CBRC Let Ultimate Learning Guide Social Science

 

Dfr frgmrs & `oqu`r`ms: ;og dbr., Lnrcmo Kbge., 88> E. Wfbmot`of \t., \ncpnbfl, Cno`bn, >998 Lfotnlt: (+4 E. Wfbmot`of \t., \ncpnbfl, Cno`bn >998 @\KO: 058-4;>-897;-97-0 Wh`s rmv`mwmr `s prftmltmg ky lfpyr`eht. Of pnrt fd `t cny km rmprfgulmg, stfrmg `o n rmtr`mvnb systmc, fr trnosc`ttmg `o noy dfrc fr ky noy  cmnos-mbmltrfo`l, cmlhno`lnb, phftflfpy, rmlfrg`oe fr fthmrw`sm w`thfut   pr`fr wr`ttmo pmrc`ss`fo fd thm nuthfr nuthfr,, mxlmpt tf prm-smrv`lm tmnlhmrs whfsm slhffbs hnvm ngfptmg th`s rmv`mwmr, nog prfv`gmg sulh `ostrultfrs hnvm e`vmo gum lrmg`t tf th`s rmv`mwmr nog `ts‐ nuthfr. Wh`s rmv`mwmr `s n lfcp`bnt`fo fd vnr`fus `odfrcnt`fo fo emomrnbby  nllmptnkbm aofwbmgem, lfolmpts, pr`ol`pbms, thmfr`ms, nog prnlt`lms `o mgulnt`fo. @t ngnpts lfotmots drfc vnr`fus pukb`lby nlaofwbmgemg   pukb`lnt`fos,  pukb`lnt` fos, nuthfrs, thmfr`sts, nuthfr`t`m nuthfr`t`ms, s, nog prnlt`t`fo prnlt`t`fomrs mrs whfsm wfras nrm lfccfoby ut`b`zmg `o thm nlngmcm. Whm wfras fd thmsm nuthfrs, thmfr`sts, nuthfr`t`ms, nog prnlt`t`fomrs nrm `og`spmosnkbm tf noy rmv`mw prfernc, ns thmy nrm v`tnb dfr thm lfcpbmtmomss fd th`s cntmr`nb. Wh`s rmv`mw cntmr`nb `s pr`cnr`by n`cmg nt hmbp`oe nog nss`st`oe tmnlhmrs nog rmv`mwmms `o thm pursu`t fd tmnlhmr   prfdms  prf dmss`f s`fonb onb`zn `znt`f t`fo. o. Lnrm hns kmmo tnamo tf lfod`rc thm nllurnly fd thm `odfrcnt`fo  prmsmotmg. Hfwmvmr Hfwmvmr,, thm nuthf nuthfrs, rs, mg`tfr mg`tfr,, nog pukb`sh pukb`shmr mr nrm oft rmspfo rmspfos`kbm s`kbm  df  d f r m r r f r s f r f c ` s s ` f o s f r d f r n o y l f o sm q u m o l m s d r f c n p p b `l n t ` f o f d  `odfrcnt`fo `o th`s kffa nog cnam of wnrrnoty, mxprmssmg fr `cpb`mg, w`th rmspmlt tf thm lfotmot fd thm pukb`lnt`fo, mspml`nbby rmbnt`vm tf t`cm nog fthmr  vnr`nkbms dfr wh`lh thm `odfrcnt`fo `s usmg nog nppb`mg. Noy prnlt`lm gmslr`kmg `o th`s rmv`mw cntmr`nb shfubg km nppb`mg ky thm rmngmr `o nllfrgnolm tf prfdmss`fonb stnognrgs fd lnrm usmg w`th rmenrg tf thm uo`qum l`rlucstnolms l`rlucstnol ms thnt cny nppby `o mnlh s`tunt`fo. Lfccmots nog lfotr`kut`fos cny km smot  tf lkrlrmqumstIecn`b.lfc fr ky cn`b tf ]bt`cntm Bmnro`oe \mr`ms, 88> E. Wfbmot`of \t., \ncpnbfl, Cno`bn fr thrfueh www.lnrbknb`tn.lfc www.lnrbknb`tn.lfc..

 

NLAOFUBMGEMCMOW

\pml`nb thnoas tf thm cnoy pmfpbm whf `o fom wny fr nofthmr hns lfotr`kutmg tf thm dubd`bbcmot fd th`s mogmnvfr- cy km`oe n tmnlhmr  thrfueh shnrmg aofwbmgem. Cy tmnlhmrs! … thmy cust hnvm shfwo cm ermnt mxncpbm fd th`s ofkbm prfdmss`fo nog

vnlnt`fo. @ wns dfrlmg `otf ours`oe kut mvfbvmg tf kmlfcm n tmnlhmr, nog pursumg durthmr stug`ms nog kmlncm n gfltfr fd mgulnt`fo. Drfc cy tmnlhmrs `o kns`l mgulnt`fo tf cy prfdmssfrs `o thm ernguntm slhffbs, nog cy duturm tmnlhmrs. Whm huogrmgs fd nuthfrs fd cy rmdmrmolms … whfsm wfras smrvmg ns cy sukstnolm drfc wh`lh @ gmr`vmg cy dfrc Cy stugmots, rmv`mwmms, trn`omms, nog fthmr `ol`gmotnb stugmots nog cmotmm

… whf dfrlmg cm `otf kmlfc`oe n tmnlhmr Cy LK[L Dnc`by … whf dnl`b`tntmg cy erfwth ns n tmnlhmr, ns wmbb ns cy LMK erfup fd  lfcpno`ms wh`lh prfv`gmg cm n lbnssrffc bnremr thno b`dm, mspml`nbby tf Kfoe, Onoly, Onoly, Bnogf, Bnogf, Jfonthno, Khuc, Gnoe nog Nbe`m! Cy pnrmot, s`kb`oes nog rmbnt`vms … whf eu`gmg cm thrfueh cy cnturnt`fo nog mgulnt`fo

Cy kmbfvmg dnc`by, cy w`dm, ByomByzn whf envm cm dfur bfvmby a`gs: Byln, Bnckmrt, Byz n nog Byrn … dfr hnv`oe smrvmg ns cy rmnsfo dfr km`oe nog kmlfc`oe … dfr cna`oe cy b`dm lfcpbmtm nog cy jfuromy wfrth kmyfog n b`dmt`cm … dfr cy `ccfrtnb sfurlm fd lfcpbmtm hnpp`omss

 

WHM ]BW@CNWM Y\PLHFBFEP FD WM\W \]LLM\\ . . . Whm KNB@WN Dfrcubn Kr`oe Fut thm Kmst `o PF] Pfu nrm thm ermntmst rmsfurlm! Gur`oe thm mxnc prfpmr, yfu foby hnvm yfursmbd cfv`oe tfwnrgs thm mog-`o-c`og “ pnss`oe thm BMW! Uh`bm G`v`om hmbp `s surmby tf lfcm tf thfsm whf smma dfr `t nog wh`bm fthmr pmfpbm hnvm hmbpmg yfu emt thrfueh th`s dnr, thm mog fd thm knttbm `s thm

tmst tf yfur sfbm gmtmrc`ont`fo nog prmpnrmgomss tf mcmrem v`ltfr`fus. Wh`s cmnos yfu hnvm tf km sf surm thnt yfu rmnbby hnvm krfueht fut thm KM\W `o yfu. Wf gf th`s, nlaofwbmgem thnt yfu hnvm nbb thm pftmot`nbs tf emt tf thm pmna fd sullmss. Pfu hnvm tf uobmnsh thm pfwmr w`th`o nog `t hns tf lfcm drfc yfu, kmb`mv`oe thnt yfu lno nog yfu w`bb gf `t! Hmrm nrm dmw s`cpbm `ostrult`fos tf emt tf thm rfng fd sullmss: µ Ybnlm yfur hnog fvmr yfur lhmst, lbfsm tf yfur hmnrt µ Lbfsm yfur myms nog tnam sfcm dmw gmmp krmnths µ \ny th`s sbfwby tf yfursmbd, ‒@ w`bb cnam `t tf th`s mxnc…@ w`bb kr`oe fut thm KM\W `o cm…Whm pfwmr tf sullmmg `o th`s mxnc `s w`th`o cm…thm ermntmst pfwmr w`bb hmbp cm thrfueh th`s.– Nsa yfursmbd nkfut thm ‒K@E UHP6–! Uhy shfubg yfu pnss th`s tmst6 Wh`s `s no `cpfrtnot noswmr thnt w`bb lfot`oum tf eu`gm yfu thrfueh thm prmpnrnt`fo prflmss. @t cny km hnrg kut thmrm `s n wny tf cnam mvmryth`oe mnsy mnsy,, `olbug`oe th`s grn`o`oe rmv`mw prflmss. Pfu hnvm tf mojfy `t!!! Wh`oa nkfut whnt yfu nrm emtt`oe drfc thm rmv`mw prflmss nbsf fddmrs thm kmst fppfrtuo`ty dfr yfu tf kmlfcm thm kmst WMNLHM[ yfu lfubg km. Whm ‒K@E UHP6– lfubg nbsf lfcm ns n sfurlm fd `osp`rnt`fo, n lfot`oufus dumb thnt w`bb ammp thm d`rm fd gms`rm tf sullmmg `o yfu kuro`oe. B`stmo tf yfur kfgy nog sfub! Pfur kfgy hns ommgs nog `s lfccuo`lntmg tf yfu `o g`ddmrmot wnys. @t ommgs yfur nttmot`fo tff. Nssmss`oe nog mvnbunt`oe hfw yfur kfgy pmrdfrcs tf rmnlh`oe yfur efnbs `s `omv`tnkbm pnrt fd yfur sullmss. Omvmr dfrlm yfursmbd tff hnrg nog tff culh cfrm thno whnt yfu nltunbby ommg nog whnt yfu lno nltunbby gf. @d yfu nrm sbmmpy, ef nog tnam n rmst fr n onp. @d  yfu‐rm huoery, d`og sfcmth`oe tf mnt. @o fthmr wfrgs, b`stmo tf whnt yfur kfgy `s nsa`oe yfu. Ndtmr e`v`oe `otf whnt `t wnots, thmo `t w`bb km mns`mr dfr `t tf e`vm yfu whnt yfu wnot `o rmturo. Wh`s `s oft n ‒gmpmrsfonb`z`oe–

mxpmr`molm, kut rnthmr n prnlt`lnb fpt`c`znt`fo fd mddfrts nog t`cm. Uhnt‐s thm usm fd push`oe yfursmbd tf lfot`oum stugy`oe whmo nbb yfu wnot `s tf mnt fr sbmmp6 Mojfy thm rmv`mw prflmss! Wh`s `s ef`oe tf km n onee`oe rmc`ogmr.

 

@d yfur kfgy mojfys whnt `t `s ef`oe thrfueh, thm sfub lfubg km drmm d`og`oe `ts wny tf whnt `t `s mov`s`fomg tf km. Gfo‐t puo`sh yfursmbd `o thm prflmss fd  bmnro`oe nog erfw`oe! @og`v`gunb`zm yfur bmnro`oe! Um nrm uo`qum, `o mvmry wny yfu lno th`oa fd. Wh`s nppb`ms tf bmnro. Um gf hnvm g`ddmrmot bmnro`oe stybms. [mcmckmr thnt yfu nrm nbrmngy no NG]BW. D`og smosm `o whnt yfu nrm bmnro`oe. Gfo‐t just cmcfr`zm mvmryth`oe.

@otmronb`zm mvmry thmfry nog lfolmpt. D`og cmno`oes nog rmbnt`fosh`ps. Cnoy th`oes sb`p fur lfosl`fus c`og kmlnusm `t `s pushmg tf thm uolfosl`fus trnsh k`o thnt wm lnooft mns`by nllmss. Whnt `s s`cpby kmlnusm fur ngubt tmogmol`ms wnot thm duolt`fonb vnbum fd whnt wm nrm bmnro`oe ndtmr nbb. D`og yfur kmst cffg, pbnlm, t`cm, spnlm, lfcpnoy, nllmssfry (b`am cus`l nog b`eht), nog mov`rfocmot. Gfo‐t mvmr dfremt PF]  nrm thm kfss hmrm! Wrust thnt yfu hnvm whnt `t tnams tf km sullmssdub! Bmt us nllmpt thnt of fom `s mvmr pmrdmlt, kut wm nrm lfcpbmtm lf cpbmtm mofueh tf emt thrfueh fur tnsas. Just b`am yfu, PF] hnvm whnt `t tnams tf km n sullmssdub mxnc`omm. Pfu foby hnvm tf lfcpmtm w`th yfursmbd nog yfu hnvm tf cnam surm thnt yfu gfo‐t lfcpmtm w`th yfur ermntmst nssmt (thnt cny km yfur pftmot`nbby ermntmst b`nk`b`ty tff). Of fom hns tf dn`b dfr yfu tf pnss. Omvmr usm fthmrs ns yfur kmolhcnra fr sullmss `og`lntfrs. Gf oft lfcpnrm yfursmbd w`th fthmrs. Gf`oe sf snlr`d`lms nog neer`mvms yfur lfod`gmolm. Nlt ofw! Whm c`og `s n wfogmrdub gfcn`o. @t fddmrs nbb thm kmst `o b`dm nog yfur `cne`ont`fo hns tf fddmr. Kut `t shfubg km lfcpbmcmotmg ky n gml`s`vm nlt`fo tf trnosbntm grmncs nog c`ogsmts `otf tnoe`kbm nog cmnsurmnkbm `og`lntfrs nog rmsubts. Whm amy hmrm `s NLW@FO! Fpt`fos nrm n thfusnog, lhf`lms nrm n

bft, kut thm nlt`fo yfu tnam `s thm lhf`lm thnt yfu cnam. Nog thm lhf`lm thnt yfu cnam gmd`oms whnt yfu w`bb rmnp. @t lfubg m`thmr krmna yfu fr cnam yfu. Just gfo‐t dfremt thnt HM hns e`vmo us drmmw`bb nog rmnsfo tf lhffsm wmbb.

 

WNKBM FD LFOWMOW\

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]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

YH@B@YY@OM H@\WF[P

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]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

YH@B@YY@OM H@\WF[P H@\WF[P @. Y[M Y [M LFBFO@NB LFBFO@NB

@odbumolms lfuotr`ms @odb umolms fd fthmr lfuotr`ms Lh`on •

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•

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@og`n

Nol`mot D`b`p`ofs D`b` p`ofs trngmg trngmg w`th

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@odbumol @odbum olms ms wmrm cn`oby

thm Lh`omsm gur`oe gur`oe thm \uoe

rmdbmltmg `o thm bflnb bflnb

gyonsty

noeunem s.

@odbumolms @odbum olms wmrm wmrm cn`oby

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Un`st Un `st bffc b ffcs, s, tmxt`bm tmx t`bms, s, cfgmro

m lfofc` l.

Knrfoe Wnenb fe, nog vm ` b s nrm

]sm fd uckrmbbns, uckrmbb ns, efoes,

s`c`bnr s`c` bnr tf thm`r thm` r lfuotmrpnr lfuotmrpnrts ts `o

b m ng, pfrlm b n` o

@og` n.

Cnoudnltur`oe fd euopfwgmr1 cmtnbburey

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Nrrnoe`oe thm cnrr`nems Nrrnoe`oe cnrr`nems fd lh`bgrmo lh`bg rmo ky pnrmots pnrmots Umnr`oe Umnr `oe wh`tm wh` tm sh`rts sh` rts fr grmssms ns n s`eo fd cfuro`oe

Lustfcs nog prnlt prnlt`lm `lmss Mgulnt`fo Knykny`o:: >5 Knykny`o >5 bmttmrs bm ttmrs (< vfwmbs, vfwmb s, >7 lfosfonots) Nrt`dnlts gmp`lt`oe fthmr wr`t`oe systmcs: >. Lnbntne Lnbntneno no Mnrt Mnrthmownr hmownrm m Yft (Kntn (Kntnoen oens) s) ;. Kutun utuno o \`bvmr \`bvmr Ynbmfe Ynbmferrnph nph . oncncnhny  “ hns hns n dnc dnc`by `by nog hfusm fd h` s fwo

>. tucnt tucntnk nkno no “ wframg wframg dfr h` s/hm r cnstm r whm o

;. sne`e`b`g  “ hns of prfpm rty nt  n  nbb b , no nog hns tf sm m a

succfom g tf gf sf ;. tucnrncpua “ wfram g fom

pmrc mrc`s `sss`fo `fo tf h`s/ `s/hmr cnstm r ` d hm /shm wnots tf cnrry

gny ddf fr h`s/ `s/hm r cnstmr .  pn  pnonbno onbnoeu euo`  o`  (kmtrfthnb) ;.  pmgs  pmgsuoe uoeug  ug  (smttbmcm  (smttbmcmot ot fd gfwry) gfwry) 7=< >7= ( >=;=) =;=) •

Efnb: Cnam Cnam Cfbullns n lfbfo lfbfoy y fd \pn`o. \p n`o.

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[msubts: Bfn`sn g`mg `o ` o Ynl`d Ynl`d`l. `l. Gmb Lnof g`mg bntmr b ntmr gur`oe gur`oe vfynem. Nogrms gm ]rgnomtn rmturomg rmturomg w`th w` th foby n sh`p (\notn ( \notn Cnr`n Cnr`n gm bn bn T`ltfr`n) T`ltfr `n) bmdt, b mdt, fut fd smvmo.

Lnkft (>=;4) (>=;4) •

Efnb: Ef nb: Mstnkb`sh trngm kmtwmmo km twmmo \pn`o nog Mnst. Mnst.

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[msubts: @ostmng, @ostm ng, hm wmot tf [`f gm Yb Ybntn ntn,, wh`lh wh` lh `s rucfrmg rucfrmg tf km

n wmnbth`mr p`mlm fd bnog b nog.. \nnvmgrn (>=;5) •

Efnbs: Ef nbs: D`og D` og surv`vfrs drfc Cnembb Cnembbno‐s no‐s vfynem1 d`og d` og fut whnt hnppmomg tf Bfn`sn‐s Bfn`sn‐s nog Lnkft‐s.

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[msubts: Uns nkbm tf rmslum surv`vfrs drfc Cnembb Cnembbno‐s no‐s nog Bfn`sn‐s Bfn `sn‐s mxpm m xpmg`t` g`t`fo. fo. \nnvmgrn \nnvmgrn g`mg gur`oe gur`o e vfynem. H`s lrmw lrmw wns lnpturmg ln pturmg ky Yfrtuenb. Yfrtuenb.

=

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

T`bb T` bbnbfkfs nbfkfs (> ( >=7;) •

Efnb: Ef nb: Mstnkb` Mstnkb`sh sh n pmrcnomot pmrcnomot \pno`sh pfrt `o thm Yh`b Y h`b`pp` `pp`oms. oms.

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[msubts: T`bbnbfkfs T`b bnbfkfs envm envm thm oncm Bns Bns @sbns D`b D`b`p` `p`ons ons tf tf thm Yh`b` Yh` b`pp`om pp`oms. s. Hm nog h`s lrmw wmrm lnpturmg lnpturmg ky Yfrtuenb. Yfrtuenb. T`bbnbfkfs T`b bnbfkfs g`mg `o ` o pr`sfo pr`sfo kmlnusm kmlnusm fd dmvmr. dmvm r.

Bmenzp` (>=47) Efnb: \t`bb mstnkb`sh n pmrcnomot \pno`sh pfrt `o thm •

Yh`b`pp`oms. •

[msubts:

>. ;. “ Bme Bmenzp` nzp` kmlncm d`rs d`rstt efvmrof efvmrofr-emomrnb r-emomrnb fd thm lfuotry. Juo Juom m ;7, >=5> “ Cno`bn kmlncm thm ln lnp`tnb p`tnb l`ty l` ty fd thm \pno`sh Mnst @og`ms, nog thm smlfog l`ty tf km mstnkb`ss hmg k mstnkb` ky y \pn`o. @os`eom y \`mcprm Bmnb L`ugng gm Mspnon  “ t`tbm e`vmo tf Cno`b no`bn n Yfb`t`lnb strulturm

Ont`fonb bmvm Ont`fonb bmvmbb Efvmrofr-emomrnb “ pr prms` ms`gmot gmot fd [mnb Nug`m N ug`mol`n1 ol`n1 hns hns pfwmr fo mllbms`nst`lnb nppf`otcmots Yrfv`ol`nb Yrf v`ol`nb bmvmb bmvm b >. \fcm lfrrme` lfrrme`c`m c`motfs: otfs: Cnr Cnr`vm `vmbm bms, s, C`ogfrf, Ynony Ynony ;. @ogubtf @ogub tf gm lfcmrl`f lfcmrl`f “ spml`nb pr`v`bmem pr`v`b mem ky thm nblnbgm cnyfr tf tf moenem `o ` o trngm trngm (kut nkfb`shmg nkfb` shmg ky [mdfrc Gmlrmm Gmlrmm fd >84 >844 turo`oe turo`oe thm nblnbgm cnyfr drfc n kus`omsscno kus`om sscno `otf n jugem.) 80 >807): Cn Cno`b o`bn, n, @bf`b @b f`bf, f, Jnrf, T` T`eno, eno, Nbkny, Nb kny, Lmku, Kntnoens Kntnoens,, nog Oumvn Oum vn Lnlmrms. Lnlmrms. 4

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

[ms`gmol`n nog v`s`tn >. [ms`gmol`n “ jug`l`nbby rmv`mws rmv` mws no fdd`l`nb nt thm mog fd h`s h` s tmrc fd fd ;. T`s`tn T`s` tn “ v`s`ts no `og`v`gunb `og` v`gunb fdd`l`nb fdd` l`nb fr ns ns n emomrnb emomrnb nt noy noy e`vmo t`cm w`th`o thm fdd`l`n fdd` l`nb‐s b‐s tmrc *\mm `cnem kmbfw kmb fw dfr dfr thm pfb`t`ln b strulturm.*

Lhnoems uogmr \pno`sh rubm MLFOFC@L •

Wr`kutf/kuw` Wr `kutf/kuw`ss “ g`rmlt tnx

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Knognbn “ `og`rmlt tnx1 no

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mod frlmg modfrl mg snbm fd effgs \nckfnoeno “ tnx tf lrush Cfrf rn`gs  

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Yfbf y smrv`l`f smrv`l` f pmrsfonb pmrsfonb

 

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>4-49 >4 -49 ymnr-f ymnr-fbg bg cnbms cnb ms

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Wh`s `s wfra w`thfut lfcpmosnt`fo. lfcpmosnt` fo.

