Cats

 

 

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Music

Andrew Lloyd Webber 

Basis

Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats  

 

 by  by  T. S. Eliot  Eliot 

Premiere

11 May 1981; 38 years ago:  ago:  New New London Theatre,, London, Theatre London, England , U.K. U.K.  

Productions Multiple productions worldwide

 

Awards

Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical Musical   Tony Award for Best Musical  Musical  Tony Award for Best Book of o f a Musical  Musical  Tony Award for Best Original Score  Score  

a sung-through sung-through  musical composed by  by Andrew  Andrew Lloyd Webber  based on the 1939 poetry Cats  is a  collection  Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by by  T. S. Eliot. Eliot. It tells the story of a tribe of cats called collection the  Jellicles the Jellicles  and the night they make the "Jellicle choice", deciding which cat will ascend to the  Heaviside Layer  and come back to a new life. The musical includes the well-known song the Memory"" as sung by  by Grizabella Grizabella..  "Memory Lloyd Webber began setting Eliot's poems to music in 1977 and a nd the compositions were first presented as a  a song cycle  cycle in 1980. Producer  Cameron Mackintosh  Mackintosh then recruited director  Trevor Nunn  and choreographer  Gillian Lynne  Lynne to turn the songs into a complete musical. Cats opened to Nunn positive reviews at the  Theatre in the  the West End  End in 1981 and then to mixed reviews at the New London Theatre  the  Winter Garden Theatre  the Theatre on on  Broadway Broadway  in 1982. It won numerous awards including Best Musical at both the  the Laurence Olivier  and and  Tony Awards. Awards. Despite its unusual premise which deterred investors initially, the musical turned out to be an unprecedented commercial success, with a worldwide gross of $3.5 billion by 2012. The London production ran for 21 years and 8,949 performances, while the Broadway production ran for 18 and 7,485 performances,  the longest-running musical both theatre Catsthe districts foryears a number of years. As of 2019,making it remains  sixth-longest-running WestinEnd show show   and the  fourth-longest-running Broadway show. Cats has since been revived in the West End twice and the on Broadway once. It has also been translated into multiple languages and performed around the world many times. Long-running foreign productions include a 15-year run at the  Operettenhaus the Operettenhaus  in in  Hamburg Hamburg  that played over 6,100 performances, as well as an ongoing run in a purpose-built theatre in Japan that has played over 10,000 performances since it opened in 1983.

Cats started the  the megamusical megamusical  phenomenon, establishing Broadway as a global industry and directing its focus to big-budget blockbusters, as well as family- and tourist-friendly shows. The musical's profound but polarizing influence also reshaped the aesthetic, technology, and marketing of the medium. Cats was adapted into a  a direct-to-video film  film in 1998, with a  a feature film adaptation  by adaptation by  Tom Hooper  set to follow in 2019.

Contents

 

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1Background Background   o  1.1Poems 1.1 Poems   2Creation Creation   o  2.1Inception 2.1 Inception   2.2Development 2.2 Development   o  3Synopsis Synopsis   3.1 Act I – When Cats Are Maddened by the Midnight Dance Dance   o  o  3.2 Act II – Why Will the Summer Day Delay – When Will Time Flow  Away?    Away? 4Music Music   o  4.1Musical 4.1 Musical numbers  numbers    4.2 4.2Orchestration Orchestration   5Characters Characters   o

 

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  5.1 5.1Featured Featured   o  5.2Others 5.2 Others   6Notable casts  casts  6.1One-off 6.1 One-off film characters  characters  o  o  6.2Notable 6.2 Notable replacements  replacements  7 Artistic elements  elements  o  7.1Musical 7.1 Musical treatment  treatment  o  7.2Choreography 7.2 Choreography   o  7.3Staging 7.3 Staging   7.4Set 7.4 Set and costume design  design   o  8Production history  history  o  8.1London 8.1 London   o  8.2Broadway 8.2 Broadway   o  8.3North 8.3 North America  America  o  8.4United 8.4 United Kingdom  Kingdom  8.5Japan 8.5 Japan   o  o  8.6Vienna 8.6 Vienna   o  8.7Germany 8.7 Germany   o  8.8Europe 8.8 Europe   8.9Oceania 8.9 Oceania   o  8.10 Asia  Asia   o  o

 

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  8.11 8.11Others Others     8.12 8.12Regional Regional and amateur   9Film adaptations  adaptations  10Reception 10 Reception   o  10.1Box 10.1 Box office  office  o  10.2Critical 10.2 Critical reception  reception  10.3 Awards and nominations  nominations  o  11Legacy 11 Legacy and cultural impact  impact  o  11.1Influence 11.1 Influence and innovations  innovations  o  11.2"Memory" 11.2 "Memory"   o  11.3Creators 11.3 Creators   o  11.4In 11.4 In popular culture  culture  12Recordings 12 Recordings and music video  video  12.1Cast 12.1 Cast recordings  recordings  o  o  12.2Music 12.2 Music video  video  13Revisions 13 Revisions and cut material  material   o  13.1"Growltiger's 13.1 "Growltiger's Last Stand"  Stand"  o  13.2Mungojerrie 13.2 Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer   o  13.3Rum 13.3 Rum Tum Tugger   13.4Choreography 13.4 Choreography   o  14References 14 References   14.1Bibliography 14.1 Bibliography   o  15External 15 External links  links  o o

   

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Background[edit edit]]  on T. S. Eliot' Eliot's 1939 poetry book  book Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, with the songs Cats is based on  in the musical consisting of Eliot's Elio t's verse set to music by  by Andrew  Andrew Lloyd Webber .[1] The musical is unusual in terms of its construction; along with Eliot's poems, music and dance are the main focus of

 

the show at the expense of a traditional narrative structure.[2] Musicologists Musicologists  William Everett and  and Paul [3] Laird  described Cats as "combining elements of the  the revue revue  and and  concept musical" musical".  The plot centres Laird on a tribe of cats called the  Jellicles,, as they come together at the annual Jellicle Ball to decide the Jellicles which one of them will ascend to the  the Heaviside Layer  (their version of heaven) and be reborn into a [4] new life. life.  The bulk of the musical consists of the different contenders being introduced, either by themselves or by other cats. cats.[5] 

Poems [edit edit]] 

T. S. Eliot's poetry provided most of the lyrics for Cats 

Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats  is a collection of  light poetry  poetry about cats that Eliot had originally written for his godchildren in the 1930s. Due to the rhythmic nature of Eliot's work, there had been previous attempts before Cats at setting his poems to music, though none of these attempts a ttempts had [6] been met with much critical or commercial success. success.  Musicologist John Snelson wrote of the poems: [They] provided excellent material for musicalization, as Eliot's style in this collection is reminiscent of a popular lyricist. The poet uses repeated catch phrases, strong hooks, steady rhythm and outrageous, attention-grabbing, witty rhymes, which are the ingredients of every well-crafted popular lyric..[7]  lyric Most of the lyrics in Cats were taken from Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats with very minor alterations. Supplementary verses from unpublished poems by Eliot were adapted a dapted for "Grizabella: The Glamourwas Cat" and from "The aJourney to in the LaSalvages Layer", yer", while the  director  song "The Moments Happiness" taken passage EliHeaviside Eliot's ot's The Dry . Cats  Trevor Nunnof Nunn   and lyricist  Richard Stilgoe  lyricist Stilgoe provided the remaining lyrics, namely for the opening number "Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats" and the most famous song from the musical" musical"Memory Memory"". The former was written by Nunn and Stilgoe and was modelled after an unpublished poem by Eliot titled "Pollicle Dogs and Jellicle Cats", while the latter was written by Nunn based on another Eliot poem titled "Rhapsody on a Windy Night". Night".[1] 

Creation[edit edit]]  edit]]  Inception [edit Lloyd Webber began composing the songs in late 1977 as a songwriting exercise, partly because Eliot's book had been a childhood favourite and partly to see if he could write music to predetermined lyrics. The compositions were performed privately for friends but Lloyd Webber had no forLloyd them Webber at the time. After  song cycle  cycle  Tell was televised byin on a Sunday  of the the further  BBC BBC  inintentions early 1980, began to his consider using hisMe musicalizations Eliot's poems

 

the same vein for a televised concert anthology.[8] He approached producer  Cameron Mackintosh  Mackintosh to [9] explore possible avenues for the songs.  

