Causas y Consecuencias de La Evasion

 

 

I@OWAR@B BG LGFDOHD_ O`rrgr` bg Odlt`jhahb`b y Ihl`lz`s

‑O@W_@_ X ODL_GOWGLOH@_ BG A@ GY@_HDL

RZHJWR@ZH@ GL A@ @_DOH@OHßL BG SGPWGÐD_ HLBW_RZH@AG_ X @ZRG_@LD_ BG RZWEHAAD ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` Ahtgr`tur`”  Rr`j`ed bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl p`r` dpt`r `a fr`bd bg5 J`onhaagr gl  Odlt`jhahb`b y Ihl`lz`s  @utt d r gs  @u gs55

Fhsga` _àlongz S`rod bg Àav`rgz Auhs` Ngaagl Sèrgz Sdmp`  @s gsd  @sgs dr5  Br. Zdss`l` O`lohld Dahvgr`

Rruehaad - Sgrõ :306

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

Sàf. :

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

N`f` oaho d puasg `quí p`r` Hlf./Aho/Br/M`f. Ldmjrg @pgaahbd gsorhjhr tgxtd.  tgxtd.  Mhgmjrd bga Odmhtè

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. ?

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

BGBHO@RDZH@

Puhgrd bgbho`r gstg tr`j`ed gl prhmgr auf`r ` Bhds pdr sgr mh fuí`, ` mhs p`brgs pdr odlih`r gl mí, ` mh gspdsd pdr sgr mh `pdyd gl ads mdmgltds bhiíohags, y ` mh nhed pdr sgr mh mdthv`ohÿl g hmpuasd pdr sgfuhr `bga`ltg y bgs`rrdaa`rmg prdigshdl`amgltg. Fhsga` _àlongz S`rod S`rod b g Àav`rgz  Àav`rgz  @ Bhds pdr pgrmhthrmg ouamhl`r gstg adfrd y ` mh m`brg, pdr ga `pdyd hlodlbhohdl`a. Auh s` Ngaagl Ngaagl Sèrgz Sdmp Sdmp `. `.  

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 2

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

 @FZ@BGOHMHGLRD  @FZ@ BGOHMHGLRD

Lugstrd prdiulbd `fr`bgohmhgltd ` Bhds, pdr n`jgrlds fuh`bd y n`jgrlds jrhlb`bd ads rgoursds p`r` n`ogr rg`ahb`b gstg tr`j`ed bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl. @shmhsmd, `fr`bgogmds ` a`s pgrsdl`s qug oda`jdr`rdl mgbh`ltg odlsgeds y odldohmhgltds p`r` a` mgedr` bg lugstr` Rgshs. Lugstr` fr`thtub ` lugstrds qugrhbds bdogltgs bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b Srhv`b` bga Ldrtg, quhglgs ` tr`vès bg sus odldohmhgltds n`l odltrhjuhbd ` lugstr` idrm`ohÿl prdigshdl`a. Sdr õathmd, `fr`bgogmds bg odr`zÿl ` lugstrds p`brgs, gspdsd g nhed, pdr b`rlds o`b` bí` su `pdyd hlodlbhohdl`a y ` lugstrds qugrhbds odmp`ðgrds pdr su `mhst`b.

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 7

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

R@JA@ BG ODLRGLHBD

 @OR@

BG

@WRDZHU@OHßL @WRDZHU@ OHßL

S@Z@

SZG_GLR@OHßL

BGA

RZ@J @E @ED D

BG

HLYG_RHF@OHßL……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………….. :   @OR@ BG GY@AW@OHßL GY@A W@OHßL BGA RZ@J @ED @E D BG HLYG_RHF@OHßL ……………………………?  BGBHO@RDZH@ ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 2   @FZ@BGOHMHGLRD  @FZ@ BGOHMHGLRD ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 7  ÍLBHOG BG R@JA R@J A @_ ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. >  ÍLBHOG BG IHFWZ@_ ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 8  ZG_WMGL ..................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ...................................................................... ... 03  O@SÍRWAD O@SÍRWA D H HLRZDBWOOHßL ............................................................................. ........................................................................................... .............. 00  O@SÍRWAD O@SÍRWA D HH MGRDBDADFÍ@ ....................................................... ........................................................................................... .................................... 02  :.0. 

Rhpd bg gstubhd ..................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... 02 

:.:. 

Srgfult` bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl .................................................................................... .................................................................................... 02 

:.?. 

Orhtgrhds bg sgagoohÿl y gxoaushÿl bg b g bdoumgltds ............................................... 02 

:.2. 

Bgsorhpohÿl bg a` iugltg iug ltg bg hlidrm`ohÿl hlidrm `ohÿl .............................................................. .............................................................. 07 

:.7. 

Gstr`tgfh` bg jõsqugb` bg hlidrm`ohÿl ............................................................... ............................................................... 07 

:.9. 

Srdogsd bg Oa`shiho`ohÿl bg bdoumgltds ............................................................ ............................................................ 07 

:.6. 

Srdogsd bg gxtr`oohÿl bg b`tds ........................................................................... ........................................................................... 07

O@SÍRWAD HHH ZG_WAR@BD_ ............................................................................................ 09  ?.0.

Sujaho`ohdlgs bg ads tr`j`eds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl .................................................... 06 

?.:.

Bhsgðd bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ 06 

O@SÍRWAD O@SÍRWA D HY BH_OW_HßL X ODLOAW_HDLG_ ODLOA W_HDLG_ ............................................................ ............................................................... ... :0 2.0. Bhsoushÿl…………………………………………………………………………………...…: Bhsoushÿl…………………………………………………………………………………...…:3

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 9

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`.  2.:. Odloaushÿl…...………………………………………………………………………………. :0

ZGIGZGLOH@_ ................................................................................................................... :? 

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 6

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

ÍLBHOG BG R@JA@_

R`ja` 05 Srdogsd bg oa`shiho`ohÿl bg sgagoohÿl sg agoohÿl y gxoaushÿl ................................................ ................................................ 02  R`ja` :5 O`lthb`b sgfõl thpd bg bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl .......................................... 07  R`ja` ?5 O`r`otgrístho`s bg ads tr`j`eds tr `j`eds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl, bh`pdshthv` y `rtíouads. ............. 0> 

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. >

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

ÍLBHOG BG IHFWZ@_ IHFWZ@ 05 Fr`iho` bg @rtnur A`iigr A`i igr .................................................................................... .................................................................................... 0: IHFWZ@ :5 _gagoohÿl bg bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl ...................................................... 09

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 8

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

ZG_WMGL A` prgsgltg hlvgsthf`ohÿl gxpdlg a` rgvhshÿl bg tr`j`eds `ogro` bg a`s o`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg pgqugðds hlbustrh`ags y `rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad (@SH@R) gl a`s MXSG_. Gst` hlvgsthf`ohÿl sg glidoÿ gl a` jõsqugb` bg a` ahtgr`tur` gl rgpdshtdrhds, ahjrds y rgvhst`s uthahz`lbd p`a`jr`s oa`vgs qug `yubgl ` rga`ohdl`r ga tgm` bg gstubhd. Bhon` hlvgsthf`ohÿl `j`rod gl bdoumgltds pujaho`bds bgsbg (:303-:306) tdm`lbd p`r` sí ad màs rgagv`ltg p`r` glrhqugogr a` rgvhshÿl shstgmàtho`. A`s o`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` rgprgsglt`l ul prdjagm` p`r` ga Gst`bd, sdohgb`b, ads odltrhjuygltgs, y a`s gmprgs`s odl èli`shs p`r` a`s MXSG_. A`s o`us`s sg drhfhl`l bgsbg a` odlohgloh` bga ld p`fd bga trhjutd pdr p`rtg bga hlbhvhbud p`r` `umglt`r `um glt`r a` t`s` bg gv`shÿl y ad pgreubhoh`a qug gs gstd, p`r` ul` mhord y pgqugð` gmprgs` bgjhbd ` a`s odlsgougloh`s a`jdr`ags, godlÿmho`s, y euríbho`s.

