, Since,thethe beginning of cold drinks highly andand luring, manymany multinational highlyprofitable profitable luring, multinational companies India likelike Pepsi companieslaunched launchedtheir theirbrands brandsinin India Pepsi and andCoke. Coke. Now days, it is observed in general that majority of Now days, is observed in general that to majority people viewedit Sprite, Miranda, and Limca give of peopleofviewed Sprite, LimcaUptotogive feeling lightness, whileMiranda, Pepsi andand Thumps feeling pulse of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate and brain. activate pulse and brain.

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Theory THEORY ColdCold drinks of different brands brands are composed of alcohol, drinks of different are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ionsions etc.etc. These soft drinks carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate These soft givedrinks feelinggive of warmth, lightness have aand tangy taste whichtaste is liked feeling of warmth,and lightness have a tangy by everyone. Carbon dioxide isCarbon responsible foristhe formationforofthe froth which is liked by everyone. dioxide responsible formation ofbottle. froth on shaking the bottle. on shaking the carbon dioxidegas gasisisdissolved dissolvedininwater water to to form form carbonic TheThe carbon dioxide carbonicacid acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of naturally organic and are majorissource of energyoccurring to our body. Generalcompounds formula of carbohydrates energy to2O) ourY. body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. CX (H basis theirmolecule moleculesize sizecarbohydrates carbohydrates are as:-as:OnOn thethe basis ofoftheir areclassified classified Monosaccharide,Disaccharides Disaccharides and and Polysaccharides. Polysaccharides. Glucose is is aa Monosaccharide, Glucose monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also the present ripen grapes in bones in many sweet fruits. It is isalso in human blood and to thealso extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose one present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely the distributed most usefulindisaccharides in our daily widely of distributed nature in juices, seeds and life. alsoItinisflowers many plants.inThe mainseeds source sucrose is sugar cane plants. juice which in nature juices, andofalso in flowers of many The main contain 15-20 %is sucrose and sugar which has about % source of sucrose sugar cane juice beet which contain 15-2010-17 % sucrose Thewhich molecular formula of %sucrose is The C12Hmolecular 22O11. It is andsucrose. sugar beet has about 10-17 sucrose. produced by a mixture of glucose Itand fructose. Itbyis anon-reducing formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. is produced mixture of in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH reducing. ColdpH drinks a bit acidic in nature andcontents their acidity value. The valuesare also depend upon the acidic such ascan be measured theiracid. pH value. The pH values also depend citric acid by andfinding phosphoric upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

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Apparatus APPARATUS ?Test Tube ?Test Tube Holder Test Tube ?Test Tube ?Test Test Tube Tube ?Test Tube Stand ?Test Tube Holder ?Test Test Tube Tube Holder Holder Test Tube Holder ?Stop Watch ?Test Tube Stand ?Test Test Tube Tube Stand Stand Test Tube Stand ?Beaker ?Stop Watch ?Stop Stop Watch Watch Stop Watch ?Burner ?Beaker ?Beaker Beaker ?pH Paper ?Burner Beaker ?Burner Burner ?Tripod Stand ?pH Paper ?pH pH Paper Paper Burner ?China Dish ?Tripod Stand ?Tripod Tripod Stand Stand pH Paper ?Wire Gauge ?China Dish ?China China Dish Dish Tripod Stand ?Water Bath ?Wire Gauge ?Wire Wire Gauge Gauge ?Water Bath ?Water Water Bath Bath China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath

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Chemicals CHEMICALS REQUIRED Required  Iodine Solution  Potassium Iodine Iodine Solution  Sodium Hydroxide ?Potassium Iodine  Fehling’s A & BSolution Solution ?Sodium Hydroxide Iodine ?Fehling’s A & B Solution Potassium Iodine  Lime Water ?Lime Sodium WaterHNO Hydroxide  Concentrated 3 ?Concentrated Fehling’sHNO3 A & B Solution  Benedict Solution ?Benedict Solution Lime Water  Ammonium Molybdate ?Ammonium Molybdate Concentrated HNO3 Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate

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Detection of DETECTION OFpH PH EXPERIMENT

Experiment

Small Small samples samplesof of cold cold drinks drinksofof different differentbrands brandswere weretaken takeninina atest testtube and theon pHthe paper. The change in the color pH paper noticed tubeput andonput pH paper. The change in theofcolor of pHwas paper and was compared with the standard pH scale.

was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION Observations SR. NO.