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Dnbbn (cfomy pn`g tf km

Lmgubn Lmgub n pmrsfonb “ rmpbnlmg tr`kutm1 pn`g ky noyfom whf `s

mxmcptmg mx mcptmg drfc pfbf ) •

fvm r m ` ehtm m o ym nrs fb g

wframg dfr d fr 79 79 gnys1 gnys1 thmo `o >887, wns rm gulm g tf >= gnys

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Cnbm pfpubnt pfpubnt`fo `fo gmlb`omg.

5

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Molfc`mog n “ n ernot Molfc`mogn ernot fd \pno`sh \pno` sh nuthfr`ty tf n \pno`nrg, whf prfvmg h`s bfynbty b fynbty tf nog nog mddfrts mdd frts dfr thm ebfry fd fd \pn`o, tf mxmrl mxm rl`sm `sm lfotrfb lfot rfb fvmr n p`mlm p`m lm fd bnog, b nog, nog mvmo `ts `ohn ` ohnk`tnot k`tnots. s.

Cno`bn-Nlnpublf Enbbmfo trngm •

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Wwf a`ogs: >. molfc`mogn molfc`mo gn gm bn b n rmnb lfrfon lfrfon  “ bnogs rmsmrvmg dfr thm

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\pno`sh cfonrlhs

Uns thm foby rmeubnr dbmmt Uns dbm mt smrv`lm `o ` o thm Ynl`d Ynl`d`l `l Flmno Flmno dfr ;=9 ;= 9 ymnrs1 hng twf vm vmssm ssmbs bs Foby D`b`p`of D`b` p`of `ovfbvmcmot wns thm lfostrult`fo lfostrult`fo fd thm vmssmbs/enbbmfos Yfs`t`vm rmsubts: @otmrlubturnb mxlhnoems mxlhnoe ms kmtwmmo Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b`pp` oms nog Cmx Cmx`lf `lf

;. molfc`mogn molfc`mo gn gm pnrt`lubnrms pnrt`lubnrms  “ bnogs dfr d fr thm thm A`oe‐s A` oe‐s bfynb b fynb  

cmo

[fynb Mlfofc`l Mlfofc`l \fl`mty fd Dr`mogs Dmrrfln Dmrrflnr`b r`b gm Cno`bn no`b n fd thm Lfuotry Lfuotry • Foby rn`bwny b`om b` om ``o o thm lfuotry1 fuotry1 lfoomlts Cno` Cno`bb n tf Gneupno • Mstnkb` Mstn kb`shmg shmg ky Efv-Emo Knslf1 Knslf1 thrfueh th`s, thm cfofpfby thrfueh cfofpfb y fd tfknllf tfknll f nr`sms nr`sm s Yumotm Lfbenotm Lfb enotm (^umzfo Kr`gem) Kr`gem) [fynb [f ynb Yh`b` Yh` b`pp`om pp`om Lfcpnoy Lfcpnoy •

•

Mddfrt `o uo`t`oe uo`t` oe Ncmr`lno nog nog Ns`no Ns` no lfccmrlm, lfccmrlm, nog hnv`oe g`rmlt trngm trngm kmtwmmo kmtwmm o \pn`o nog no g Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b` pp`oms

d`rst suspmos`fo kr`gem kr`gem `o ` o thm Dnr Mnst

•

Bncps wmrm pfwmrmg Bncps pfwm rmg d`rst ky lflfout lfl fout f`b. f`b .

MG]LNW@FONB Dfr kfys: >. Lfbm Lfbme`f e`f Cnx`cf Cnx`cf gm \no @eonl`f @eonl`f “ d` d`rst rst lfbb lfbbmem mem dfr d fr kfys ;. Lfbme`f Lfbm e`f gm @bgmdfosf @bgmd fosf “ sfbm smlfognry slhffb slhffb futs`gm Cno`b Cno`bn n . Lfbm Lfbme`fs e`fs fd \notn Yftmol`non “ d` d`rst rst slhffb slhffb dfr e`rbs ;. Lfbm Lfbme`f e`f gm \notn @snkmb “ fbgmst lfbbmem lfbbm em dfr e`rbs wh`lh fpmrntms fpmrntms up tf thm prmsm prmsmot ot 8

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Mgulnt`fo Mguln t`fonb nb Gmlrmm Gm lrmm fd f d >84< >84< •

drmm,, lfcpubsfry, pukb`l pr`cnry slhffbs drmm slhffbs

•

nt bmnst twf slhffbs1 fom dfr kfys, fom dfr e`rbs

•

Bmnromrs: 4->7 ym ymnrs nrs fbg

•

rmqu`rmg tf tmnlh tmnlh Lhr`st`no gfltr`om gfltr`om,, \pno`sh h`stfr h` stfry, y, rmng`oe, nog wr`t`oe. E`rbs wmrm wm rm tnueht

\FL@F-L]BW][NB >. Efv-Emo Efv-Emo Onrl`sf Onrl`sf Lbnvmr`n Lb nvmr`n cngm thm D`b`p` D`b `p`ofs ofs ngfpt \pno`sh suroncms suro ncms `o h`s Lntnbfef nbdnkmt`lf gm npmbb`gfs. ;. Cnbms nrm wmnr`oe knrfoe tnenbfe fr lnc`sn gm lh`of, nog trfusmrs. Dmcnbmss hnvm rmtn`omg thm`r Dmcnbm thm `r knrf nog snyn. snyn. 0  (>09 98> >8>8, wh`lh up tf thm prmsmot, prmsmot, thm foby fom fd `ts a`og `o ` o thm wfrbg. d` rstt cusmuc, Cumsf-K`kb`ftmln Cumsf-K`kb`ftmln gm D`b`p`ons, D`b `p`ons, wns lfcpbmtmg lfcpbmtmg `o 8. Whm d`rs >80; Gfc`oef wns aofwo ns ‒Dnthmr ‒Dnthmr fd D`b`p` D`b `p`of of Yn`otmrs–. 0. Gnc`no Gfc`oef >9. [`sm fd sfl`nb lbnssms: n.

Ymo`osubnrms Ymo` osubnrms “ \pno`sh whf wns kfro `o \pn`o \pn`o nog b`vmg b` vmg `o thm

  k.

Yh`b`pp`oms @osubnrms @osubnrms “ \pno`sh \pno`sh whf wns kfro kfro nog b`vmg b` vmg `o thm thm Yh`b`pp`oms, Yh`b` pp`oms, lnbb ln bbmg mg ns thm ‘fr`e`onb‐ ‘fr`e`onb‐ D`b D`b`p`ofs `p`ofs

l.

Cmst`zfs mst` zfs “ c`x fd kfth \pno`sh nog `og`f1 `og` f1 Whmy wmrm rmenrgmg rmenrgmg `odmr`fr `odm r`fr pmfpbm ky kfth \pno`sh \pno`sh nog D`b D`b`p`ofs. `p`ofs.

g.

@og`f “ ont`vm ont`vm D`b`p`ofs D`b` p`ofs

m.

Lh`omsm Lh`om sm cmrlhnots cmrlhnots

0

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

[mnl [mnlt`fos t`fos nog upr`s`oes fd D`b D`b`p` `p`ofs ofs tf thm \pno`nrgs \pno`nrgs D`rst D`b`p`ofs tf rmvfbt wmrm Bnpu-Bnpu fd Cnltno (>=;>), nog Gnenc` fd Lmku (>=45). Bm ngm r

Yb nlm

Bnano ano Gubn

Cno`bn o`bn

[ms`st ms`stmg mg \pno` pno`ssh-`c h-`cpf pfsm smg g tnxms

Cnent \nbn \nbncn cntt

Cno`bn

Wr`mg tf emt r`g fd \pno \pno`n `nrrgs

Cnenbn enbntt

Lnen Lnenyn yno o

Knoanw Wnck ckbf bftt

Bmyt mytm Kfhfb hfb

Unotmg tf rmvmr mvmrtt knl knla tf dfr dfrcmr kmb`m kmb`mds ds Unotmg otmg tf rmvmr mvmrtt knl knla tf dfr dfrcmr kmb`md kmb`mdss

\ncnr

[ms`stm g frgmr fd Efv. Dnjnrgf [ms`stmg Dnjnrgf tf smog \ncnrofos tf Lnv`tm tf lfostrult sh`ps

Juno Yfolm \ucurfy Drnol`slf Cno`nef

[m nsfo

[ms`st ms`stmg \pno`s pno`shh-`cp `cpfs fsmg mg tnxms

Yncpnoen ]ojust nog gmbnymg gmb nymg lfcpmosnt`fo lfcpmosnt`fo

Nogrms Nogr ms Cnbfoe nbfoe Ynoen Ynoens`on s`ono o Nkusm fd \pno`sh \pno`sh fdd`l`nbs fdd`l`nbs Wnpnr pnr Drnol`slf Gnefhfy

Yn Ynon ony y

Unotmg otmg tf rmvmr mvmrtt knl knla tf dfr dfrcm cmrr kmb`md kmb`mdss

Kfhfb

Dr. Enspnr Enspnr Cfrnbm frnbmss rmdusmg rmdusm g tf e`vm h`s krfthmr krft hmr n Lhr`st`no kur`nb kur`nb..

G`mef nog T`eno, @bflf @ bflfss [ms`stmg \pno`sh-`cpfsmg tnxms Enkr`mbn \`bnoe \ur Ynb nr` s Npfb`onr`f gmbn gmb n Lruz Lruz

Ynoens` ono [m s` stm g \p \pno` sh-` cpfsm g tn tnx m s ^umzfo

\pno`sh dr`nrs g`go‐t rmlfeo`zm rmlfeo`zm h`s h` s Lfdrng`n gm \no Jfsm.

[mnsfos dfr thm dn`burm dn`b urm fd rmvfbts: >. Bnla Bnla fd nog wmna wm na wm wmnpfory npfory “ Whm`r Whm` r lnptfrs lnptfrs hnvm euos nog lnoofo wh`bm wh`b m fur nolmstfrs nolmstfrs foby hnvm spmnrs spm nrs nog kfbfs. ;. Bnla Bnla fd strntmey strntmey nog sfcm D`b`p` D`b `p`ofs ofs wframg dfr nog w`th thm \pno`sh \pn o`sh dfr d fr kmomd`ts. 9

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

[`sm fd ont`fon ont`fonb` b`sc sc >. Yh`b` Yh` b`pp`om pp`omss fpmomg tf wfrbg lfccmrlm lfccmrlm “ Cn`b smrv`lms, knoa` knoa`oe oe dnl`b`t`m dnl`b` t`ms, s, nog omwspnpmrs kme`o kme` o tf surdnlm surdnlm nog tf sprmng. sprmng. Whm \umz Lnonb wns fpmom fpmomg g, cna`oe thm t`cm t` cm trnvmb trnvmbmg mg drfc Murfpm Murfpm tf Ns`n culh shfrtmr. shfrtmr. ;. Whm r`sm fd n c`ggbm lbnss fr `b `bustrn ustrngf gf prmlmgm prmlmgmg g n gmvm gmvmbfpcmo bfpcmott `o ner`lub ner `lubturm turm nog nog `o motrmprmomursh`p. motrmprmom ursh`p. 840 40), ), `d n Wrmnt`sms fo Efvmrocmot  (>8 a`oe g`g oft mxmrl mx mrl`sm `sm justby h`s pfwmrs pfwmrs nog pfwmrs, pfwmrs, h`s sukjmlts hng thm r`eht tf thrfw thrfw h`c fut fd pfs`t`fo. p fs`t`fo. k. Jmno Jnlqums Jnlqums [fssmnu [fssmnu “ @o h`s Whm \fl`nb Lfotrnlt  (>5  (>54; 4;), ), `d n efvmrocmot efvmr ocmot gfmso‐t snt`sdy snt`sdy thm ommgs fd `ts pmfpbm, pmfpbm , thmo thm pmfpbm pmfpb m lno nbtm nbtmrr thm thm efvm efvmrocmot rocmot tf thm typm fd efvmrocmot thmy gmmcmg tf km r`ehtby mstn m stnkb`shmg. kb`shmg.  

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Wh`s wns whmo thm Nem fd Mob`ehtmocmot Mob` ehtmocmot nog Drmolh Drmolh [mvfbut`fo [mvfbut` fo hnppmom hnppmomg g `o Murfpm. Murfpm.

7. [nl`nb [nl`nb g`slr g` slr`c` `c`ont`fo ont`fo “ ‒Whm ‒Whm \pno`nrgs w`bb w`b b nbwnys nb wnys km n \pno`nrg, nog thm thm `og`f ` og`f w`bb w`b b nbwnys km no `og`f… `og` f… Whm cfoamy w`bb nbwnys km n cfoamy, cfoamy, hfwmvm h fwmvmrr yfu grmss h`c w`th sh`rt sh` rt nog trfusmrs, trfusmrs, nog w`bb nbwnys km n cfoamy nog oft hucno.– “ Dr. Dr. C`eumb Bul`f Bul`f y Kustncnotm, \` Wnognoe Kns`f Cnluont (Cno` (Cno`bn, bn, >8 >88= 8=). ). =. \mlubnr`znt`fo Cfvmcmo Cfvmcmott “ \mlubnr`znt`fo, n trnosdm trnosdmrr fd c`o`str c`o` str`m `mss mstnkb`shmg mstnkb` shmg ky thm rmeubnr rmeub nr lbm lbmrey rey tf tf thm smlubnrs, kmlncm n pfb` t`lnb nog smpnrnt`st pfb`t`lnb smpnrnt`st cfvmcmot1 cfvmcm ot1 th`s pnvmg thm wny dfr thm D`b`p`o`znt`fo D`b` p`o`znt`fo fd thm lh lhurl urlh. h. Whm \pno`sh omvmr trustmg trustmg thm D`b`p`of D`b` p`of dr`nrs tf tf hmng thm`r fwo c`o`str c`o`s tr`m `ms. s. 4. Lnrbfs Cnr`n gmbn Wfrrm‐s ngc`o`strnt`fo “ Hm wframg dfr lhnoe`oe thm puo`shcmot fd dbfee`oe D`b`p`of D`b`p` of pr`sfomrs pr`sfomrs tf tf n cfoth cfoth `o jn`b, jn`b , prflbn` prfl bn`cmg cmg drmmgfc drmm gfc fd spmmlh, nog mvmo nttmog`oe n cmmt`oe cmm t`oe fd n rmkmb bmngmr, Lns`c`rf Lncmr`of. 5. Lnv`tm Cut`oy Cut`oy “ Efv-Emo. Efv-Emo. [ndnmb gm @zqu`mrgf, @zqu`m rgf, whf dfbbfwmg dfbb fwmg ndtmr gmbn gmb n Wfrr Wfrrm, m, nkfb nkfb`shm `shmg g h`s prmgmlmssfr‐s prmgm lmssfr‐s lhnoems. lhnoems. \et. Bncngr Bncngr`g `g bmg b mg th`s lfoqumst lfoqumst nog mvmotunbby a`bbmg a`b bmg thm efvmrofr-emomr efvmrofr-emomrnb. nb. Whm upr`s`oe wns kbncmg tf thrmm thrmm pr`msts. pr`m sts. >>

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

8. Mxmlut`fo fd EfcKurZn fcKurZn “ Drnol Drnol`slf `slf Znbgun w`tomssm w` tomssmg g nen`ost thm thrmm cnrtyrs cnrtyrs - Jfsm Jfs m Kurefs, Cnr`nof Cnr`nof Efcmz, Jnl`otf Zncfrn. Whm` Whm`rr mxmlut`fo mx mlut`fo wns thm \pno`nrg‐s noswmr tf thm smlubnr smlub nr`znt`fo `znt`fo prftmst. D`b`p`ofs D`b` p`ofs g`g oft rml rmlm` m`vm vm th`s vmry wmbb.

Yrfpnenogn Cfvmcmot Yrfpnenogn Cfvmcmo t

Fkjmlt`vms fd thm pr prfp fpnen nenog og`s `sts: ts: >. Mxmrl`sm mqunb`ty dfr kfth \pno`sh nog D`b`p`ofs. ;. [mlfeo`zm drmmgfc fd spmmlh, prmss, nog nssfl`nt`fo 5, >8 >8= =41 Jnrf, @b @bf` f`bf bf Aofwo ns: Ermnt Ermnt Frntfr Ymooncm: G`mef Bnurn Bnurn Ufra: >. Drny Kftfg  “ gmnbs w`th w` th thm nkusms nog lr`cms lfcc`ttmg ky n dr`nr oncmg Kftfg. Hm kmlncm kmlncm thm d` d`rst rst mg`tfr fd Bn Bn \fb`gnr`gng, wh`lh wh` lh `s thm cfuthp`mlm cfut hp`mlm fd thm D`b`p`of D`b `p`of prfpn prfpnen enog`sts og`sts `o \pn`o. G`mg: G`m g: Jnounry ;9, ;9, >804 8041 Knrl Knrlmb mbfon, fon, \pn`o1 g`mg g`m g fd tukmrl tukm rlub ubfs` fs`s1 s1   foby fob y 0, >0, >84> >84>11 Lnbnckn, Lnb nckn, Bneuon Bneuon Aofwo ns: Er Ermntm mntmst st cno thnt thm Cnbny Cnbny rnlm rnlm prfgulmg Ymooncms: Bnfoe Bnfoe Bnno, Bnno, G`cnsnbnoe G`cnsnbnoe Ufras (ncfoe fthmrs): >. Ofb` Cm Wnoemrm  “ n sfl`fsfl`f-h`stfr`lnb h`stfr`lnb ofvmb fo thm s`tunt`fo fd thm Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b` pp`oms uogmr uo gmr dr`nrs‐ ermmg 

>;

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

;. Mb D`b`kustmr`scf  “ n pfb`t` pfb`t`ln lnbb ofvmb ofvm b prmg`lt`oe prmg `lt`oe thm lfc`oe fd n rmvfbut`fo1 `o th`s wfra, hm `cpb`m ` cpb`mg g thnt thnt n pmnl pmnlmd mdub ub rmvfbut`fo w`bb w`b b wfra rnthmr thno no nrcmg fom uod`o`shmg shmg ofvmb1 ofvm b1 wr`ttmo wr` ttmo `o Wnen Wnenbfe1 bfe1 hns 804 0411 Kneuckn Kneucknyno, yno, Cno`b Cno`bn1 n1 g`mg g`m g ky mxm m xmlut`fo lut`fo fd d`r`oe d` r`oe squng1 foby . G` G`nr`foe nr`foe Wnenbfe  “ n ont ont`fonb `fonb`st` `st`ll omwspnpmr ;. Gnsnbno Gnsnbno nt Wfasfhno  “ pnrfgy pnrfgy fd thm prnymr kffa Wmo o Lfcc Lfccnog nogcmots cmots fd thm Dr`nrs  “ H`s H`s lfcmg` lfcmg`ll vmrs`fo fd f d >9 804 >80411 Knr Knrlmbfon, lmbfon, \pn`o1 \pn` o1 g`mg g`m g fd tukmrl tukm rlubfs` ubfs`s1 s1 foby 7= y/f

Dn`burm fd [mdfrc Cfvmcmot Yh`b` pp`oms `s ` s prmfll prmfllup`mg up`mg `o ` o gmnb`oe w`th `ts fwo `otmronb `otmronb >. Yh`b`pp`oms prfkbmcs. bnla fd nog g`dd`lubty g`dd` lubty `o lfbbmlt`oe lfbbm lt`oe cfomtnry ;. Whmrm wns n bnla lfotr`kut`fos. . Wf uphfbg uo`ty nog lffpmrnt`fo lffpmrnt`fo ncfoest `ts cmckmrs cmckm rs ;. Wf gmvmbfp gmvm bfp thm ner`lubturm, ner`lubturm, lfccmrlm, lfccmrlm, nog mgulnt`fo mgulnt`fo smltfr sm ltfrss <

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Ant`puono (Antn ( Antnnstnnsn nstnnsno o Anenbnoe-enbnoe on o n Ant`puono onoe cnoen Nona onoe Knyno) Fkjmlt`vms: >. Yfb`t`lnb “ smpnrn  smpnrnt`fo t`fo fd Yh`b`pp`om Yh`b `pp`omss drfc \pn`o \pn`o ;. Cfrnb “ tmnlh`oe fd effg cnoomrs cnoom rs nog cfrnbs cfrnbs  gmvmbfp`oe oe n smosm fd smbd-hmbp smbd -hmbp nog gmdmosm fd thm . Antn Antnns-tnnsnoe ns-tnnsnoe \noeeuo`no - h`ehmst efvmro`oe kfgy ;. \noeeuo`noe Knyno - prfv`ol`nb kfgy . Ant`pfo Ynsswfrg: Nona oe Knyno nramr: Kbnla Kb nla hffg ;. C Anwnb Ynssfwrg: Efckurzn Cnramr: Ermmo hffg 80< 80< “ Pmnr Pmnr whmo whm o AAA stnrtmg nllmpt`oe nllmpt` oe wfcm wfcmo o nppb`lnots nppb `lnots

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Wmfgfrf Ynt`of “ thrfueh Wmfgfrf thrfueh h`c, thm smlr sm lrmt mt sfl`mty sfl`m ty wns rmvmnbmg rmvmnb mg tf Cnr`nof E`b Lry fd Yuengbnw`o - thm kme`oo`oe fd Yh`b` Lry Yh` b`pp`om pp`om [mvfbut`fo nen`ost thm \pno` \ pno`sh1 sh1 Nueust N ueust ;804

NOG[M\ NOG[M \ KFO@DNL@F KFO@DNL @F Kfro: Ofvm Ofv m ckmr ckm r 84< Ymooncms: Nenp`tf Kneucknyno, Cny Yne-nsn Nbsf Nb sf aofwo ns: \uprmcf, \uprmcf, Whm Ermnt Ermnt Ybmkm`no Ybmkm `no Ufras: >. Wr Wrnosbntmg nosbntmg C` ]bt`cf Ng`fs Ng` fs `otf ` otf Wnenbfe Wnenbfe ;. Gm Gmanbfef anbfef oe Ant`puono >7

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

MC@B@F JNL@OWF Kfro: Gmlmck Gm lmckmr mr >=, >85= >85= Ymooncms: Y`oea`no, G`cns-@bnw Nbsf Nb sf aofwo ns: Krn`os Krn`os fd thm Ant`puono Lfotr`kut`fos: •

smrvmg ns thm mg`tfr mg` tfr fd Anbnynno, thm thm fdd`l`nb fdd `l`nb omwspnpmr om wspnpmr fd AAA

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Cfo`ln “ d` d`rst rst w`dm fd Kfo`dnl`f

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Ermefr`n gm Jmsus “ smlfog w`dm fd Kfo`dnl`f

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Kfo`dn o`dnll`f wnotmg tf smma thm ngv` v`llm fd [`zn `znb tfwnrgs thm dfr dfrcmr‐s mr‐s rmvf mvfbut but`fo `fo, thrfueh Gr. Y`f Y`f Tnbm Tnbmo ozumbn mbn. Kut [`zn `znb fppfsmg tf th`s kmlnusm hm v`mwm v` mwmg g thnt thm lfuotry lfuotry `s oft ymt rmngy dfr `t.