S@A@JZ@_ OA@YG_5 Gv`shÿl, trhjut`ohÿl, s`lohdlgs, hlir`oohdlgs, y MXSG_

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 03

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

O@SÍRWAD H HLRZDBWOOHßL A` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gs a` m`lgr` ir`ubuaglt` qug `bdpt` ga odltrhjuygltg p`r` hloumpahr a`s ldrm`s ihso`ags (@av`, :30?). A` gv`shÿl ihso`a, gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` d gv`shÿl bg hmpugstd gs ul` bdotrhl` euríbho` rgigrgltg `a hmp`fd vdault`rhd bg trhjutds gst`jagohbd pdr agy. Gs ul `otd haíohtd y sg glougltr` odltgmpa`bd odltgm pa`bd odmd bgahtd d odmd hlir`oohÿl `bmhlhstr`thv` `bm hlhstr`thv` gl ads drbgl`mhgltds euríbhods (X`odao` :300). Ads fdjhgrlds tr`t`l bg odltrda`r y mhlhmhz`r ` ads gv`sdrgs bgjhbd ` qug `igot` a` godldmí` pdr ad qug `bdpt`l mgbhb`s odrrgothv`s trhjut`rh`s odmd, pdr gegmpad, Ht`ah` qug gltrg ga :336 y :33> ihso`ahzd ga 73 pdr ohgltd bg bhvgrsds lgfdohds hlidrm`ags. Sdr dtrd a`bd, Gst`bds Wlhbds qug ` pgs`r qug gs ul p`ís qug thglg ul `atd oumpahmhgltd bg a`s ldrm`s trhjut`rh`s glo`jgz`l a` ahst` bg ads 7 p`ísgs màs gv`sdrgs ` lhvga mulbh`a. (A` Zgb bg Eusthoh`, :309) odlshbgr` ` Gst`bds Wlhbds odl ul >,9 pdr ohgltd bg gv`shÿl, `shmhsmd, Jr`sha, odl ga 0?,2 pdr ohgltd, Ht`ah` odl ul :6 pdr ohgltd, Zush` odl ga 2?,> pdr ohgltd y odmd õathmd auf`r, @agm`lh` odl ga 23 pdr ohgltd bga Srdbuotd Jrutd Hltgrld. Ga Sgrõ gs uld bg ads p`ísgs a`thld`mgrho`lds qug thglg a` t`s` màs `at` gl ou`ltd ` a` gv`shÿl ihso`a odl ul :>,? pdr p dr ohgltd ` bhigrgloh` bg Onhag odl ul :3,? pdr ohgltd, Jdahvh` odl ul 06, 8 pdr ohgltd y Wrufu`y odl ga 0?,2 pdr ohgltd (Odmhshÿl Godlÿmho` p`r` @mèrho` A`thl` y ga O`rhjg, :306). Ads odltrhjuygltgs bg a` Mhord y pgqugð`s gmprgs`s bga sgotdr o`az`bd rgon`z`l rg`ahz`r ga p`fd bg ads hmpugstds y gstd sg j`s` gl qug gs p`rtg a` ouatur` bg ld p`fd y ga gfdísmd hlbhvhbu`a y (A`phlgaa, :300), a` gso`s` odlohgloh` trhjut`rh` p`r` ga glrhqugohmhgltd hlbhvhbu`a bga gmprgs`rhd. Sdr ad qug, ads gmprgs`rhds ld gltrgf`l odmprdj`ltgs bg p`fd ou`lbd gstds rg`ahz`l sus `othvhb`bgs drbhl`rh`s odl a` ihl`ahb`b bg gvht`r d rgj`e`r ga p`fd bg sus hmpugstds. @bgmàs, `bquhgrgl odmprdj`ltgs i`ashiho`bds, oadl`bds d qug rgspdlbgl ` dpgr`ohdlgs qug lulo` gxhsthgrdl. Gl odlsgougloh`, ads mdltds bg a`s vglt`s bgoa`r`b`s sdl ihothohds d m`lhpua`bds p`r` ga jglgihohd ihso`a d orèbhtd ihso`a ` i`vdr, y `sí, gvht`r ul p`fd `bhohdl`a. Bgjhbd ` gst`s pràotho`s qug rg`ahz`l ads gmprgs`rhds, gstds bgjgl odldogr a`s o`us`s qug ags odlaagv` ` gv`bhr hmpugstds y a`s odlsgougloh`s godlÿmho`s qug `igot`rí`l ` sus MXSG_ gl ga o`sd bg ul` ihso`ahz`ohÿl ad qug ihl`ahz`rí` gl ul` muat` m uat` y gstd sgrí` f`std d ga ohgrrg bg a` gmprgs` d gl o`sds gxtrgmds qug n`y` odlihso`ohÿl bg ads jhglgs d qug sg ag prhvg bg a` ahjgrt`b. Wl` bg a`s o`us`s iulb`mglt`ags bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gs a` i`at` bg odlohgloh` trhjut`rh` (Ahodl`,:300), a` gso`s` odlohgloh` trhjut`rh` prdvhglg bg ul` hbhdshlor`sh` j`s`b` gl v`rhds `spgotds, (_da`rh, :303), a`s o`us`ags bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl @rfglthl` sdl ga gxogsd bg prgshÿl trhjut`rh` sdjrg ads odltrhjuygltgs gl ul :0,30%, qug ga odltrhjuygltg tglf` m`ydr f`l`loh` gl ul 0>,0:% y a` o`rgloh` bg odlohgloh` trhjut`rh` gl ul 07,82%. A`

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 00

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`.  hbg` bg qug ads sgrvhbdrgs põjahods sg rdj`l ads hmpugstds, A` pgrogpohÿl bga odltrhjuygltg

` a` hmp`roh`ahb`b gl ga odjrd bg hmpugstds, a` o`p`ohb`b odltrhjuthv`, a` pgrogpohÿl bga odltrhjuygltg gl ou`ltd ` ads sgrvhohds põjahods qug sg dirgogl ` a` sdohgb`b, sdohgb`b , a` `usgloh` bg ul gihohgltg odltrda `bmhlhstr`thvd. Dtr` bg a`s o`us`s gs, a` odrrupohÿl (Ahodl`, :300), ga Gst`bd odrruptd hlbuog ` a` gv`shÿl ihso`a pdr ad qug ga odltrhjuygltg thglg a` pgrogpohÿl pgrog pohÿl qug sh `a ihso`ahz`r a` _WL@R, sg ag glougltr` odl s`avgb`bgs. Gstg drf`lhsmd pugbg sgr sdjdrl`bd p`r` gvht`r a`s s`lohdlgs. s`lohdlgs . @bgmàs, sg glougltr`l a`s t`s`s hmpdshthv`s `at`s (@rldab, :302) mglohdl` qug ` m`ydr hlorgmgltd bg a`s t`s`s hmpdshthv`s sgrà mgldr a` rgo`ub`ohÿl odmd sg gsthpua` gl a` fràiho` bg @rtnur A`iigr, bdlbg `aubg qug, ` m`ydrgs t`s`s, a` rgo`ub`ohÿl bhsmhluyg. Ihfur` 0. Fr`iho` bg @rtnur A`iigr

Iugltg5 Jadf bg Godldmí`. Zgoupgr`bd bg nttp5//godldmy.jadfs.hg.gbu/`ronhvgs/:336/39/ourv`TbgTa`iigr.pnp

B`lbd ` odldogr gl odloaushÿl qug, a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gs ul fr`l prdjagm` qug `quge` ` a` m`ydrí` bg MXSG_ bga sgotdr o`az`bd. Gl ou`ltd ` `rtíouads glodltr`bds, n`y m`ydr hlidrm`ohÿl sdjrg a`s o`us`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`, màs ld bg a`s odlsgougloh`s. Gl ou`ltd ` odlsgougloh`s godlÿmho`s y trhjut`rh`s (F`vgffh` & Ohm`a`lbd, :307), a` pgrogpohÿl lgf`thv` pdr p`rtg bg ads bhsthltds frupds bg hltgrès `igotg `bvgrs`mgltg ` gmprgs`, gl gstg o`sd a`s MXSG_; a` ou`a pdbrí` rgbuohr a` odlih`lz` bga põjahod gl fglgr`a, odmd5 mgldrgs hlfrgsds bg Yglt`s, m`ydrgs Odstds, j`e`s o`ahiho`ohdlgs pdr p`rtg bg ads j`lods, hmpdshjhahb`b p`r` glodltr`r hlvgrsdrgs, bgtgrhdrd bg rga`ohdlgs odl prdvggbdrgs y oahgltgs, hmpdshjhahb`b p`r` `tr`gr ` oahgltgs y gmpag`bds `at`mgltg o`ahiho`bds.

