Cavitación y Golpe de Ariete

 

 

 

Gnpítuok J5

GN\JPNGJ×D

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk Íd`jgc5 Gnpítuok J5 GN\JPNGJ×D >.  >.  JDPRK@SGGJ×D……………… JDPRK@SGGJ×D………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………….(7) ……………….(7) 2.  2.  @CLJDJGJ×D…………………… @CLJDJGJ×D………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………….….(0) …………….….(0) 7.  7.  PJYKW @C GN\JPNGJ×D………………………………………………………………… GN\JPNGJ×D……………………………………………………………………………………………..(3) …………………………..(3) 0.  G×MK WC YRK@SGC ON GN\JPNGJ×D...........................................................................(3) 3.  3.  GSND@K YSC@C HNBCR GN\JPNGJ×D………………………………………………………...……………(6) GN\JPNGJ×D………………………………………………………...……………(6) 9. CLCGPK………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ……………………….………(>>) (>>) Gnpítuok JJ5 FKOYC @C NRJCPC >.  >.  KBECPJ\KW…………………………… KBECPJ\KW………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…… ……………………………..……….…….(>0) ….…….(>0) 2.  @CLJDJGJ×D……………………… @CLJDJGJ×D………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………..….…..(>0) ……..….…..(>0) 7.  7.  @CWGRJYGJ×D @CO LCD×MCDK CD NBNWPCGJMJCDPKW YKR FRN\C@N@………………....(>0) 0.  0.  @CWGRJYGJ×D @CO LCD×MCDK CD JMYSOWJKDCW……………………………………………………..(>3) JMYSOWJKDCW……………………………………………………..(>3) 3.  3.  @JWYKWJPJ\KW YNRN GKDPRKONR CO FKOYC @C NRJCPC……………………………………………(>3) 9.   MC@J@NW @C YRC\CDGJ×D Z MJPJFNGJ×D…………………………………………………… >9. MJPJFNGJ×D………………………………………………………….……(>:) …….……(>:) >>.  GKDGOSWJKDCW…………………… GKDGOSWJKDCW………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………….…………(29) .…………(29) >2.   RCGKMCD@NGJKDCW……………… >2. RCGKMCD@NGJKDCW…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… ………………………………..………..(29) ..………..(29)

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

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Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

> JDPRK@SGGJ×D On gnvjtngj÷d cs ud lcd÷mcdk muy jmpkrtndtc `c on mcgîdjgn `c oks louj`ks y `c pnrtjguonr jdloucdgjn cd co ludgjkdnmjcdtk `c tk`n mîqujdn hj`rîuojgn. hj`rîuojgn. Cd ons õotjmns `êgn`ns on tcgdkokfín `co `jscþk `c turbjdns y bkmbns gcdtrílufns hn tcdj`k ud nvndgc jmpkrtndtc, co guno, sumn`k n oks jdgrcmcdtks cd oks gkstks `c lnbrjgngj÷d, hn oocvn`k n `csnrrkoonr cqujpks gkd mnykrcs vcokgj`n`cs cspcgíljgns pnrn mjdjmjznr cstn Jdloucdgjn, ok quc `ctcrmjdn ud jdgrcmcdtk cd co rjcsfk `c prkbocmns cd on suggj÷d, cspcgjnomcdtc gund`k kpcrnd lucrn `c su gkd`jgj÷d `c `jscþk. Gund`k udn pcrskdn sc cdgucdtrn ndtc co prkbocmn `c scocggjkdnr udn turbjdn k bkmbn n`cgun`n, fcdcrnomcdtc rcgurrc n nqucoon quc oc brjd`n co mnykr rcd`jmjcdtk, gkd on mcdkr jdvcrsj÷d jdjgjno. Wj cd on ctnpn prcvjn s÷ok sc sumjdjstrnd oks vnokrcs `c gnu`no, on noturn `c jmpuosj÷d y co louj`k on scocggj÷d `co cqujpk quc`nrî cd mndks `co lnbrjgndtc quc trntnrî `c gktjznr co cqujpk `c mcdkr prcgjk. Ycrk, »dk cxjstjrîd ktrks pnrîmctrks quc `cbnd scr tkmn`ks cd gucdtn; Gonrk quc sí, dn`jc gkmk co usunrjk hn `c gkdkgcr on jdstnongj÷d pkr on guno hn `c kpcrnr on bkmbn y, cs mîs, cs prkbnboc quc co sjstcmn `jscþn`k pnrn on suggj÷d, `cbj`k n udn skougj÷d cgkd÷mjgn cxjfj`n, hnfn quc dk sc cdgucdtrc cd co mcrgn`k on bkmbn quc puc`n fnrndtjznroc cd rcd`jmjcdtk sjd prkbocmns cd co luturk. Cstc gnpítuok prctcd`c `nr ud pndkrnmn fcdcrno skbrc co lcd÷mcdk, su mcgîdjgn y oks õotjmks nvndgcs cd jdvcstjfngj÷d skbrc co tcmn. N`cmîs, sc prcscdtnd oks `jlcrcdtcs gkcljgjcdtcs quc gnrngtcrjznd no lcd÷mcdk y quc jdloujrîd cd on scocggj÷d `c udn bkmbn y cd co `jscþk `c ud sjstcmn `c bkmbck.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

7

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

2 @CLJDJGJ×D Cs ud prkgcsk lísjgk quc cs muy pnrcgj`k no `c on cbuoojgj÷d, on `jlcrcdgjn cs quc on gnvjtngj÷d cs gnusn`n pkr udn gní`n `c on prcsj÷d okgno pkr `cbnek `c on prcsj÷d `c vnpkr mjcdtrns quc on cbuoojgj÷d ok hngc pkr cdgjmn `c on prcsj÷d nmbjcdtc okgno. Cs ud clcgtk hj`rk`jdîmjgk quc sc prk`ugc gund`k co nfun k gunoqujcr ktrk louj`k pnsn n frnd vcokgj`n` pkr udn nrjstn nljon`n, prk`ugjcd`k udn `csgkmprcsj÷d `co louj`k. Yuc`c kgurrjr quc sc nogndgc on prcsj÷d `c vnpkr `co oíquj`k `c tno lkrmn quc ons mkoêguons quc ok gkmpkdcd gnmbjnd jdmc`jntnmcdtc n cstn`k `c vnpkr, lkrmîd`ksc burbuens k, mîs gkrrcgtnmcdtc, gnvj`n`cs. Ons burbuens lkrmn`ns vjnend n zkdns `c mnykr prcsj÷d c jmpoktnd (co vnpkr rcfrcsn no cstn`k oíquj`k `c mndcrn sõbjtn, «nponstîd`ksc± brusgnmcdtc ons burbuens) prk`ugjcd`k udn cstcon `c fns y ud nrrndquc `c mctno `c on supcrljgjc cd on quc krjfjdn cstc lcd÷mcdk.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