Practical Cats, as the show was then called, was first presented as a song cycle at the 1980 summer  Sydmonton Festival. Festival. The concert was performed by  by Gemma Craven, Craven, Gary Bond  Bond and and  Paul Nicholas.. Eliot's widow and  Nicholas and literary executor , Valerie Valerie,, was in attendance and brought along various unpublished cat-themed poems by Eliot. One of these was "Grizabella the Glamour Cat" which, although rejected from Eliot's book for being "too sad for children", gave Lloyd Webber the idea for a [10]

full-blown musical. musical.  He explained: The musical and dramatic images that this created for me made me feel that there was very much more to the project than I had realised. I immediately decided that I needed the support of another to encourage me to re-work my settings and to see if a dramatic whole could be woven from the delightful verse that I was now to be allowed to develop.[8]  Lloyd Webber thus decided to turn Practical Cats into a musical, co-produced by Mackintosh and the  Really Useful Group' the Group's Brian Brolly. Brolly.[10] 

Development [edit edit]]  Shortly after the Sydmonton Festival, Lloyd Webber began setting the unpublished poems he had been given to music, a few of which were later added into the show. He also composed the  overture the overture  and "The Jellicle Ball", incorporating  incorporating analog synthesizers  synthesizers into these orchestrations to try to create a unique electronic  soundscape..[11] Meanwhile, Mackintosh recruited Nunn, the then artistic electronic soundscape the Royal Shakespeare Company  director of the  Company (RSC), to direct Practical Cats. Nunn was an unusual choice as he was considered "too high-brow" for musical theatre,[12] but Mackintosh felt that a "pedigree" director was needed to ensure Valerie Eliot's approval of the project.[13] After  After much persuasion, Nunn came on board and was joined by his fellow RSC colleagues, choreographer  Gillian Lynne  Lynne and set and costume designer  John Napier .[9][14] Nunn initially a chamber piece  piece for five actors and two pianos, which he felt would envisioned Practical Cats as a  reflect "Eliot's charming, slightly offbeat, mildly satiric view of late-1930s London".[15] However, he relented to Lloyd Webber's more ambitious vision for the musical.[15] Nunn was also convinced that for the musical to have the wide commercial appeal that the producers desired, it could not remain as a series of isolated numbers but instead had to have a narrative through line. line.[14] He was therefore i nto a story.[16] Nunn wrote about the tasked with piecing the self-contained poems together into significance "Grizabella the Glamour Cat" had on the construction of the narrative: Here in eight lines Eliot Eli ot was describing an intensely recognizable character with powerful human resonances, while introducing the themes of mortality, and the past, which occur repeatedly in the major poems. We decided that if Eliot had thought of being serious, touching, almost tragic in his presentation of a feline character, then we had to be doing a show which could contain that material, m aterial, and the implications of it. Furthermore, we would have to achieve the sense of progression pro gression through [17] themes more than incidents. incidents.    An event called the Jellicle Ball was referenced referenced by Eliot in the poem "The "The Song of the Jellicles", while a cat version of heaven known as the Heaviside Layer was mentioned in one of his unpublished poems. Nunn expanded on these concepts by conceiving the Jellicle Ball as an annual ritual in which the cats vie to be chosen to ascend to the Heaviside Layer, thus giving the characters a reason to gather and sing about themselves in the musical. He also added the element of rebirth as a play on the idea that cats have nine lives.[1]  One of Nunn's stipulations for agreeing to directPractical Cats was that actress  actress Judi Dench  Dench would be cast in the musical. Lloyd Webber was happy to oblige given her credentials and so Dench joined the company in the  the dual roles  roles of  Grizabella Grizabella  and and  Jennyanydots Jennyanydots.. Former  Royal Ballet  Ballet principal dancer  Wayne Sleep  Sleep was offered the part of  Mr. Mistoffelees  Mistoffelees after Lloyd Webber and Mackintosh attended a performance by his dance troupe, one of the many dance showcases they saw in preparation for the musical. Casting for the other roles began in November 1980, with auditions held

 

across the UK for dancers who could also sing and act. There was an initial disagreement over the casting of Nicholas as  as Rum Tum Tugger ; Nunn had misgivings about the actor's laid-back attitude but eventually yielded to Lloyd Webber, Mackintosh and Lynne, all of whom were keen on Nicholas for the role.  role. Sarah Brightman, Brightman, who had already made a name for herself with the chart hit" hit"I Lost My Heart to a Starship Trooper ", arranged a private audition and was cast in an as-then undecided role. By December, the full cast had been assembled.[18]  Meanwhile, Mackintosh engaged the advertising agency Dewynters to design a poster for the musical. Aftereyes much back-and-forth, the agency presented a minimalist min imalist posterbackdrop. consistingThe of a pair of yellow feline (with dancing silhouettes sil houettes for the  pupils pupils)) set against a black producers and the creative team loved the design but felt that the title— Practical Cats — looked out of place when paired with the image of the cat's eyes. The musical's title was thus shortened to  just Cats.[19]  The musical was scheduled to open on 30 April 1981, with previews previews  starting on 22 April. Shortly before tickets went on sale in mid-February, mid -February, Nunn revealed to the alarmed producers that he was struggling to write the script for the musical. Despite still having no established book or score, rehearsals began on 9 March 1981 in a church hall in Chiswick Chiswick,, London. The original music director, Chris Walker, became so frustrated with the unfinished score that he quit by lunchtime and was replaced by the film conductor  Harry Rabinowitz. Rabinowitz.[20] The situation improved later that day when Lloyd Llo yd Webber, Mackintosh and Nunn met with Stilgoe, a musician known kno wn for his ability to improvise lyrics on the spot, in hopes that Stilgoe could write an opening song for the musical. By the next evening, Stilgoe had produced a draft for "Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats".[21] However, "Memory", an  an 11 [22]

o'clock that Nunn insisted showpartner  needed its "emotional centre"  still a had no number  lyrics at for thisGrizabella point. Lloyd Webber's formerthe writing  TimasRice  Rice  was brought in to, write lyric for the song, but his version was rejected by Nunn for being too depressing. The lyrics for "Memory" were not completed by Nunn until well into i nto the previews.[23] 

The original 1981 London cast of Cats 

Many of the ensemble characters were created by the original cast through extensive  improvisation extensive improvisation  sessions held during the rehearsal process. Said Nunn: "[O]n day one of rehearsals what we had was 15 poems set to music and five weeks later we had h ad a show with [24][25] characters, relationships and stories running from beginning to end."  The production faced a last minute mishap when Dench  Dench snapped her Achilles tendon  tendon during rehearsals for "The Old Gumbie Cat" and had to pull out one week before the first preview. Her understudy Myra Sands replaced her as Jennyanydots, while  while Elaine Paige  Paige agreed to take over the role of Grizabella. Opening night was pushed back to 11 May, but Mackintosh refused to postpone the previews as he wanted to dispel the industry rumours that the production was an impending debacle.[26]  The development of Cats was also plagued by financial fi nancial troubles. Mackintosh struggled to raise the £450,000 (US$1.16 million[27]) needed to stage the musical in the  the West End  End as major investors were sceptical of the show's premise and refused to back it. Lloyd Webber personally underwrote underwrote  the musical and took out a second  second mortgage mortgage  on his house for the  the down payment  payment of the theatre. He later recalled that if Cats had been a commercial failure, it would have left him in financial ruin.[28] The

 

remaining remaining  capital capital  was eventually financed by small investments procured from 220 individuals i ndividuals through newspaper advertisements.[1][12] After  After the musical became became a massive hit, the the  rate of return  return for [29] these investors was estimated to have exceeded 3,500% 3 ,500%.  