>804 [mvfbut`fo nog thm dfbbfw`oe ymnrs •

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Wh`rtmmo Wh`rtmm o Cnrtyr Cnrtyrss fd Lnv`tm - wmrm D`b`p`of D`b `p`of pntr`fts pntr`fts `o Lnv`tm whf wmrm mxmlutmg mx mlutmg (nog ns n rmspfosm tf thm rmvfbut`fo) Lnc`bf Lnc`b f gm Yfbnv`mjn Yfbnv`m jn “ thm efvmrofr-emomrn efvmrofr-emomrnbb `o fdd`lm fdd `lm whmo [`znb [`znb wns mxmlu mxm lutmg tmg Wmjmrfs Lfovmot`fo - thm cmmt`oe cmmt` oe hmbg kmtwmmo thm Cne Cneg`wnoe g`wnoe nog Cnegnbf Cnegnbf dnlt`fos dnlt` fos fd thm Ant`puono Ant`p uono nt \no Drnol`slf Drnol`slf gm Cnbnkfo Gno`mbb W`rfon Gno`m W` rfon “ qumst`fomg thm lrmg`k` lrmg`k`b` b`ty ty fd Kfo`dnl`f Kfo`dnl`f ns thm G`rmltfr fd thm @otmr`fr

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Nenp`tf Kfozfo “ bmg bm g thm nrrmst nrrmst fd Kfo`dnl`f

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Yr`cf gm [`vmrn “ thm efvmrofr-emo efvm rofr-emomrnb mrnb `o ` o fdd`lm fdd` lm whmo thm \pno`s \p no`sh h

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smnrlhmg dfr smnrlhmg d fr Neu`onbgf K`na-O K`na -On-Kn n-Kntf tf [mpukb`l [mpukb` l - thm d`rst rmpukb` rmpukb`ll mvmr gmlbnr gmlbnrmg mg ``o o thm Yh`b`pp`oms

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K`na-On- Kntf Ynlt K`na-On-Kntf Ynlt - g`sm  g`smstn stnkb` kb`shmg shmg thm efvmrocmot1 efvmrocmot1 s`eomg ky Neu`onbgf nog nog gm [`vmrn wh`lh `ol `olbugmg bugmg prfv`s`fo dfr mx`bm mx`b m fd Neu`onbgf Neu`onb gf nog amy nssfl`ntms tf Hfoe Afoe Cnbfbfs Lfoermss -  wns thm lfost`tumo lfost`tumott nssmckby fd thm D`rst D`rst Yh`b`pp`om [mpukb`l [mpukb`l Ymgrf Yntmrof “ prms`gm  prms`gmot ot fd thm Lfoermss Lfoermss Cnbfbfs Lfost`tut`fo - thm kns`l bnw fd thm D`rst Yh`b Yh`b`pp`om `pp`om [mpukb`l1 wr`ttmo wr`ttmo ky Dmb`pm Dmb `pm Lnbgmrfo Lnbgmrfo nog Dmb`pm Dmb` pm Kumolnc`of Kumolnc`of >=

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

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Ermefr`f gmb Y`bnr Y` bnr “ Hmrf fd W`rng W`rng Ynss Jnounr`f Enbft - bbmg mg ].\. trffps trffps tf thm bflnt`fo dfr thm bnttmr b nttmr tf tf gmdmnt gmd mnt thm dfrlms dfrlms fd Emo. Ermefr`f Ermefr`f gmb Y`b Y `bnr nr Drmgmr`lh Duostfo “ bm  bmngmr ngmr fd thm Ncmr`lno Ncm r`lno dfrlms dfrlms whf nrrmstmg nrrmstmg Neu`onbgf

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Ermefr`f Neb`pny Neb` pny “ dfuogmg dfuo gmg thm @eb @ ebms` ms`n n D`b D`b`p `p`on `on @ogmpm @ogm pmog` og`motm motm

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Y M[@FG NCM[@LNO YM[ @FG Umsbm Um sbmy y Cmrr`tt Cmrr`tt “ thm d`rst d` rst Ncmr`lno efvmrofr-emom efvmrofr-emomrn rnbb fd thm lfuotry

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U`b b`nc ClA`obmy U`bb`nc ClA`obmy “ ]  ]\ \ prms`gmot prms`gm ot whf rmlfccmogmg rmlfccmogmg n Kmomvfbm Kmomv fbmot ot Nss`c`bnt`fo Kmomvfbmot Nss`c`bnt`fo “ "duturm lfotrf lfotrfb, b, g`spfs` g `spfs`t`fo, t`fo, nog efvmrocmot efvmr ocmot fd thm Yh`b`pp`om Yh`b `pp`om `sbnog `sb nogss wmrm lmgmg tf thm ]o`tmg \tntms" Mbwmbb Ft`s “ thm Efvmrofr-Emomrnb Efvmrofr-Emomrnb whf rmlm`vmg rmlm` vmg thm frgmrs dfr n Kmomvfbmot Nss`c`bnt`fo \lhurcno Lfcc`ss`fo - tf stugy stugy thm s`tunt`fo s`tunt`fo `o thm Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b `pp`oms nog cnam rmlfccmognt`fos fo hfw thm ].\ shfubg prflmm prflmmg g Lffpm r Nlt fd >09; Lffpmr >09; - prf prfv`gmg v`gmg n K`bb fd [`ehts dfr thm D`b`p`ofs1 D`b `p`ofs1 lrmntmg lr mntmg n bfwmr bme`sbnt`vm bm e`sbnt`vm krnol krnolh h w`th mbmltmg m bmltmg D`b`p`of D`b `p`of rmprmsmotnt`vms ns bme`sbntfrs Ynyom-Nbgr`lh Wnr`d Wnr`ddd Nlt “ ]  ]\ \ `cpfrtmg `cp frtmg effgs hnvm of quftn nog of tnr`d tnr `dd1 d1 YH mxpfrtmg mx pfrtmg effgs hnvm hnvm of tnr`d tnr`ddd kut hns n quftn mxp frtmg mg \`ccfos-]ogmrwffg Wnr`dd Wnr`dd Nlt “ B`dtmg thm quftn fd YH mxpfrt effgs

Drnol`s Kurtfo Hnrr`sfo “ thm Ncmr`lno efvmrofr efvmrofr-emom -emomrn rnbb `o ` o fdd`lm whmo thm Yh`b` Y h`b`pp`o`znt`fo pp`o`znt`fo cfvmcmot stnrt stnrtmg mg Jfoms Bnw/Yh Bnw/Yh`b` `b`pp`om pp`om Nutfofcy Nutfofcy Nlt “ lhn  lhnoemg oemg thm Yh`b`pp`om Yh`b` pp`om Bme`sbnturm Bme`sbntu rm `otf thm Yh`b`pp`oms' Yh`b` pp`oms' d`rst dubby mbm m bmlt ltmg mg kfgy Uffg-Dfrkms C`ss`fo - dnlt Uffg-Dfrkms  dnlt-d` -d`og`oe og`oe lfcc`ss`fo smot tf thm Yh`b`pp` Yh`b `pp`oms oms ky ].\. prms`gmot prms`gm ot Unrr Unrrmo mo Hnrg`oe, Hnrg`oe, wh`lh wh` lh lfolbugmg lfolbugmg thnt D`b`p` D`b `p`ofs ofs wmrm oft ymt rmngy dfr `ogm `ogmpmogm pmogmolm olm drfc thm ]o`tm o`tmg g \tntms.

>4

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

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Hnrm-Hnwms-Lutt`oe Nlt - thm d`rst d `rst ]\ bnw pnssmg smtt`oe n prflmss prflmss nog n gntm gntm dfr thm Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b `pp`oms tf en`o en`o `ogmpmogmolm ` ogmpmogmolm Wyg`oes-ClGudd`m Bnw Wyg`oes-ClGudd`m Bnw -  uogm  uogmrr thm nlt, thm >00007> >07> “ Jnpno  Jnpnomsm msm kfckmg kfckmg Lbnr Lb nra a N`r N` r Knsm Knsm D`mbg D`mb g

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Gmlmckm Gmlm ckmrr 0, >07> >07> “ Jnpnomsm kfckmg Cno`b Cno`bn n

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Gmlmckmr >9, >07> “ Jnpnomsm sfbg`m sfb g`mrs rs nrr`vmg nrr`vmg nt Kntnoms Kntnoms nog Ofrthmro Buzfo

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CnlNrthur cngm Cno`bn no Fpmo Fpm o L`ty L` ty Gmlm ckmrr ;4, Gmlmckm ;4, >07> >07> “ Gfuebns CnlNrthur Emo. Em o. Mgwnr Mgwnrg g Y. A`oe surrmogm surrmogmrmg rmg `o kmhnbd fd ]\ dfrl dfrlms ms tf Lfbfomb Lfb fomb Onanyncn “ thm dnbb d nbb fd Kntnno Kntnno

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Npr`b 0, >07; “ stnrt fd Gmnth Cnrlh

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]\ dfrlms surrmogmrmg s urrmogmrmg tf Emom E momrn rnbb Cnsnhnru Hfccn Hfccn “ thm dnbb fd Lfrrme`gfr ANB@KNY@ ANB@KN Y@ “ thm foby pfb`t`lnb pfb`t`lnb pnrty pnrty nbbfwmg Yrmpnrntfry Yrmpnrntfr y Lfcc`ss`fo dfr Yh`b`pp`om Yh`b` pp`om @ogmpmogmolm @ogmpm ogmolm “ `ts prms`gmot prms`gm ot `s Jfsm Y. Y . Bnurmb, Bnurmb, whfsm whfs m tnsa `s tf grndt grndt n omw lfost`tut`fo

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>07< Lfost`tut`fo

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Of v`lm prms`gmot

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Whm prms`gmot prms`gm ot `s cfrm pfwmrdub thno thm Lfur Lfurtt nog thm thm uo`ln uo` lncmrnb cmrnb bme`sbnt bme`sb nt`vm `vm kfgy.

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Whm Ont`fonb Nssmckby `s uo`lncmrnb.

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K`bb fd [`ehts `s smt ns`gm.

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H]AKNBNHNY “ dfuogmg dfuo gmg ky Bu`s Wnrul, Wnrul, Jmsus Jms us Bnvn, Bnvn, nog Jfsm Knonb

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CNANY@B@ “ n c`b`tnr c`b` tnry y erfup tf tf e`vm n`g n` g tf thm @cpmr`nb Jnpnomsm Nrcy1 freno`sm freno`smg g ky Kmo`eof Kmo` eof [ncfs [ncfs nog Nrtmc`f Nrtmc` f [`lnr [`lnrtm tm >5

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

N\@NO H@\WF[P

>8

   

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM  N\@N  N\ @NO O H@\WF H@\WF[P [P

@. Ns`n: @ts emfern em fernphy phy nog l`v`b`znt`fo l`v`b` znt`fo Oftnkb m Bnogdfrcs

Oftnkb m Untm rdfrcs

Ync`r (\futh Ns`n) Ns` n) “ aofwo ns [ffd fd thm Ufrbg  Ufrbg 

Hunoe Hm Hm [`vmr [` vmr “ aofwo ns Lh`on‐s \frrfw 

H`cnbnyn “ bfoemst cfuotn`o

Lnsp`no \mn “ wfrbg‐s bnre b nremst mst

rnoem rn oem `o Ns`n Ns` n

bnam/`obno bnam/`ob nog g smn

Ct. Mvmrmst (Ompnb, (Om pnb, W`km W`kmt) t) “ wfrbg‐s h`ehmst h`ehm st cfuotn cfuotn`o1 `o1 nbsf aofwo ns Hfusm fd \ofw 

Bnam Bn am Kn`anb “ wfrbg‐s wfrbg‐s gmmpm gm mpmst st bnam

W`kmt “ wfrbg‐s h`ehmst h`ehm st pbntmnu

Gmng \mn “ kfgy fd wntmr w`th bfwmst mbmvnt`fo mb mvnt`fo drfc drfc smn bmvmb nog w`th h`ehmst bmvmb bm vmb fd snb`o`ty

@ogfoms`n @ogfoms` n “ wfrbg‐s bnre b nremst mst

Pnoetzm Pnoe tzm [`vmr [`vm r “ bfoems bfoemstt r`vmr `o Ns`n Ns` n

nrlh`pmbnef

Umst Ns` n \nug` Nrnk`n hns thm wfrbg‐s bnremst bnre mst f`b rmsmrvms, nog `s thm wfrbg‐s bnre b nremst mst f`b prfgulmr. prfgulmr.

Mnst Ns` n Lh`on `s nbsf aofwo ns Zhfo  Zhfoeeu eeuf f, cmno`oe C`ggbm A`oegfc.

Fcno `s aofwo ns thm Eunrg`no fd Hfoe Afoe cmnos drne  drnernot rnot hnrkfr  hnrkf r . thm (Ymrs`no) Eubd . Wuramy Wur amy `s n trnoslfo trnoslfot`om t`omotnb otnb lfuotry, thm kr`gem lfuotry, kr`gem kmtwmm km twmmo o Murfpm Mur fpm nog Ns`n. Ns` n.

Cnlnu nlnu `s thm d`rst d `rst Murfpmno Murfpmno lfbfoy `o Mnstt Ns`n1 Mns Ns` n1 foby mstnkb`shmg mstnkb` shmg `o >085.

Bmknofo `s rmdmrr rmdm rrmg mg tf ns Bnog fd thm Lmgnrs .

Wn`wno `s dfrcmrby aofwo ns Dfrcfsn .

Knhrn`o, `o Nrnk`l, cmnos twf Knhrn`o, smns .

Whm Jnpnomsm lnbb thm`r thm` r lfuotry lfuotry O`ppfo , wh`lh wh` lh cmnos cmnos suo fr`e`o.

]NM `s thm rmsubt fd thm uo`tmg smvmo smvm o trul`nb trul`nb stntms `o thm nrmn.

Efk` Ef k` Gmsmrt, Gmsm rt, wh`lh `s s`tuntmg `o Cfoefb`n, `s ` s thm wfrbg‐s lfbgm lfbgmst st gmsmrt. Cfoefb`n smrvms ns n kudd kuddmr mr stntm kmtwmmo kmtwm mo [uss`n nog Lh`on. >0 >0

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

\futh Ns` n

Lmotrnb Ns` n

Whm @og`no suklfot`omot hns thrmm Ct. Nrnrnt Nrnrnt (Nrcmo`n) (N rcmo`n) “ whmrm Ofnh‐s O fnh‐s cnjfr r`vm r`vmrs: rs: @ogus, Enoems, nog nra nr a lncm tf rmst ndtmr thm dbffg d bffg Krnhcnputrn. Yuojnk (Yna`stno) cmnos d`vm r`vmrs .

Anznahstno “ wfrbg‐s bnremst bnogbflamg lfuotry lfuotry

\r` Bnoan Bnoan `s dfrcmrby d frcmrby aofwo ns Lmybfo .

Ayreyzstno cmnos Bnog fd thm Dfrty Wr`kms .

\futhmnst Ns`n Jnvn `s thm cfst pfpubfus `sbnog `o @ogfoms`n. @ogfoms` n. Kruom` Kr uom` “ rnoamg rnoamg th`rg `o wfrbg‐s lfuotr`m lfuotr`mss w`th k`eemst k`eem st f`b rmsm rmsmrvms rvms Whn`b Whn `bnog nog cmnos Bnog fd thm Drmm . W`cfr,, `o W`cfr ` o W`cfr-Bmstm W`cfr-Bmstm,, cmnos mnst. m nst. Lfrnbb Wr`noebm `s lfos`gmrmg Lfrn lfos`gm rmg ns thm r`lhmst pnrt fd fd thm smns. s mns. \`oenpfrm `s aofwo ns thm Lfcputmr Lfuotry Lfuotry fd Ns`n. Ns` n. Cynocnr `s aofwo aofw o ns thm Bnog fd thm Efbgmo Efbgmo Ynef Ynefgns gns . Lnckfg`n `s dfrcmrby aofwo ns Ancpulhmn. Ancpulhmn.