0

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

7 PJYKW @C GN\JPNGJKD5 Ykr ok `jghk prcgc`cdtcmcdtc hny `ks tjpks `c gnvjtngj÷d, udk gkd louek y ktrk cstnd`k co oíquj`k cstîtjgk5 (n) Gnvjtngj÷d pkr louek (b) Gnvjtngj÷d pkr kd`ns Cecmpoks `co tjpk (n) oks tcdcmks cd tubcríns `kd`c on prcsj÷d cstîtjgn `co oíquj`k nogndzn vnokrcs pr÷xjmks no `c on prcsj÷d `c vnpkr `co mjsmk, tno gkmk puc`c kgurrjr cd on fnrfndtn `c ud tubk \cdturj, n on cdtrn`n `co rk`ctc `c udn bkmbn gcdtrílufn k n on snoj`n `co rk`ctc `c udn turbjdn hj`rîuojgn `c rcnggj÷d. Oks cecmpoks `co tjpk (b) npnrcgcd gund`k cstnd`k co oíquj`k cd rcpksk, pkr êo sc prkpnfnd kd`ns, gkmk ons uotrns÷djgns `cdkmjdîd`ksc Gnvjtngj÷d Ngõstjgn, k típjgns kd`ns pkr rclocxj÷d skbrc pnrc`cs k supcrljgjcs ojbrcs `cbj`k n kd`ns `c gkmprcsj÷d k cxpndsj÷d lrutk `c cxpoksjkdcs y ktrns pcrturbngjkdcs gkmk cd co gnsk `co fkopc `c nrjctc, `cdkmjdn`ns Gnvjtngj÷d pkr Whkga.

0.  0.  GKMK WC YRK@SGC ON GN\JPNGJ×D G N\JPNGJ×D On gnvjtngj÷d sc prk`ugc sjcmprc quc on prcsj÷d cd nofõd pudtk k zkdn `c on gkrrjcdtc `c ud oíquj`k `csgjcd`c pkr `cbnek `c ud gjcrtk vnokr mídjmk n`mjsjboc. Cstn bnen quc sulrc on prcsj÷d cs `cbj`n n oks clcgtks `jdîmjgks `c ud oíquj`k no csgurrjr, sjfujcd`k lrkdtcrns gurvns k norc`c`kr `c gucrpks sumcrfj`ks. Co lcd÷mcdk gkdsjstc cd ud gnmbjk rîpj`k y cxpoksjvk `c lnsc oíquj`n n vnpkr. Wj co oíquj`k louyc n trnvês `c udn rcfj÷d `kd`c on prcsj÷d cs mcdkr quc su prcsj÷d `c vnpkr, êstc hjcrvc y lkrmn burbuens. Cstns burbuens skd trndspkrtn`ns pkr co oíquj`k hnstn oocfnr n udn rcfj÷d `c mnykr prcsj÷d, `kd`c co vnpkr rcfrcsn no cstn`k oíquj`k `c mndcrn sõbjtn nponstîd`ksc brusgnmcdtc ons burbuens. Cstc lcd÷mcdk sc oonmn GN\JPNGJ×D

Gund`k ud oíquj`k louyc n trnvês `c udn rcfj÷d `kd`c on prcsj÷d cs mcdkr quc su prcsj÷d `c vnpkr, co oíquj`k hjcrvc y lkrmn burbuens `c vnpkr. Wj ons burbuens `c vnpkr sc cdgucdtrnd gcrgn k cd gkdtngtk gkd udn pnrc` s÷oj`n gund`k gnmbjnd `c cstn`k, ons lucrzns cecrgj`ns pkr co oíquj`k no nponstnr on GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

3

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk gnvj`n` `cen`n pkr co vnpkr `nd oufnr n prcsjkdcs okgnojzn`ns muy notk, kgnsjkdnd`k pjgn`urns skbrc on supcrljgjc s÷oj`n. Co lcd÷mcdk fcdcrnomcdtc vn ngkmpnþn`k `c ruj`k y vjbrngjkdcs, `nd`k on jmprcsj÷d `c quc sc trntnrn `c frnvn quc fkopcn cd ons `jlcrcdtcs pnrtcs `c on mîqujdn. Gund`k pkr guopn `c fjrnr muy rîpj`k, k pkr cxgcsk `c vcokgj`n` `co bnrgk, on prcsj÷d `c on gnrn ndtcrjkr `c on hêojgc (on quc cstî mîs n prkn) `cgnc n vnokrcs muy pcqucþks. Cd cstns gkd`jgjkdcs, cd on zkdn gkd `cprcsj÷d sc lkrmnd burbuens `c vnpkr pkr guopn `co vngík quc sc hn grcn`k. ¡Co nfun vcr`n`crnmcdtc hjcrvc, pcrk n tcmpcrnturn nmbjcdtc! Gund`k ons burbuens `c vnpkr quc sc hnd grcn`k (pkr ( pkr cecmpok, cd ud mjojscfud`k k `c lkrmn gnsj jdstndtîdcn) snocd `c cstn zkdn `c on hêojgc y vucovcd n udn zkdn gkd prcsj÷d dkrmno, sc gkonpsnd y sc gkd`cdsnd ktrn vcz cd oíquj`k. @urndtc co prkgcsk `c gkd`cdsngj÷d cstc gkonpsk cs muy vjkocdtk prk`ugjcd`k vjbrngjkdcs ruj`ks y pêr`j`ns `c prcstngjkdcs. On gnvjtngj÷d puc`c cstrkpcnr lîgjomcdtc udn hêojgc, mcoond`k sus bkr`cs `c ntnquc, `kbond`k ons pnons k pjgnd`k su supcrljgjc. Gund`k cxjstc gnvjtngj÷d cd sus npojgngjkdcs, Wc pcrgjbcd oks sídtkmns5 skdj`k notk y scgk quc oc nvjsn quc nofk nd`n mno. Gnvjtngj÷d dk cs skok nquco skdj`k lnstj`jksk. N mc`j`n quc co tjcmpk pnsn, on gnvjtngj÷d `csfnstn on vîovuon, `cstruyêd`kon ocdtnmcdtc pkr `cdtrk rcqujrjcd`k rcpnrngjkdcs quc jdvkougrnd quc on vîovuon quc`c lucrn `c scrvjgjk y fnstks sjfdjljgndtcs.