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 0:

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`.  Odl rgspgotd ` a` agy bg ads Zgfímglgs, ads `rtíouads 062 y 067 bga Oÿbhfd Rrhjut`rhd, Rr hjut`rhd,

ga Bgorgtd Agfhsa`thvd L³ 8>0, a` hlidrm`ohÿl gs oa`r` y prgohs` bg ads jglgihohds qug thglgl a`s MXSG_ y ad qug ld pugbgl dmhthr p`r` qug ld o`hf`l gl hlir`oohdlgs y sh `sí iugrg, gltdlogs ` qug s`lohdlgs y muat`s sg glougltr`l supgbht`bds. A` prgfult` bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl idrmua`b` p`r` ga prgsgltg tgm` gs ´Puè hlvgsthf`ohdlgs sg n`l rg`ahz`bd `ogro` bg a`s o`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl ads õathmds 03 `ðds4 Bg a` prgfult` idrmua`b` sg bgsprglbg ga shfuhgltg djegthvd bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl5 @l`ahz`r a`s hlvgsthf`ohdlgs qug sg n`l rg`ahz`bd sdjrg bg a`s O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`s MXSG_ gltrg ga :33> - :306. Gs pdr gaad qug sg rg`ahz`rà ul` rgodagoohÿl bg b`tds bg bhvgrs`s hlvgsthf`ohdlgs, odmd tgshs, `rtíouads ohgltíihods, gltrg dtrds. A` prgsgltg hlvgsthf`ohÿl sg eusthiho` pdrqug pgrmhthrà qug ga gmprgs`rhd tglf` ga odldohmhgltd bg ouàags sdl a`s o`us`s qug ag mdthv`l ` èa p`r` ogbgr ` a` gv`shÿl, `shmhsmd, ouàags sdl a`s odlsgougloh`s godlÿmho`s, trhjut`rh`s y odrpdr`thv`s qug `igot`rí`l ` su gmprgs` odmd MXSG. Bg t`a m`lgr`, a` hlvgsthf`ohÿl sg eusthiho` pdrqug sgrvhrà odmd `ltgogbgltg p`r` iuturds gstubhds rg`ahz`bds pdr gstubh`ltgs p`r` gstubhds bg tgshs bg j`onhaagr, ahogloh`tur`, m`gstrí` d bdotdr`bd. Ihl`amgltg, a` prgsgltg hlvgsthf`ohÿl sg eusthiho`, pdrqug sgrvhrà p`r` djtglgr ga títuad prdigshdl`a bg Odlt`bdr(`) Sõjahod(`), ad ou`a sgrvhrà p`r` qug a` Wlhvgrshb`b Srhv`b` bga Ldrtg, I`ouat`b bg Lgfdohds, oumpa`l odl ads gstàlb`rgs bg o`ahb`b gst`jagohbds pdr ga _HLG@OG, qug odlshstg gl qug tdbds ads gfrgs`bds bga shstgm` ulhvgrsht`rhd bgjgl thtua`rsg ` tr`vès bg a` sustglt`ohÿl y `prdj`ohÿl bg ul` tgshs.

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 0?

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

O@SÍRWAD HH MGRDBDADFÍ@ MGRDBDADFÍ@  :.0.

Rhpd bg gstubhd A` prgsgltg hlvgsthf`ohÿl sg tr`t` bg a` rgvhshÿl shstgmàtho` bg a` ahtgr`tur` sdjrg ga

tgm`5 O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl @SH@R. Ga thpd bg gstubhd gs rgvhshÿl shstgmàtho` y bgihlhrad bg a` shfuhgltg m`lgr` ‑ a` rgvhshÿl

shstgmàtho` bg a` ahtgr`tur` pgrmhtg hbglthiho`r, gv`au`r, hltgrprgt`r y shltgthz`r tdb`s a`s hlvgsthf`ohdlgs gxhstgltgs y rgagv`ltgs bg ul tgm` gl p`rthoua`r ”. (O`mpds, :307, p.23) A` rgodpha`ohÿl bg hlidrm`ohÿl sg rg`ahzÿ bgsbg sgthgmjrg n`st` bhohgmjrg bga `ðd :306, y sg odlsuat`rdl `argbgbdr bg :> bdoumgltds gltrg Rgshs, `rtíouads, y rgvhst`s ohgltíiho`s.

:.:.

Srgfult` bg hlvgsthf`o hlvgsthf`ohÿl hÿl ´Puè hlvgsthf`ohdlgs sg n`l rg`ahz`bd `ogro` bg a`s o`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a`

gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl ads õathmds 03 `ðds4

:.?.

Orhtgrhds bg sgagoohÿl y gxoaushÿl bg bdoumgltds Bÿlbg sg odlshbgrÿ ads shfuhgltgs orhtgrhds5 R`ja` 05 Srdogsd bg oa`shiho`ohÿl bg sgagoohÿl y gxoaushÿl  gxoaushÿl 

RHSD BG

SGZHDBD

HBHDM@

G_R@RW_

RHSD

BDOWMGLRD RG_H_

@lthfñgb`b ld Gsp`ðda

Sujaho`bd

m`ydr

rgpdshtdrhd

`

03

`ðds AHJZD_  @ZRHOWAD_  @ZRHOWA D_ OHGLRHIHOD_ AGXG_ D LDZM@_

gl Rgshs Bgsorhpthv`s

`utdrhz`bd

Sujaho`bd

Sujaho`bd pdr ul`

-

Ohgltíihod

:302 y :307

gbhtdrh`a `utdrhz`bd

-

Hlidrm`thvd

@lthfñgb`b ld Gsp`ðda

Sujaho`bds

-

@rtíouads

bg

rgvhst`s

rgvhshÿl

bga

`ðds   `ðds

`utdrhz`b`s

tgm`

Yhfgloh` bgsbg Gsp`ðda

Sujaho`bd pdr Ga

0882 y :30?

Sgru`ld

m`ydr

`

gl Gsp`ðda

03 Hlfaès Hlfaès  

gl

-

Hlidrm`thvd

Ga`jdr`ohÿl prdph` 

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 02

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

:.2.