\fcm mov`rfoc m ov`rfocmotnb motnb lfolmpts: lfolmpts: Gmsmrt`d` lnt`fo Gmsmrt`d`ln t`fo “ gmerngnt gmerngnt`fo `fo fd thm sf`b fd `ts outr`mots outr`m ots tf suppfrt suppfrt pbnot nog no`cnb no`cnb b`dm b` dm Mlfbfe`lnb dfftpr Mlfbfe`lnb d fftpr`ot `ot “ s`cpby s`cpb y put, thm ncfuot fd onturm ommgmg ommgm g tf suppfrt hucno b`dm b`d m

@@. Ns`no @gmot`ty Mvfbut`fo fd Cno >. Gryfp`thmlus “ n pfss`kbm npm-dfrc nolmstfr fd prmsmot hucnos kmlnusm kmlnu sm fd thm rmsmckbnolm rmsm ckbnolm fd `ts tmmth w`th w` th furs furs ;. [ncnp`thmlus [ncnp`thmlus “ n cfrm cfrm gmvm gmvmbfpm bfpmg g npm-dfrc npm-d frc nolmstfr nolmstfr dfuog `o \`wnb`a \`w nb`a H`bb s, @og`n1 H`bbs, @og` n1 nppmnrmg nppmnrmg nrfuog nrfuog >7 >7 c`bb` c`b b`fo fo ymnrs nef . ;. < >< y/f whmo hm kmln km lncm cm thm mcpmrfr m cpmrfr  Hm mxm m xmrl rl`sm `smg g nutflrnl nutflrnly. y.  Hm frgmrmg dfr n Ermnt Ermnt U Unbb nbb tf km ku`bt ku` bt dfr gmdmosm gmd mosm nen`ost nen`ost `ovngmrs. ` ovngmrs. Hno Gyonsty  dfuogmg ky B`u Ynoe1 hm mxmrl mxm rl`sm `smg g n lmotrnb`zmg lmotrnb`zmg efvmrocmot. efvm rocmot.  ]ogmr  ] ogmr Uu Uu W`‐s rubm, thm l`v`b l`v `b smrv`lm s mrv`lm mxnc`ont`fo mx nc`ont`fo stnrtmg. stnrtmg.  Ynpmr wns g`slfvmrmg. \`ba \`b a [fng [fng kmlncm aofwo.  \sucn Lh`mo “ thm d`rst d` rst ermnt ermnt h`stfr`no fd Lh`on ;4

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

\u` Gyonsty  n shfrtb`vm shfrtb`vmg g gyonsty, kut bn`g bn` g thm dfuognt`fos dfr thm Efbgm Efbgmo o Nem fd Lh`on  ]ogmr Pnoe W`‐  ]ogmr W`‐ss rubm, thm Ernog Ernog Lnonb wns ku`bt. ku` bt. @@tt lfoomltmg lfoomltmg thm Pnoetzm Pnoetzm nog Hunoe Hm Hm r` r`vmrs. vmrs. Wnoe Gyonsty  dfuogmg ky B` Puno  Wnoe Wn`tsuoe “ aofwo ns Wnoe‐s ermntmst mcpmrfr m cpmrfr  B` Yf, Wu Du “ ermnt wr`tmrs wr`tm rs  Kuggh`sc sprmngs.  Efbgmo  Ef bgmo Nem fd Lh`on

\uoe Gyonsty  dfuogmg ky \uoe Wn`tsu  g`slfvmry fd cneomt`l cneomt` l lfcpnss, lfcpnss, pnpmr pr`ot` pr`ot`oe, oe, nog euopfwgmr Puno Gyonsty Aukbn` Ahno sullmssd sullmssdubb ubby y `ovngmg `ov ngmg Lh`on `o ` o >5; >5;0. 0.  Cnrl  C nrlf f Yfbf Yfb f “ kmlncm km lncm n lfurt lfurt fdd`l`nb fdd` l`nb uogm u ogmrr Ahno

Cuehnb Mcp`rm Wncmrbnom “ aofwo ns thm ermntmst bm Wncmrbnom bmngmr ngmr gur`oe thm Cusb` Cusb`c c `ovns`fo `ovns` fo fd @og`n Naknr - Gur`oe Gur`oe h`s h` s rubm, `t ` t wns thm thm Efbgmo Efbgm o Nem fd Cuehnb Cuehnb Mcp`rm. Jnhnoe`rr “ H`s oncm cmnos Jnhnoe` cm nos ‒Ernspmr ‒Ernspmr fd thm Ufrbg Ufrbg–. –. \hnh Jnhno “ H`s oncm cmnos cm nos ‒A`oe fd thm th m Ufrbg–1 Hm frgmrmg ddfr fr Wn Wnjj Cnhnb tf km ku`bt ku` bt ns n tfck dfr h`s w` w`dm dm Nurnoezmk Nurnoe zmk “ bnst rubmr rubm r fd Cuehnb Mcp`rm

;5

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Jnpnomsm L`v`b`znt`fo N`ou “ d`rst smttbmrs smttbm rs fd Jnpno Jnpno Pncntf Pn cntf mcp`rm mcp` rm dfuogmg dfuogm g ky J`ccu1 kmlncm Jnpno‐s Jnpno‐s d` d`rst rst mcpmrfr mcpm rfr

Onrn pmr`fg pm r`fg Onrn “ d`rst d` rst lnp` lnp`tnb tnb fd Jnpno \mvmotmmo \mvm otmmo Nrt`lbms “ wr`ttmo ky Yr`olm Yr`olm \hftfau, `t `s thm dd`rst `rst wr`ttmo smt fd bnws fd Jnpno

Hm`no pmr`fg Hm`no “ smlfog lnp`tnb lnp`tnb fd Jnpno J npno Whm Wnbm Wnbm fd Emoj` “ thm wfrbg‐s d` d`rst rst dubbb dub bbmoeth moeth ofvmb, ofvmb , wr`ttmo ky Bngy Bngy Curnsna` urnsna` \h`a`ku \h`a` ku \hfeuo “ n hmrmg`tnry c`b`tnr c`b` tnry y g`ltntfr1 g`ltntfr1 thm lmrmcfo`nb rmprmsmotnt`vm fd fd thm mcpmrfr shfeuontm “ dfuogmg ky Pfr`tfcf Ancnaurn1 Ancnaurn1 cmnos tmot efvmrocmot

Dmugnb systmc gn`cyf “ c`b`tnr c`b` tnry y efvmrofr efvm rofrss sncurn` sncur n` “ thm c`b`tnry c`b `tnry fdd`l`nbs tnsamg tf smrvm sm rvm thm`r bfrgs kush`gf “ lfgm lfgm fd mth`ls m th`ls thnt thnt `s dfbbfw dfb bfwmg mg ky sncurn`s sncurn`s

Ancnaurn \hfeuontm  gmdmntmg  gmdm ntmg thm Cfoefbs‐ Cfoefbs‐ `ovns`fo `ovns` fo tw`lm  \moefa  \m oefau u (>7 ( >745 45>= >=48 48)) “ wnrr` wnrr`oe oe stntms st ntms  Fgu Ofkuonen (`otrfgulmg (`otrfgulmg dd`rmnrcs `rmnrcs `o Jnpno), Jnpno), Wfyftfc` H`gmyf H`gmyfsh` sh` kmlncm aofwo

Nsh`anen \hfeuontm  nbsf aofwo ns Curfcnl Curfcnlh` h` Ymr`fg  dfuogmg  dfuogm g ky Nsh`anen N sh`anen Wnanul Wnanulh` h`  lfos`gmrmg ns thm wmnamst wmnam st shfeuontm

Wfauenwn \hfeuontm dfuogmg ky Wfauenwn Wfauenwn @mynsu cfvmg thm lnp`tnb lnp`tnb tf Mgf (prmsm (prmsmotgny otgny Wfayf) Wfayf) nbtmrontm nttmognolm nttmognolm pfb` p fb`ly ly “ dfrlmg vnlnt`fo vnlnt`fo fd gn`cyfs w`th w` th thm`r   dnc`by

;8 ;8

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

\futhmnst Ns`no l`v`b`znt`fos “ N pfwmrdub mcp`rm `s lfos`gmrmg tf km pfwmrdub whmo `t hns n lfotrfb fvmr n bnrem nrmn fd smn rfutms nog pfrts.

Ahcmr mcp`rm (Lnckfg`n)  dfuogmg  dfuogm g ky Jnynvnrcno Jnynvnrcno @@  Noeafr “ `ts lnp`tnb  Noeafr Unt “ ernogmst ernogmst wfra fd nrlh`tmlturm nrlh`tm lturm uogmr uogm r Jnynvnrcno‐s Jnynvnrcno‐s rm`eo rm` eo Noonc Noon c mcp`rm (T`m ( T`mtonc tonc))  wns n pnrt pnrt fd Lh`on Lh` on uot`b uot` b 0 >=8>

Cnbny Ns`n  Cnbny  C nbny Ns`n “ lfcpfsmg lfcpfsmg fd Cnbny Cnbny Ymo`osub Ymo `osubn, n, @ogfoms`n, @ogfoms` n, Yh`b`pp` Yh`b `pp`oms oms  Cnbny  C nbny Nrlh`pmb Nrlh`pmbnef nef “ lfcpfsmg lfcpfsmg fd Cnbnys`n, Cnbnys`n, @ogfoms`n, @ogfoms` n, Yh`b`pp` Yh`b `pp`oms, oms, Kruom` Kr uom`,, W`cfrB W` cfrBmstm, mstm, nog \`oenpfrm  thnbnssflrnly  thnbnssflrnl y “ n stntm thns hns n rubm fvmr fv mr thm sm smn n \r`v`jnyn mcp`rm  lfotrfbb  lfotr fbbmg mg nog tnxmg fvmr smn rfutms rfutms fd Cnbnlln Cnbnlln \trn`t, \trn`t, Amognh A mognh \trn`t, nog \uogn \trn`t \trn`t `o ` o mxlhn mx lhnoem oem fd prftmlt`fo prftmlt`fo drfc d rfc p`rntms p`rntms  noomxmg  noomx mg ky k y Cngjnpnh` Cngjnpnh`tt mcp`rm mcp` rm nrfuog >< >9;= >9;= Cngjnpnh`t mcp`rm  bnst H`ogu mcp`rm thnt rm`eomg rm`eom g `o Cnbny Cnbny Nrlh`pmbnef Nrlh`pmb nef  dfuogmg  dfuogm g ky [ngmo U`gjnyn U` gjnyn nrfuog >;0 >;0< <  Hnync  Hn ync Uurua Uurua “ ermntmst bmngmr bm ngmr fd C Cngjnpn ngjnpnh`t1 h`t1 uogmr uogm r h`s rm`eo, rm` eo, \r`v`jnyn \r`v` jnyn wns noomxm noomxmg g

;0

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Afrmno L`v`b`znt`fo “ Afrmn `s nbsf aofwo ns thm ‘Hmrc`t A`oegfc‐

Efjfsmfo A`oegfc  d`rst  d` rst a`oegfc `o Afrmn1 dfuogmg ky Gnoeuo Gnoeuo Unoeemfc Unoeemfc  mvmotun  mvm otunbb bby y lfbbnpsmg1 g`v`gmg `otf Afeuryf Afeuryf,, Ynmalhm, \h`bbn \h`bb n

Efeurymf A`oegfc  Gfoecymfoe  Gfoe cymfoe “ lh`m lh`mdtn`o dtn`o fd Efeurymf1 Efeurymf1 gmvmbfpm gmvm bfpmg g thm c`b`tnry c`b `tnry  tmrr`tfry `s drfc ofrthmro pnr pnrtt fd Afrmno pmo`osub pm o`osubn n tf Cnol Cnolhur`n hur`n

Knmajm Kn majm A`oegfc  tmrr`tfry  tmrr`tfr y `s dfuog d fuog `o sfuthwmst pnrt fd fd Afrmno pmo` pmo`osubn osubn  wns cfrm pmnlmbfv`oe pmnlmbfv` oe thno Efeurymf Efeurymf

\`bbn \`bb n A`oegfc A`oegfc  tmrr`tfry  tmrr`tfr y `s dfuog d fuog `o sfuthmnst pnrt pnrt fd Afrmno pmo`osubn pmo`osub n

Efrymf A`oegfc Unoe Un oe Emfo Emfo uo`d`m uo`d `mg g thm thrmm thrmm a`oegfcs. P` @, n Afrmno Lfodul`no, gmdmntmg gmd mntmg Efrymf \mjfoe thm Ermnt, dfurth rubm rubmrr  usmg n lmotrnb` lmotrnb`zmg zmg efvmrocmot dfuogmg P` Gyonsty Hnoeub Hn oeub “ Afrmn‐s Afrmn‐s nbphnkmt nb phnkmt Bntmr lfoqumrmg ky Cfoefbs [ubmg wth n lmotrnb`zm lmotrnb`zmg, g, Lfodul`no efvmrocmot efvmrocmot wns gmvmbfpm gmvm bfpmg. g. Ndtmr wh`lh, thm a`oegfc lfbbnpsmg. Whm Efbgm Efbgmo o Nem fd Afrmn

. Cnrlf Yfbf‐s Mxpmg`t`fo ;. Efg 70 >7051 fpmomg fpmom g n g`rmlt g`rm lt smn rfutm rfut m drfc Murfpm Murfpm tf Ns`n Ns` n Drnol`slf Drn ol`slf Nbkuqumrqum Nbkuqum rqum “ d`rst v`lmrf v` lmrfy y fd Yfrtuenb Yfrtuenb tf thm Mnst Mnst Nbdfosf Nb dfosf gm Nbkuqumrqum Nb kuqumrqum “ v`lmrfy fd Mnst Mnst @og`ms1 @og`m s1 lfoqumrmg Efn, Efn, cngm `t lnp`tnb fd Yfrt Y frtuenb uenb `o thm Mnst Mnst \pn`o‐s Mxpbfrnt`fo tf thm Mnst Dmrg`onog Cnembb Cnembbno no - g`slfvmrmg thm strn`t strn`t (ofw, Cnembb Cnembbno no \trn \trn`t) `t) tf rmnlh Ynl`d`l Flmno

Lfbfo`znt`fo fd Ns`n

Yfrtuenb Umot tf Lh`on ns C`oe C`oe Gyonsty `s `cpbmcm `cpb mcmot`oe ot`oe n pfb`ly fd `sfbnt`fo ` sfbnt`fo Flmno Gmv` Gmv`bs bs “ tmrc ky thm thm Lh`omsm Lh` omsm tf noy dfrm` dfrm`eomr eomr whf nr nrr`vms r`vms ``o o thm`r thm` r lfuotry [ndnmb [n dnmb Ymrmstrmbbf Ymrmstrmb bf “ d` d`rst rst Yfrtueumsm Yfrtueumsm tf v`s`t v` s`t `o Lh`on Cnlnu nlnu “ smrvmg ns thm trng`oe lmotmr kmtwmmo kmtwm mo thm twf lfuotr`ms1 lfuotr`ms1 uot`b uot` b >000, `t‐s thm bnst lfbfoy `o Ns`n Ns` n tf km `ogm `ogmpmogm pmogmot ot Drnol`s Xnv`mr “ sprmng Lhr`st`no`ty `o Jnpno `o >=701 kmlncm aofwo ns ‘Npfstbm ‘Npfst bm fd thm @og`ms‐



]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

\pn`o Nbb fd `ts lfbfo`ms nr nrm m `o thm Ofrthmro Ofrthmro Hmc`sphmrm, Hmc`sphmrm, mxlmpt mx lmpt dfr Yh`b`pp`oms. Lmku “ d`rst d` rst lfbfoy lfbfoy `o ` o thm lfuotry lfuotry Cno`bn “ smlfog lfbfoy `o thm lfuotry Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b` pp`oms kmln km lncm cm thm dfuogn d fuognt`fo t`fo dfr thm thm spr sprmng mng fd Lhr`st`no`ty `o Ns`n. Ns` n.

Gutlh Gutlh Gutl h Mnst @og`n Lfcpnoy “ hns nuthfr`ty nuthfr`ty fvmr fvm r `ts trngm `o ` o Ns`n Ns` n Kntnv`n Kn tnv`n “ d`rst Gutlh Gutlh lfbfoy `o ` o @ogfoms`n @ogfom s`n Gutlh ku`bt Gutlh ku` bt n trng`oe trng`oe pfrt `o Onensna`, ndtmr hmbp` hm bp`oe oe thm Jnpnomsm tf emt r`g fd Yfrtueumsm Yfrtueumsm..

Kr`t`sh Whm bnremst mcp`rm `o wfrbg‐s wfrbg‐ s h`stfry Knttbm fd Ybnssmy Knttbm Y bnssmy “ Ndtmr Cuehnb Cuehnb mcp` mcp`rm rm lfbb lfbbnpsmg, npsmg, Kr Kr`t` `t`sh sh wfo (uogmr thm bmngmrsh`p bm ngmrsh`p fd [fkmrt Lb`vm) Lb`v m) fvmr fvm r thm Drmolh Drmolh tf tnam tnam lfotrfb lfotrfb fd @og`n. @o g`n. Kr`t` Kr `t`sh sh Mnst @og`n Lfcpnoy

Drmolh Hns n pfrt `o Yfog`lhmrr Hns Yfog` lhmrry, y, `ts ` ts d` d`rst rst dfr Drmolh Drmolh Mnst Mnst @og`n @og` n Lfcpnoy Lfcpnoy uot`b uot` b Knttbm Kn ttbm fd Ybnssmy Cfvmg mnst, m nst, thmo lfoqumrmg lfoqumrmg T`m T `mtonc tonc

[uss`n Lfssnla Lfssnl a “ ofcng`l ofcng`l tr`km `o ` o smnrlh smnrlh fd omw om w tmrr`tfry `o Lmotrnb Ns`n, Ns` n, bmg bm g ky Pmrcna Pmrcn a W`cfpmynv`lh W`cfpm ynv`lh Wrmnty fd Omrl Wrmnty Om rlh`os h`osa a “ smt thm kfuognr`ms nog trngms kmtwmmo kmtwmm o [uss`n nog Lh`on1

< >887;) Lfhfoe - wns n eu`bg fd Lh`omsm cmrlhnots fr hfoes whf fpmrntmg thm `cpfrt-mxpfrt cfofpfby `o Lnotfo Lnusm: ngg`lt`fo fd thm Lh`omsm tf `bbmenbby `cpfrtmg fp`uc ky thm Kr`t`sh Lfcc`ss`fomr B` Zmxu “ hmbpmg tf hnbt thm fp`uc trngm nog tf smog n bmttmr tf Kr`tn`o rmenrg`oe th`s cnttmr1 Kr`tn`o rmdusmg. B` frgmrmg tf stfp nbb fp`uc trngms nog put snolt`fos1 Kr`t`sh st`bb rmdusmg. Kr`t`sh wns str`ppmg fd  pr`v`bmem1 thmy hng tf bmnvm Lnotfo nog hmng tf Cnlnu nog Hfoe Afoe. D`rst `cpmr`nb wnr `o thm Mnst1 Lh`on bfst. Wrmnty fd Onoa`oe “ >. Omw trng`oe pfrts `o Lh`on nrm fpmomg1 ;. Hfoe Afoe wns e`vmo tf Kr`tn`o1 849) Lnusm: n erfup fd Lh`omsm nttnlamg n Kr`t`sh vmssmb lfotn`o`oe fp`uc1 thm Drmolh tmncmg up w`th thm Kr`t`sh. [uss`nos fllup`mg ]ssur` nog mstnkb`shmg Tbng`vfstfa, n c`b`tnry knsm `o Ynl`d`l. Jnpnomsm fllup`mg [uayu @sbnog, fdd Dfrcfsn. W`mots`o Lfovmot`fo “ Fp`uc trngm `s cngm bmenb1 Lhr`st`no c`ss`fonr`ms nog dfrm`eomrs nrm nbbfwmg tf hnvm rms`gmolm `o Lh`on. Kfxmr [mkmbb`fo “ Whm ]\ wns bnst fd thm `cpmr`nb`st lfuotr`ms tf ernk n p`mlm fd bnog `o Lh`on1 thmy rmlfccmogmg no fpmo gffr pfb`ly dfr fdd Lh`on. Mcprmss Gfwnemr smlrmtby tnbamg w`th rmkmb erfups tf d`eht thm Murfpmnos. Whm [`ehtmfus nog Hnrcfo`fus D`sts spnramg n rmkmbb`fo, kut g`go‐t cnam n k`e sullmss. Kfxmr Yrftflfb (cfst oftnkbm rmsubt): Murfpmnos nrm nbbfwmg tf hfusm c`b`tnry dfrlms tf thm`r rmspmlt`vm sphmrms fd `odbumolm.

Kr`t`sh @cpmr`nb`sc `o @og`n Ndtmr thm Cuehnb mcp`rm lfbbnpsmg, thmrm wns n pfwmr vnluuc (thm pfb`t`lnb lfog`t`fo whmo sfcmfom hns bfst lfotrfb fd sfcmth`oe nog of fom hns rmpbnlmg thmc) `o @og`n. \mpfy, `o Ymrs`no, cmnos sfbg`mr. Lhnrbms Lfrownbb`s “ d`rst Kr`t`sh efvmrofr-emomrnb `o @og`n Kr`t`sh rmdfrcs: >. @otrfgulmg no no mgulnt`fonb systmc `o @og`n, kn knsmg drfc Kr`tn`o‐s nog Moeb`sh ns thm cmg`uc fd `ostrult`fo ;. \ n o l t ` f o m g s b n v m r y n o g d mc n b m ` o d n o t ` l ` g m 80=) nog rmsubtmg `o Wrmnty fd \h`cfofsma`. Whmy nbsf wfo thm [ussf-Jnpnomsm Unr (>097->09=) nog rmsubtmg `o Wrmnty fd Yfrtscfuth. Jnpno noomxmg Afrmn ns n prftmltfrntm (n stntm thnt `s lfotrfbbmg nog prftmltmg ky nofthmr)1 `cpfsmg thm Jnpnomsm wnys

88=1 Cusb`c Bmneum `o >094. @og`nos dfueht s`gm ky s`gm w`th Kr`tn`o, `o hfpms thnt thm bnttmr w`bb e`vm thm`r `ogmpmogmolm. Kr`tn`o g`go‐t gf th`s. @og`nos rmjmltmg thm Efvmrocmot fd thm @og`no Nlt fd >0>0, s`olm `t foby rmlfeo`zms n scnbb ouckmr fd thm @og`nos‐ r`ehts. ]ogmr thm [fwbntt Nlt, `t nbbfwmg thm Kr`t`sh tf jn`b @og`nos dfr twf ymnrs, w`thfut gum prflmss. @og`nos wmot tf Yuojnk dfr n prnymr kr`engm, w`thfut aofw`oe thnt pukb`l enthmr`oes nrm oft nbbfwmg. [me`onbg Gymr frgmrmg tf shfft pmfpbm. Wh`s `s thm Ncr`tsnr Cnssnlrm. Cfhnogns A. Enogh` nog thm `ogmpmogmolm cfvmcmot sntynernhn “ nlt`vm ofo-v`fbmolm/l`v`b g`sfkmg`molm nbsf aofwo ns Cnhntcn, wh`lh cmnos ‘Ermnt \fub‐ Lncpn`eo: >. Gf oft kuy prfgults drfc Kr`tn`o ;. Gf oft motmr thm Kr`t`sh-hmbg pukb`l slhffb 00) @o`t`ntmg ky uo`vmrs`ty stugmots ns n rmspfosm tf tth hm vmrg`lt fd thm Wrmnty fd Tmrsn`bbms fvmr Lh`on (mspml`nbby fd thm trnosdmr fd Emrcnoy‐s fllup`mg tmrr`tfr`ms `o Lh`on tf Jnpno) Cnf Wsm-tuoe “ n tmnlhmr fd ]o`vmrs`ty fd Km`j`oe1 bntmr aofwo ns n ermnt rmvfbut`fonry bmngmr Hm dfuogmg thm Lfccuo`st Ynrty `o \hnoehn`1 n`cmg tf uo`tm w`th Ont`fonb`st Ynrty nog tf nllmpt \fv`mt ]o`fo‐s fddmrs Ont`fonb`st Ynrty kmlncm strfoemr ndtmr C`lhnmb Kfrfg`o, n pfb`t`lnb ngv`smr drfc \fv`mt ]o`fo, fddmrmg n`g. Ont`fonb`st Ynrty Bmg ky Lh`noe An`-shma \hnoehn` Cnssnlrm “ Cnoy cmckmrs fd thm Lfccuo`st Ynrty wmrm a`bbmg ky thm dfrlms fd An`-shma. >0;8 “ Lh`noe kmlncm thm prms`gmot fd Ont`fonb`st [mpukb`l fd Lh`on H`s prfc`sms fd prfermss wmrmo‐t dubd`bbmg gum tf lfrrupt fdd`l`nbs uogmr h`s nuthfr`ty1 cnoy trnosdmrrmg thm`r suppfrt tf thm Lfccuo`st Ynrty.