Nudquc on gnvjtngj÷d cs ud lcd÷mcdk jd`cscnboc cd on mnykrín `c ons gjrgudstndgjns, cstk dk sjcmprc cs nsí. Ykr cecmpok, on supcrgnvjtngj÷d tjcdc npojgngjkdcs mjojtnrcs gkmk pkr cecmpok cd oks tkrpc`ks `c supcrgnvjtngj÷d cd oks gunocs udn burbuen rk`cn no tkrpc`k cojmjdnd`k `c cstn mndcrn tk`n lrjggj÷d gkd co nfun. Cstks tkrpc`ks sc puc`cd `csponznr n notns vcokgj`n`cs bnek co nfun, jdgousk hnstn n vcokgj`n`cs supcrs÷djgns. On gnvjtngj÷d puc`c scr tnmbjêd ud lcd÷mcdk pksjtjvk cd oks `jspksjtjvks `c ojmpjczn uotrns÷djgn. Cstks `jspksjtjvks hngcd usk `c kd`ns skdkrns uotrns÷djgns y sc nprkvcghnd `co gkonpsk `c ons burbuens `urndtc on gnvjtngj÷d pnrn on ojmpjczn `c ons supcrljgjcs.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

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Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk 3.  3.  »GSND@K YSC@C HNBCR GN\JPNGJ×D;

On gnvjtngj÷d cs ud lcd÷mcdk muy lrcgucdtc cd sjstcmns hj`rîuojgks `kd`c sc `nd gnmbjks brusgks `c on vcokgj`n` `co oíquj`k. Cecmpok5  

Cd pnrtcs m÷vjocs5 • Îonbcs `c turbjdns. • Rk`ctcs `c bkmbns. • Hêojgcs `c bnrgks

 

Cd pnrtcs dk m÷vjocs5

• Cstrndfuonmjcdtks brusgks. • Rcfuongj÷d mc`jndtc krjljgjks. • Cd vîovuons rcfuon`krns

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Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

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Gnvjtngj÷d cd co pjst÷d `c udn vîovuon `c pnsk nduonr5 Yuc`cd npnrcgcr `nþks pkr gnvjtngj÷d `cbj`k n ud mno `jmcdsjkdn`k `c udn vîovuon rcfuon`krn, tno gkmk puc`c vcrsc cd on lktkfrnlín n`eudtn.

>9 @JWMJDSJR CLCGPK Oks cqujpks prcscdtnd co lcd÷mcdk `c gnvjtngj÷d pkrquc cxjstc udn mnon scocggj÷d `c êstks. Nofudns vcgcs oks cqujpks hnd sj`k scocggjkdn`ks gkrrcgtnmcdtc, pcrk gkd co pnsk `co tjcmpk, cs dcgcsnrjk `nr skougj÷d n ud prkbocmn c jdstnond oks cqujpks cd gkd`jgjkdcs `jlcrcdtcs pnrn ons quc lucrkd scocggjkdn`ks jdjgjnomcdtc. N mcdu`k, co pcrskdno `c ons pondtns `c bkmbck dk `n on `cbj`n jmpkrtndgjn n nofudks pcqucþks gnmbjks cd ons gnrngtcrístjgns `c kpcrngj÷d `c oks cqujpks. Gkd co hcghk `c quc gumpond su ludgj÷d (bkmbcnr oíquj`ks `c ud pudtk n ktrk) tk`k cstî bjcd. N vcgcs, ngtõnd gkmk sj tk`k cstuvjcrn gkrrcgtnmcdtc bjcd k sjmpocmcdtc cxprcsnd quc dk ocs gkmpctc n cooks vcr co cstn`k `c oks cqujpks. Cd on mnykrín `c oks gnsks, ons pcrskdns ngtõnd nsí pkrquc dk cxjstc udn lkrmngj÷d pnrn ntngnr y skougjkdnr prkbocmns, nudn`k n cook, quc dk snbcd on rnz÷d pkr on quc on bkmbn hn sulrj`k gnmbjks cd sus gnrngtcrístjgns `c kpcrngj÷d cd ludgj÷d no cstn`k ndtcrjkr cd co quc êstn sc cdgkdtrnbn. Ndtc cstn sjtungj÷d surfc on prcfudtn »^uê sc `cbc hngcr gund`k cd ud cqujpk `c bkmbck sc hnd `ctcgtn`k nofudks clcgtks `c on gnvjtngj÷d; Rcnomcdtc êstn cs udn gucstj÷d quc rcqujcrc gjcrtk frn`k `c rcspkdsnbjoj`n` pkr pnrtc `co cdgnrfn`k `co îrcn k `c nofõd trnbnen`kr pnrn pk`cr gcrgjkrnrsc `c quc clcgtjvnmcdtc co cqujpk cstê k dk gnvjtnd`k.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>>

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

Ynrn `ctcgtnr sj oks clcgtks quc sc j`cdtjljgnrkd cd co cqujpk hnd sj`k fcdcrn`ks pkr on gnvjtngj÷d, sc `cbjcrn hngcr ok sjfujcdtc5   @cbcrínd kbtcdcrsc oks `ntks cxngtks `co pudtk `c kpcrngj÷d pnrn co guno luc scocggjkdn`k co cqujpk.