Synopsis[edit edit]]   Ac t I  – When Cats Cats Ar e M Maddened addened by th e M Midn idnigh ightt Dance[edit edit]] 

The  cats gather every year to make the "Jellicle Choice", and decide which cat will ascend to the The Jellicle cats  Heaviside Layer and come back to a new life.

 After the overture, the the cats gather on stage and describe describe the Jellicle Jellicle  tribe and its purpose ("Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats"). The cats (who break the fourth wall  wall throughout the show) then notice that they are being watched by a human audience, and proceed to explain how the different cats of the tribe are named (" ("The Naming of Cats" Cats"). This is followed by a  a ballet ballet  solo performed by  by Victoria Victoria  to signal the beginning of the Jellicle Ball ("The Invitation to the Jellicle Ball"). At this moment, Munkustrap moment,  Munkustrap,, the show's main narrator, explains that tonight tonig ht the Jellicle patriarch Old Deuteronomy  will make an appearance and choose one of the cats to be reborn into a new life on Deuteronomy the Heaviside Layer. The first contender Munkustrap introduces is  is Jennyanydots Jennyanydots  ("The Old Gumbie Cat"), a large tabby cat who lazes around all day, but come nighttime, she becomes active, teaching mice and cockroaches various activities to curb their naturally destructive habits. habi ts. Just as Jennyanydots finishes her song, the music changes suddenly and Rum Tum Tugger  makes his extravagant entrance in front of the tribe ("The Rum Tum Tugger"). He is very fickle and unappeasable, "for he will do as he do do, and there's no doing anything about it". Then, as Rum Tum Tugger's song fades, a shabby old grey cat stumbles out wanting to be reconciled; it is  is Grizabella Grizabella.. All the cats back away from her in fear and disgust and explain her unfortunate state ("Grizabella: The Glamour Cat"). Grizabella leaves and the music changes to a cheerful upbeat number as  as Bustopher Jones, Jones, a fat cat in "a coat of fastidious black", is brought to the stage ("Bustopher Jones: The Cat clubs. About Town"). Bustopher Jones is among the elite eand lite the of the cats, and visits prestigious prestigious   gentlemen's clubs . Suddenly, a loud crash startles the tribe cats run offstage in fright. Hushed giggling sounds signal the entrance of   Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer , a pair of near-identical cats. They are mischievous mi schievous petty burglars who enjoy causing trouble around their human neighbourhood ("Mungojerrie and an d Rumpleteazer"). After they finish, they are caught offguard and confronted by the rest of the cats. Finally, the Jellicle patriarch, Old Deuteronomy, arrives before the tribe ("Old Deuteronomy"). He is a wise old cat who "has lived many lives" and is tasked with choosing which Jellicle will go to the Heaviside Layer every year. The cats put on a play for Old Deuteronomy ("The Awefull Battle of the Pekes and the Pollicles" Pollicles"), telling a story about two dog tribes clashing in the street and subsequently being scared away by the Great Rumpus Cat. Cat. A sombre moral from Old Deuteronomy is interrupted by a second loud crash, presumably from Macavity Macavity,, which sends the alarmed ala rmed cats scurrying. After a fal se alarm and summons the cats back as quick patrol for Macavity, Old Deuteronomy deems it a false as the main celebration begins ("The Jellicle Ball"), in which the cats sing and display their "Terpsichorean Terpsichorean  powers".

 

During the Ball, Grizabella reappears and is once again shunned by the other cats ("Grizabella: The Glamour Cat (Reprise)") while Old Deuteronomy looks on sadly. She tries to dance along, but her age and decrepit condition prevent p revent her from doing so ("Memory (Prelude)").

 Ac t II  – Why Will t he Summer Day De Delay lay  – When Will Time Flow Aw ay? [edit edit]]   After the Jellicle Ball, Old Deuteronomy contemplates "what "what happiness is", referring to Grizabella. Grizabella. However, the cats do not understand him, so he h e has Jemima Jemima  (also known as Sillabub), the youngest of all Jellicles, sing it i t in simpler terms ("The Moments of Happiness"). Gus Gus  –  – short for Asparagus –  shuffles forward as the next cat to be introduced ("Gus: The Theatre Cat"). He was once a famous actor but is now old and "suffers from  from palsy palsy  which makes his paws shake". He is accompanied by  Jellylorum by Jellylorum,, his caretaker, who tells of his exploits. e xploits. Gus then remembers how he once played the captain, Growltiger  a.k.a. the Terror of the  infamous pirate captain,  the Thames Thames  ("Growltiger's Last Stand"). Gus tells the story about the pirate captain's romance with Lady Griddlebone, and how Growltiger was overtaken by the Siamese and forced to walk the plank to his death. Back in the present, after Gus exits,  exits, Skimbleshanks Skimbleshanks  is seen sleeping in the corner ("Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat"). He is the cat who is unofficially in charge of the night train to Glasgow. Skimbleshanks is considered vital to the rail operations, as without him "the train can't start". Within his song, a whole steam train engine is assembled out of objects in the junkyard. With a third crash and an evil laugh, the "most wanted" cat Macavity appears. He is the so-called "Napoleon Napoleon  of Crime" who always manages to evade the authorities. Macavity's henchmen capture Old Deuteronomy and take off with the patriarch in tow. As Munkustrap and his troop give chase, chase,   Demeter   and and  Bombalurina   explainreturns what they know about ("Macavity: The Mystery Cat"). When they are Bombalurina finished, Macavity disguised as OldMacavity Deuteronomy, but his cover is blown by Demeter and he ends up in a fight with Munkustrap and Alonzo. Macavity holds his own for a time, but as the rest of the tribe begin to gang up and surround him, he shorts out the stage lights and escapes in the resulting confusion.  After the fight, Rum Rum Tum Tugger calls upon the the magician Mr. Mistoffelees  Mistoffelees for help ("Magical Mr. Mistoffelees"). Known as the "original conjuring cat", Mr. Mistoffelees can perform feats of magic that no other cat can do. He displays his magical powers in a dance solo and uses them to restore the lights and bring back Old Deuteronomy. Now, the Jellicle Choice can be made. Before Old Deuteronomy can announce his decision, Grizabella returns to the junkyard and he allows her to address the gathering. Her faded appearance and lonely disposition have little effect on her song (" ("Memory Memory""). With acceptance and encouragement from Jemima and Victoria, her appeal succeeds and she is chosen to be the one to go to the Heaviside Layer and be reborn into a new Jellicle life ("The Journey to the Heaviside Layer"). A tyre rises from the piles of junk, carrying Grizabella and Old Deuteronomy partway toward the sky; Grizabella then completes the journey on her own. own.[i] Finally, Old Deuteronomy gives his closing speech to the audience ("The Ad-dressing of Cats") and the show comes to a close. Notes: 1.