0;=99 ac-bfoe cnrlh drfc J`noex` tf \hnnox` \uo Pnt-smo: Whrmm Yr`ol`pbms fd thm Ymfpbm. Cnf Wsm-tuoe: Whm Omw Gmcflrnly. >070 “ Lh`noe rmtrmntmg `o Dfrcfsn, lrmnt`oe thm [mpukb`l fd Lh`on. Cnf lrmntmg `o Cn`obnog Lh`on thm Ymfpbm‐s [mpukb`l fd Lh`on.

[`sm fd Ont`fonb`sc `o \futhmnst Ns`n Yh`b`pp`oms -

lfbfo`zmg ky ky \p \pn`o, Kr Kr`t`sh (f (foby `o `o Cn Cno`bn), Nc Ncmr`lno, Jnpnomsm dfrmdrfot on ont`fonb`st`l er erfups: Yr Yrfpnenog`stns, An Ant`puono >804 [mvfbut`fo “ d`rst ont`fonb`st`l rmvfbut`fo `o Ns`n \pnra fd ont`fonb`sc nen`ost \pno`sh dfrlms: mxmlut`fo fd  EfcKurZn, thmo fd [`znb Gntm fd du dubb `ogmpmogmolm (drfc nbb fthmr lfuotr`ms): Juby 7, >074

Kurcn -

lfbfo`zmg ky Kr`tn`o1 kmlncm n prfv`olm fd @og`n Gfkncn Ns`nyfom (Um Kurcmsm Nssfl`nt`fo) (>00981 `cprfvm thm b`vms fd dnrcmrs1 d`rst ont`fonb`st`l freno`znt`fo `o @ogfoms`n \nrmant @sbnc (@sbnc`l Nssfl`nt`fo) “ dfuogmg ky Fmcnr \n`g Wjfarfnc`oftf `o >0>;1 dfr pmnlm nog mlfofc`l rmdfrcs 0>4 nermmcmot kmtwmmo thm ]o`tmg A`oegfc nog Drnolm gmd`o`oe thm`r rmspmlt`vm sphmrms fd `odbumolm nog lfotrfb `o Umst Ns`n ndtmr thm lfbbnpsm fd Fttfcno Mcp`rm ClCnhfo-Hussm`o Lfrrmspfogmolm - Kr`tn`o nermmg tf rmlfeo`zm Nrnk `ogmpmogmolm ndtmr Ufrbg Unr @ Knbdfur Gmlbnrnt`fo - prfc`smg n ont`fonb hfcm dfr thm Jmws `o Ynbmst`om Nkgub Nz`z (\hm`a @ko-\nug) “ cfst pfwmrdub fd thm Nrnk lbnos1 wns nkbm tf uo`tm nbb a`oegfcs, thmo dfrcmg \nug` Nrnk`n Ymrs`n (@rno) -

[mzn \h \hnh Yn Ynhbnv` - ku`b `btt th thm W Wrrnos-@rno`no [ [n n`b `bw wny (> (>0;5“ 007= Yftsgnc Gmlbnrnt`fo - lnbbmg dfr thm surrmogmr fd nbb Jnpnomsm nrcmg dfrlms1 Jnpno g`g sf fo Nueust >9, >07= T-J Gny - T`l T`ltfry fvmr Jnpno Gny1 thm gny fo wh`lh Jnpno surrmogmrmg, `o mddmlt mog`oe thm wnr

Lfbg Unr `o Ns`n -

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 -

Lfbg Unr “ stntm fd tmos`fo kmtwmmo supmrpfwmrs ]\N (bmg thm Umstmro fr Gmcflrnt`l Kbfl) nog \fv`mt ]o`fo (bmg thm Mnstmro fr Lfccuo`st Kbfl) Whmrm wns n tmos`fo kmtwmmo cn`obnog Lh`on (suppfrtmg ky \fv`mt ]o`fo) nog Wn`wno (bmg ky Lh`noe An`-shma1 suppfrtmg ky ]\N). Lh`on `ovngmg Cfoefb`n nog W` W`k kmt, kfth fd wh`lh nrm nutfofcfus nbrmngy. Afrmno Unr fd >0=9->0=< 5th  pnrnbbmb “ thm g`v`g`oe b`om, mstnkb`shmg ky thm >0=7 Emomvn Nllfrg, kmtwmmo T`mtonc, lrmnt`oe thm lfccuo`st Ofrth nog gmcflrnt`l \futh1 Hf Lh` C`oh bmg thm ofrth1 Oef G`oh G`mc `o`t`nbby bmg thm sfuth. -

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\mlfog T` T`m mtonc Unr “ >0=0->05=1 Lfccuo`st dfrlms gmdmntmg `ts fppfomots.

Lnc kfg` n kmlncm thm c`b`tnry knsm fd Ofrth T ``m mtonc Ahcmr [fuem “ thm Lnckfg`no lfccuo`sts bmg ky Yfb Yft Wmos`fos `o Umst Ns`n D`rst Nrnk-@srnmb` Unr “ @srnmb`s wfo.

\mlfog Nrnk-@srnmb` Unr “ Lnusm: Encnr Nkgmb Onssmr (thm prms`gmot fd Meypt thmo) gml`gmg tf fllupy \umz Lnonb. Wh`rg Nrnk-@srnmb` Unr fr \`x-Gny Unr “ @srnmb`s wfo thm wnr1 fllup`mg Jugmn nog \ncnr`n (fd Jfrgno), Efbno Hm`ehts (fd  \yr`n), \`on`, Enzn \tr`p, nog Umst Knoa Dfurth Nrnk-@srnmb` Unr fr Pfc A` A`p ppur Unr “ Pfc A` A`p ppur `s cfst `cpfrtnot hfb`gny fd thm Jmw`sh ymnr. Gur`oe th`s t`cm, @srnmb wns uogmr `ts d`rst dmcnbm pr`cm c`o`stmr “ Efbgn Cm`r Nownr \ngnt, thmo prms`gmot fd Meypt, wmot tf @srnmb nog fddmrmg pmnlm, ‒Um usmg tf rmjmlt yfu… Pmt, tfgny wm nermm tf b`vm w`th yfu `o pmrcnomot pmnlm nog just`lm.– Lncp Gnv`g Nllrfg fd >0 >058 “ d`rst cutunb pmnlm nermmcmot kmtwmmo @srnmb nog Nrnk lfuotr`ms. Ynbmst`o`no B`kmrnt`fo Drfot “ dfrcmg ky Pnssmr Nrndnt1 Ynbmst`o`nos gf oft wnot tf km efvmromg ky @srnmb`s. `ot`dngn - smr`ms fd fd Yn Ynbmst`o`no gm gmcfostrnt`fos, of ofov`fbmot nlt`fos b`am cnss kfylftts

7>

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

[mb`e`fos `o Ns`n

H`ogu`sc -

Kuggh`sc -

-

wfrbg‐s fbgmst rmb`e`fo pnothm`sc - thm kmb`md th thnt Efg ``ss mqunb tf tth hm uo`vmrsm, ``tts phys`lnb cnttmr, nog thm dfrlms thnt efvmro `t cfashn - b`kmrnt`fo drfc thm lylbm fd gmnth nog rmk`rth (sncsnrn) kmb`mvms `o rm`olnront`fo nog anrcn Krnhcn, whf lrmntms thm uo`vmrsm1 T` T`sshou, whf prmsmrvms thm uo`vmrsm1 \h`vn, whf gmstrfys thm uo`vmrsm.

\`gghnrthn Enutncn “ bmdt thm rfynb b`dm1 prnymg uogmr n Kfgh` trmm1 aofwos ns ‒thm mob`ehtmomg fom– Dfur Ofkbm Wruths: thm mssmolm fd Kugghn‐s tmnlh`oes1 thm truth fd suddmr`oe, thm truth fd thm fr`e`o fd suddmr`oe, thm truth fd thm mog fd suddmr`oe, nog thm truth fd thm pnth thnt bmngs tf thm mog fd suddmr`oe. M`ehtdfbg Ynth “ n eu`gm tf thm r`eht thfuehts nog nlt`fos fd  cno o`rvnon - stntm fd ubt`cntm hnpp`omss Uhmmb fd Grncn “ `ts m`eht spfams nrm thm M`ehtdfbg Ynth

@sbnc -

Cuhnccng dfuogmg @sbnc fo Cmg`on. Nbbnh `s thm suprmcm Efg. ^urno `s thm Hfby Kffa. Hme`rn - Cuhnccng‐s gmpnrturm drfc Cmlln tf Cmg`on D ` vm Y ` b b n r s :  -

\hnhngnh: rml`t`oe thm Cusb`c prfdmss`fo fd dn`th \nbnt: pmrdfrc`oe prnymrs d`vm t`cms mnlh gny Znant: pny`oe nbcs dfr thm pffr nog thm ommgy \nwc: dnst`oe gur`oe [ncngno Hnjj: p`ber`cnem tf Cmlln j`hng “ hfby wnr syckfb: lrmslmot cffo

7;

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

Lhr`st`no`ty -

Jugn`sc -

-

\`ah`sc -

\h`otf`sc   Jn`o`sc -

Jmsus `s thm \fo fd Efg. Lhr`st cmnos ‒nof`otmg fom–. K`k `kbbm `s thm Hfby Kffa. wfrbg‐s bnremst rmb`e`fo1 fksmrvms cfofthm`sc thrmm cn`o erfups: [fcno Lnthfb`l`sc, Yrftmstnot`sc, Mnstmro Frthfgfxy hmng fd lhurlhms: [fcno Lnthfb`l`sc “ Yfpm1 Mnstmro Frthfgfxy “ Yntr`nrlh1 Yrftmstnot`sc “ of rmlfeo`zmg cn`o bmngmr syckfb - lrfss

Nkrnhnc `s lfos`gmrmg ns thm dnthmr fd Jugn`sc Mxfgus - hfw thm @srnmb`tms bmnvm sbnvmry `o Meypt th thrfueh thm strmoeth fd Pnhwmh, thm`r Efg, tf thm Yrfc`smg Bnog fd  Lnonno Un`b`oe Un Unbb - knsmg fo fo th thm prnlt`lm fd c cf furo`oe nt nt th thm foby rmconot bmdt fd thm Wmcpbm Cfuot nog prny`oe dfr `ts rmku`bg`oe Afshmr “ dffg thnt nghmrm tf thm g`mtnry bnw syckfb “ \tnr fd Gnv`g

dfuogmg ky Euru Onona `o Yuojnk, @og`n =A‐s fd \`ah`sc - Amsh (uolut hn`r) “ hn`r `s syckfb fd strmoeth nog hfb`omss - Anrn (stmmb krnlmbmt) “ syckfb fd lfoomlt`fo w`th Euru - Anoen (wffgmo lfck) “ syckfb fd n lbmno c`og nog kfgy - Anllhn (lfttfo uogmrwmnr) - A`rpno (stmmb swfrg) “ syckfb dfr Efg/gmdmosm dfr thm   pffr

thm mtho`l rmb`e`fo fd thm Jnpnomsm1 dfr mstnkb`sh`oe n b`oa n kmtwmmo prmsmot-gny Jnpno nog `ts nol`mot pnst. anc` - thm sp`r`ts fr phmofcmon thnt nrm wfrsh`ppmg

t h r m m p r ` o l ` p b m s : n h ` c s n ( o f o - v` f b m o l m ) , n o m a n o t n v n g n (ofo-nksfbut`sc), nog npnr`ernhn (ofo-nttnlhcmot)

7<

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

(\fcm) [me`fonb freno`znt`fos

Nssfl`nt`fo fd \futhmnst Ns`no Ont`fos (N\MNO) dfuogmg: >045 ouckmr fd lurrmot cmckmrs: >9  hmngqunrtmrs: Jnanrtn, @o @ogfoms`n no `otmrefvmrocmotnb lffpmrnt`fo nog dnl`b`tntms mlfofc`l, mgulnt`fonb, nog lubturnb `otmernt`fo ncfoest `ts cmckmrs Ns`n-Ynl`d`l Mlfofc`l Lffpmrnt`fo (NYML) dfuogmg: >080 ouckmr fd lurrmot cmckmrs: ;> h mn g q u n r t m r s : \ ` o e n p f r m n rmspfosm thm erfw`oe `otmrgmpmogmolm fd thm Ns`nYnl`d`l Freno`znt`fo fd Ymtrfbmuc Mxpfrt`oe Lfuotr`ms (FYML) --

do fu uc ogkmmgr: f>d0l4u9rrmot cmckmrs: >7 hmngqunrtmrs: T `m `moon, Nustr`n lffrg`ont`fo no nog uo uo`d`lnt`fo fd fd tth hm p pm mtrfbmuc p pf fb`l`ms fd  fd  `ts Cmckmr Lfuotr`ms nog mosurm thm stnk`b`znt`fo fd f`b cnramts

77

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

UF[BG H@\WF[P

7=

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

Whm Meypt`no L`v`b`znt`fo

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Efg fd thm suo: [n1 efg fd thm say: Hfrus Meypt wns g`v`gmg `otf twf a`oegfcs: Bfwmr Meypt (whmrm `ts rubmr wfrm n rmg lrfwo) nog ]ppmr Meypt (rubmr wfrm wh`tm) A`o A`oe Cmoms wns nkbm tf uo`tm thm twf a`oegfcs. Hm mstnkb`shmg Cmcph`s ns `ts lnp`tnb. Fbg A`oegfc (nrfuog ;449-;>89 KLM)1 rmdmrrmg ns ‒Nem fd Yyrnc`gs– Fksmrvmg tth hmflrnly - n sy systmc fd fd ef efvmrocmot `o `o wh wh`lh pr pr`msts rru ubm `o thm oncm fd Efg fr n efg C`ggbm A`oegfc (nrfuog ;979->479 KLM) Omkhmpmtrm Cmotuhftmp @@ “ d`rst rubmr fd thm C`ggbm A`o A`oegfc Ncmomchmt @@ stnrtmg lfrmemoly fr n jf`ot rub`oe, w`th h`s sfo \mousrmt @ Hyasfs su sullmssdubby ``o ovngmg Me Meypt. Nhcfsm wns nk nkbm tf llrrush th thm `ovngmrs ndtmr sfcm t`cm.

A`oegfc Nhcfsm `otrfgulmg n Omw lmotrn b`zmg efvmrocmot. Ncmohftmp @T `otrfgulmg cfofthm`sc1 thm`r efg wns aofwo ns Ntfo. Ncmohftmp @T lhnoemg h`s oncm `otf Nahmontfo.

\ph`ox - n cyth`lnb lrmnturm w`th thm kfgy fd n b`fo nog thm hmng hmng fd n hucno Whm Ermma L`v`b`znt`fo

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C`ofno L`v`b`znt``fo Hmbbns “ thm tmrc thnt thm Ermmas wfubg lnbb thmcsmbvms1 drfc thm`r cythfbfe`lnb bmngmr, Hmbbmoms Dfur rnlms fd Ermmas “ Nlhmnos, @fo`nos, Gfr`nos, Nmtfb`nos Whm `sbnog Lrmtm hfusmg thm C`ofnos, drfc thm`r rubmr A`o A`oe C`ofs.

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Cylmonmno L`v`b`znt`fo thfbfs - n l` l`rlubnr st strulturm, fd fdtmo n tmcpbm, f fdd n no ol`mot Er Ermmlm cmenrfo - wns thm ermnt hnbb `o nol`mot Ermma pnbnlm lfcpbmxms pfb`s “ thm tmrc dfr Ermma l`ty-stntms nlrfpfb`s “ n pfb`s ku`bt upfo no nrmn fd mbmvntmg erfuog phrntry - N lbno erfup lfos`st`oe fd n ouckmr fd dnc`b`ms

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Ct. Fb Fbycpus “ h`ehmst cf cfuotn`o `o `o E Errmmlm1 k km mb`mvmg ttf fk km m thm hfcm fd thm efgs

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]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

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Whm L`ty-\tntm fd Nthmos Ntt`ln “ cn`o s`tm fd Nthmo`no l`v`b`znt`fo prnlt`lmg nr`stflrnly nog g`rmlt gmcflrnly Grnlf “ kmst ao aofwo dfr h` h`s Gr Grnlfo`no lf lfgm - rmspfosm tf tf tth hm uojust `otmrprmtnt`fo fd frnb bnw ky Nthmo`no nr`stflrnts \fbfo “ km kmst ao aofwo dfr h`s Lf Lfuol`b fd fd tth hm Dfur Huogrmg, wh wh`lh bn bn`g thm dfuognt`fos fd gmcflrnly Whm L`ty-\tntm fd \pnrtn aofwo dfr thm`r ermnt c`b`tnry dfrlm Hmbfts “ thm sbnvm-wnrr`frs fd \pnrtn Gmb`no Bmneum - wns no nssfl`nt`fo fd Ermma l`ty-stntms whfsm purpfsm wns tf lfot`oum d`eht`oe thm Ymrs`no Mcp`rm Ymbfpfooms`no Unr - wns dfueht ky thm Gmb`no Bmneum bmg ky Nthmos nen`ost thm Ymbfpfooms`no Bmneum bmg ky \pnrtn

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H`ppflrntms “ n Ermma gfltfr1 rmenrgmg ns Dnthmr fd Cmg`l`om1

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prfdmss`fonbs Fnth Gmcfsthmoms tfgny “ thm swmnr ermntmsky t fthm rntfH`ppflrnt`l r Nr`stnrlhus - prmsmotmg th thm d` d`rst ao aofwo c cf fgmb th thnt p pbbnlmg tth hm \ \u uo nt thm lmotmr fd thm aofwo uo`vmrsm Whulyg`gms “ h`stfr`no wh whf wr wrftm nk nkfut th thm Y Ym mbfppfoms`no Un Unr Yh`g`ns “ slubptfr fd thm \tntum fd Zmus `o Fbycp`n \flrntms “ aofwo dfr thm \flrnt`l Cmthfg Ybntf “ stugmot fd fd \f \flrntms1 wr wrftm ‘Wh ‘Whm [ [m mpukb`l‐, nk nkfut fut n just sf sfl`mty nog n just cno Nr`stftbm “ wrftm ‘Yfb`t`ls‐, no mxpbnont`fo fd thm strmoeths no nog g wmnaomssms fd cfonrlhy, nr`stflrnly, gmcflrnly Zmof “ dfuogmg thm \tf`l slhffb fd ph`bfsfphy Mp`lurus “ `otrfgu fgulmg thm lfolmpt fd mp`lurmno`sc, thm `cpfrtnolm fd g`sl`pb`o`oe fom‐s gms`rms

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Whm [fcno L`v`b`znt`fo

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Mtruslnos - thm d`rst aofwo pmfpbm `o thm @tnb`l pmo`osubn Bnw fd fd th thm Wwmbvm Wn Wnkbms “ @tnby‐s y‐s d` d`rst lf lfgm fd fd bbn nw, k` k`og`oe f fo o kf kfth pntr`l`nos nog pbmkm`nos Yuo`l Unrs - n smr`ms fd thrmm wnrs dfueht kmtwmmo [fcm nog Lnrthnem Hnoo`knb - aofwo dfr bmng`oe thm Lnrthne`o`no nrcy nog n tmnc fd  mbmphnots nlrfss thm Nbps `o thm \mlfog Yuo`l Unr

75

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

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W` W`k kmr`us no nog En En`us Er Ernllhus “ krfthmrs wh whf sf sfueht tf tf ``o otrfgulm bnog rmdfrcs \ubbn “ rmv`vmg thm g`ltntfrsh`p rubm `o [fcm D`rst Wr Wr`ucv`rntm “ Lrnssus (k (kmbfoemg tf tf th thm w wm mnbt nbthy llbbnss), Eo Eonums Yfcpm`us (n aofwo emomrnb), Jub`us Lnmsnr Jub`us L Ln nmsnr Lr Lrfss`oe th thm [u [uk`lfo “ mvmot tth hnt ssttnrtmg tth hm [ [f fcno L`v`b Unr, kmtwmmo Yfcpmy nog \montm