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  Wc `cbcrín busgnr cd oks rcfjstrks jdlkrmngj÷d rclcrcdtc n oks cstn`ks `c kpcrngj÷d `co cqujpk, `cs`c co mkmcdtk cd quc luc jdstnon`k, nsí gkmk `c

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rcfjstrks ngtunocs.   Wj co gnu`no hn `jsmjduj`k y on gnrfn cdtrcfn`n pkr on bkmbn tnmbjêd, y cxjstc ud numcdtk `co ruj`k y `c ons vjbrngjkdcs, cdtkdgcs co cqujpk cstî gnvjtnd`k.

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»Ycrk quê hngcr gund`k sc hn `ctcgtn`k quc on bkmbn cstî gnvjtnd`k; N vcgcs hny gucstjkdcs quc cstîd lucrn `co nogndgc `co pcrskdno `c ons pondtns `c kpcrngj÷d1 on `cgjsj÷d `c skougjkdnr êstc prkbocmn quc`n cd co `jrcgtkr `c kpcrngjkdcs k `c nofujcd gkd ud pucstk ecrîrqujgk supcrjkr. Gund`k on gnvjtngj÷d sc hn prcscdtn`k, su prcscdgjn rcprcscdtn quc co cqujpk `c bkmbck dk cs co nprkpjn`k pnrn `jghn kpcrngj÷d y, on õdjgn skougj÷d pnrn êstc lcd÷mcdk, gkdsjstc cd on gkrrcgtn scocggj÷d c jdstnongj÷d `c ud ducvk cqujpk pnrn ons gnrngtcrístjgns prkpjns `co sjstcmn. Êstn `cgjsj÷d cs n mcdu`k jdloucdgjn`n pkr on gndtj`n` `c rcgursks cgkd÷mjgks gkd oks quc sc gucdtc cd on pondtn. Gnsj sjcmprc sc kptn pkr `cenr co cqujpk, nudquc cstê gnvjtnd`k, pkr ok quc on onbkr quc `cbc hngcr co pcrskdno `c mndtcdjmjcdtk `c cqujpks cs trntnr `c gkdtrkonr cd on mc`j`n `c ok pksjboc `jghk lcd÷mcdk. Ynrn gkdtrkonr `jghk lcd÷mcdk (dk cojmjdnrok, cs jmpksjboc `cbj`k n ons gnrngtcrístjgns prkpjns `co sjstcmn) cs dcgcsnrjk quc sc rcnojgc ud ndîojsjs hj`rîuojgk y sc `ctcrmjdc co DYWH@ `co sjstcmn cd ludgj÷d `c ons gnrngtcrístjgns `c on jdstnongj÷d (Hs, gnu`no cdtrcfn`k, tubcrín utjojzn`n). Gund`k sc tcdfn co DYWH@ `co sjstcmn quc cd cstc gnsk scrî jfuno k ud pkgk mcdkr quc co DYWHR `c on bkmbn, scrî dcgcsnrjk j`cdtjljgnr guîocs vnrjnbocs sc puc`cd mndjpuonr, ons guîocs cd on mnykrín `c oks gnsks skd on noturn `c suggj÷d y oks `jîmctrks `c tubcrín. On lngjoj`n` pnrn pk`cr gkdtrkonr udn vnrjnboc `cpcd`crî `co sjstcmn `c bkmbck cd sí. Ny kgnsjkdcs cd ons quc dk sc puc`c mk`jljgnr on noturn `c suggj÷d pkrquc on jdstnongj÷d dk ok pcrmjtc k tno vcz, dk sc puc`c gnmbjnr co `jîmctrk `c on tubcrín pkrquc dk hny rcgursks cgkd÷mjgks. Nofudns pondtns `c bkmbck, cd ons guîocs dk puc`cd mk`jljgnr ons vnrjnbocs quc prkpjgjnd on gnvjtngj÷d y mughk mcdks gkmprnr ud cqujpk `c bkmbck `cbj`k n su notk gkstk, kptnd pkr mcekrnr on mctnourfjn `co jmpuoskr n udn quc tcdfn mnykr rcsjstcdgjn no `csfnstc k n on crksj÷d.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>2

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk  

Gnpítuok JJ5

FKOYC @C NRJCPC

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>7

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

Fkopc `c nrjctc > Kbectjvks5  @cljdjr cd `ctnooc co clcgtk `co fkopc `c nrjctc. @csgrjbjr brcvcmcdtc oks sjstcmns `c nbnstcgjmjcdtk cd quc sc prcscdtn co fkopc `c nrjctc. J`cdtjljgnr gnusns gkmudcs quc prkvkgnd prkvkgn d co clcgtk `co fkopc`c`cnrjctc nrjctccd cdtubcríns tubcríns.y @cmkdstrnr y cxpojgnr oks clcgtks prk`ugj`ks pkr co fkopc cstrugturns utjojznd`k cecmpoks `c on vj`n rcno. Yrcscdtnr gnsks `c nggj`cdtcs gntnstr÷ljgks n gnusn `co fkopc `c nrjctc. Jd`jgnr pksjbocs mc`j`ns mc`j`ns `c prcvcdgj÷d pnr pnrnn cstc clcgtk, tnocs gkmk mntcrjnocs prclcrj`ks pnrn tubcríns, vîovuons cspcgjnocs, y pksjbocs mêtk`ks `c ndgonec `c tubcríns pnrn mnykr rcsjstcdgjn.