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

Bgsorhpohÿl bg a` iugltg bg hlidrm`ohÿl

A`s iugltgs bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl prdvhglgl bg tgshs hltgrl`ohdl`ags, l`ohdl`ags y ado`ags. A`s ou`ags prgsglt`l bhigrgltgs thpds bg mugstr`. @shmhsmd, bhon` hlidrm`ohÿl sg glodltrÿ gl rgvhst`s ohgltíiho`s, ahjrds, jadfs godlÿmhods odl ul` `lthfñgb`b ld m`ydr ` 03 `ðds. _g odlsuatÿ bdoumgltds bg rgpdshtdrhds bhfht`ags, t`ags odmd; a` Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a Bg Rruehaad, Wlhvgrshb`b Srhv`b` @ltgldr Drrgfd, Wlhvgrshb`b Ogs`r Y`aaged, Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a Bg Shur`, Wlhvgrshb`b Ygr`oruz`l`, Wlhvgrshb`b O`tÿaho` Ads Àlfgags bg Onhmjdtg, Wlhvgrshb`b _hmÿl Jdaív`r. @shmhsmd, sg rg`ahzÿ a` jõsqugb` gl ahjrds bg Rrhjut`ohÿl, bgrgond ihl`lohgrd, Oÿbhfd Rrhjut`rhd, gltrg dtrds. X t`mjhèl gl rgvhst`s ohgltíiho`s.

:.7.

Gstr`tgfh` bg jõsqugb` bg hlidrm`ohÿl _g rgodphaÿ hlidrm`ohÿl n`ohglbd ul bgso`rtg bg tgrmhldadfí` qug pdbrí`l `rrde`r

rgsuat`bds hlõthags. _g jusoÿ hlidrm`ohÿl gl pàfhl`s hlbgx`b`s odmd pdr gegmpad Zgb`ayo, p`r` ads `rtíouads y rgvhst`s ohgltíiho`s, y p`r` a`s tgshs sg uthahz`rdl ads rgpdshtdrhds bg a`s bhsthlt`s ulhvgrshb`bgs bga Sgrõ. Sgrõ. 

:.9.

Srdogsd bg Oa`shiho`ohÿl bg bdoumgltds Rglgmds ?3 bdoumgltds gltrg tgshs, `rtíouads, pgrhÿbhods, jadfs godlÿmhods y

rgvhst`s ohgltíiho`s odl ul` `lthfñgb`b ld m`ydr ` 03 `ðds.

:.6.

Srdogsd bg gxtr`oohÿl bg b`tds _g gxtr`ed a` hlidrm`ohÿl bg `ougrbd ` a`s tgshs, `rtíouads, pgrhÿbhods, ahjrds y rgvhst`s,

glodltr`bds, glidoàlbdad `a tgm` bg gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`, tr hjut`rh`, p`r` gstd sg usÿ a`s p`a`jr`s oa`vgs; gv`shÿl, s`lohdlgs, hlir`oohdlgs, y MXSG_. A` ahtgr`tur` rgvhs`b` gs bg 08 bdoumgltds, oumpahglbd odl ads orhtgrhds bg sgagoohÿl iugrdl 02 tgshs sgagoohdl`b`s, : ahjrds y ? rgvhst`s. Ads bdoumgltds glodltr`bds sg bhstrhjuygl bg a` shfuhgltg m`lgr`5 R 

5 O`lthb`b sgfõl thpd bg bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl  hlvgsthf`ohÿl 

`ja` : RHSD BG BDOWMGLRD

O@LRHB@B

RG_H_

02

AHJZD_

:

ZGYH_R@_

?

RDR@A

08

Ga`jdr`ohÿl prdph`

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 07

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

O@SÍRWAD HHH ZG_WAR@BD_ _g `l`ahz`rdl ?3 bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl, bg ads ou`ags sg bgso`rt`rdl ? tgshs, uld pdrquè ads o`us`ags bg a` hlvgsthf`ohÿl ld odhlohbí`l odl ga tr`j`ed, ga sgfulbd pdrquè sg glido` ga odmpdrt`mhgltd bga sgr num`ld gl ou`ltd ` a` gv`shÿl bg idrm` euríbho` y tgrogrd pdrqug gstà glido`bd n`oh` ga fdjhgrld y ld, odl ul ihl gmprgs`rh`a. @bgmàs, sg gxoauyÿ : hlidrmgs, pdrqug ld thglgl rgigrgloh`s t`mjhèl sg bgso`rtÿ ul` (0) Bh`pdshthv`s pdr ld sgr hlvgsthf`ohÿl. @bgmàs, sg bgso`rtÿ 0 Bgorgtd _uprgmd pdr ld sgr hlvgsthf`ohÿl shld agy, t`mjhèl sg bgso`rtÿ ul` ldthoh` bga pgrhÿbhod y ? jadfs godlÿmhods. Sdr ad t`ltd, a` ulhb`b bg `làahshs qugbd odlidrm`b` pdr 08 tr`j`eds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl. Ihfur` :5 _gagoohÿl :5 _gagoohÿl bg bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl

Ga`jdr`ohÿl prdph` 

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 09

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

?.0. Sujaho`ohdlgs bg ads tr`j`eds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl Ads 08 bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl gstàl odlidrm`bds pdr5 Rgshs5 > Rgshs5  > Rgshs bg Rítuad prdigshdl`a, bg a`s ou`ags, ? Rgshs prdvhglgl bga rgpdshtdrhd vhrtu`a bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b Srhv`b` @ltgldr Drrgfd (WS@D), 0 Rgshs pgrtglgog `a Hlsthtutd Sdahtèolhod L`ohdl`a bg Mèxhod, 0 Rgshs pgrtglgog ` a` Wlhvgrshb`b Ygr`oruz`l` bg Mèxhod, 0 Rgshs bga rgpdshtdrhd vhrtu`a bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b Sgru`l` Wlhÿl, 0 Rgshs bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a bg Shur`, 0 tgshs bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b Ogs`r Y`aaged (WOY). 2 Rgshs bg M`gstrí`, 0 Rgshs prdvhglg bga rgpdshtdrhd vhrtu`a bg Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a Sgbrd Zuhz F`aad, 0 Rgshs prdvhglgl bga rgpdshtdrhd vhrtu`a bg Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a bg Rruehaad (WLR), 0 Rgshs prdvhglg bg rgpdshtdrhd vhrtu`a bg Wlhvgrshb`b bg Fu`y`quha y 0 Rgshs bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b @lbhl` _hmÿl Jdaív`r. : Rgshs bg Bdotdr`bd, 0 Rgshs prdvhglg bga rgpdshtdrhd vhrtu`a bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b Oès`r Y`aaged, 0 Rgshs prdvhglg bga rgpdshtdrhd vhrtu`a bg Wlhvgrshb`b _`l M`rtíl bg Sdrrgs. Ahjrds55 0 Ahjrd bhfht`a bg a` Gsouga` bg @bmhlhstr`ohÿl bg Lgfdohds p`r` gfrgs`bds Ahjrds (G_@L), 0 ahjrd bhfht`a Oÿbhfd Rrhjut`rhd.  @rtío  @r tío uads ua ds ohglt oh glt íih íihod odss , 0 `rtíouad gs pujaho`ohÿl bg Hlldv`ohÿl Odlt`jag, 0 `rtíouad gs rgvhst` ohgltíiho` bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b @lbhl` Lèstdr Oàogrgs Ygaàsqugz (W@LOY) y 0 `rtíouad gs pujaho`bd gl a` rgvhst` Idrjgs. Rdbds ads tr`j`eds `l`ahz`bds gstàl gl ga hbhdm` gsp`ðda.

?.:

Bhsgðd bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl  _g oa`shiho`rdl a`s hlvgsthf`ohdlgs bg `ougrbd `a thpd bg bhsgðd bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl,

djtglhglbd ads shfuhgltgs rgsuat`bds5 00 hlvgsthf`ohdlgs sdl bg bhsgðd bgsorhpthvd, bgt`aa`l `afulds i`otdrgs bg a`s v`rh`jags, bgsorhjhèlbdads bgt`aa`b`mgltg. 6 hlvgsthf`ohdlgs sdl bg thpd odrrga`ohdl`a y` qug juso`l mdstr`r a` rga`ohÿl gltrg `mj`s v`rh`jags `l`ahz`lbd bhvgrsds `spgotds. : hlvgsthf`ohÿl gs bg thpd jhjahdfràihod, pugstd qug sg rgodagotÿ hlidrm`ohÿl bg bhigrgltgs `utdrgs qug thglgl tgm`s shmha`rgs.