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@gms fd Cnrlh - thm gntm fd thm nssnss`ont`fo fd Jub`us Lnmsnr

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\mlfog Wr`ucv`rntm “ Fltn ltnv`no (bntmr aofwo ns Nueustus Lnmsnr), Cnra Notfoy, Cnrlus Bmp`gus Ynx [fcnon - bfoe pmr`fg fd rmbnt`vm pmnlmdubomss ndtmr thm mog fd  thm D`onb Unr fd thm [fcno [mpukb`l

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Lnb`eubn “ mcpmrfr aofwo ns thm cfst tyrnoo`lnb nog `odncfus fd  fd  nbb1 gms`eontmg h`s hfrsm oncmg @ol`tntus ns pnrt fd n lfuol`b W`kmr`us Lbnug`us “ noomxmg Kr`tn`o `o thm mcp`rm

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Omrf - thm bnst [fcno mcpmrfr fd thm Jub`f-Lbnug`no gyonsty

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D`vm Effg Mcpmrfrs: Omrvn, Wrnjno (whf wns e`vmo thm t`tbm Fpt`cus), Hngr`no (whf ku`bt thm Hngr`no Unbb), Notfo`ous Y`us, nog Cnrlus Nurmb`us (usmg thm cmr`t systmc `o gmtmrc`o`oe \efvmrocmot fdd`l`nbs)

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T`r T`re`b “ wrftm ‘Nmom`g‐, thm ont`fonb mp`l fd nol`mot [fcm Hfrnlm “ thm bmng`oe [fcno byr`l pf pfmt g gu ur`oe th thm t`cm fd N Nu ueustus Lnmsnr Fv`g - kmst ao aofwo df dfr ‘C ‘Cmtncfrphfsms‐, n >=-kffa llf fot`oufus cythfbfe`lnb onrrnt`vm

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Kyznot`om Mcp`rm

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G`flbmt`no “ rmv`vmg Fb Fbg [f [fcm no nog km kmlncm K Ky yznot`om M Mc cp`rm, tth hm Omw [fcm Lfostnot`om “ rmoncmg Kyznot`om (n pbnlm) `otf Lfostnot`ofpbm, thm lmotmr fd thm omw mcp`rm1 Lfostnot`ofpbm kmlncm thm kfuognry kmtwmmo Ns`n nog Murfpm ]ogmr h`s rubm, Lhr`st`no`ty kmlncm n gfc`onot rmb`e`fo Just`o`no “ d`r d`rst ermnt bmngm ngmr fd thm mcp`rm1 Hne`n \fph`n wns ku`bt gur`oe h`s t`cm Lfgm fd Just`o`no “ smt fd bnws thnt wns `ssumg1 ofw aofwo dfrcnbby ns Lfrpus Jur`s L`v`b`s

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]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

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Tnognbs - n ‒knrknr`no– Emrcno`l pmfpbm whf snlamg [fcm, kut gmdmntmg ky Kyznot`om Mcp`rm  Lhurlh fo thm Umstmro s`gm: [fcno Lnthfb`l Lhurlh Mnstmro s`gm: Ermma/Mnstmro Frthfgfx Lhurlh Lyr`bb`l nbphnkmt “ cmnos fd \t. Lyr`b tf mgulntm thm \bnvs Yrnmtfr`no Eunrg “ pmrsfonb kfgyeunrgs fd thm mcpmrfr @sbnc`l L`v`b`znt`fo

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Nb-[nz` “ er ermntmst gf gfltfr `o `o th thm Cu Cusb`c wfrbg ddrrfc =9 =99 tf > >= =99NG Nb-Ahwnr`zc` “ Dnthmr fd Nbemkrn Fom Whfusnog nog Fom O`ehts - lfbbmlt`fo fd C`ggbm Mnstmro dfba tnbms lfcp`bmg `o Nrnk`l gur`oe thm @sbnc`l Efbgmo Nem @otrfgulmg thm ouckmr zmrf Ndr`lno L`v`b`znt`fo

Umstmro Ndr`lno mcp`rms: >. Ehnon Mcp`rm --

;. . Aush Mcp`rm - mcp`rm sfuth fd Meypt ;. Nasuc Mcp`rm “ mcp`rm mstnkb`shmg `o nrmn fd prmsmot-gny Mr`trmn L`v`b`znt`fos `o thm Ynl`d`l Cmbnoms`n

 “

Erfup fd `sbnogs1 drfc thm Ermma cmbns ‘kbnla‐ nog omsf` ‘ `sbnogs‐1

 “  “

dfuog fo ofrth nog mnst fd Nustrnb`nC`lrfoms`n Erfup fd `sbnogs1 cmnos scnbb `sbnogsYfbyoms`n Erfup fd `sbnogs1 cmnos cnoy `sbnogs1 dfuog fo thm lmotrnb nog sfuthmro Ynl`d`l Flmno

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]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

Lmotrnb nog \futh Ncmr`lno L`v`b`znt`fos

Cnyn (;999 KLM “ ;=9LM) Huonk Au “ lrmntfr fd mnrth1 @tzncn “ efg fd say dncfus dfr usm fd cnthmcnt`ls nog nstrfofcy Nztml (nrfuog >=;>) Wmoflht`tbno “ lnp`tnb fd thm mcp`rm -

Hu`tz`bfpflhtb` “ efg fd suo nog wnr1 Wbnbfl “ efg fd rrn n`o1 ^umtznblfntb “ efg fd w`og nog w`sgfc Hmrono Lf Lfrtms “ \pno`sh bm bmngmr w wh hf fv fvmrthrmw tth hm mcp`rm

@oln (nrfuog >7=;0>) - n sm smr`ms fd fd rm rmb`e`fus wn wnrs ttf f rmlnpturm

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Lhr`st`no bnogs drfc Cusb`c lfotrfb, mspml`nbby fd Hfby Bnog Wh`rg Lrusngm `s nbsf aofwo ns thm Whm A` A`o oes‐ Lrusngm

=9

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

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Kukfo`l Ybneum “ nbsf aofwo ns Kbnla Gmnth1 fr`e`ontmg `o Lh`on thmo a`bbmg up tf 49% fd thm pfpubnt`fo `o Murfpm

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Whfcns Nqu`ons “ wrftm \uccn Whmfbfe`ln1 g`v`gmg `otf thrmm pnrts, mnlh g`sluss`oe Efg thm Dnthmr, cno, nog Jmsus Kmfwubd - fom fd fd th thm cf cfst `c `cpfrtnot wf wfras f fdd F Fbbg Mo Moeb`sh/Noebf\nxfo b`tmrnturm \foe fd [fbnog “ n Drmolh mp`l pfmc1 knsmg fo thm Knttbm fd 

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[folmvnux Ynss `o 558, gur`oe thm rm`eo fd Lhnrbmcneom O`kmbuoemob`mg “ n Emrcno mp`l pfmc1 tmbbs fd grnefo-sbnymr \`medr`mg nt thm lfurt fd thm Kureuog`nos, hfw hm wns curgmrmg, nog fd h`s w`dm Ar`mch`bg‐s rmvmoem G`v`om Lfcmgy - n bfoe onrrnt`vm pfmc nkfut no `cne`ont`vm v`s`fo fd thm ndtmrb`dm ky Gnotm Nb`eh`mr` Lnotmrkury Wnbms “ wr`ttmo ky Emfddr drm my Lhnulmr1 erfup fd p`be `ber`cs ns thmy mcknramg n jfuromy drfc Bfogfo tf Lnotmrkury

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eu`bg - no nssfl`nt`fo fd nr nrt`snos fr fr c cm mrlhnots wh whf fv fvmrsmm thm

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prnlt`lm fd thm`r cmrlnot`b `b` `sc “ plrndt rfcf`o tmn g pnrt`lubnr ef efvmrocmtfwo otnb rrm meubnt`fo f fdd n on ont`fo‐s mlfofcy dfr thm purpfsm fd nuecmot`oe stntm pfwmr nt thm mxpmosm fd r`vnb ont`fonb pfwmrs cnofr`nb`sc - pmnsnots fd cmg`mvnb Murfpm wmrm rmogmrmg gmpmogmot fo thm`r bnog nog fo thm`r bfrg dmugnb`sc - rmbnt`fosh`ps gmr`vmg drfc thm hfbg`oe fd bnog `o mxlhnoem dfr smrv`lm fr bnkfur

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Jfho Uylb`ddm “ no ngvflntm dfr trnosbnt`fo fd tth hm K`kbm `otf tth hm vmronlubnr1 nttnlamg thm pr`v`bmemg stntus fd thm lbmrey1 Jfho Hu Huss “ d`rst Lh Lhurlh rm rmdfrcmr1 cf cfro`oe st stnr f fdd tth hm [m [mdfrcnt`fo Cnrt`o Bu Buthmr “ wr wrftm ‐0= ‐0= Wh Whmsms‐, wh wh`lh nt nttnlamg tth hm `o `ogubemolms smt ky thm Lhurlh, thmrmdfrm spnra`oe thm [mdfrcnt`fo ]br`lh Z Zw w`oeb` “ cfst `c `cpfrtnot d` d`eurm `o `o thm \ \w w`ss Y Yrrftmstnot [mdfrcnt`fo Jfho Lnbv`o “ wrftm gfltr`oms fd prmgmst`ont`fo nog fd thm nksfbutm sfvmrm`eoty fd Efg `o snbvnt`fo fd thm hucno sfub A`o A`oe Hmory T@@@ - `o`t`ntmg th thm m Moeb oeb`sh [mdfrcnt`fo, smpnrnt nt``oe thm Lhurlh fd Moebnog drfc pnpnb nuthfr`ty nog nppf`ot`oe h`csmbd thm \uprmcm Hmng fd thm Lhurlh fd Moebnog1 kmst aofwo dfr h`s s`x cnrr`nems

=>

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

[`sm fd n Ont`fonb Cfonrlhy

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A`o A`oe U U``bb`nc thm Lf Lfoqumrfr “ wrftm th thm k kf ffa ‘‘G Gfcmsgny K Kf ffa‐, n cnouslr`pt rmlfrg fd thm ‒Ermnt \urvmy– fd culh fd Moebnog nog pnrts fd Unbms lfcpbmtmg `o >984 Hmory @@ @@ “ `otrfgulmg th thrmm `c `cpfrtnot rm rmdfrcs: Lf Lfccfo BBn nw, L`rlu`t Lfurts, Jury \ystmc A `oe Jfho “ Cneon Lnrtn

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Mgwnrg @ “ wns nkbm tf uo`tm Moebnog, \lftbnog, nog Unbms lnbbmg dfr n Yn Ynrb`ncmot1 Hfusm fd BBf frgs “ drfc thm wmnbthy pmfpbm1 Hfusm fd Lfccfos “ drfc thm l`v`b`nos

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Unr fd thm [fsms - n smr`ms fd Moeb`sh l`v`b wnrs dfr lfo fotr trf fb fd thm thrfom fd Moebnog Huogrmg Pmnrs‐ Unr “ thm bfoe lfo foddb`lt kmtwmmo thm a`oegfcs fd  Drnolm nog Moebnog drfc >=>>1 nppf`otmg hmng fd thm dbmmt fd thm Nrnk`no nog Ymrs`no smns, nog fd thm @og`no Flmno Lfbuck`no mxlhnoem “ thm w`gmsprmng trnosdmr fd pbnots, no`cnbs, lubturm, hucno pfpubnt`fos, tmlhofbfey, nog `gmns kmtwmmo thm Ncmr`lns nog thm Fbg Ufrbg \l`mot`d`l [mvfbut`fo

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O`lfbnus Lfpmro`lus “ Yfb`sh nstrfofcmr whf rm`otrfgulmg n hmb`flmotr`l cfgmb fd thm \fbnr \ystmc Jfhnooms Ampbmr “ kmst aofwo dfr h`s bnws fd pbnomtnry cft`fo Enb`bmf Enb`bm` “ `ovmot`oe thm thmrcfslfpm nog thm tmbmslfpm dfr sl`mot`d`l fksmrvnt`fos fd lmbmst`nb fkjmlts [mom Gmslnrtms “ thm dnthmr fd nonbyt`lnb emfcmtry Jfho On Onp`mr “ thm g` g`slfvmrmr fd fd bf bfenr`thcs1 cn cngm llf fccfo tth hm usm fd thm gml`cnb pf`ot `o nr`thcmt`l nog cnthmcnt`ls Lhr`st`no Huyemos “ thm `ovmotfr fd thm pmogubuc lbfla @snnl Omwtfo “ dfrcubntmg thm bnws fd cft`fo nog uo`vmrsnb

=<

ernv`tnt`fo

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

Nem fd Mob`ehtmocmot

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Nem fd fd Mo Mob`ehtmocmot -lmotmrmg f fo o rm rmnsfo ns thm pr`cnry sf sfurlm fd nuthfr`ty nog bme`t`cnly Whfcns Hfkkms “ wrftm ‒Bmv`nthno–, wh`lh mstnkb`shmg thm sfl`nb lfotrnlt thmfry Jfho Bflam “ pf pfstubntmg thnt, nt nt k` k`rth, th thm c` c`og w wn ns n tnkubn rrn nsn1 kmb`mvmg tf stnrt thm lfolmpt fd `otrfspmlt`fo Tfbt fbtn`rm “ ngvflnly fd drmmgfc fd rmb`e`fo, drmmgfc fd spmmlh, nog smpnrnt`fo fd lhurlh nog stntm. Knrfo gm gm Cfotmsqu`mu “ wrftm ‒Whm \p`r`t fd fd tth hm Bnws–, w wh h`lh `olbugms n g`v`gmg Drmolh sfl`mty lfcpfsmg fd thrmm lbnssms: thm cfonrlhs, thm nr`stflrnts, nog thm lfccfomrs Jmno-Jnlqums [fussmnu “ wrftm ‒Mc`bm, fr Fo Mgulnt`fo– n trmnt`sm fo thm mgulnt`fo fd thm whfbm pmrsfo dfr l`t`zmosh`p \l`mot`d`l [mvfbut`fo

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Jncms Hnrermnvms “ `ovmotmg thm sp`oo`oe jmooy `o >547 [`lhnrg Nrawr`eht “ thm lrmntfr fd thm cfgmro dnltfry systmc Mgcuog Lnrtwr`eht “ `ovmotmg thm pfwmr bffc \mlfog Unvm fd Lfbfo`nb`sc nog @cpmr`nb`sc

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Uh`tm Cn Cno‐s Ku Kurgmo “ thm nb nbbmemg gu guty f fdd wh wh`tm lf lfbfo`zmrs ttf f ln lnrm dfr ofowh`tm `og`emofus sukjmlts `o thm`r lfbfo`nb pfssmss`fos prftmltfrntms “ n lfuotry thnt `s lfotrfbbmg nog prftmltmg ky n cfrm pfwmrdub lfuotry sphmrms fd `odbumolm “ noy nrmn `o wh`lh fom ont`fo w`mbgs gfc`onot pfwmr fvmr nofthmr Ncmr`lno [mvfbut`fo

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Kfst fstfo Wmn Ynrt nrty “ n erf erfup fd Cnssnl ssnlh husmt smtts lf lfbbfo` fo`sts g`seu seu`smg smg ns Cfhnwa @og`nos kfnrg thrmm Kr`t`sh tmn sh`ps nog gucp > cfoths gur`oe thm Drmolh [mvfbut`fo, ndtmr A`oe Bfu`s XT@‐s gmnth Cnx`c`bb `bbmo gm [fkmsp` sp`mrrm “ thm thm nr nrllh`tmlt fd thm [m`eo fd Wmrrfr, thmo fvmrthrfwo nog nrrmstmg ky thm Ont`fonb Lfovmot`fo Onpfbmfo @ “ thm d`rst mcpmrfr fd Drnolm1 c`b`tnry bmngmr whf rfsm tf prfc`omolm gur`oe thm Drmolh [mvfbut`fo nog bmg smvmrnb sullmssdub lncpn`eos gur`oe thm Drmolh [mvfbut`fonry Unrs Huogrmg Gnys‐ Unr “ thm gntm fo wh`lh On Onpfbmfo nrr`vmg `o Y Yn nr`s ndtmr mslnp`oe drfc mx`bm fo Mbkn, nog thm gntm fd thm rmturo fd  Bfu`s XT@@@ tf Ynr`s Ont`fonb`sc `o Murfpm nog `ts Lfbfo`ms

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\`cfo Kfb`vnr “ pfb`t`lnb bmngmr w wh hf pbnymg n bmng`oe rfbm `o tth hm mstnkb`shcmot fd Tmomzumbn, Kfb`v`n, Lfbfck`n, Mlungfr, Ymru, nog Ynoncn ns sfvmrm`eo stntms Jfsm Cnr`n Cfrmbfs “ rmvfbut`fonry pr`mst whf bmg thm Cmx`lno `ogmpmogmolm cfvmcmot Jfsm gm \no Cnrt`o “ thm pr`cm bmngmr fd thm sfuthmro pnrt fd  \futh Ncmr`ln‐s sullmssdub strueebm dfr `ogmpmogmolm drfc thm \pno`sh Mcp`rm ]o`tmg Yrfv`olms fd Lmotrnb Ncmr`ln “ uo`fo fd whnt nrm ofw thm stntms fd Euntmcnbn, Hfogurns, Mb \nbvngfr, Lfstn [`ln, nog O`lnrneun [`sfre`cmotf “ no `gmfbfe`lnb n no og b`b`tmrnry cfvmcmot th thnt hmbpmg tf nrfusm thm ont`fonb lfosl`fusomss fd thm @tnb`no pmfpbm E ` us m p p m C n z z ` o ` Fttf vfo K`scnrla [mnbpfb`t`a “ n sy systmc fd pf pfb`t`ls fr fr p prr`ol`pbms kn knsmg fo fo pr prnlt`lnb rnthmr thno cfrnb fr `gmfbfe`lnb lfos`gmrnt`fos Yno-\bnv`sc “ thm pfb`t`lnb `gmfbfey lfolmromg w`th thm ngvnolmcmot fd `otmer`ty nog uo`ty dfr thm \bnv`l-spmna`oe pmfpbms Lznr O`lhfbns @@

==

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

D`rst Ufrbg Unr

-

-

Knbano Ymo`osubn `s `s nbsf aofwo ns thm pfwgmr ame ((llno lnusm lfot`oufus lfodb`lts) fd Murfpm Wr`pbm N Nbbb`nolm “ n sm smlrmt ne nermmcmot km kmtwmmo E Em mrcnoy, Nu Nustr`nHuoenry, nog @tnby Wr`pbm Motmotm “ thm uogmrstnog`oe b`b`oa`oe th thm [uss`no Mcp`rm, Drnolm, nog thm ]o`tmg A`oegfc Drnoz Dmrg`onog wns shft ky Envr`bf Yr`ol`p, n \mrk Kfbshmv`as “ dfuogmg ky ky Tb Tbng`c`r Bmo`o, tth hm c c``ofr`ty e errfup fd fd th thm [uss`no \fl`nb Gmcflrnt`l Bnkfur Ynrty Cmoshmv`as “ thm c`ofr`ty er erfup fd fd th thm [uss`no \fl`nb Gm Gmcflrnt`l Bnkfur Ynrty K`e Whrmm “ thm \fv`mt ]o ]o`fo, th thm ]o`tmg \ \ttntms, n no og th thm ]o`tmg A`oegfc, fr thm`r bmngmrs Jfsmph \tnb`o, Drnoab`o [ffsmvmbt nog U`ostfo Lhurlh`bb Bmneum fd Ont`fos “ no `otmrefvmrocmotnb freno`znt`fo dfuogmg fo >9 Jnounry >0;9 ns n rmsubt fd thm Ynr`s Ymnlm Lfodmrmolm thnt mogmg thm D`rst Ufrbg Unr \mlfog Ufrbg Unr

-

-

Ambbfee-Kr`nog Ynlt “ n >0;8 `otmront`fonb nermmcmot `o wh`lh s`eontfry stntms prfc`smg oft tf usm wnr tf rmsfbvm g`sputms Nx`s Yfwmrs “ Ngfbd H`tbmr (Emrcnoy), Kmo`tf Cussfb`o` (@tnby), nog Mcpmrfr H`rfh`tf (Jnpno) Nbb`mg Yf Yfwmrs “ Drnoab`o [ffsmvmbt (t (thm ]o`tmg \tntms), U U``ostfo Lhurlh`bb (Ermnt Kr`tn`o), nog Jfsmph \tnb`o (thm \fv`mt ]o`fo) nppmnsmcmot “ n g`pbfcnt`l pfb`ly fd cna`oe lfolmss`fos tf no neermss`vm pfwmr `o frgmr tf nvf`g lfodb`lt Hfbflnust “ curgmr fd s`x c`bb`fo Jmws ky thm Onz` rme`cm Ourmckure Wr Wr`nbs “ n sm smr`ms fd fd c c``b`tnry tr tr`kuonbs hm hmbg k ky y thm Nbb`mg dfrlms uogmr `otmront`fonb bnw nog thm bnws fd  wnr ndtmr Ufrbg Unr @@ ]o`tmg Ont`fos “ n rmpbnlmcmot dfr thm `omddmlt`vm Bmneum fd  Ont`fos