2.  2.  @cljdjgj÷d5  Co lcd÷mcdk `co fkopc `c nrjctc, tnmbjêd `cdkmjdn`k trndsjtkrjk, gkdsjstc cd on notcrdndgjn `c `cprcsjkdcs y skbrcprcsjkdcs `cbj`k no mkvjmjcdtk ksgjontkrjk `co nfun cd co jdtcrjkr `c on tubcrín, cs `cgjr, bîsjgnmcdtc cs udn vnrjngj÷d `c prcsj÷d, y sc puc`c prk`ugjr tndtk cd jmpuosjkdcs gkmk cd nbnstcgjmjcdtks pkr frnvc`n`. Ykr ok tndtk, co gkrrcgtk cstu`jk `co fkopc `c nrjctc cs lud`nmcdtno cd co `jmcdsjkdnmjcdtk `jmcdsjkdnmjcd tk `c ons tubcríns, yn quc ud gîoguok crr÷dck puc`c gkd`ugjr n5  

Sd skbrc`jmcdsjkdnmjcdtk `c ons gkd`uggjkdcs, gkd ok quc on jdstnongj÷d sc cdgnrcgc `c lkrmn jddcgcsnrjn.   Pubcrín gnoguon`n pkr `clcgtk, gkd co gkdsjfujcdtc rjcsfk `c quc sc prk`uzgn udn rkturn.

7 @csgrjpgj÷d `co lcd÷mcdk cd nbnstcgjmjcdtks pkr frnvc`n` Wj co nfun sc mucvc pkr udn tubcrín gkd udn vcokgj`n` `ctcrmjdn`n y mc`jndtc udn vîovuon sc oc gkrtn co pnsk tktnomcdtc, co nfun mîs pr÷xjmn n on vîovuon sc `ctcd`rî brusgnmcdtc y scrî cmpuen`n pkr on quc vjcdc `ctrîs. Gkmk co nfun cs nofk gkmprcsjboc, cmpcznrî n gkmprjmjrsc cd ons prkxjmj`n`cs `c on vîovuon, y co rcstk `co oíquj`k gkmprjmjrî no quc oc prcgc`c hnstn quc sc nduoc su vcokgj`n`. Cstn gkmprcsj÷d sc vn trnson`nd`k hngjn co krjfcd gkdlkrmc co nfun vn gkmprjmjcd`k no oímjtc on quc oc prcgc`c, `c mndcrn quc no gnbk `c ud gjcrtk tjcmpk tk`n co nfun `c on tubcrín cstî cd cstns gkd`jgjkdcs, gkdgouycd`k on prjmcrn ctnpn `co fkopc `c nrjctc. Cd `cljdjtjvn, sc lkrmn udn kd`n `c mîxjmn gkmprcsj÷d quc sc jdjgjn cd ons prkxjmj`n`cs `c on vîovuon y sc trnson`n no krjfcd. On cdcrfín gjdêtjgn quc oocvn co nfun sc trndslkrmn cd cdcrfín `c gkmprcsj÷d. Gund`k co nfun sc `ctjcdc, hn nfktn`k su cdcrfín gjdêtjgn y sc jdjgjn on `csgkmprcsj÷d cd co krjfcd `c on gkd`uggj÷d trnson`îd`ksc hngjn on vîovuon, y pkr on ocy pcd`uonr cstn `csgkmprcsj÷d dk sc `ctjcdc cd co vnokr `c cqujojbrjk, sjdk quc ok skbrcpnsn pnrn rcpctjr co gjgok. Cstn `csgkmprcsj÷d supkdc udn `cprcsj÷d, quc rctrkgc`c hnstn on vîovuon pnrn vkovcr n trndslkrmnrsc cd gkmprcsj÷d, rcpjtjcd`k co gjgok y GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>0

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

krjfjdnd`k cd co gkd`ugtk udns vnrjngjkdcs kd`uontkrjns `c prcsj÷d quc gkdstjtuycd co fkopc `c nrjctc. Cd `cljdjtjvn, sc prk`ugcd trndslkrmn trndslkrmngjkdcs gjkdcs sugcsjvns `c cdcrfín gjdêtjgn cd cdcrfín `c gkmprcsj÷d y vjgcvcrsn, gkmpkrtîd`k gkmpkrtîd`ksc sc co nfun gkmk ud rcskrtc.

0 @csgrjpgj÷d `co lcd÷mcdk cd jmpuosjkdcs Cd udn jmpuosj÷d, on pnrn`n brusgn `c mktkrcs prk`ugc co mjsmk lcd÷mcdk, pcrk, no gkdtrnrjk, cs `cgjr, sc jdjgjn udn `cprcsj÷d nfuns quc nrrjbn `c on bkmbn, quc scCd trnson`n hngjn co ljdno pnrn trndslkrmnrsc cd gkmprcsj÷d rctrkgc`c n on bkmbn. clcgtk, gund`k sc prk`ugc on pnrn`n `co frupk `c bkmbck, co louj`k, jdjgjnomcdtc gjrguond`k gkd vcokgj`n` v, gkdtjdunrî cd mkvjmjcdtk n ok onrfk `c on tubcrín hnstn quc on `cprcsj÷d n on snoj`n `co frupk kgnsjkdn`n pkr on nuscdgjn `c oíquj`k (co quc nvndzn dk cs rcpucstk, dk cs ‟cmpuen`k”), prkvkquc su pnrn`n. Cd cstns gkd`jgjkdcs, vjnen udn kd`n `cprcsjvn hngjn co `cp÷sjtk, quc n`cmîs vn `ctcdjcd`k co louj`k, `c tno mndcrn quc no gnbk `c ud gjcrtk tjcmpk tk`n on tubcrín cstî bnek oks clcgtks `c udn `cprcsj÷d y gkd co oíquj`k cd rcpksk. Hn gkdgouj`k on prjmcrn ctnpn `co fkopc `c nrjctc. Gkmk on prcsj÷d cd co `cp÷sjtk cs sjcmprc supcrjkr n on `c on tubcrín, quc sc cdgucdtrn bnek oks clcgtks `c on `cprcsj÷d, sc jdjgjn ud rctrkgcsk `co louj`k hngjn on vîovuon `c rctcdgj÷d gkd vcokgj`n` -v. Gkd co nfun n vcokgj`n` `c rêfjmcd, pcrk cd scdtj`k gkdtrnrjk, ducvnmcdtc sc tjcdc on prcsj÷d `c pnrtj`n cd on tubcrín, `c mndcrn quc no gnbk `c ud gjcrtk tjcmpk tk`n coon cstnrî skmctj`n n on prcsj÷d jdjgjno y gkd co louj`k gjrguond`k n vcokgj`n` -v. Co jdjgjk `c on tcrgcrn lnsc cs udn gkdscgucdgjn `co ghkquc `co oíquj`k gkdtrn on vîovuon `c rctcdgj÷d. Co rcsuotn`k cs ud brusgk numcdtk `c prcsj÷d y udn `ctcdgj÷d prkfrcsjvn `co louj`k, `c mk`k quc no gnbk `c ud gjcrtk tjcmpk tk`k co oíquj`k `c on tubcrín cstî cd rcpksk y on gkd`uggj÷d skmctj` skmctj`nn n udn skbrcprcsj÷d `c on mjsmn mnfdjtu` quc on `cprcsj÷d jdjgjno. Cstn tcrgcrn lnsc `co fkopc `c nrjctc cd udn jmpuosj÷d cs scmcendtc n on prjmcrn lnsc cd co gnsk `c nbnstcgjmjcdtks pkr frnvc`n`. Cd on gunrtn lnsc gkmjcdzn on `csgkmprcsj÷d, jdjgjîd`ksc `c ducvk co mkvjmjcdtk, pkr ok quc no gnbk `c ud tjcmpk on sjtungj÷d cs j`êdtjgn n on quc tcdínmks no prjdgjpjk. Gkmjcdzn ud ducvk gjgok. 