NAME OF THE DRINK

COLOUR CHANGE

1

COCA COLA Coca Cola

2

SPRITE Sprite

3

LIMCA Limca

4

FANTA Fanta

PINK Pink RED Red PINKISH Pinkish LIGHT Light ORANGE Orange

pH VALUE 2.5-3 3 4 3-4

INFERENCE Inference Soft drinks drinks are and are generally generallyacidic acidicbecause becauseofofthe thepresence presenceofofcitric citricacid acid phosphoric acid. pH values of cold of drink different brands are different and phosphoric acid. pH values coldofdrink of different brands aredue to the variation in amount of acidic contents.

different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.

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Test forCARBON TEST FOR DIOXIDE EXPERIMENT As the bottles bottleswere wereopened, opened,one onebyby sample As soon soon as the oneone thethe sample waswas passed through water. The lime The water turned milky. passed lime through lime water. lime water turned milky.

OBSERVATON SR. NO. 1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK COCA COLA Coca cola SPRITE Sprite LIMCA Limca FANTA Fanta

TIME TAKEN (SEC.)

CONCLUSION

26.5

CO2 IS PRESENT PRESENT

21

CO2 IS PRESENT PRESENT

35

CO2 IS PRESENT PRESENT

36

CO2 IS PRESENT PRESENT

INFERENCE Inference Inference Allthe thesoft softdrinks drinkscontain containdissolved dissolved carbondioxide dioxide water. carbon All carbon in in water. TheThe carbon 2) dissolves dioxide((CO water form carbonicacid, acid,which whichisisresponsible responsible dioxide ) )dissolves in in water totoform carbonic for its its tangy tangy taste. taste. for

CHEMICALReaction REACTIONInvolved INVOLVED Chemical :Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) ----------- CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)

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TestFOR for Glucose TEST GLUCOSE EXPERIMENT Experiment Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-

1. BENEDICTS’S REAGENT 1. Benedicts's Reagent testTEST::Small samples Small samples of of cold cold drinks drinksofofdifferent differentbrands brandswere weretaken takeninina atest testtube tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated heated few seconds. Formation of reddish confirmed presence for fewfor seconds. Formation of reddish colorcolor confirmed the the presence of of glucose in cold drinks. glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON

Observations SR. NO.

NAME OF THE DRINK

1

COCA COLA Coca Cola

GLUCOSE IS REDDISH COLOUR Glucose is present Reddish colour Ppt. PRECIPITATE PRESENT

2

Sprite SPRITE

GLUCOSE IS REDDISH COLOUR Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present PRECIPITATE PRESENT

3

Limca LIMCA

REDDISH COLOUR Reddish colour Ppt. PRECIPITATE

4

FANTA Fanta

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE IS REDDISH COLOUR Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present PRECIPITATE PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

All samplesgave gavepositive positivetesttest glucose Benedict’s reagent. All the samples forfor glucose withwith Benedict’s reagent. Hence Henceall allthe thedrinks drinkscontain containglucose. glucose.

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2. SOLUTION TEST 2. FEHLING’S Fehling's Solution Test Small a test tube and Small samples samples of ofcold colddrinks drinksofofdifferent differentbrands brandswere weretaken takeninin a test tube aand fewa drops of Fehling’s A solution and and Fehling’s B solution waswas added in few drops of Fehling’s A solution Fehling’s B solution added equal amount. TheThe testtest tubetube waswas heated in ain water bathbath for 10 in equal amount. heated a water forminutes. 10 minutes. Appearance of brown brown precipitate precipitate confirmed the presence Appearance presence of glucose in cold drinks. drinks.

OBSERVATON SR. NO.

NAME OF THE DRINK

1

COCA COLA Coca Cola

2

SPRITE Sprite

3

Limca LIMCA

4

Fanta FANTA

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

REDDISH BROWN Reddish Brown Ppt. PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN Reddish Brown Ppt. PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN Reddish Brown Ppt. PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN Reddish Brown Ppt. PRECIPITATE

GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT GLUCOSE IS Glucose is present PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

All the thesamples samplesgave gavepositive positive glucose Fehling’s & B) All testtest for for glucose withwith Fehling’s (A & (A B) solutions. solutions. alldrinks the cold drinksglucose. contain glucose. Hence all Hence the cold contain

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TEST TestFOR for PHOSPHATE Phosphate EXPERIMENT Experiment Smallsamples samplesofofeach eachbrand brandofofcold colddrinks drinkswere weretaken takenin inseparate separate test test tubes tubes Small 3) andAmmonium Ammonium Molybdate followed concentrated Nitric Acid (HNOwas and Molybdate followed by by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to solution it. The solution wasAppearance heated. Appearance of canary-yellow added to it. The was heated. of canary-yellow precipitate precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks. confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON SR. NO.