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. 06

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

R`ja` ?5 ?5 O`r`otgrístho`s bg ads tr`j`eds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl, bh`pdshthv` y `rtíouads.

 @utd  @u tdr(g r(gs) s) y @ð @ðd d bg pujaho`ohÿl  @fuh  @f uh rr rrg, g,

@.

&_hav`, D. (:30?)

O`strd,

_.

&

Puhrdz, I. (:30?)

Ldmjrg bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl

Sujaho`ohÿl

Bhsgðd

bg Drhfgl

Hlvgsthf`ohÿl  @s  @sdo do h`bds h`b ds

Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh` gl ads odmgroh`ltgs

Wlhvgrshb`b

bg

ads

Srhv`b`

`argbgbdrgs bga mgro`bd M`ydrhst` bga

@ltgldr

bhstrhtd bg Rruehaad- @ðd :30?.

Drrgfd

A`s o`us`s qug mdthv`l a` gv`shÿl

Wlhvgrshb`b

trhjut`rh` gl a` gmprgs` odlstruotdr`

Srhv`b`

ads Ohprgsgs _@O. Gl a` ohub`b bg

@ltgldr

Rruehaad gl ga pgrídbd :30:

Drrgfd

`j`rrdtgs

ujho`bds

gl

bg

Bgsorhpthvd

Bgsorhpthvd

Y`rh`jags

Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh`

Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh` Hlir`oohdlgs

Hlohbgloh` Zglfhid, O. & Yhfd, @. (:302)

bg

a`s

hlir`oohdlgs

Wlhvgrshb`b

trhjut`rh`s gl a` shtu`ohÿl godlÿmho` y Srhv`b` ihl`lohgr` bg a`s MXSG_ bga sgotdr @ltgldr o`az`bd @SH@R- `ðd :30?

Odrrga`ohdl`a

Rrhjut`rh`s

bga

@rt.

bga

062

RWD.

X

_htu`ohÿl

Drrgfd

godlÿmho`

y

Ihl`lohgr` Zgf`a`bd, M.; & _gfur`, _gfur `, Z. (:30?) (:30?) O`st`ðgb`,

X.;

Ougv`s,

A.;

O`us`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl ga sgotdr ndtgagrd gl a` ohub`b bg Rruehaad gl ga `ðd :30:

A` gv`shÿl ihso`a5 Wl bgahtd odltr` a`

Mèlbgz, M. & Yhaonh s, F. (:33>)

sdohgb`b

Fu`rlgrds,

Gv`shÿl ihso`a gl Mèxhod5 O`us`s y

L.

(:303)

sdauohdlgs. I`otdrgs sdohdgodlÿmhods qug sg

M`abdl`bd, B. &

rga`ohdl`l odl a` gv`shÿl bg trhjutds

L`v`rrd, E. (:306)

gl ads odmgroh`ltgs bga lugvd ZW_ gl a` ohub`b bg Xurhm`fu`s, :306.

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Wlhvgrshb`b Srhv`b` @ltgldr

Gv`shÿl Odrrga`ohdl`a

Drrgfd

Rrhjut`rh` Gmprgs`rhds bga _gotdr ndtgagrd

Hlsthtutd Sdahtèolhod

Jhjahdfràiho`

Gv`shÿl ihso`a

L`ohdl`a (HSL) Wlhvgrshb`b Ygr`oruz`l`

Gv`shÿl ihso`a5 Jhjahdfràiho`

bg Mèxhod

Wlhÿl

y

odlsgougloh`s Gv`shÿl

Wlhvgrshb`b Sgru`l`

O`us`s

Odrrga`ohdl`a

trhjut`rh` I`otdr sdohdgodlÿmhod

Sàf. 0>

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

A`  @y`a`,  @y `a`, B. (:302). (: 302).

gv`shÿl

trhjut`rh`

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

gl

ads

odmgroh`ltgs ujho`bds gl ga

Wlhvgrshb`b

mgro`bd bg tga`s bg Shur`-

L`ohdl`a

:302.

Shur`

bg Bgsorhpthv`

Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`

Ouatur` trhjut`rh` y su rga`ohÿl odl a` gv`shÿl  @av`r  @a v`r `bd, `bd ,

E.

trhjut`r`

bg

ads

odmgroh`ltgs bg j`z`rgs bga

Ouatur` Wlhvgrshb`b

mgf` mgro`bd Wlho`onh bga Oès`r Y`aaged bhstrhtd bg Odm`s, pgrídbd

(:306).

Bgsorhpthvd

trhjut`rh`

odrrga`ohdl`a

Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`

:306 Odldohmhgltd trhjut`rhd y su hlohbgloh` gl ga ílbhog bg gv`shÿl bga hmpugstd ` Rgldrhd, Rgldrh d, E. (:306). (:306). a` rglt` gl ads odmgroh`ltgs bg `j`rrdtgs bga mgro`bd Mdbgad bg Onhoa`yd :306

Wlhvgrshb`b

Odldohmhgltd

L`ohdl`a Sgbrd

Bgsorhpthvd Zuhz odrrga`ohdl`a

trhjut`rhd Gv`shÿl

bg

hmpugstds.

F`aad

Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` Idrm`ahz`r  @z`j`on  @z`j `on g,

G.

(:33>).

Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` hlbustrh` bg

Wlhvgrshb`b

o`az`bd gl ga Bhstrhtd bga Sdrvglhr.

L`ohdl`a

Rruehaad5 :339-:336

Rruehaad

bg

Bgsorhpthvd odrrga`ohdl`a

g

hltgfr`r agf`amgltg

`a

sgotdr o`az`bd, mgedr`lbd

a`s

iugltgs

bg

orèbhtd.

S`rgbgs, S. (:307)

A` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` g hlohbgloh` gl a` rgo`ub`ohÿl bga hmpugstd ` a` rglt` bg

Wlhvgrshb`b

Bgsorhpthvd

Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`

SL gl a` prdvhloh` bga Fu`y`s, pgrhdbd

bg Fu`y`quha

odrrga`ohdl`a

Mgo`lhsmds

:338 - :30: Mgbh`s tglbhgltgs ` odmj`thr a` _`lth`l`,

@.

(:30?).

gaushÿl y a` gv`shÿl ihso`a bg hmpugstd ` a` rglt` bg a`s sdohgb`bgs gl ga Gou`bdr

hmpagmglt`bds Wlhvgrshb`b

Gaushÿl

y

@lbhl` _hmÿl Bgsorhpthvd

gv`shÿl

bg

Jdaív`r.

ihso`a

Mdthvds y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl Wlhvgrshb`b _uàrgz, G. (:306)

trhjut`rh` gl a`s MXSG_ gl ga gmpdrhd

Oès`r Y`aaged Bgsorhpthvd

odmgroh`a F`m`rr`, A` Yhotdrh`- Ahm`

(WOY)

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`

Sàf. 08

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

Puhlt`lhaa`,

G.

(:302)

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

A` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` y su hlohbgloh` gl

Wlhvgrshb`b

a` rgo`ub`ohÿl ihso`a gl ga Sgrõ y

_`l M`rtíl bg

A`thld`mèrho`.

Sdrrgs Gsouga`

Rhm`là,

E.

&

S`zd, X. (:302).

S`f`r d ld p`f`r gs ga bhagm`5 A`s `othtubgs bg ads prdigshdl`ags n`oh` ga p`fd

bg

hmpugstds

gl

Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh`

Bgsorhpthvd

Zgo`ub`ohÿl ihso`a

bg

@bmhlhstr`ohÿl bg Lgfdohds

Ahm` p`r`

Bgsorhpthvd

Hmpugstds

Bgsorhpthvd

Rrhjut`ohÿl

gfrgs`bds

Mgtrdpdaht`l`

(G_@L) Y`aaged , Y. (:307). (:307). Ngrrgr`,

M.;

Ahm`ong,

M.;

Ahlbd, _`ltds,

F.