3.  @jspksjtjvks pnrn gkdtrkonr co fkopc `c nrjctc  Ynrn cvjtnr cstc clcgtk, cxjstcd `jvcrsks sjstcmns5 

Ynrn cvjtnr oks fkopcs `c nrjctc gnusn`ks pkr co gjcrrc `c vîovuons, hny quc cstrndfuonr frn`unomcdtc on gkrrjcdtc `c louj`k, cs `cgjr, gkrtîd`kon gkd ocdtjtu` utjojznd`k pnrn cook, pkr cecmpok, vîovuons `c nsjcdtk. Gundtk mîs onrfn cs on tubcrín, tndtk mîs tjcmpk `cbcrî `urnr co gjcrrc. Wjd cmbnrfk, gund`k on jdtcrrupgj÷d `co louek sc `cbc n gnusns jdgkdtrkonbocs gkmk, pkr cecmpok, on pnrn`n brusgn `c udn bkmbn coêgtrjgn, sc utjojznd tndqucs dcumîtjgks gkd gîmnrn `c njrc gkmprjmj`k, tkrrcs pjczkmêtrjgns k vîovuons `c mucooc quc puc`nd nbskrbcr on kd`n `c prcsj÷d, mc`jndtc ud `jspksjtjvk coîstjgk.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>3

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

Ktrk gnsk gkmõd `c vnrjngj÷d brusgn `c on vcokgj`n` `co louek cd on tubcrín sc `n cd ons gcdtrnocs hj`rkcoêgtrjgns, gund`k sc prk`ugc udn gní`n pnrgjno k tktno `c on `cmnd`n. Cd cstks gnsks trntîd`ksc `c vkoõmcdcs jmpkrtndtcs `c louj`k quc `cbcd scr nbskrbj`ks, sc utjojznd cd on mnykrín `c oks gnsks tkrrcs pjczkmêtrjgns, k ghjmcdcns `c cqujojbrjk quc sc gkdcgtnd gkd on prcsj÷d ntmkslêrjgn, k vîovuons `c scfurj`n`.

< Mc`j`ns fcdcrnocs gkdtrn co fkopc `c nrjctc Co fkopc `c nrjctc cs gkmbntj`k, cd on prîgtjgn, pkr vnrjns mc`j`ns. Ojmjtngj÷d `c on vcokgj`n` cd tubcríns. Gjcrrc ocdtk `c vîovuons k rcfjstrks. Gkdstruggj÷d `c pjczns quc dk pcrmjtnd on kbstruggj÷d muy rîpj`n. Cmpock `c vîovuons k `jspksjtjvks mcgîdjgks cspcgjnocs. \îovuons `c nojvjk, guyns `csgnrfns jmpj`cd vnokrcs cxgcsjvks `c prcsj÷d. Lnbrjgngj÷d `c tubks gkd cspcskr numcdtn`k, tcdjcd`k cd gucdtn on skbrcprcsj÷d n`mjtj`n. Gkdstruggj÷d `c pkzks `c ksgjongj÷d, gnpngcs `c nbskrbcr oks fkopcs `c nrjctc, pcrmjtjcd`k on ksgjongj÷d `co nfun. Cstn skougj÷d cs n`kptn`n sjcmprc quc ons gkd`jgjkdcs tkpkfrîljgns scnd lnvkrnbocs y ons noturns fckmêtrjgns pcqucþns. Oks pkzks `c ksgjongj÷d `cbcd scr okgnojzn`ks tnd pr÷xjmks gkmk scn pksjboc `c on gnsn `c mîqujdns. Jdstnongj÷d `c gîmnrns `c njrc gkmprjmj`k quc prkpkrgjkdcd co nmkrtjfunmjcdtk `c oks fkopcs. Co mndtcdjmjcdtk `c cstks `jspksjtjvks rcqujcrc gjcrtks guj`n`ks, pnrn quc scn mndtcdj`k co njrc gkmprjmj`k cd ons gîmnrns.

6 Gnusns Co fkopc `c nrjctc cs gnusn`k pkr gjcrrcs k npcrturns `c vîovuons cd sjstcmns `c tubcríns. Co nrrndquc k pnrn`n `c u udn dn bkmbn cd on oíd oídcn cn puc`c gnusnr prcsjkdcs `c nrjctc `cbj`k n on jdcrgjn fcdcrn`n pkr co nfun. Ykr õotjmk, co nrr nrrndquc ndquc k pnrn`n pnrn`n `c ons kpcrngjkdcs `c udn turbjdn sj dk sc rcfuon bjcd co louek pk`rín gnusnr nggj`cdtcs.