^  The method in which Grizabella ascends to the Heaviside Layer varies

depending on the production. In the original London and Broadway productions, she climbs up a stairway that emerges from the ceiling. In the 1990s and 2000s scaled-down touring productions, she ascends via a flying saucer -like vessel. vessel.[30] 

Music[edit edit]]  Musical numbers [edit edit]]  Act I

Act II

 

       

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"Overture" –  Orchestra  Orchestra "Prologue: Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats"  –  The  The Company "The Naming of Cats Cats""   –   The Company –  The "The Invitation to the Jellicle Ball"  –  Victoria,  Victoria, Quaxo, Munkustrap, Company "The Old Gumbie Cat"  –  Jennyanydots,  Jennyanydots, Munkustrap,

 

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"The Moments of Happiness"  –  Old  Old Deuteronomy, Jemi Company "Gus: The Theatre Cat"  –  Asparagus,  Asparagus, Jellylorum "Growltiger'ss Last Stand" (including "The Ballad of Bill "Growltiger' M'Caw" or "In Una Tepida Notte")†   –  –  Growltiger,  Growltiger, Griddlebone, Genghis, The Crew, Company

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Bombalurina, Jellylorum, Demeter, Company "The Rum Tum Tugger"  –  Rum  Rum Tum Tugger, Quaxo, Bombalurina and Company "Grizabella: The Glamour Cat"  –  Grizabella,  Grizabella, Demeter, Bombalurina, Company "Bustopher Jones: The Cat About Town"  –  Bustopher,  Bustopher, Jennyanydots, Bombalurina, Jellylorum, Company "Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer" Rumpleteazer"  –  Mungojerrie,  Mungojerrie, Rumpleteazer, Rumpleteaz er, Company "Old Deuteronomy" –  Munkustrap,  Munkustrap, Rum Tum Tugger, Old Deuteronomy,, Company Deuteronomy Pollicles"   –  –   "The Awefull Battle of the Pekes and the Pollicles" Munkustrap, Rumpus Cat and Company "The Jellicle Ball"*  –  The  The Company

     

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"Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat"  Skimbleshanks and Company "Macavity:: The Mystery Cat"  –  Demeter, "Macavity  Demeter, Bombalurina, "Mr. Mistoffelees"  –  Mr.  Mr. Mistoffelees, Rum Tum Tugge and Company –  Grizabella,  Grizabella, Jemima "Memory" Memory"   –  "The Journey to the Heaviside Layer" –  The  The Company "Finale: The Ad-Dressing of Cats"  –  Old  Old Deuteronomy a Company

"Grizabella: The Glamour Cat (Reprise)" –  Jellylorum and Jemima "Memory (Prelude)"  –   Grizabella G rizabella * Also credited as "Song of the the Jellicles and the Jellicle Ball".[31]  †Song has been dropped from US and UK productions since

2016.[32] In the 2016 Broadway revival, "The Awefull Battle of the 2016. Pekes and the Pollicles" was moved to Act II to replace this number .[31] 

Orchestration[edit edit]]  Based on the definitive 16-piece licensed version.[33]   

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Woodwind I: flute,  flute, tenor sax, sax, soprano sax   sax ♭

   

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          Trumpet I: B♭ trumpet, trumpet ,  piccolo piccolo trumpet trumpet    

 clarinet,, baritone  baritone sax, sax,  Woodwind II: B  clarinet II:  flute anglais   Woodwind III:  III: oboe, oboe, cor anglais Horn I Horn II

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Keyboard I Keyboard II Keyboard III Percussion Cello Guitar: electric, acoustic Bass Drums

Trumpet II: B♭ trumpet,  trumpet,  flugelhorn  flugelhorn  Trombone

Characters[edit edit]]  article: Jellicle cats  Main article:  cats  Cats is an  an ensemble show  show with a large  large supporting cast  cast and [34]

no no  leads leads..  

 

Featured [edit edit]] 

From left to right:  right: Old Deuteronomy,, Jemima Deuteronomy Jemima,, Grizabella Grizabella  and and  Victoria Victoria  during an event in Germany, 2011.

Characters who are featured singers and/or dancers:  Aspar par agus (Gus (Gus)) a.k.a. the Theatre Cat – A frail elderly cat    As

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who likes reminiscing about his past exploits when he used to be a famous stage actor .[35]  Bombalurina –  – A flirty and confident red queen; she is best friends with Demeter and the two share an intense i ntense hatred for Macavity..[36]  Macavity Bustopher Jones  –  – A fat upper-class cat with a "fastidious black coat and white spats". Respected by all, he h e is a man of leisure who frequents  frequents gentlemen's club  club for their  fine [37] dining dining..  In most productions, the actor playing Gus also plays Bustopher, though in early productions the part was handled by the actor playing Old Deuteronomy. Demeter  –  – A troubled and skittish queen; she is best friends with Bombalurina and the two share an intense hatred for Macavity..[36]  Macavity Griddlebone –  – Growltiger's lover in "Growltiger's Last Stand" Stand", in which she sings "The Ballad Bal lad of Billy M'Caw" or the mock Italian aria "In Una Tepida Notte" (depending on production). Usually played by the actress playing Jellylorum. Grizabella –  – A former "glamour cat", ostracised by the Jellicles, who has lost her sparkle and now only wants to be accepted..[38]  accepted Growltiger   – – A theatrical character Gus recalls playing in his youth, and who appears in Gus' memory during "Growltiger's Last Stand". Stand".[35] In some productions he is portrayed as a vicious pirate; in others, he is i s more comical. Usually played by the actor playing Gus. Jellylorum  –  – A motherly caretaker who watches out for the kittens and looks after Gus. Jemima/Sillabub  –  – The youngest kitten. Idealistic and jovial, she is sympathetic to Grizabella's plight. plight.[39]  Jennyanydots a.k.a. the Old Gumbie Cat – She sits around all day and is seemingly very lazy, but at night, she becomes very active as she rules the mice and cockroaches, forcing

 

 

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them to undertake helpful functions and creative projects to curb their naturally destructive habits.[40]  kno wn as the "Napoleon of Macavity –  – A notorious criminal known [41] Crime"..  He is a featured dancer with no singing parts. Crime" Usually played by the actor playing Admetus/Plato. Mr. Mistoff elee elees s  – black-and-white tuxedo tuxedo  tom  – A young black-and-white  learning to control his magical powers.[42] He is a featured dancer, performing his signature "Conjuring Turn" (twenty-four consecutive  fouettés en tournant) consecutive tournant) during his number .[43] Mistoffelees' chorus identity is sometimes known as Quaxo . Mungojerrie –  – A mischievous troublemaker, he is one-half of a notorious duo of cat-burglars along with Rumpleteazer  .[44]  Munkustrap –  – A grey tabby tomcat who is the storyteller and protector of the Jellicle tribe. He is i s Old Deuteronomy's second-in-command and the show's main narrator  .[45]  Old Deuteronomy –  – The wise and benevolent elderly Jellicle leader who is beloved by his tribe. He tries to get the other cats to accept Grizabella all through the show.[46]  Rumpleteazer  –  – A mischievous troublemaker, she is one half of a notorious duo of cat-burglars along with Mungojerrie.[44]  Rum Tum Tugger  –  – A flashy and unappeasable cat who loves to be the centre of attention. attention.[47]  Skimbleshanks a.k.a. the Railway Cat – An upbeat and active orange tabby cat, who lives on the mail trains  trains and acts as an unofficial chaperone to such an extent he is considered rather indispensable to the train and station employees.[48]  Victoria –  – A demure and graceful white kitten. She is a featured dancer, opening with a ballet ball et solo after "The Naming of the Cats" and is the first character to touch Grizabella.[49] 

Others [edit edit]]  Other characters who have appeared in multiple notable productions include:    Ad  Admet metus us /Plato –  – The chorus identity of Macavity. He is a

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quiet ginger-and-white young tom, and is typically paired with Victoria in a  a pas de deux  deux during the Jellicle Ball. Ball.[50]   Alon  Al on zo  –  – A black-and-white tom. He is vain, insecure and a nd full of bravado. bravado.[51]  Bill Bailey/ Bailey /Tumblebrutus –  – A playful tom kitten, often performing acrobatics as well as being a strong dancer. His costume consists of brown patches (including a brown eye patch) on a white base. base.[52]  Carbucketty//Pouncival – Carbucketty  – A playful and acrobatic brown-and[53] white tom kitten. kitten.   Cassandra –  – An elegant and aloof brown  brown pointed pointed  queen queen..[54]  Coricopat and Tantomile –  – Mysterious twin brother and sister with psychic abilities. abilities.[55]  Electra – solemn tortoiseshell kitten. kitten. Her  – A reserved and solemn  costume is brown, red and black. black.[56] 