& M.

M`lu`a bga Oÿbhfd Rrhjut`rhd 

Gbhtdr` Y`aaged

Ouatur` Ouatur`

Rrhjut`rh`

y

Odlohgloh`

Rrhjut`rh` gl ga Bhstrhtd bg Shaodm`yd

Hlldv`ohÿl Odlt`jag

Bgsorhpthvd

Rrhjut`rh` Odlohgloh` trhjut`rh`

(:300). Wlhvgrshb`b Nu`o`lh,

X.

(:30:). 

Hmpaho`loh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl @lbhl` Lèstdr ga Sgrõ gl ul odltgxtd bg orhshs

Oàogrgs

ihl`lohgr` hltgrl`ohdl`a

Ygaàsqugz

Bgsorhpthvd

Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`

(W@LOY) Ngrrgrd, Ngrrgr d, G. (:307). (:307).

Ads p`ísgs odl m`ydr gv`shÿl ihso`a

Zgvhst`

bga mulbd

Idrjgs

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Bgsorhpthvd

Gv`shÿl ihso`a

Sàf. :3

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

O@SÍRWAD HY BH_OW_HßL X ODLOAW_HDLG_ A` rgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur` rg`ahz`b` n` pgrmhthbd `l`ahz`r y bhsouthr a` hlidrm`ohÿl pujaho`b` gl ga tgm` bg a`s o`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`. Gst` ahtgr`tur` pgrtglgog ` ads `ðds :303 `a :306 y sg uthahzÿ hlidrm`ohÿl dlahlg, ahjrds, rgvhst`s ohgltíiho`s p`r` djtglgr bhvgrshb`b bg hlidrm`ohÿl. A`s mhsm`s qug iugrdl odltr`st`b`s p`r` djtglgr hlidrm`ohÿl odlih`jag y sgfur` sg gxtr`ed a` dphlhÿl bg bhsthltds `utdrgs. (@fuhrrg & _hav`, :30?; O`strd & Puhrdz :30?; Zglfhid, & Yhfd, :302; Zgf`a`bd, & _gfur`, :30?; O`st`ðgb`, Ougv`s, Mèlbgz & Yhaonhs, :33>; Fu`rlgrds, :303; M`abdl`bd & L`v`rrd, :306; @y`a`, :302; @av`r`bd, :306; Rgldrhd, :306; @z`j`ong, :33>; S`rgbgs, :307; _`lth`l`, :30?; _uàrgz, :306; Puhlt`lhaa`, :302; Rhm`là, & S`zd, :302; Y`aaged, :307; Ngrrgr`, Ahm`ong, Ahlbd & _`ltds, :300; Nu`o`lh, :30:; Ngrrgrd, :307). Gl a` rgvhshÿl shstgmàtho` sg rgsumgl b`tds bg ads rgsuat`bds bg a` hlvgsthf`ohÿl qug sg rg`ahzÿ p`r` odmjhl`r hlidrm`ohÿl sdjrg a`s o`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`. _g `l`ahz`rdl ? thpds bg bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl odmd sdl a`s tgshs, ahjrds y rgvhst`s. Rglhglbd ?3 bdoumgltds jhjahdfràihods. Gl prhmgr auf`r, iugrdl 02 Rgshs qug sg `l`ahz`rdl odmpugst`s pdr 00 tgshs prdigshdl`ags, > tgshs bg m`gstrí` y : bg bdotdr`bd qug ` su vgz sdl 7 tgshs bgsorhpthv`s, 6 odrrga`ohdl`a y : jhjahdfràihods. Gst`s tgshs gxpaho`l a`s o`us`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` y a`s odlsgougloh`s qug sg fglgr`l bgjhbd ` bgahtd ihso`a. Gl sgfulbd auf`r, ads `pdrtgs qug sgagoohdl`mds iugrdl bg : `utdrgs Rhm`là, & S`zd, (:302) y Y`aaged, (:307) bÿlbg pgrmhtgl `l`ahz`r odl màs bgt`aag a`s odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`. R`ags odlsgougloh`s sdl godlÿmho`s, euríbho`s y a`jdr`ags qug pgreubho`rí`l ` a`s gmprgs`s `ltg ul` ihso`ahz`ohÿl. X pdr õathmd, a`s ? rgvhst`s qug sg sgagoohdlÿ pdr ads `pdrtgs qug glrhqugohÿ a` hlvgsthf`ohÿl, ul` bg gaa`s gs a` rgvhst` Idrjgs, gs ul` rgvhst` godlÿmho` bÿlbg mugstr` ul` ahst` bg ads p`ísgs màs gv`sdrgs ` lhvga mulbh`a, `shmhsmd, a` rgvhst` ohgltíiho` bg a` Wlhvgrshb`b @lbhl` Lèstdr Oàogrgs Ygaàsqugz, bÿlbg tr`t` sdjrg a`s Hmpaho`loh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl ga Sgrõ gl ul odltgxtd bg orhshs ihl`lohgr` hltgrl`ohdl`a y a` õathm`, qug pgrtglgog ` a` rgvhst` bg Hlldv`ohÿl odlt`jag sdjrg a` ouatur` trhjut`rh` y odlohgloh` trhjut`rh` gl ga Bhstrhtd bg Shaodm`yd. Bhon` hlvgsthf`ohÿl `yubÿ ` tglgr mgedr odldohmhgltd sdjrg a`s o`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` odmd ad bgihlg Aghtg, Bga S`brg, F`av`d y S`lgz (:300), a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gs ul `otd hltglohdl`a qug thglg th glg ga odltrhjuygltg, sgfõl Gsodj`r

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. :0

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`.  (:307), ga odltrhjuygltg odmgtg ir`ubg odl ga ihl bg bhsmhluhr ga mdltd ` p`f`r d

shmpagmgltg ld p`f`rad. Sdr ad t`ltd, a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gs ul` tr`lsfrgshÿl bg a` agy bÿlbg sg ag douat` ads rgoursds godlÿmhods `a gltg rgfua`bdr pdr bhigrgltgs o`us`s odmd sdl a` i`at` bg odlohgloh`, ouatur` trhjut`rh`, a` odrrupohÿl qug gxhstg gl ads drf`lhsmds põjahods, a`s `at`s t`s`s hmpdshthv`s y bhon`s o`us`s fglgr`l odlsgougloh`s godlÿmho`s odmd sdl, ga p`fd bg a`s muat`s pdr a`s hlir`oohdlgs qug sg odmgthgrdl, ga rhgsfd bg a` rgput`ohÿl bg a` gmprgs`, mgldrgs hlfrgsds bg vglt`s, `atds odstd bg vglt`s, gl ga o`sd bg odlsgougloh`s  euríbho`s odmd a` pgl` prhv`thv` pr hv`thv` d a` a ` pgrbhb` bg sus jhglgs y pdr õathmd a`s odlsgougloh`s a`jdr`ags, a` odltr`t`ohÿl bg m`ld bg djr` o`ahiho`b`.