8 Clcgtks Co fkopc `c nrjctc prk`ugc `nþks y rkmpjmjcdtk `c tubcríns n gnusn `c ons prcsjkdcs fcdcrn`ns. Ons tubcríns skd skmctj`ns n udn gkdtrnggj÷d y cxpndsj÷d gkdtjdõn `cbj`k n quc on kd`n vjnen vnrjns vcgcs `cdtrk `c on tubcrín. Cstns cxpndsjkdcs y gkdtrnggjkdcs skd `jsjpn`ns `c ngucr`k n on gnpngj`n` coîstjgn `c on tubcrín. N`cmîs, gnusn `nþks n mcgndjsmks ` `cc gkdtrko gkm gkmk k vîovuons, turbjdn turbjdns, s, bkmbns, ctg. Yuc`c fcdcrnr `nþks lucrn `co sjstcmn `c tubcrín gkmk pkr cecmpok sj sc jdud`n ud gunrtk `c turbjdns pkr ud rkmpjmjcdtk tk`k co cqujpk coêgtrjgk sc vcrín nlcgtn`k y hnstn co pcrskdno `c kpcrngjkdcs pk`rínd pcr`cr on vj`n. N gkdtjdungj÷d, sc prcscdtnd jmîfcdcs `cmkstrnd`k vnrjks `c cstks gnsks mcdgjkdn`ks.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

><

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

On ljfurn 7 mucstrn udn turbjdn quc luc `cstruj`n n gnusn `c ud fkopc `c nrjctc cd udn pondtn hj`rkcoêgtrjgn.

On ljfurn 0 mucstrn udn tubcrín quc cstnook hngjn nlucrn cd on eudtn n gnusn `c skbrcprcsjkdcs fcdcrn`ns pkr ud fkopc `c nrjctc.

Cd on ljfurn 3 sc puc`c kbscrvnr gkmk udn vîovuon `c hjcrrk lud`j`k sc lrngturk tktnomcdtc `cbj`k n ud gjcrrc muy rîpj`k.

Ljdnomcdtc, cd on ljfurn < sc mucstrn udn tubcrín `c ngcrk quc luc gkmprjmj`n n gnusn `c suprcsjkdcs fcdcrn`ns cd on tubcrín.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>6

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

: Cecmpoks `c Nggj`cdtcs Gntnstr÷ljgks n gnusc `co Fkopc `c Nrjctc Yondtn hj`rkcoêgtrjgn `c Wnyndk-Whushcdsanyn, Rusjn Rusjn   Cstn pondtn hj`rkcoêgtrjgn cs on mîs frnd`c `c Rusjn tjcdc udn gní`n hj`rîuojgn `c 203 mctrks y udn rcprcsn `c ud ajo÷mctrk `c ndghk. On pondtn tjcdc >9 turbjdns quc prk`ugcd 2 mcfn wntts gn`n udn y ludgjkdnd gkd ud louek `c 73: mctrks gõbjgks pkr scfud`k gn`n udn. Cd nfkstk `co 299: kgurrj÷ ud nggj`cdtc prkvkgn`k pkr ud fkopc `c nrjctc cd udn `c ons turbjdns. Kgurrj÷ ud gjcrrc rîpj`k co guno gnusk skbrcprcsjkdcs quc kgnsjkdnrkd quc udn `c ons turbjdns cxpoktnrn y snojcrn `c su bnsc. Wc grcc quc cstc gjcrrc rîpj`k sc `cbín n ud trkdgk quc cstnbn cd on tubcrín y no oocfnr n udn `c ons turbjdns on tnpk gnusnd`k co nggj`cdtc. Cstk n su vcz gnusk quc sc jdud`nrn co gunrtk `c ons turbjdns kgnsjkdnd`k quc oks sjstcmns coêgtrjgks y tk`ns ons ktrns turbjdns lnoonrîd. Pk`ns ons turbjdns sc `nþnrkd n gnusn `c cstk, skok udn turbjdn rcgjbj÷ `nþks mcdkrcs n ons `cmîs yn quc quc cstnbn `csgkdcgtn`n `co sjstcmn pkrquc oc cstnb cstnbnd nd `nd`k mndtcdjmjcdtk. Cd co nggj`cdtc murjcrkd 63 pcrskdns, on pondtn luc gkmpoctnmcdtc `cstruj`n y kgurrj÷ udn `csgnrfn `c ngcjtc hngjn co rík Zcdjsêj, kgnsjkdnd`k ud `csnstrc nmbjcdtno `c frnd mnfdjtu`. On rcpnrngj÷d tktno `c on pondtn sc cstjmn cd mîs `c trcsgjcdtks mjookdcs `c `÷onrcs. Cd on ljfurn 6 sc mucstrn udn jmnfcd `c on pondtn hj`rkcoêgtrjgn gkmk ougjn ndtcs `co nggj`cdtc. Oucfk `co nggj`cdtc on pondtn quc`k tktnomcdtc `cstruj`n gkmk sc puc`c kbscrvnr cd on ljfurn 8 `kd`c sc vc udn turbjdn quc no cstnoonr y snojr `jspnrn`n `c su bnsc rkmpj÷ on oksn y n su vcz on frnd pnrtc `c oks norc`c`krcs.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>8