 

 

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Etcetera –  – An exuberant and immature  immature tabby kitten. kitten. Her

costume is white, black and brown. brown.[57]  Rumpus Ca Catt  –  – A spiky-haired cat with glowing red eyes, seen as a sort of superhero figure in "The Awefull Battle of the Pekes and the Pollicles" despite his hi s ineptness. Usually played by one of the male ensemble characters in the play within the musical..[58]  musical

Notable casts[edit edit]] 

Role

Origin al Londo n cast 1981 198 1[59] 

Origina l Broadw ay cast 1982 198 2[60] 

Admetus/Plato

Steven Wayne

Kenneth Ard 

Alonzo

Roland Alexan der

Stephen Tate

Asparagus (Gus)

First London Revival cast 2014 201 4[62] 

Second London Revival cast 2015 201 5[63] 

Broadwa y revival cast 2016 201 6[31] 

Bryn Walters

Cameron Ball

Javier Cid

Daniel Gaymon

Eric Underw ood 

Héctor Jaime Mercad  o

Jason Gardiner 

Adam Lake

Jack Butterwo rth

Ahmad Simmons

Bluey Robinso n

Stephen Hanan

John Mills

Film 1998 199 8

 

[61]

Paul F. Monaghan  

Film 2019 201 9[64] 

 

Christop her Gurr

Ian McKelle n  

Bill Bailey/Tumblebr utus

Bombalurina

Bustopher Jones

Peter Barry

Geraldi ne Gardner

Robert Hoshou r

Donna King

Brian Stephen Blessed  Hanan

Fergus Logan

Adam Salter

Jon-Scott Clark

Kolton Krouse

 N/A

Rosemari e Ford 

Charlene Ford

Emma Lee Clark

Christine Cornish Smith

Taylor Swift

Paul F. Monaghan

Christop her Gurr

James Corden

 

James Barron

 

 

Carbucketty/Pou ncival

Luke Baxter

Steven Gelfer

Cassandra

Seeta Indrani  

René Ceballo s

Karl Morgan

Joel Morris

Luke CinqueWhite

Rebecca Parker

Cassie Clare

Danielle Cato

Giuseppe Bausilio

 N/A

 

Emily Pynenbur  g

Mette Towley

Coricopat

Donald Waugh

René Clement e

Tommy Sliiden

Benjami n Mundy

James Titchener

Corey John Snide

Jaih Betote

Demeter

Sharon LeeHill

Wendy Edmead

Aeva May

Zizi Strallen

Anna Woodsid  e

Kim Fauré

Daniela  Norman

Electra

Anita Pashley

 N/A

Leah Sue Morland

 N/A

N/A

Lili Froehlich

 N/A

Etcetera

Julie Edmett

Christin e Langner

Jo Bingham

 N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

George/Pouncival

John Chester

Herman W. Sebek

 N/A

Stevie Hutchins on

Jordan Shaw

Sharrod Williams

 N/A

Susan Bonnie Jane Simmon Tanner  s

 N/A

Clare Rickard

 N/A

N/A

Melissa Madden Gray

 Nicole Scherzin ger 

Beverley Knight

Griddlebone

Grizabella

Growltiger

Elaine Paige

Betty Buckley

Elaine Paige

Stephen Tate

Stephen Hanan

 N/A

Paul F. Monaghan

 

Leona Lewis

Jennifer Hudson

 N/A

Ray Winston

 

e

 

Jellylorum

Jemima/Sillabub

Susan Bonnie Jane Simmon Tanner  s

Whitne

Sarah Bright man

y Kersha w

 

Susan Jane Tanner 

Clare Rickard

Sara Jean Ford

Freya Rowley

Veerle Casteley n

 Natasha Mould

Tarryn Gee

Arianna Rosario

Jonadett e Carpio

 

Jennyanydots

Myra Sands

Anna McNeel ey

Suzie McKenn a

Laurie Scarth

Jane Quinn

Eloise Kropp

Rebel Wilson

Macavity

John Thornto n

Kenneth Ard 

Bryn Walters

Cameron Ball

Javier Cid

Daniel Gaymon

Idris Elba

Mr. Mistoffelees

Wayne Sleep[i]

Timoth y Scott

Jacob Brent

Mark Joseph John [i] Poulton Poulto n   Richards on[i] 

Ricky Ubeda

Laurie Davidso n

John Thornto n

René Clement e

Drew Varley

Benjami n Yates

Jess LeProtto

Danny Collins

 

Mungojerrie

 

Harry Francis

Jeff Munkustrap

Old Deuteronomy

Shankle y

Brian Blessed 

Andy Harry Groener 

Michael Gruber 

Ken Page

Callum Train

 Nicholas Pound

Matt Krzan

Huntingt on Jones

Robert Fairchild 

Adam Linstead

Quentin Earl Darringto n[ii]

Judi Dench

Tyler Hanes

Jason Derulo

 

 

Rum Tum Tugger

Paul  Nichola s

Terrenc e Mann

John Partridge

Antoine MurrayStraugha n

Marcquel le Ward 

 

Rumpleteazer

Bonnie Christin Langfor  e d  Langner

Jo Gibb

Dawn Williams

 

Roland

Kenneth Ard 

Frank

Jack

 Naoimh Morgan

Christop her Gurr

Alexan der

Skimbleshanks

Kenn Wells

Reed Jones

Geoffrey Garratt

Ross Finnie

Evan James

Jeremy Davis

Steven McRae

Tantomile

Femi Taylor 

Janet HubertWhitten

Kaye Brown

Kathryn Barnes

Gabrielle Cocca

Emily Tate

Zizi Strallen

Finola Hughes

Cynthia Onrubia

Phyllida Crowley Smith

Georgina Pazcogui n

Francesc a Hayward 

Victoria

Butterwo rth

Shonica Gooden

Rumpus Cat

 

Thompso n[iii] 

Adam Lake

Georgie Leatherla nd

Hannah Kenna Thomas

 

 

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Notes : 1. 2. 3.

^ Jump up to:a b  c Also  Also credited as "Quaxo" (chorus cat) ^   Also Also credited as "Victor" (chorus cat) ^   Also Also credited as "Admetus/Cover"

One-off film characters [edit edit]]   

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1998 film : Femi Taylor  as Exotica; Tony Timberlake as

 Asparagus (chorus cat) cat)[65]   

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2019 film : Les Twins  Twins as Socrates and Plato

Notable replacements [edit edit]]  Notable replacements from the musical's West End and Broadway runs: West We st End[edit edit]]     Ad  Admet metus us /Macavi ty : Richard Armitage  Armitage (1994 –1995 1995))[66]     Al  Alon on zo : Warren Carlyle  Carlyle (1992), (1992),  Steven

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Houghton (1993), Houghton  (1993),  Jason Gardiner  (1997), (1997),  Chris Jarvis  Jarvis (2001 – [66][67] 2002)) 2002      As  Aspar par agus /Grow lt ig iger  er : Paul Bentley  Bentley (1988), (1988),  Mark Wynter  (1990 –1992), 1992),  Peter Polycarpou  Polycarpou (2001 –2002 2002))[66][67] 

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[66]

Bill Bailey : Michael Sundin  Sundin (1982 (1982))  

 

 

Bombalurina: Femi Taylor  (1984 –1985), 1985),  Janie

         