=4

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

Lfbg Unr

-

@rfo Lurtn`o - syckfb`zms thm mddfrt frts ky thm \fv`mt ]o`fo tf kbfla `tsmbd nog `ts sntmbb`tm stntms drfc fpmo lfotnlt w`th thm Umst nog ofo-\fv`mt-lfotrfbbmg nrmns1 Knckff Lurtn`o - thm Ymfpbm‐s [mpukb`l fd Lh`on, nog thm lnp`tnb`st nog ofo-Lfccuo`st stntms fd thm rme`fo

-

Wrucno Gf Gfltr`om “ no Nc Ncmr`lno df dfrm`eo pf pfb`ly lr lrmntmg ttf f llf fuotmr \fv`mt emfpfb`t`lnb mxpnos`fo gur`oe thm Lfbg Unr Kmrb`o Unbb “ n eunrgmg lfolrmtm knrr`mr thnt phys`lnbby nog `gmfbfe`lnbby g`v`gmg Kmrb`o C`ahn`b Efrknlhmv - thm bnst bmngmr fd thm \fv`mt ]o`fo1 cngm mddfrts tf gmcflrnt`zm h`s lfuotry‐s pfb`t`lnb systmc nog gmlmotrnb`zm `ts mlfofcy  ebnsofst “ usmg ky C`ahn`b Efrknlhmv ns n pfb`t`lnb sbfeno dfr `olrmnsmg fpmoomss nog trnospnrmoly `o efvmrocmot `ost`tut`fos nog nlt`v`t`ms `o thm \fv`mt ]o`fo

-

-

-

pmrmstrf`an “ n pf pfb`t`lnb cf cfvmcmot df dfr rrm mdfrcnt`fo w`th`o thm Lfccuo`st Ynrty fd thm \fv`mt ]o`fo \trntme`l e`l Nrcs B`c`tnt`fo Wrmnty Nermmcmot “ wmrm twf rfuo fuogs fd  k`bntmrnb lfodmrmolms nog lfrrmspfog`oe `otmront`fonb trmnt`ms `ovfbv`oe thm ]o`tmg \tntms nog thm \fv`mt ]o`fo ‗ thm Lfbg Unr supmrpfwmrs ‗ fo thm `ssum fd nrcs lfotrfb

=5

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

MLFOFC@L\

=8

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Dfuognt`fo fd Mlfofc`ls Mlfofc`ls lncm Mlfofc`ls lncm drfc d rfc thm Ermm Ermma a wfrg fmafofc`n fmafofc` n “ ‒cnonemcmot ‒cnonemcmot fd thm hfusmhfbg– Lbnss`ln Lbnss` lnbb Mlfofc Mlfofc`sts: `sts:

Jfho \tunrt C`bb `b b “ stntmg suppby suppb y nog gmcnog ns ns n rrmb mbnt`fosh` nt`fosh`p p

Jmrmcy Kmothnc “ gmvmb gmvmbfpmg fpmg thm lfolmpt lfo lmpt fd ut`b`tnr ut`b` tnr`no`sc, `no`sc, wh`lh wh` lh `s thm

rnthmr rnt hmr thno just twf qunot`t`ms qunot`t`m s

ermntmst effg dfr thm ermntmst ermntmst ouckmr ouckm r

Jmno- Knpt`stm Jmno-Kn pt`stm \ny “ wrftm N Wrmnt`sm Wrmnt` sm fo Yfb` Yf b`t`lnb t`lnb Mlfofcy  Mlfofcy 

Gnv`g [`lnrgf “ aofwo dfr d fr h`s bnw b nw fd lfcpnrnt lfcpn rnt`v `vm m ngvnotnem ngvnotnem

Ngnc \c`th “ wrftm thm kffa,  No @oqu`ry `otf `otf thm Onturm nog Lnusms fd thm Umnbt Umnbth h fd Ont`fos, (lfos`gmrmg tf km thm d`rst d` rst

Whfcns Cnbthus “ wrftm thm Whm Whmfry fry fo Yfpubnt`fo  wh`  wh`lh lh stntms stntms thnt thm hucno hucn o pfpubnt`fo w`bb w`b b surpnss surpnss thm b` b`c`t c`t whmrm thm wfrbg‐s rmsfurlms rmsfurlms lno

sustn`o hucno hucno b`dm. b`dm . cfgmro wfra fd mlfofc`ls) Omflbnss`lnb Mlfofc`sts: Nb drmg Cnrshnbb Nbdrmg Cnrshnbb “ wrftm Yr`ol`pbms  (>809) 9) nog fd Mlfofc`ls  (>80 lfcp`bm lf cp`bmg g thm lfol lfolmpts mpts fd suppby nog gmcnog, gmcnog, cnre cnre`onb `onb ut`b`ty, ut`b` ty, nog lfsts fd prfgult`fo

Jfho Cnyonrg Cnyonrg Amyoms Amyom s “ wrftm thm kffa Whm Emomrnb Whmfry fd Mcpbfycmot, @otmrmst, nog Cfomy  nog th`s kmlncm thm kns`s kns`s fd thm d`mbg d` mbg fd cnlrfmlfofc`ls

G`v`s`fos fd mlfofc`ls C`lrfmlfofc`ls “ stug`ms thm

kmhnv`fr fd fd s`oebm mot`t`ms, mot`t` ms, sulh ns thm thm hfusmhfbg, thm kus`omss kus` omss dfrc, nog thm rmsfurlm fwomr

Cnlrfmlfofc`ls nlrfmlfofc`ls “ stug`ms thm fvmrnbb fvm rnbb pmrdfrcnolm fd thm mlfofcy

- dflusms fo thm dbfw db fw fd effgs nog smrv`lms (nog `ts nbbfl nbb flnt`fo) nt`fo) drfc thm prfgulmrs tf thm

- dflusms fo thm onturm fd mlfofc`l erfwth nog nog `ts ` ts `og`lntf `og` lntfrs, rs, sulh ns thm fvmrnbb fvmrn bb dbfw fd effgs effgs nog smrv`lms, nog

lfosucmrs

ont`fonb `olfcm

=0

 

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

Duogncmotnb Lfolmpts `o Mlfofc`ls

Yrfgult`fo “ thm Yrfgult`fo usm fd mlfofc`l rmsfurlms tf lrmntm lr mntm effgs nog smrv`lms

G`str`kut`fo “ thm cnoomr fd g`str`kut`fo g`str `kut`fo fd tftnb futput nog `olfcm ncfoe `og`v`gunbs

Lfosucpt`fo “ thm spmog`oe ky `og`v`gunbs `og`v` gunbs fo effgs nog smrv`lms

\lnrl`ty “ thm \lnrl`ty mlfofc`l prfkbmc kmtwmmo hnv`oe uob`c`tmg uob`c` tmg hucno hucno wnots nog nog ommgs, omm gs, kut foby hnv`oe b`c`tmg b` c`tmg rmsfurl rmsfurlms ms

Yh`b`pp` Yh`b `pp`om om Mlfofcy drfc pnst tf lfotmcpfrn lfotmcpfrnry ry pmr`fgs

Yrm - \pno` sh ? suks`stmolm mlfofcy mlfofcy - ofocfomtnry cfomtn ry mlfofcy mlfofcy wh`lh wh` lh rmb`ms rmb`m s fo onturnb onturnb rmsfurlms tf prfv`gm dfr kns`l kns`l ommgs omm gs Ncm r` lno ? Yh`b`pp` Yh`b `pp`oms oms lfostnotby lfostnotby suppby ]\N w` w`th th ner`lub ner`lubturnb turnb nog dfrmst prfgultss kut wns prfgult w ns dfrlmg tf `cpfrt n ermnt ouckmr fd cnoudnlturmg `tmcs drfc thm ]\N.

\pno` sh ? molfc`mogn molfc`m ogn “ bnogs nrm e`vmo e` vmo tf thfsm whf nrm nrm prfvmo tf km bfynb tf thm \pno`sh lrfwo Jnpnom sm ? Ermntmr Ermntmr Mnst Ns`n Lf-Yrfspmr` Lf- Yrfspmr`ty ty \phmrm “ mlfofc`l nog pfb`t`lnb knoomr wh`lh en`omg b`ttbm b` ttbm suppfrt drfc drfc thm D`b`p`ofs

Cnoumb [fxns “ rmhnk`b`tnt`fo fd Mbp`g`f bp` g`f ^u`r`of “ pfstwnr Yh`b`pp`oms1 lfot`ount`fo fd drmm rmlfostr rmlfostrult`fo1 ult`fo1 `olr `o lrmnsm mnsm `o ` o mlfofc`l trngm trngm w`th w` th Ncmr`ln n`g [ncfo Cnesnysny “ Ner`lubturnb Wmonoly Nlt “ krmna` krmna`oe oe gfwo fd bnrem mstntms, prfv`s` prfv`s`fo fo fd ermntmr prftmlt`fo prftmlt`fo fd tmonots

Lnrbfs Enrl`n Lnrbfs Enrl`n “ D`b D`b`p` `p`of of D`rst Yfb`ly Yfb` ly “ hmnv`b hmnv `by y dnvfrs dnvfrs D`b`p`of D`b `p`of kus`omsscmo fvmr dfrm`eo `ovmstfr `ovm stfrss

49

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

G`fsg ngf C G`fsgngf Cnln nlnpnenb pnenb “ D`vm D`vm-Pmnr -Pmnr \fl`f-Mlfofc`l \fl`f-Mlfo fc`l @otmerntmg Gmvmbfpcmot Gmvmb fpcmot Yrfer Yrfernc nc “ tnbas fd drmm nog pr`vntm motmrpr`sm1 fkjmlt`vms: rmstfrnt`fo fd mlfofc`l mlfof c`l stnk stnk`b`b`ty, `ty, rmgul rmgult`fo t`fo ``o o ouckmr ouc kmr fd pffr D`b D`b`p` `p`ofs, ofs, mstnkb`shcmot mstnkb` shcmot fd n g gyonc`l yonc`l kns`s kns`s fd duturm erfwth

Dmrg` onog C Dmrg`onog Cnrl nrlfs fs “ fom fd thm dfuog`oe dnthmrs fd thm Nssfl`nt`fo fd \futhmnst Ns`no Ont`fos `o >0451 lrmntmg lr mntmg spm spmog`oe og`oe prfer prfernc nc fo pukb` pukb`ll wfras nog `odrnstrulturm, `odrnstrulturm, nog dfr smb smbddsudd`l`moly sudd` l`moly `o rr`lm `lm - `o ` o h`s sm smlfo lfog g tmrc, thm lfuotry lfuotry wns `o n pffb pffb fd huem gmkt

D`gm b T D`gmb T.. [ncf [ncfss “ mlfofc`l mlfofc`l Lfrnzfo Lfr nzfo Nqu`of “ dnlmg n smvm smvmrm rm rmv`tnb`znt`fo pbno: efvmrocmot mlfofc`l gmprmss`fo `o >087 tf gmrmeubnt`fo, `olrmnsm `o pr`vntm >08=1 pursumg thm pfb`ly fd `ovmstcmot, `ovm stcmot, nog c cn`otmonolm n`otmonolm fd pmnlm pr`vnt`znt`fo tnbas tn bas w`th w` th eu eumr`b mr`bbns bns Jfsmph Mstrngntf“thm prfpfsnb fd ncmogcmots lfost`tut`fo lfolmro`oe lfo lmro`oe prftmlt`fo` prftmlt`fo`st st prfv`s`fos prfv`s` fos tf nttr nttrnlt nlt dfrm`eo `ovmstcmots

Ebfr`n Cnlnpnenb Cnlnpnen b Nrrfyf “ kfnsts fdthnt `cprmss`vm erfwth rntm, mspml`nbby fd ;997 whmrm `t ermw ky 4.>%1 lrmg`tmg dfr n b`eht kbfw `o ` o thm lfuot lfuotry ry ndtmr thm ebfknb rmlmss` rm lmss`fo fo ``o o ;9 ;990 90

Mcpbfycmot “ thm pmrsfos `o thm bnkfr dfrlm whf nrm nt wfra fr w`th n  jfk  jf k ]omcpbfycmot “ pmrsfos `o thm bnkfr dfrlm whf nrm: w`thfut wfra, lurrmotby nvn`bnkbm dfr wfra, fr smma`oe fr oft smma`oe wfra Lnp`tnb effgs “ fr phys`lnb rmsfurlms1 thm cno-cngm rmsfurlms usmg ns prfgult`vm `oputs dfr prfgult`fo fd effgs/smrv`lms

\lnrl`ty nog \hfrtnem \hfrtnem “ rmsub rmsubts ts drfc n h`eh gmcnog nog nog bm bmss ss suppby fd n lmrtn`o lfccfg`ty

Whrmm duogncmotnb nog Whrmm `otmrgmpmogmot `otm rgmpmogmot mlfofc`l prfkbmcs: >. Uhnt tf prfgulm (nog hfw culh)6 ;. Hfw shnbb thm effgs km prfgul prfgulmg6 mg6

Fppfrtuo`ty lfst “ n kmom kmomd` d`tt thnt

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Mlfof lfofc`l c`l systmc - sys systmc tmc fd prfgult`fo, prfgult`fo, rmsfurl rmsfurlm m nbb nbbfln flnt`fo, t`fo, nog g`str`kut`fo fd effgs nog smrv`lms w`th` w`th`o o n sfl`mty fr n e`vmo emfernph`l nrmn Wypms: trng`t`fonb, lfccnog, Nbtmront`vm typms: lnp`tnb`sc, cnramt, c`xmg sfl`nb`sc, wmbdnrm stntms Lnp`tnb`sc sc “ lhnr lhnrnlt nltmr` mr`zmg zmg ky pr` pr`vntm vntm >. Wrng`t` Wrng`t`fonb fonb “ lur lurrmot rmot prnlt`lms >. Lnp`tnb` fwomrsh`p fd lnp`tnb lnp`tnb effgs1 thmrm wmrm pnssmg gfwo drfc d rfc mx `sts lfcpmt` mx`sts lfcpmt`t`fo t`fo `o n drmm cnr cnramt amt emomrnt`fo tf emom emomrnt`fo emomrn rnt`fo1 t`fo1 gfmso‐t nbbfw nbb fw lhn lhnoem1 oem1 kns`ln kns`lnbbbbyy n suks`stmolm mlfofc mlfofcyy ;. \fl`nb`sc \fl`nb` sc “ llhnrn hnrnltmr`zm ltmr`zmg g ky ;. Lfccnog “ n h`ehb h`ehbyy g` g`ltn ltntfr`nb tfr`nb lfbbmlt`vm lfbbm lt`vm fr efvmroc efvmrocmot mot fwomrsh`p systmc1 gfmso‐t e`v e`vm m thm lfosucmrs lfo sucmrs n drmm drmmgfc gfc fd lh lhf`lm1 f`lm1 nog ngc`o`strnt`fo ngc`o`strnt`fo fd thm cmnos fd prfgult prfg ult`fo `fo nog g`str`kut`fo fd effgs cmnos fd prfgult`fo nrm fwomg ky thm efvmrocmot Umbdnrm dnrm \tntms “ W Whm hm efvmrocmot efvm rocmot 1 gmcnog `s mbnst`l (fr rmspfos`vm tf pr`lm lhnoems) % Ç `o gmcnog 2 % Ç `o pr`lm 3 lfmdd`l`mot fd p.m. `s bmssmr thno >1 gmcnog `s `ombnst`l % Ç `o gmcnog 3 % Ç `o pr`lm 3 lfmdd`l`mot fd p.m. `s mqunb tf >1 gmcnog `s uo`tnry mbnst`l No mbnst`l gmcnog cmnos thnt thm effgs nrm ofo-mssmot`nb, dfr mxncpbm, lhflfbntms. No `ombnst`l gmcnog cmnos thnt thm effgs nrm mssmot`nb, dfr mxncpbm, r`lm.

4=

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

;. @olfcm mbnst`l`ty fd gmcnog - thm gmermm fd rmspfos`vmomss fd qunot`ty gmcnogmg dfr n effg tf n lhnoem `o thm `olfcm fd thm pmfpbm gmcnog`oe thm effg Ofrcnb effgs “ Ns `olfcm `olrmnsms, thm gmcnog dfr thm ofrcnb effg `olrmnsms. Mxncpbms: lbfthms, dnstdffg cmnbs - hns n pfs`t`vm s`eo tf `og`lntm thm pfs`t`vm rmbnt`fosh`p kmtwmmo `olfcm nog gmcnog dfr thm ofrcnb effg @odmr`fr effgs “ Ns `olfcm `olrmnsms, thm gmcnog dfr thm `odmr`fr effg gmlrmnsms. Mxncpbms: uany-uany lbfthms, gr`mg d`sh - hns n oment`vm s`eo tf `og`lntm thm oment`vm rmbnt`fosh`p kmtwmmo `olfcm nog gmcnog dfr thm `odmr`fr effg . Yb Ybur urnb nb`t `tyy f fdd k kuy uymr mrss nog nog smb smbbmr bmrs1 s1 .

;.

@cpmrdmlt lfcpmt`t`fo Cf Cfof ofpf pfbby “ wh whmr mrm m n s`oe s`oebbm dd``rc `s th thm m fo foby by su supp ppbb`mr `mr fd n ef effg fg/s /smr mrvv`l `lm m  nog thmrm nrm of lbfsm sukst`tutms  “ hns lfcpbmtm lfotrfb f fdd thm cnramt nog fd thm pr`lm fd h`s / hmr effg fr smrv`lm  “ cfst mxtrmcm lnsm fd `cpmrdmlt lfcpmt`t`fo Cfofpfb`st`l llf fcpmt`t`fo “ whmr mrm m n rmbnt`vmby bn bnrem o ou uck ckmr mr fd  smbbmrs fddmr rmbnt`vmby lbfsm sukst`tutms fd mnlh fthmr  “ wfras uogmr thm lfolmpt fd prfgult g`ddmrmot`nt`fo “ thm lrmnt`fo fd vnr`nt`fos fd n prfgult  “ Lfcpmt`t`fo gfms oft dflus foby fo pr`lm kut nbsf fo qunb`ty qunb`ty,, ngvmrt`s`oe, nog snbms prfcft`fo. Ngvnotnem: Lfosucmrs hnvm n w`gm rnoem fd prfgults tf lhffsm

drfc.

44

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

=, tmog tf hnvm no `otmrgmpmogmolm ncfoe thmcsmbvms. - lno km mxpfsmg tf hnv`oe futput rmstr`lt`fo nog `otmronb `omdd`l`moly

Cnlrfmlfofc`ls Mcp b fycm ot

“

Db fw \ t fl a [nw cntmr`nbs @ otmr cmg` ntm

“ “ “ “

thm usm fd mlfofc`ls `o thm prfgult`fo fd effgs nog smrv`lms thm `olfcm mnromg fvmr n pnrt`lubnr pmr`fg thm `olfcm mnromg nt n e`vmo pf`ot `o t`cm thm uoprflmssmg effgs thm smc`-prflmssmg effgs, wh`lh nrm oft rmngy

eD`fofngb seffgs

“

tyhmmt tefffkgmslrfmonsguycdmfgr g`rmlt lfosucpt`fo

@odbfw “ lno rn`sm thm bmvmb fd mlfofc`l nlt`v`ty w`th`o thm dbfw Futdbfw “ lno bfwmr thm bmvmb fd mlfofc`l nlt`v`ty w`th`o thm dbfw Mxncpbms fd futdbfws: >. \nv`oes “ thm pfrt`fo fd `olfcm thnt `s smt ns`gm, oft dfr lfosucpt`fo ymt ;. Wnxms “ thm pfrt`fo fd `olfcm thnt `s e`vmo tf thm efvmrocmot1 lnooft km usmg uot`b thm bnttmr cnams sfcmth`oe fut fd `t .

Mx Mxpm pmo og` g`tu turm rm Npp pprrfn fnlh lh “ lf lfcp cput ut`o `oee th thm m EO EOY Y ky lb lbns nss` s`dy dy`o `oee th thm m d`on d`onbb effgs nllfrg`oe tf thm`r mog usm Lfcpfomots: n. Lfosucpt`fo (L) “ thm spmog`oe fd hfusmhfbgs k. Efvmrocmot ssp pmog`oe ((E E) “ spmog`oe ddf fr thm o of fo-

l. g. ;.

lnp`tnb effgs tf cn`otn`o thm fpmrnt`fos fd thm ont`fonb nog bflnb efvmrocmot uo`ts @ovmstcmot ((@@) “ spmog`oe ddf fr tth hm llnnp`tnb eef ffgs ddf fr u ussm ``o o lfosucpt`fo Omt Mxpfrts “ Mxpfrts c`ous @cpfrts

@olfcm Npprfnlh “ lfcput`oe tth hm E EO OY k kyy tth hm ttf ftnb ``o olfcms mnromg ky hfusmhfbgs `o n ont`fo `o n ymnr

Lurrmot EOY “ EOY mxprmssmg `o lurrmot cnramt pr`lms [mnb EOY “ EOY mxprmssmg `o n ymnr `o thm pnst dfr lfcpnr`sfo fd EOY vnbums kmtwmmo thm ymnr fd rmdmrmolm nog lurrmot ymnr Ymr Lnp`tn EOY “ EOY pmr cmckmr fd thm tftnb pfpubnt`fo

@odbnt`fo thm phmofcmofo whmrm thmrm `s n lfot`ou`oe `olrmnsm `o pr`lms Uhf en`os `o `odbnt`fo6 >. D b m x` k b m ` o l f c m m n r o m r s , ;. \pmlubntfrs (fr hfnrgmrs), . D` x m g `o l f c m m n r o m r s , ;. Ymos `fomrs , . ;. .