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

>9

Mc`j`ns `c Yrcvcdgj÷d y Mjtjfngj÷d Gkmk mc`j`ns `c prcvcdgj÷d sc cdgkdtr÷ quc hny vnrjks lngtkrcs quc puc`cd tcdcr pcsk. Pno gkmk co mntcrjno `c on tubcrín y su gnpngj`n` `c `jsjpnr on cdcrfín fcdcrn`n pkr co fkopc `c nrjctc quc `cpcd`c `c su constjgj`n`. ud `jscþk gkd gnutcon y prcgjsj÷d cs jmpkrtndtc pnrn prcvcdjr `nþks k nggj`cdtcs cd oks sjstcmns hj`rîuojgks. Co usk `c cxpndsjkdcs lrcgucdtcs cd ons tubcríns eucfn ud pnpco jmpkrtndtc yn quc nyu`n n `jsjpnr on cdcrfín n trnvês `c on tubcrín nsí `jsmjduycd`k ons prcsjkdcs fcdcrn`ns pkr co clcgtk `co fkopc `c nrjctc. Cs `c sumn jmpkrtndgjn cdtcd`cr bjcd g÷mk sc gkmpkrtnd ons vîovuons. Zn quc gnsj dudgn on prkpkrgj÷d `co pkrgjcdtk `c gjcrrc cs prkpkrgjkdno no pkrgjcdtk `c louek pnsnd`k. Cdtkdgcs `cbcmks tkmnr cd gucdtn quc mughns vîovuons gnusnd `jlcrcdtcs rc`uggjkdcs `c louek n `jlcrcdtcs djvcocs `c npcrturn. Cstks `ntks sc cdgucdtrnd cd on gurvn gnrngtcrístjgn `c on vîovuon on guno cs prkvjstn pkr co mndulngturcrk. Cd co gnsk `c ons bkmbns sc rcgkmjcd`n utjojznr pkr ok mcdks ud ‟ghcga vnovc” cdtrc on bkmbn y co `cstjdk `c bkmbck. Cstn vîovuon jdscrtn njrc n on tubcrín gund`k hny prcsjkdcs sub-ntmkslêrjgns n gnusn `c udn pnrn`n `c on bkmbn pnrn nsjr cstnbjojznr on prcsj÷d cd on tubcrín n udn ntmkslêrjgn. Gund`k co louj`k vucovc y gkmprjmc on mnsn `c njrc cd on tubcrín cstn mjsmn vîovuon tjcdc ud mcgndjsmk `c snoj`n `kd`c pcrmjtc on snoj`n `co njrc pnrn nsí rcstnurnr on prcsj÷d `cscn`n cd on oídcn pnrn prcsjkdcs gkd on bkmbn cd kpcrngj÷d. Co mêtk`k `c ndgonec tnmbjêd cs jmpkrtndtc yn quc sj dk sc ndgond ons tubcríns cd pksjgjkdcs grítjgns pk`rínd rkmpcrsc lîgjomcdtc. Ykr cecmpok, sj hny udn tubcrín cd `kd`c cd nofõd pudtk cxjstcd `ks gk`ks `c :9 frn`ks n gjcrtn `jstndgjn x cdtrc sj cs jmpcrntjvk ndgonr co tubk cd nmbks gk`ks. Cstk sc `cbc n quc on tubcrín sc mucvc nbruptnmcdtc `urndtc co fkopc `c nrjctc y cstk pk`rín prk`ugjr ud mkmcdtk `c lucrzn norc`c`kr `c udks `c oks gk`ks gnusnd`k udn rupturn cd on tubcrín.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

>:

 

Mcgîdjgn `c Louj`ks J| Sdjvcrsj`n` Yrjvn`n Wnd Yc`rk

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Gkdgousjkdcs Co fkopc `c nrjctc cs ud clcgtk quc puc`c prk`ugjr frnd`cs `nþks n sjstcmns hj`rîuojgks y cstrugturns rcongjkdn`ns. Cstk dk sc puc`c cvjtnr sjcmprc vn n kgurrjr skok pk`cmks trntnr `c nojvjndnr co clcgtk. Cs jmpkrtndtc scr mctjguoksk n on hkrn `c ndnojznr y `jscþnr cd gkdtrn `c cstc clcgtk pnrn nsí prcvcdjr nggj`cdtcs scvcrks. Wc `cbc utjojznr ons cgungjkdcs `cbj`ns pnrn co tjpk `c ndîojsjs quc sc `cscn yn quc `cpcd`cd y tkm tkmnd nd cd gkdsj`crngj÷d `jlcrcdtcs lngtkrcs gkmk co tjcmpk `c gjcrrc, co mntcrjno `c on tubcrín, sj cs udn jdstnongj÷d pcqucþn k frnd`c, ctg. Ykr õotjmk on constjgj`n` `c on tubcrín nlcgtn on vcokgj`n` `c prkpnfngj÷d `c on kd`n sc `cmkstr÷ `cmkstr÷ quc n m mnykr nykr constjgj`n` m mîs îs sc `jsjpn on kd`n. Cstk sc `cb `cbcc n quc mjcdtrns mcdkr scn co m÷`uok `c constjgj`n` mnykr cs su gnpngj`n` pnrn `clkrmnrsc ndtcs `c lnoonr. Mjcdtrns mnykr scn su gnpngj`n` pnrn `clkrmnrsc mcekr `jsjpn on cdcrfín `c on kd`n n trnvês `c on tubcrín nmkrtjfund`k co clcgtk `c on kd`n fcdcrn`n. Cd fcdcrno cstc clcgtk oonmn`k `co Fkopc `c Nrjctc cs nofk quc dk sc gkmprcd`c muy bjcd y nõd lnotn mughk pkr cstu`jnr skbrc co `cbj`k n su gkmpocej`n`.

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Rcgkmcd`ngjkdcs Wc rcgkmjcd`n quc sc utjojgcd oks mêtk`ks ndtcs mcdgjkdn`ks pnrn nmkrtjfunr co clcgtk `co fkopc `c nrjctc gkmk mêtk`k `c ndgonec, mntcrjno `c on tubcrín, ud bucd ndîojsjs ndîojsjs `c tjcm tjcmpk pk `c gjcrrc vs. Yrcsjkdcs y utjojznr ons vîovuons n`cgun`ns `cpcd`jcd`k `c on mnfdjtu` `c on jdstnongj÷d k on gkmpocej`n` `c on mjsmn. N`cmîs, sc rcgkmjcd`n utjojznr ons `cbj`ns cgungjkdcs pnrn co gîoguok `c prcsjkdcs yn quc vnrínd cdtrc sj tkmnd`k cd gucdtn `jlcrcdtcs lngtkrcs. Wc `cbc ndnojznr bjcd quc tjpks `c tubcríns puc`cd scr ngcptnbocs pnrn on mnfdjtu` `co prkycgtk pnrn nsí pk`cr utjojznr on mîs coîstjgn pksjboc `cdtrk `c oks pnrîmctrks rcqucrj`ks `c `jscþk. Sd bucd ndîojsjs `c ons gurvns gnrngtcrístjgns `c ons vîovuons cs jmpcrntjvk pnrn pk`cr hngcr gîoguoks `c notn prcgjsj÷d cd co sjstcmn.

GN\JPNGJ×D Z FKOYC @C NRJCPC

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