Dee  (1990), Dee (1990),  Donna King  King (1992), (1992),  Heather Douglas  Douglas (1999 (1999))[66]  Coricopat: Danny John-Jules  John-Jules (1983 (1983))[66]  Demeter : Erin Lordan  Lordan (1985), (1985),  Louise Fribo  Fribo (1994 –1995 1995))[66]  Electra: Sarah-Jane Honeywell  Honeywell (1993 –1994 1994))[66]  Etcetera: Sarah-Jane Honeywell  Honeywell (2001 –2002 2002))[66][67]  Grizabella: Angela  Angela Richards  Richards (1982), (1982),  Marti Webb  Webb (1983), (1983),  Anita  Anita

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Harris Harris   (1985 – 1986), Langton  1986),  Clare Burt  Burt  (1993), (1993),   Rosemarie Ford  (1995), Ford (1995),   Diane Langton  (1996), (1996),   Stephanie Lawrence Lawrence  (1997), (1997),  Sally Ann Triplett  Triplett (1998), (1998),  Chrissie Hammond  (1999 –2002) Hammond 2002),,[66][67] Kerry Ellis  Ellis (revival; 2015),,[68] Madalena Alberto  2015) Alberto (revival; 2015 –2016 2016))[69]  Jellylorum/Griddlebone: Rebecca Lock  Lock (2000 –2001 2001))[66][70]  Jemima: Ruthie Henshall  Henshall (1987 –1989), 1989),  Louise Fribo  (1996), Fribo (1996),  Veerle Casteleyn  Casteleyn (1998 –1999 1999))[66]  Jennyanydots: Ann  Ann Emery  Emery (1983 –1986 1986))[66]  Mistoffelees : Gen Horiuchi  Horiuchi (1998), (1998),  Louie [71] Spence  (1999) Spence (1999),,  Jacob Brent  Brent (2001 (2001))[66]  Munkustrap: David Burt  Burt (1982), (1982),  Gary Martin  Martin (1987 – [66] 1990),  Steven Houghton  1990), Houghton (1994 (1994))   1985),  John Old Deuteronomy : John Turner  (1983 –1985), Rawnsley (1995 –1997), Rawnsley  1997),  Dave Willetts  Willetts (2001), (2001),  Junix Inocian Inocian  (2001 –2002 2002))[66][67]  Rum Tum Tugger : John Partridge  Partridge (1995, 2001 – 2002) 2002),,[67] Tommie Earl Jenkins  Jenkins (1997 –1998 1998))[66]   Anna-Jane Casey  Casey (1988 –1990), 1990),  Jo Rumpleteazer : Anna-Jane [66] Gibb Gibb  (1996 –1997 1997))   Skimbleshanks: Neil Fitzwiliam  Fitzwiliam (1984 –1985 1985))[66]  Victoria: Phyllida Crowley Smith  Smith (1992 –1993 1993))[66] 

Broadway [edit edit]]     Al  Alon on zo : Scott Wise  Wise (1984 (1984))[72]    Bustopher Jones/A Jones/Asparagus/ sparagus/Growltiger  Growltiger : Tim

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Jerome  (1984 –1986), Jerome 1986),  Gregg Edelman  Edelman (1986 (1986))[72]  

     

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[72]

Cassandra: Charlotte d'Amboise  d'Amboise [73] (1984 1985 1985))   Hall (1999 –2000 2000))    – Demeter : Lena Hall  Grizabella: Laurie Beechman  Beechman (1984 –1988, 1997),  1997), Loni

 Ackerman (1988 –1991),  Ackerman  1991),  Lillias White  White (1991 –1992), 1992),  Liz Callaway  (1993 –1999), Callaway 1999),  Linda Balgord  Balgord (1999 –2000 2000))[72]  Jennyanydots: Sharon Wheatley  Wheatley (1999 –2000 2000))[72]  Mistoffelees : Gen Horiuchi  Horiuchi (1991 –1993, 1995 –1996), 1996),  Jacob Brent  (1996 –1999), Brent 1999),  Christopher Gattelli  Gattelli (1999 (1999))[72]  Munkustrap: Rob Marshall  Marshall (1987), (1987),  Bryan Batt  Batt (1991 – 1992),  Michael Gruber  (1996 –1997, 1999),  1992), 1999), Jeffry [72] Denman Denman  (1999 –2000 2000))   Wise (1983 (1983))[72]  Plato/Macavity/Rumpus Plato/M acavity/Rumpus Cat: Scott Wise  Montano (1985 –1987), 1987),  Christopher Pouncival: Robert Montano  [72] Gattelli  (1996 –1998, 1999 –2000 Gattelli 2000))   Rum Tum Tugger : David Hibbard  Hibbard (1993 –1996, 1997 –

1999),  Stephen Bienskie  1999), Bienskie (1999 –2000 2000))[72] 

 

   

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Rumpleteazer : Jennifer Cody  Cody (1994 (1994))[72]  Tumblebrutus: Randy Bettis  Bettis (1990 –1991, 1996 –1998 1998))[72] 

 Artistic elements[edit edit]]  Musical treatment [edit edit]] 

 Andrew Lloyd Webber  

told through music with no dialogue in between Cats is completely [74] the songs, songs,  although there are occasions when the music accompanies spoken verse. Lloyd Webber's compositions employ an eclectic range of musical styles so as to magnify the characters' contrasting personalities. personalities.[4] For example, the rebellious Rum Tum Tugger is introduced with a  a rock rock  song ("The Rum Tum Tugger"); the fallen Grizabella is accompanied by a dramatic operatic  aria operatic aria  ("Grizabella: The Glamour Cat"); Old Deuteronomy makes his grand entrance to a  a lullaby lullaby--turned turned--anthem anthem  ("Old Deuteronomy"); and Gus' nostalgia for the past is reflected through an old-fashioned  old-fashioned music hall  hall number ("Gus: The Theatre [16] Cat")..  Many of the songs are  Cat") are pastiches pastiches  of their respective a s a song genres, which Snelson attributes to the show's origins as cycle:

The original concept of a set of contrasting numbers, without a dramatic narrative, meant that each song needed to establish some sort of musical characterization independent of the others and develop a quick rapport with the audience. Such a rapid familiarity and identification of purpose can be achieved through pastiche. But it was only a musical starting point, for the songs in Cats move beyond the straightforward "Elvis Elvis"" pastiche of  Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ; they are less pointed, more the free workings within a range of chosen styles than direct copies of a specific performer or number. The audience responds to the musical differences, given an initial security provided by the familiarity of recognizable, underlying un derlying stylistic generalities..[75]  generalities Lloyd Webber also employs various techniques to help connect the pieces. Namely, the score relies heavily on recurring motifs motifs  as well as the use of  preludes preludes  and and  reprises reprises..[76] For

 

instance, instance,  melodic melodic  fragments of "Memory" are sung by Grizabella and Jemima at several points in the show before the song is sung in full, full,[39] serving to characterize Grizabella and foreshadow her final number .[77][78] Similarly, Lloyd Webber introduces a  a fugue fugue  in the overture, and variations of this theme are then repeated throughout the musical until it is finally resolved as Grizabella ascends to the Heaviside Layer .[79]  The musical numbers. also features an unusual amount of Jessica "group- Sternfeld, description" According to musicologist such numbers are usually relegated to the prologue prologue  and nothing more, as seen in " Another  Another Op'nin', Another Show" from  from  Kiss Me, Kate and "Tradition Tradition"" from  from  Fiddler on the Roof . Cats on the other hand features four Jellicle-defining songs: "Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats", "The Naming of Cats", "The Jellicle Ball" and "The  Ad-Dressing of Cats". Cats". These numbers allow the cats to celebrate their tribe and species as a whole, in between the ones that celebrate individual members. members.[80] 

Choreography[edit edit]] 