ODLOAW_HßL Bgspuès bg n`jgr `l`ahz`bd ads bdoumgltds bg hlvgsthf`ohÿl sg aagf` ` a` odloaushÿl gl fglgr`a qug a`s o`us`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh`, sdl a`s shfuhgltgs5 A` odlohgloh` trhjut`rh`, ga lhvga bg bgsodldohmhgltd bg ads mhordgmprgs`rhds, a` pgrogpohÿl bg a` odrrupohÿl trhjut`rh`, ga lhvga bg pgrogpohÿl bg bgtgoohÿl y a`s `at`s t`s`s hmpdshthv`s. Ad ou`a, fglgr` a`s shfuhgltgs odlsgougloh`s trhjut`rh`s, odmd sdl5 a`s muat`s y ga ohgrrg tgmpdr`a, `sí odmd t`mjhèl a`s odlsgougloh`s ihl`lohgr`s sdl j`ed lhvga bg hlfrgsd bg vglt`s, ga hlorgmgltd bg ads odstds, y a`s odlsgougloh`s a`jdr`ags odmd a` hmpdshjhahb`b p`r` `tr`gr ` oahgltgs y gmpag`bds `at`mgltg o`ahiho`bds. Sdr ad t`ltd, a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` d ihso`a gs ul prdjagm` qug `quge` ` a` a` sdohgb`b, y `igot` muond màs ` a`s Mhord y Sgqugð` Gmprgs`s, bgjhbd qug gstg thpd bg gmprgs`s sdl a`s qug màs hlourrgl gl hlir`oohdlgs bgjhbd ` su t`m`ðd y pdr glbg, `igot` lgf`thv`mgltg ` a` shtu`ohÿl ihl`lohgr` bg a`s MXSG_ pugstd qug ads ohgrrgs y a`s muat`s fglgr`l bhsmhluohÿl bg hlfrgsds y bhsmhluyg a` ahquhbgz bg a` gmprgs`,

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. ::

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

ZGIGZGLOH@_ @j`ltd Zdmgrd, E. (:302). A` hliaugloh` bga rda bga odlt`bdr gl a` bhsmhluohÿl bg a` Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh` bg a`s MXSG_ bga Bhstrhtd bg a` Gspgr`lz`. Gspgr`lz` . (Rgshs bg Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b Ogs`r Y`aaged, Sgrõ. @fuhrrg, @. & _hav`, D. (:30?). Gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl ads odmgroh`ltgs bg `j`rrdtgs ujho`bds gl ads `argbgbdrgs bga mgro`bd m`ydrhst` bga bhstrhtd bg RruehaadRru ehaad- @ðd :30?. :30?. (Rgshs bg Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b Srhv`b` @ltgldr Drrgfd, Sgrõ @y`a`, _. (:330). A` Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh`5 Wl m`a sdoh`a. Gl Zgvhst` Rrhjutgmds l³ 36. Ahm`5 _upgrhltglbgloh` L`ohdl`a bg @bu`l`s y bg @bmhlhstr`ohÿl Rrhjut`rh`. Zgoupgr`bd bg nttp5//www.sul`t.fdj.pg/hlsthtuohdl`a/pujaho`ohdlgs/rgvhst`Ttrhjutgmds/trhjut88/hlbgx.ntm @y`a`, B. (:302). A` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl ads odmgroh`ltgs ujho`bds gl ga mgro`bd bg tga`s bg Shur`-:302.. (Rgshs bg Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a bg Shur`, Sgrõ. Shur`-:302  @av`, M. ‑(s.i)”. Ld `bquhgr` i`otur`s i`as`s5 Gvhtg ga bgahtd trhjut`rhd y a` pgl` bg oàroga. oàroga . Gl Jadf5

M`rhd

@av`

M`ttguooh.

Zgoupgr`bd

bg

nttp5//jadf.puop.gbu.pg/jadf/jadfbgm`rhd`av`/:30?/39/07/ld-`bquhgr`-i`otur`s-i`as`sgvhtg-ga-bgahtd-trhjut`rhd-y-a`-pgl`-bg-o-roga/#odmmglts @z`j`ong, G. (:33>). Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh` gl a` hlbustrh` bg o`az`bd gl ga Bhstrhtd bga SdrvglhrRruehaad5 :339-:336. (Rgshs bg M`gstrí`). Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a bg Rruehaad, Sgrõ. O`vgffh`, _. & Ohm`a`lbd, I. (8 bg euahd bga :307). Odmulho`ohÿl, hm`fgl odrpdr`thv` g hmpugstds5 oÿmd sg rga`ohdl`l ndy gl ga lugvd gltdrld bg lgfdohds. lgfdohds . Gl Jadfs5 hSrdigshdl`a. Zgoupgr`b`

bg

nttp5//www.hprdigshdl`a.odm/ldt`s/:07?6:-Odmulho`ohl-hm`fgl-

odrpdr`thv`-g-hmpugstds-omd-sg-rga`ohdl`l-ndy-gl-ga-lugvd-gltdrld-bg-lgfdohds Ogltrd bg Gstubhds bg Bgrgonds g Hlvgsthf`ohdlgs S`ra`mglt`rh`s (Dotujrg bga :300). Gstubhd sdjrg a` Gv`shÿl y a` Gaushÿl ihso`ags gl Mèxhod. Mèxhod . Mèxhod5 Ogohah` Ahodl`. Odmhshÿl Godlÿmho` p`r` @mèrho` A`thl` y ga O`rhjg (:306). S`ldr`m` Ihso`a bg @mèrho` A`thl` y ga O`rhjg5 A` mdvhahz`ohÿl bg rgoursds p`r` ga ihl`loh`mhgltd bga bgs`rrdaad sdstglhjag . _`lth`fd5

L`ohdlgs

Wlhb`s.

Zgoupgr`bd

bg

nttp5//rgpdshtdrhd.ogp`a.drf/jhtstrg`m/n`lbag/00?9:/20322/2/_0633398Tgs.pbi Onàvgz, _. (:300). Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh` Gl A` Hlbustrh` Bg O`az`bd Gl Ga Bhstrhtd Bg Ga Sdrvglhr  ‟  Rruehaad5 :303  ‟ :300.  :300. (Rgshs  (Rgshs bg Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a bg Rruehaad, Sgrõ. Bgorgtd _uprgmd L³0??-:30?-GI. Rgxtd Õlhod bga Oÿbhfd Rrhjut`rhd (eulhd Rrhjut`rhd  (eulhd ::, :30?). @rt. 05 Rgxtd Õlhod

bga

Oÿbhfd

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Rrhjut`rhd.

Zgoupgr`bd

bg Sàf. :?

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`.  nttps5//www.s`t.fdj.pg/Vgj_htgY>/mdbuads/Odltglhbds/bdoumgltds/:.%:3Ldrm`thv`XSr 

dluloh`mhgltdsSdr_gohdlgs/:.7.%:3_gooh%O?%J?l%:3@bmhlhstr`oh%O?%J?lRrhjut`rh `/0.%:3Bgorgtd%:3_uprgmd%:30??-:30?GI%:3RG^RD%:3%O?%8@LHOD%:3DZBGL@BD%:3BGA%:3ODBHFD%:3RZHJWR@Z HD.bdo Fu`rlgrds, L. (:303). Gv`shÿl Ihso`a gl Mèxhod5 O`us`s y sdauohdlgs. sdauohdlgs. (Rgshs bg Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b Ygr`oruz`l`, Mèxhod Ngrrgrd, G. (:307). Ads p`ísgs odl m`ydr m `ydr gv`shÿl ihso`a bga mulbd. Gl Zgvhst` Idrjgs. Lugv` Xdrk5 Idrjgs. Zgoupgr`bd bg nttp5//idrjgs.gs/ahst`s/96?9/ads-p`hsgs-odl-m`ydr-gv`shdl-ihso`abga-mulbd/:/ Ngrrgr`, M.; Ahm`ong, M.; Ahlbd, F.& _`ltds, M. (:300). Ouatur` Rrhjut`rh` y Odlohgloh` Rrhjut`rh` gl ga Bhstrhtd bg Shaodm`yd. Hlldv`ohÿl Odlt`jag, Odlt`jag, 0(0),62::9 Nu`o`lh, X. (:30:). Hmpaho`loh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl ga Sgrõ gl ul odltgxtd bg orhshs ihl`lohgr` hltgrl`ohdl`a. Zgvhst` ohgltíiho` bg a` W@LOY, 8(0), 0882->366 A` Odligbgr`ohÿl L`ohdl`a bg Hlsthtuohdlgs Gmprgs`rh`ags Srhv`b`s (:? bg `fdstd bg :309). Bhàadfds p`r` ga bgs`rrdaad. bgs`rrdaad . Sujaho`bd gl a` pàfhl` 09. Zgoupgr`bd bg nttps5//www.mgi.fdj.pg/odltglhbds/hlvgrshdlhst`s/prgsglt`ohdlTgodldmh`Tidrm`ahz`ohdlT: ?3>:309.pbi A` Odlsthtuohÿl Sdaítho` (bhohgmjrg :8, 088?). @rt. 625 Zèfhmgl Rrhjut`rhd y Srgsupugst`a. Zgoupgr`bd