. Whm efvmrocmot `s n tnx lfbbmltfr. n. @olfcm tnx “ tnx `cpfsmg fo `olfcms fd ``o og`v`gunbs nog kus`omssms k. Ymrsfonb `o `olfcm tnx “ Wnx f fo o ``o olfcms m mnnromg k kyy ``o og`v`gunbs l. g. m. d. e. h. `.  j.  j . a.

Lfrpfrntm ``o olfcm ttnnx “ Wnx llf fbbmltmg ddrrfc k ku us`omssms [mnbty tnx “ Wnx `cpfsmg fo prfpmrty Mstntm tnx “ Wnx p pnn`g ky thm h hm m`rs fd ``o ohmr mr``tmg prfpmrty Lnp`tnb eenn`os ttnnx “ Wnx p pnn`g k kyy ssm mbbmrs f fdd rrm mnb p prrfpmrty Lfccuo`ty tnx “ Wnx pn`g ky thm rms` s`g gmo motts fd thm lfuotry1 nbsf aofwo ns rms`gmolm lmrt`d`lntm fr lmgubn Wnr`dd “ Wnx ``cp cpf fsmg f fo o ``cp cpfr frtts ddrrfc dfrm`eo llfu fuo otr`ms Ng vnbfrmc tnx “ Wnx `cpfsmg fo buxury `cpfrtmg effgs \`o tnx “ Wnx `cpfrtmg nblfhfb`l b`qufrs nog l`enrmt l`enrmttms tms Tnbum Nggmg Wnx “ Wnx cna`oe thm pr`lm fd eff ffg gs h`ehmr mr11 fr`e`onbby nt >9% fd Wnx, thm vnbum fd thm effg/smrv`lm1 U`th Mxpnogmg smt Tnbum Nggmg `t `s ofw nt >;%

;. . ;.

G` G`rrml mltt ttnnxms “ Wnxms bbm mv`mg fo pm pmfp fpbm bm no nog g tth hmy pny tthm hm tnx g g`r `rml mltb tbyy tf n tnx-lfbbmlt`oe nemoly @o @og` g`rrml mltt ttnnxms “ W Wnnxms bmv` bmv`m mg nneen` n`os ostt eeff ffgs gs//sm smrv rv`l `lm ms nnog og fo pm pmfp fpbm bm `og`rmltby

40

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

\ystmc fd Wnxnt`fo >. ;. . ;. .

;.

Mx Mxpn pnos os``fo fonr nryy d`sl d`slnb nb pf pfb` b`ly ly “ @t `s wh whmo mo th thm m ef efvm vmro rocm cmot ot usm smss d`sl d`slnb nb pfb`ly tf `olrmnsm thm ncfuot fd cfomy nvn`bnkbm tf thm pfpubnt`fo. Lf Lfo otrnl trnlt` t`fo fonr nryy d`sl d`slnb nb pfb fb`l `lyy “ @t `s wh whmo mo th thm m ef efvm vmro rocm cmot ot usm smss d`sl d`slnb nb pfb`ly tf gmlrmnsm thm ncfuot fd cfomy nvn`bnkbm tf thm pfpubnt`fo.

Cfomy nog Cfomtnry Yfb`ly @ovmstcmot mxpmog`turm “ thm lnp`tnb spmog`oe thnt `s gmr`vmg drfc nllucubntmg snv`oes nog fthmr sfurlms mxtmronb tf thm l`rlubnr dbfw \nv`oes “ thm uospmot pfrt`fo fd `olfcm1 smt ns`gm ns stfla dfr duturm usm Gmtmrc`onots fd snv`oes: >. Yr`lm bmvmb Gmtmrc`onots >. ;. 5 hmrmfd shnbb km `ongc`ss`kbm `o mv`gmolm nen`ost h`c. - Of pmrsfo shnbb km hmbg tf noswmr dfr n lr`c`onb fddmosm w`thfut gum prflmss fd bnw. - @o nbb lr`c`onb prfsmlut`fos, thm nllusmg shnbb km prmsucmg `ooflmot uot`b thm lfotrnry `s prfvmg, nog shnbb mojfy thm r`eht tf km hmnrg ky h`csmbd nog lfuosmb, tf km `odfrcmg fd thm onturm nog lnusm fd thm nllusnt`fo nen`ost h`c, tf hnvm n spmmgy, `cpnrt`nb, nog pukb`l tr`nb, tf cmmt thm w`tomssms dnlm tf dnlm, nog tf hnvm lfcpubsfry prflmss tf smlurm thm nttmognolm fd  w`tomssms nog thm prfgult`fo fd mv`gmolm `o h`s kmhnbd. Hfwmvmr, ndtmr nrrn`eocmot, tr`nb cny prflmmg oftw`thstnog`oe thm nksmolm fd thm nllusmg prfv`gmg thnt hm hns kmmo guby oft`d`mg nog h`s dn`burm tf nppmnr `s uojust`d`nkbm. - Whm pr`v`bmem fd thm wr`t fd hnkmns lfrpus shnbb oft km suspmogmg mxlmpt `o lnsms fd `ovns`fo fr rmkmbb`fo whmo thm pukb`l sndmty rmqu`rms `t. - Nbb pmrsfos shnbb hnvm thm r`eht tf n spmmgy g`spfs`t`fo fd thm`r lnsms kmdfrm nbb jug`l`nb, quns`-jug`l`nb, fr ngc`o`strnt`vm kfg`ms. - Of pmrsfo shnbb km lfcpmbbmg tf km n w`tomss nen`ost h`csmbd. - Of pmrsfo shnbb km gmtn`omg sfbmby ky rmnsfo fd h`s pfb`t`lnb kmb`mds nog nsp`rnt`fos. - Of `ovfbuotnry smrv`tugm `o noy dfrc shnbb mx`st mxlmpt ns n puo`shcmot dfr n lr`cm whmrmfd thm pnrty shnbb hnvm kmmo guby lfov`ltmg. - Mxlmss`vm d`oms shnbb oft km `cpfsmg, ofr lrumb, gmerng`oe fr `ohucno puo`shcmot `odb`ltmg. Om`thmr shnbb gmnth pmonbty km `cpfsmg, uobmss, dfr lfcpmbb`oe rmnsfos `ovfbv`oe hm`ofus lr`cms, thm Lfoermss hmrmndtmr prfv`gms dfr `t. Noy gmnth pmonbty nbrmngy `cpfsmg shnbb km rmgulmg tf rmlbus`fo pmrpmtun. - Whm mcpbfycmot fd phys`lnb, psylhfbfe`lnb, fr gmerng`oe puo`shcmot nen`ost noy pr`sfomr fr gmtn`omm fr thm usm fd sukstnognrg fr `ongmquntm pmonb dnl`b`t`ms uogmr sukhucno lfog`t`fos shnbb km gmnbt w`th ky bnw. - Of mx pfst dnltf bnw fr k`bb fd nttn`ogmr (no nlt fd n bme`sbnturm gmlbnr`oe n

pmrsfo fr erfup fd pmrsfos eu`bty fd sfcm lr`cm nog puo`sh`oe thmc, fdtmo 55 w`thfut n tr`nb) shnbb km monltmg. ]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

 EMOM[NB LBN\\@D@LN L BN\\@D@LNW@FO W@FO FD [@EHW\ >.

;. . ;. . ;.

\uk ukst stno not` t`vm vm gum pr prfl flms msss “ n`cs n`cs tf prf rftm tmlt lt `o `og g`v `v``gu gunb nbss ne nen` n`os ostt pf pfb` b`ly ly monltcmots wh`lh mxlmmg thm b`c`ts fd efvmrocmotnb nuthfr`ty Yrflmg mgu urnb g gu um p prrflmss “ rmqu`rms tth hm eef fvmrocmot ttf f ddf fbbfw ddnn`r prflmgurms thnt nppby mqunbby tf mvmryfom

Unrrnot fd nrrmst “ no frgmr `o wr`t`oe `ssumg ky n jugem lfccnog`oe n pmnlm fdd`lmr tf tnam n gms`eontmg pmrsfo `otf lustfgy `o frgmr thnt hm cny km kfuog thm noswmr thm lfcc`ss`fo fd no fddmosm \mnrlh wnrrnot “ no frgmr `o wr`t`oe `ssumg `o thm oncm fd thm Ymfpbm fd thm Yh`b`pp`oms, s`eomg ky n jugem nog g`rmltmg tf n pmnlm fddmr, lfccnog`oe h`c tf smnrlh dfr pmrsfonb prfpmrty gmslr`kmg thmrm`o nog kr`oe `t kmdfrm thm lfurt B`kmrty fd nkfgm “ no `og`v`gunb cny ku`bg h`s hfcm `o noy pbnlm thnt cny nppmnb tf h`c B`kmrty tf trnvmb “ no `og`v`gunb cny ef drfc fom pbnlm tf nofthmr, noyt`cm fd thm ;7 hfurs. L`t`zmosh`p “ thm bmenb stntus fd n pmrsfo `o rmbnt`fo tf thm stntm

Ont`fonb`ty “ thm mtho`l fr`e`o fd n pmrsfo

58

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

Jus snoeu`o`s “ kns`s fd l`t`zmosh`p `s thm kbffg rmbnt`fosh`p1 thm pr`ol`pbm thnt fur Lfost`tut`fo ngfpts Jus sfb` “ kns`s fd l`t`zmosh`p `s thm pbnlm fd k`rth

@O\WNOLM\ FD \]DD[NEM >. ;. ) Wh Whfs fsm mw whf hf nr nrm m ll`t `t`z `zmo moss f fdd tth hm Y Yh` h`bb`p `pp` p`om omss nntt tthm hm t`cm t`cm fd th thm m nngf gfpt pt``fo fd th`s Lfost`tut`fo1 (;) Wh Whfs fsm mw whf hfsm sm dn dnth thmr mrss fr fr c cft fthm hmrs rs nr nrm m ll`t `t`z `zmo moss f fdd tthm hm Yh Yh``b` b`p pp` p`om oms1 s1 (5 >5,, >05 >05. @cc`ernt`fo “ whmo fo fom motmrs h` h`s/ s/h hmr pb pbnlm fd g gm mst`ont`fo ;. Mc`ernt`fo “ whmo fo fom bm bmnvms h` h`s/hmr pb pbnlm fd fd f frr`e`o Yfpubnt`fo pyrnc`g “ n ernph g`spbny`oe thm nem nog emogmr strulturm fd n pfpubnt`fo Gmpmogmoly rnt`f “ thm prfpfrt`fo fd 9-7 nog thm 4=-fvmr nem bmvmbs pmr fom huogrmg pmrsfos nemg >=-47 Yfpubnt`fo gmos`ty “ thm ouckmr fd pmrsfos thnt lno km mqunbby g`str`kutmg pmr squnrm a`bfcmtmr, lfos`gmr`oe thm pfpubnt`fo `o thm nrmn

Whmfr`ms fo pfpubnt`fo erfwth nog gmlb`om >.

Cnbthus`no thmfry Whfcns Cnbthus, `o h`s  No Mssny fo thm Yr`ol`pbm fd Yfpubnt`fo thmfr`zmg thnt thm `olrmnsm `o pfpubnt`fo `s uolfotrfbbnkbm nog thnt `t wfubg rmnlh, thmo mxlmmg thm bmvmb nt wh`lh thm pbnomt lfubg sustn`o mnlh `og`v`gunb‐ `og`v`gunb‐ss ommgs  Yfpubnt`fo `olrmnsms emfcmtr`lnbby (;, 7, 8, >4…) wh`bm dffg suppby

`olrmnsms nr`thcmt`lnbby (;, “ k`rth nog gmnth rntms nrm h`eh nog stnkbm k. \tnem ; “ k`rth rn rntm rm rmcn`os h h``eh1 gm gmnth rrn ntm gmlb`oms g gu um tf `cprfvmcmot fd cmg`l`om nog hmnbth smrv`lms1 `odnot cfrtnb`ty rntm gmlb`oms l. \tnem < “ gm gmnth rn rntm `s bf bfw1 k` k`rth rn rntm g`c`o`shms g gu um tf mxpnos`fo fd wfcmo‐s mgulnt`fo nog nllmss tf lfotrnlmpt`fo g. \tnem 7 “ k`rth nog gmnth rntms nrm bfw m. \tnem nem = “ foby rmlmotby ngg nggmg1 prmg`ltmg kfth cfrm- nog bmss- dmrt`bm sfl`mt`ms

Cnrr`nem “ thm systmcnt`zmg nog `ost`tut`fonb`zmg purpfsm fd lfot`ou`oe n dnc`by, nog fd kmemtt`oe nog rmnr`oe lh`bgrmo

Ynttmros fd dnc`by freno`znt`fo n.

Knsmg fo `otmronb freno`znt`fo >. Oulbmnr dnc`by “ lfcpfsmg fd n husknog nog n w`dm nog thm`r lh`bgrmo `o n uo`fo rmlfeo`zmg ky fthmr cmckmrs fd  thm sfl`mty ;. Mxtmogmg dnc`by “ lfcpfsmg fd twf fr cfrm oulbmnr dnc`b`ms, mlfofc`lnbby nog sfl`nbby rmbntmg tf mnlh fthmr . K`bntmrnb gmslmot“ nllfuot`oe fd gmslmot thrfueh kfth thm dnthmr‐s nog thm cfthmr‐s dnc`b`ms ;. Yntr`b`omnb gmslm slmot- nllfu lfuot`oe fd gmslmo lmot thr hrfu fue eh thm dnthmr‐s dnc`by foby . ;. . Yntr`nr nrllhy “ thm fbgmst cnbm `o thm dnc`by `s `o-lhnrem, usunbby thm dnthmr ;. Cntr`nrlhy “ thm fbgmst dmcnbm `o thm dnc`by `s `o-lhnrem, usunbby thm cfthmr 99

   

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>9>

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

D`vm bnremst `sbnogs `o thm wfrbg: >. E rm m ob no g ;. Om w Eu ` o m n . ]\N 7. C mx ` l f ;. Krnz`b =. O`e mr`n . @ogfoms`n 7. K no e b ng ms h ;. @og`n =. O`e mr`n . Ermnt Yyrnc`g fd E`zn >. Nurfr (Meypt) - n tfck dfr nustrnb` nustrn b`ss - n onturnb onturnb b`eht b` eht phnrnfhs g`spbny g`spb ny `o thm Mnrth's Mnrth's say, v`s`kbm v`s` kbm tf thm thm pfbnr rme`fos ;. Ernog Ernog Lnoyfo (]\N) ;. Wmcpbm fd Nrtmc`s Omnrby by twf k`bb` k`b b`fo fo ymnrs ymnrs (Wuramy) (Wur amy) - n tmcpbm tf Omnr fd Mnrth's Mnrth's emfbfe`lnb emfbfe` lnb efggmss efg gmss Nrtmc`s h`stfry h`stfr y hnvm kmmo km mo mxpfsmg thrfueh `ts bnymrs upfo bnymrs fd rfla. . Ermnt Ermnt Unb Unb b fd Lh`on Lh` on “ ku`btt dfr gmdmosm ku`b nen`os nen `ostt thm knrknr`nos knrknr`nos nog dfr pr`lm lfotrfb lfotrfb fd effgs drfc drfc thm \`ba \`b a

Omw Om w5Ufog Ufogmr mrss On Ontur turm >. @eunzu Dnbbs Dnbb s (Nremot`on/Kr (Nremot `on/Krnz`b) nz`b) bnremst wntmrdnbbs systmc `o thm wfrbg

;. Ymtrn ;. H6 Bfoe Kny (Jfrgno) - dncf d ncfus us dfr `ts (T` (T`mtonc mtonc)) - thm oncm oncm rfla-lut nrlh` nrlh`tmlturm tmlturm cmnos ‘gmslmog`oe

=. @tn`pu Gnc (Krnz`b (Krn z`b/Ynrn /Ynrneuny) euny) bnremst fpmrnt`oe hygrfmbm hygr fmbmlt ltr`l r`l dnl`b dnl`b`ty `ty `o thm wfrbg `o tmrcs fd noounb momrey emomrnt`fo 4. Gmbtn Ufras/Zu`gmrzmm Uf ras/Zu`gmrzmm Ufras Ufras (Omthmrbnogs) - bnremst hygrnub`l hygr nub`l moe`ommr`oe moe` ommr`oe prfjmlt

5. Ynoncn Lnonb (`sthcus (` sthcus fd Ynon Ynoncn) cn) lutt`oe lutt `oe thm trnvmb t`cm ky lfoomlt`oe thm Ntbnot`ll nog Ynl` Ntbnot` Ynl` d` d`ll Flmnos c`gwny

… fd fd th thm C`g C`gg gbm Ne Nems >. \tfomhmoem (Moebnog) - lfos`sts fd n r`oe fd stnog`oe stfoms

;. Bmno`oe Wfwmr fd Y Y`sn `sn (@tnby) - aofwo wfrbgw` wfr bgw`gm gm dfr `ts

grnefo‐

uo`otmogmg t`bt >9<

]BW@CNWM BMN[O@OE E]@GM WF \FL@NB \L@MOLM

 

B`st fd dfrcmr oncms oncms fd prmsmotprms mot-gny gny lfuotr`ms lfuotr`ms Yrmsmot oncm Dfrcm r oncm >. Lnckfg` n Ancpulhmn ;. Drnolm Enub 9. T`m T `mtonc tonc >>. \r` Bnoan >;. Whn` b nog

Zn` rm Cm sfpftnc` n Kurcn Ymrs` n Lfostnot` ofpb m, Wuram y Lflh`olh`on Lfl h`olh`on (sfuth), Noonc (lmotrnb), Wfoa`o (ofrth) Lm yb fo \` nc

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B`st fd l`ty nog cuo`l`pnb`ty o`laoncms `o thm Yh`b`pp`oms Cno`bn - Whm G`st`oeu`shmg nog Mvmr Bfynb Bfynb L`ty L` ty

^umzfo L`ty L` ty “ Whm Whm L`ty L` ty fd \tnrs

Gneupno “ C`bad` Gneupno `b ad`sh sh Lnp`tnb fd thm th m Kflnum, Kflnum, Kubnl Kub nlno no “ D`rmwfras Lnp`tnb fd Yh`b`pp`oms thm Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b` pp`oms Knlf Kn lfbfg bfg “ Whm L`ty L` ty fd \c`bm \c` bmss

Lmku L`ty “ Whm Whm ^ummo L`ty fd thm \futh

Znckfnoen Znckfn oen L`ty “ L`ty fd Dbfwmrs Db fwmrs

[fxns L`ty “ \mndffg Lnp`tnb fd thm Yh`b`pp`oms

Emom momrnb rnb \notfs “ Wuon Wuon Lnp`tnb fd thm Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b` pp`oms

G`pfb fe L`ty “ Frlh`g G`pfbfe Frlh`g L`ty L` ty fd thm Yh`b`pp`oms

\ncnb, Gnvnf gmb Ofrtm “ @sbnog @sb nog Enrgmo L` L`ty ty

Cnt`, Gnvnf Gnvnf Fr`motnb Fr`m otnb “ Lflfout Lflfout Lnp`tnb fd thm thm Yh`b`pp`oms Yh`b` pp`oms

Eu`cnrns “ Cnoef Lnp`tnb fd thm Lnc`eu` Lnc`eu`o o “ Bnozfoms Bnozfoms Lnp`tnb fd thm Yh`b`pp`oms

Yh`b`pp`oms B`st fd sfcm lfuotr`ms nog thm`r lnp`tnbs

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[MDM[MOLM\: Nefol`bbf, W. N. (>009). H`stfry fd thm D`b`p`of pmfpbm (8th mg.). ^umzfo L`ty, Yh`b`pp`oms: Enrftmlh Yukb`sh`oe. Kustncnotm, M. G. (;9>9). Cfv`oe dfrwnrg: Mlfofc`ls dfr h`eh slhffb stugmots. Cnant` L`ty, L`ty, Yh`b`pp`oms: Yh`b` pp`oms: Gfo Kfslf Yrmss, @ol. \ncsfo, C. K., Notfo`f, M. G., Gnbbf, M. C., @cpmr`nb, L. C., & \fr`nof, L. G. (;9>9). Anyncnono @@ (;og mg.). Cno`bn, Yh`b`pp`oms: [mx Kffa \tfrm, @ol. \no Juno, U. [., Lmotmof, C. J., Wmþfsf, C. ^., & Notmrfbn, C. E. (;995). \fl`fbfey, lubturm nog dnc`by pbnoo`oe . Yns`e L`ty, Yh`b`pp`oms: ]obng Yukb`sh`oe Hfusm.

\fr`nof, L. G., Notfo`f, M. G., Gnbbf, M. C., @cpmr`nb, L. C., & \ncsfo, C. K. (;9>9). Anyncnono @@@ (>st mg.). Cno`bn, Yh`b`pp`oms: [mx Kffa \tfrm, @ol.