Lynne  Gillian Lynne 

Dance plays a major role in Cats as the creative team had specifically set out to create "England's first dance musical"..[81] Before Cats, the industry-wide belief was that British musical" dancers were inferior to their Broadway counterparts. The risky hiring of a British choreographer, Lynne, for a British dance musical was described by one historian as "a vivid and marvellous gesture of transatlantic defiance". defiance".[82] Making Lynne's job more challenging was the fact that the music in Cats is unceasing and the majority of the cast remains onstage throughout nearly the entire show. show.[82]  Lynne choreographed the original London production with a dance crew consisting of her assistant Lindsay Dolan, the dance da nce captain Jo-Anne Robinson, and cast members Finola Hughes and John Thornton..[81] The resulting choreography blends ballet Thornton ballet,, modern dance,, jazz  dance  jazz and and  tap tap,, interspersed with acrobatic displays. displays.[16] Lynne also trained the cast to evoke the movement, physicality and behaviour of actual cats. cats.[83] These feline traits were incorporated into the movement and choreography so as a s to create an "anthropomorphic anthropomorphic  illusion" illusion"..[16] Lynne considered the 13-minute "Jellicle Ball" dance to be the crux of the show, noting that in order to work as a dance-driven musical, Cats "had to succeed there or die"..[81][84] She recalled the difficulty she faced in persuading Lloyd die"

 

Webber to add the extended dance break, culminating in her and her dance crew having to dance all the parts in the "Jellicle Ball" to convince him. him.[81][84] 

Staging [edit edit]]  The original staging of Cats at the  the New London Theatre  Theatre was [85] considered revolutionar y  and "one of the first truly immersive theatrical experiences". experiences".[34] Instead of a conventional proscenium proscenium,,  the theatre was quasiquasi-in-the-round in-the-round  with a central  central revolving [15][86] stage..  Nunn and Napier had sought to create "an environment stage rather than a set", set",[17] and around $900,000 was spent remodelling the New London in preparation for the show.[9] This included mounting sections of the  the stalls stalls  onto the theatre's 60 ft [87] (18 m) m)  revolve such that the audience moved along a long with the stage..[16] When the show was brought to Broadway, the  stage the Winter Garden Theatre  Theatre was given a similar $2 million makeover ;[88] its proscenium stage was converted into a  a thrust thrust,, and a part of its roof was torn through to allow for the effects of Grizabella's ascension to the Heaviside Layer .[89]  Nunn was also adamant that the orchestra for Cats be hidden backstage — out of the audience's view — so as not to break the immersion..[90] Adding immersion  Adding to the experience, the show usually includes a lot of audience interaction, such as during the overture when the cast don flashing "green eyes" as they make m ake their way through the [80][91] audience in the darkened theatre.  In the original Broadway production,  catwalks production, catwalks  were built to connect the stage to the  boxes the boxes  and and  balcony balcony  so as to give the cast access to the entire auditorium during the show. show.[92] 

Sett and c ostume d esign [edit Se edit]]  Napier began designing the set in November 1980, wanting "a place where cats might congregate together, which also included maximum room for dancing". dancing".[93] The set of Cats consists of a  junkyard filled with oversized props to give the illusion that the cast are the size of actual cats; cats;[94] it remains the same throughout the show without any scene changes. Over 2,500 of these scaled-up props were used to fill[16][95] the whole auditorium in the original Broadway production. production.   Napier also designed the costumes, combining cat and human features based on "hints" given in Eliot's E liot's poems, while ensuring that they did not impede the dancers' movements.[93] The costumes generally consist of a  a unitard unitard,, a wig that is fashioned to suggest the presence of feline ears, patches resembling body fur, and  arm and arm  and and  leg warmers  warmers to give the performers' hands and feet a more paw-like appearance. As with the contrasting music and dance styles, the costumes and make-up are used to bring out each character's distinct personality. For example, the costume for the flirtatious Bombalurina is designed to accentuate her sensuality, while the markings on the costume for Jemima — the youngest of the tribe — resemble crayon scribbles. scribbles.[24] Every character's design  design motif  is custom-painted by hand onto a plain unitard to line up with their performer's individual body. In order to

 

reproduce the "hand-drawn aesthetic" of Napier's original design sketches, costume painters in the original Broadway production used  squeeze bottles  used bottles to apply the paint. Due to the amount of dancing in Cats, most of the costume did not last longer than a few months. months.[96] 

Production history [edit edit]]  Cats has been translated into over 15 languages and produced professionally in more than 30 countries.[97] 

London [edit edit]] 

Cats at the New London Theatre (1999)

Cats premiered in the West End at the the  New London Theatre  Theatre on 11 May 1981. The musical was produced by Mackintosh and Lloyd Webber's  Really Useful Group, Webber's Group, with direction by Nunn, choreography by Lynne (who also served as the associate director), set and costume design by Napier, lighting l ighting design by  David Hersey, by Hersey, sound design by Abe Jacob and music direction by  Harry Rabinowitz. by Rabinowitz.[98] It played a total of 8,949 performances before closing on its 21st anniversary, 11 May 2002. The final performance was broadcast live on a large outdoor screen in  Covent Garden  in Garden for fans who could not acquire a [99] ticket..  Cats held the record as London's longest-running musical ticket from 1989, when it surpassed  surpassed Jesus Christ Superstar ,[100] until 8 October 2006, when it was surpassed by  by Les Misérables.  The the West End in .2014 for a planned weekmusical limited returned run at the  theto  London Palladium Palladium.  Beginning on 6 12December, the revival starred  starred Nicole Scherzinger  as Grizabella, and featured the original creative team, team , with direction from Nunn, choreography by Lynne and design by Napier  .[62] Lloyd Webber was also involved and rewrote "The Rum Tum Tugger" for the revival..[101] The run was later extended through April 2015 and an revival additional 100,000 tickets were released, with Kerry Ellis  Ellis replacing [68] Scherzinger as Grizabella. Grizabella.  The musical returned once again to the London Palladium for another limited run lasting from 23 October 2015 to 2 January 2016, starring  starring Beverley Knight  Knight as [102] Grizabella..   Grizabella

Broadway[edit edit]] 

 

  Broadway revival of Cats at the  the Neil Simon Theatre  Theatre 

Cats debuted on Broadway on 7 October 1982 1 982 at the Winter Garden Theatre  Theatre with a record-breaking $6.2 million in ticket pre[27] sales..  Most of the original creative team remained, with  sales with Martin Levan  replacing Jacob as the sound designer and Stanley Levan Lebowsky  replacing Rabinowitz as music director. The musical Lebowsky was co-produced by the original London production team, along with David Geffen  with  Geffen and and  The Shubert Organization. Organization.[60] It was the most expensive Broadway show ever mounted at the time with a production cost of $5.5 million, million,[103] though it recouped its investment in less than 10 months. months.[100] On 19 June 1997, Cats overtook  overtook  A  A Chorus Line to become the  the longest-running show in Broadway history  performances.[104] At  At the time, history with 6,138 performances. the musical was found to have had an economic impact of $3.12 billion on New York City and had ha d generated the most theatrical  jobs of any single entity in Broadway Broadway history.[95] A  A June closing date was announced in early 2000 but was subsequently pushed back after a resulting surge in ticket sales.[105] The show closed on 10 September 2000 after a total of 13 previews and 7,485 performances..[60] One actress, Marlene Danielle, performed in the performances Broadway production for its entire 18-year run. run.[72] Its Broadway-run record was surpassed on 9 January 2006 by The Phantom of the Broadway's fourth-longest-running Opera, and Cats remains Broadway's  show show  of all time. Overall, the original Broadway production grossed approximately $388 million in ticket sales.[106]  Encouraged by the reception to the first West End revival, producers began looking to bring Cats back to Broadway in early 2015..[107] The Broadway revival opened on 31 July 2016 at the Neil 2015 Simon Theatre. Theatre.[31] It featured new choreography by  by Andy  Andy Blankenbuehler , with Nunn and Napier from the original creative team returning to direct and design respectively.[108] Scherzinger, who played Grizabella in the 2014 West End revival, had originally agreed to reprise the role on Broadway but later withdrew..[109] Leona Lewis  withdrew Lewis was cast as Grizabella instead and was ultimately succeeded by Mamie Parris in October 2016. The Broadway revival closed on 30 December 2017 after 16 previews and 593 performances. performances.[31] 