NAME OF THE DRINK

1

COCA COLA Coca Cola

2

Sprite SPRITE

3

LIMCA Limca

4

FANTA Fanta

OBSERVATION CANARY-YELLOW Canary-Yellow Ppt. PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW Canary-Yellow Ppt. PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW Canary-Yellow Ppt. PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW Canary-Yellow Ppt. PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS Phosphate is present PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

All the soft soft drinks drinks samples samples gave gave positive positive test testfor forphosphate phosphate ions. ions. Hence Hence all the coldcold drinks contain phosphate. all the drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction Involved :-

NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ---------- (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O

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TEST ALCOHOL TestFOR for Alcohol EXPERIMENT

Experiment

Small samples samples of of each each brand brand of Small of cold cold drinks drinks were were taken taken in in separate separatetest testtubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored precipitate heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON SR. NO.

NAME OF THE DRINK

1

COCA COLA Coca Cola

2

SPRITE Sprite

3

LIMCA Limca

4

FANTA Fanta

OBSERVATION YELLOW Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE YELLOW Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE YELLOW Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE YELLOW Yellow Precipitate PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION ALCOHOL IS Alcohol is present PRESENT ALCOHOL IS Alcohol is present PRESENT ALCOHOL IS Alcohol is present PRESENT ALCOHOL IS Alcohol is present PRESENT

INFERENCE

Inference

All the the cold drinks samples gave gave positive positive test test for for alcohol. alcohol.Hence Henceall allthe thecold cold drinks contain glucose. drinks contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction involved :-

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

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TEST TestFOR forSUCROSE sucrose EXPERIMENT Experiment samples of each brand of cold drinks in separate 5 5mlml samples of each brand of cold drinks werewere takentaken in separate chinachina dishesand andwere were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black colored dishes heated very strongly until changes occur. Black colored sucroseinincold colddrinks. drinks. residueleft leftconfirmed confirmedthe thepresence presenceof ofsucrose residue

OBSERVATON SR. NO.

NAME OF THE DRINK

1

Coca Cola COCA COLA

BLACK RESIDUE Black Residue

SUCROSE IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT

2

SPRITE Sprite

BLACK RESIDUE Black Residue

SUCROSE IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT

3

Limca LIMCA

Black Residue BLACK RESIDUE

SUCROSE IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT

4

FANTA Fanta

BLACK RESIDUE Black Residue

SUCROSE IS Sucrose is Present PRESENT

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

INFERENCE

Inference

Allthe thebrands brandsof ofcold colddrinks drinkscontain contain sucrose. sucrose.But Butamount amountofofsucrose sucrosevaries varies All each brand brand of drink. Fanta inineach of drink. Fantacontains containshighest highestamount amountofofsucrose. sucrose.

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Result RESULT After Afterconducting conductingseveral severaltests, tests,ititwas wasconcluded concludedthat thatthe thedifferent differentbrands brands of ofcold colddrinks drinksnamely: namely: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Coca Cola 1. Coca Cola Sprite 2. Sprite Limca 3. Limca Fanta 4. Fanta

All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different All cold Coca drinksCola are is acidic in nature. the pH value brands the most acidicOn andcomparing Limca is least acidic of of all the four different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of brands taken. all the four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDE Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of of dissolved dissolved carbon carbon dioxide dioxide and and Fanta Fantahas hasthe theminimum minimum amount amount of amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. dissolved carbon dioxide.

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Conclusion CONCLUSION DIS-ADVANTAGES OFCold COLDdrinks DRINKS Disadvantages of :1.1.Soft drinks areare littlelittle moremore harmful than sugar solution. As theyAs contain Soft drinks harmful than sugar solution. they sugar in large amount whichamount cause problems in diabetes patients. contain sugar in large which cause problems in diabetes patients. 2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s 2. Softability drinkstocan cause hunger weight gain as they interfere with the body’s natural suppress feeling. natural ability suppress hunger feeling. 3. Soft drinks havetoability to dissolve the calcium so they are also 3. Soft for drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful our bones. harmful our bones. 4. Soft drinksfor contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they 4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. 6.6.Soft drinks Soft drinkshave havealso alsoability abilitytotoremove removeblood bloodsosothey theyare arevery veryharmful harmful to our body. to our body.

USES OF COLD DRINKS

Uses of Cold drinks :-

1. Cold drinks be used as toilet cleaners. 1. Cold drinks can can be used as toilet cleaners. 2. They can remove chrome humpers. 2. They can remove rust rust spotsspots fromfrom chrome car car humpers. 3. They corrosion battery terminals. 3. They cleanclean corrosion fromfrom car car battery terminals. 4. Soft drinks are used an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease from 4. Soft drinks are used as anasexcellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease from clothes. clothes. 5. They can loose a rusted bolt. 5. They can loose a rusted bolt.

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Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY BY- VEENA SURI

DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY BY- S.K. MALHOTRA

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