bg

nttp5//pdrt`a.elg.fdj.pg/hlidrm`ohdlagf`a/Odlsthtuohl%:3y%:3Agygs0/ODL_RHRWOHDL%:3 SDAHRHO@%:3BGA%:3SGZW.pbi A` Drf`lhz`ohÿl p`r` a` Oddpgr`ohÿl y ga Bgs`rrdaad Godlÿmhods (DGOB) & A` Iulb`ohÿl Hltgrl`ohdl`a y p`r` Hjgrd`mèrho` bg @bmhlhstr`ohÿl y Sdaítho`s Sõjaho`s (IHH@SS) (:307 ). Idmglt`lbd a` ouatur` trhjut`rh`, ga oumpahmhgltd ihso`a y a` ohub`b`lí`5 Fuí` sdjrg gbuo`ohÿl trhjut`rí` gl ga mulbd. mulbd. S`rís5 DGOB. Zgoupgr`bd bg nttps5//jddks.fddfag.odm.pg/jddks4hb=?TklOf@@PJ@E&pf=S@002&bq=ahjrds+sdjrg+gv` shdl+ihso`a&na=gs&s`=^&vgb=3`nWKGwez7qB6mMNW@nYRzhXKNZxEB8XP9@GHMz@B#v =dlgp`fg&q=ahjrds%:3sdjrg%:3gv`shdl%:3ihso`a&i=i`asg   =dlgp`fg&q=ahjrds%:3sdjrg%:3gv`shdl%:3ihso`a&i=i`asg Aa`ogr, R. (:302). Zgsglthmhgltd ihso`a5 ul` prdpugst` bg mgo`lhsmd gxpaho`thvd bg a` rga`ohÿl gltrg a` gb`b y a` mdr`a ihso`a. Zgvhst` Hltgrl`ohdl`a bg _dohdadfí`, _dohdadfí`, 6:(0), 33?2-860:.

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. :2

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a` @sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad

 

 ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`.  Mgronàl, M. & Ygaàsqugz, L. (:302). A` Gv`shÿl y Gaushÿl Rrhjut`r` bg a`s MXSG_ gl a`s gmprgs`s gmprgs `s

bga sgotdr Odmgrohd- rujrd @j`rrdtgs bga Bhstrhtd bg Onhmjdtg, :302. :302 . (Rgshs

bg

Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b O`tÿaho` Ads Àlfgags bg Onhmjdtg, Sgrõ. S`mphaaÿl, Z. (0> bg eulhd bg :336). Ourv` bg A`iigr . Gl Jadf5 Godldmy Vgjadf. Zgoupgr`b` bg nttp5//godldmy.jadfs.hg.gbu/`ronhvgs/:336/39/ourv`TbgTa`iigr.pnp Zdmgrd, E. (:302). A` hliaugloh` bga rda bga odlt`bdr gl a` bhsmhluohÿl bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` bg a`s MXSG²s bga Bhstrhtd bg A` Gspgr`lz`. Gspgr`lz` . (Rgshs bg Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b Ogs`r Y`aaged, Rruehaad, Sgrõ Zglfhid, O. & Yhfd, @. (:30?). Hlohbgloh` bg a`s hlir`oohdlgs trhjut`rh`s gl a` shtu`ohÿl godlÿmho` y ihl`lohgr` bg a`s MXSG_ bga sgotdr o`az`bd @SH@R- @ðd :30?. :30? . (Rgshs bg Ahogloh`tur`). Wlhvgrshb`b Srhv`b` @ltgldr Drrgfd, Sgrõ. Zdjags, @. (:309). Ads i`otdrgs bgtgrmhl`ltgs bg a` Gv`shÿl Rrhjut`rh` gl a`s mhordgmprgs`s bga sgotdr odmgrohd bg a` ohub`b bg Onhmjdtg. (Rgshs bg M`gstrí`). Wlhvgrshb`b L`ohdl`a bg Rruehaad, Sgrõ. _upgrhltglbgloh` L`ohdl`a bg @bu`l`s y bg @bmhlhstr`ohÿl Rrhjut`rh`. ‑(s.i)” _hstgm` Rrhjut`rhd L`ohdl`a.

Zgoupgr`bd

bg

nttp5//www.sul`t.fdj.pg/hlsthtuohdl`a/quhglgssdmds/shstgm`trhjut`rhd.ntma _grvhohd

bg

Zglt`s

Hltgrl`s.

(:309).

Xd

odlstruyd

mh

Gou`bdr.

Zgoupgr`bd

bg

nttps5//www.sahbgsn`rg.lgt/Adodbgrgm`tg/fuh`->-gfj _`lth`l`, @. (:30?). Mgbhb`s tglbhgltgs ` odmj`thr ` gaushÿl y a` gv`shÿl ihso`a bg Hmpugstd ` a` Zglt` bg a`s sdohgb`bgs gl ga Gou`bdr. (Rgshs bg M`gstrí`). Wlhvgrshb`b _hmÿl Jdaív`r, Gou`bdr. _da`rh, G. (:303). Sgrogpohÿl sdjrg a` Gv`shÿl Ihso`a gl a` @rfglthl`. Lgfdthum, 9 (06), ::9:2?. Rhm`là, E. & S`zd, X. (:302). S`f`r d ld p`f`r gs ga bhagm`5 A`s `othtubgs bg ads prdigshdl`ags n`oh` ga p`fd bg hmpugstds  hmpugstds  gl Ahm` Mgtrdpdaht`l`  Mgtrdpdaht`l`  [Ygrshÿl @bdjg Bhfht`a Gbhthdls] (0gr`.gb.). Ahm`, Sgrõ5 Gsouga` bg @bmhlhstr`ohÿl bg Lgfdohds p`r` gfrgs`bds (G_@L). Zgoupgr`bd

bg

nttp5//www.gs`l.gbu.pg/pujaho`ohdlgs/S`f`r%:3d%:3ld%:3p`f`r%:3p`r`%:3Ogods`m h.pbi Y`aaged, Y. (:307). M`lu`a bga Oÿbhfd Rrhjut`rhd. Ahm`5 Y`aaged. (Srhmgr` Gbhohÿl). Zgoupgr`bd bg nttp5//www.vv`aaged.odm/`bm/bgso`rf`s/`go3o3j?oio67b3036.pbi Yhaagf`s, N. (:330). Oursd bg Ihl`lz`s, Bgrgond Ihl`lohgrd y Rrhjut`rhd. Rrhjut`rhd . Juglds @hrgs5 Bgp`am`.

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. :7

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

 @LG^D_  @ LG^D_

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

Sàf. :9

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

Sàf. :6

 

O`us`s y odlsgougloh`s bg a` gv`shÿl trhjut`rh` gl a`  

_àlongz S`rod, F.; Sèrgz Sdmp`, A.  A.  

@sdoh`ohÿl bg Sgqugðds Hlbustrh`ags y @rtgs`lds bg Rruehaad  ‟ @SH@R, :3065 Zgvhshÿl bg a` ahtgr`tur`. 

Sàf. :>