 

North America[edit edit]]  Following its Broadway debut, Cats has been staged extensively across North America. The first US national tour, Cats National I, launched at the  the Shubert Theatre in Boston  Boston in December 1983 and closed in November 1987. The opening night cast included Laurie Beechman  playing Grizabella and  Beechman and Charlotte d'Amboise  d'Amboise playing Cassandra; later replacements included Victoria Clark  Clark and and  Jessica Molaskey both playing Jellylorum/Griddlebone. This production Molaskey  en gagements lasting for several was a "slow tour" that had lengthy engagements months in each of the nine cities it visited. visited.[110][111] Cats National II, a separate sit-down production at the  the Los Angeles Shubert Theatre, Theatre,  ran from January 1985 to November 1986, and starred Kim Criswell  and Criswell and  George de la Peña  Peña in the roles of Grizabella and [112][113] Mistoffelees respectively. respectively.  A third US touring company,  A company, Cats National III, ran for two years from September 1986 to September Se ptember 1988. Notable performers in the third tour included Jonathan Cerullo  as Skimbleshanks (1986) and  Cerullo and Bill Nolte  Nolte as Old [114] Deuteronomy (1987). (1987).   The fourth national company, Cats National IV, toured the United States for 13 years from March 1987 to December 1999.[115] It overtook the first national tour of  Oklahoma! in November 1997 to become the longest-running tour in[116]theatre history, and played its 5,000th performance in July 1999.  Notable performers in the fourth tour included  included Amelia  Amelia Marshall  Marshall as Sillabub (1988),  (1988), Jan Horvath  as Grizabella (1990),  Horvath (1990), Bryan Batt  Batt as Munkustrap (1991 – 1992),  Jennifer Cody  Cody as Rumpleteazer (1992),  (1992), David Hibbard  Hibbard as 1992), Rum Tum Tugger (1992 –1993), 1993),  Natalie Toro  Toro as Grizabella (1992, 1997),  Christopher Gattelli  1997), Gattelli as Mistoffelees (1993),  (1993), John Treacy Egan  as Old Deuteronomy (1993 –1994), Egan 1994),  J. Robert Spencer  as (1995), Bart Shatto  Rum Tum Tugger (1995),  Shatto as Bustopher Jones/Gus/Growltiger (1996),  (1996), Linda Balgord  Balgord as Grizabella (1998),  Andy  Andy Karl  Karl as Rum Tum Tugger (1998), and  and Lena Hall  Hall as (1998), [115] Demeter (1998). (1998).  By June 1997, the North American touring companies had grossed over $400 million.[88]   After the show's closure closure on Broadway in 2000, Troika Troika Entertainment obtained the touring rights for Cats  and launched the show's first nonnon-Equity Equity  national company. company.[117] After  After a try-out at  Harrah's Atlantic City  at City in July 2001, the production toured North  America for 11 years from August 2001 to June [118][119][120] 9][120] 2012..[118][11 2012  Performers in the non-Equity tour included  included Julie [121] Garnyé  as Jennyanydots (2001) Garnyé (2001)  and and  Dee Roscioli  Roscioli as Grizabella (2002)..[122][123] In January 2019, a new North American Equity tour (2002) based on the 2016 Broadway revival opened at the Providence Performing Arts Center  in in  Rhode Island, Island, and is scheduled to run 2020.[124]  through June 2020. Meanwhile, the first Canadian national production premiered in March 1985 at the  the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres  in in  Toronto Toronto,, Ontario Ontario.. It moved to  to Montreal Montreal  two years later Theatres and then toured other parts of Canada. By the time the production closed in August 1989, it had h ad become the most successful Canadian stage production of all time with a box office of $78

 

tickets.[116][125] A million from nearly 2 million tickets.  A second Canadian touring company began in 2013, 28 years after the first one launched..[126]  launched The musical first played in Mexico from April 1991 to November 1992;;[118] the Spanish-language production performed over 400 1992 shows and starred  starred María del Sol  Sol as Grizabella, Grizabella,[127] Manuel Landeta  as Munkustrap, Landeta Munkustrap,[128] Susana Zabaleta  Zabaleta as Jellylorum,  Jellylorum, Maru [129]

Dueñas Dueñas   as Sillabub and  Teatro Ariel López Padilla in Padilla  asMay Macavity Macavity.  A an  A revival premiered at and  the Ariel San Rafael 2013,. with opening night cast that included  included Filippa Giordano  Giordano as Grizabella, Landeta, and  Dueñas.[130] After  After a total of 350 350 performances, and Maru Dueñas. the show closed at the Teatro San Rafael in June 2014,[131] and then toured over 36 cities in i n Mexico until December 2014..[132][133] Other performers who later joined the production 2014 included  Lisset included Lisset,,[134] Rocío Banquells, Banquells,[135] Lila Deneken  Deneken and and  Myriam [136] Montemayor Cruz, Cruz, all of whom played Grizabella. Grizabella.  Another  Another Mexican revival was launched at the Coyoacán Centennial Theater in October 2018, with  with Yuri Yuri  as Grizabella and Landeta as [128][137] Old Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy.  The revival marked its 200th performance [138] in May 2019. 2019.  

United Unite d Kingdo m [edit edit]]  The first UK and Ireland tour opened in May 1989 at the Opera House Theatre  Theatre in in  Blackpool Blackpool.. The cast for this tour included  included Marti Webb Webb  as Grizabella,  Grizabella, Rosemarie Ford  Ford as Bombalurina and  and John [118] Partridge  as Alonzo. Partridge Alonzo.  Following a six-month engagement in Blackpool that broke the theatre's box office record and was seen by around 450,000 people, people,[139] the production moved to the  Edinburgh Playhouse  the Playhouse for three months, before closing in May 1990 after another two months at the  Theatre in in  Dublin Dublin..[118] A  A the Point Theatre  second national tour launched in June 1993 at the Bristol Hippodrome,,[140] featuring Rosemarie Ford as Grizabella, Robin Hippodrome Cousins  as Munkustrap,  Munkustrap, Simon Rice  Rice as Mistoffelees and  and Tony Cousins [141] Monopoly  as Old Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy.  The tour closed at Monopoly the  Manchester Opera House  the House in December 1995. 1995.[142]  Following the closure of the original West W est End production, a nationwide tour embarked in 2003 with  with Chrissie [143][144] Hammond  starring as Grizabella, Hammond Grizabella,  until until  Dianne Pilkington  Pilkington took over the role in 2006. 2006.[145] Hammond reprised the role on tour again from 2007 to 2008. 2008.[146][147]   A UK and Ireland tour of Cats launched in February 2013 at the Edinburgh Playhouse with  with Joanna Ampil  Ampil as [148][149] Grizabella.. Grizabella  Susan McFadden  McFadden took over the role from Ampil during the tour's three-week stop in Dublin. Dublin.[150] The production ran through 2014 before transferring to the West W est End.[151] In between its limited West End runs, the musical returned to the Blackpool Opera House Theatre in 2015, this time starring Jane McDonald  as Grizabella. McDonald Grizabella.[152][153] After  After the second West West End revival, the production toured the UK in 2016 2 016 with Anita  Anita Louise Combe  Combe as [154][155] Grizabella and  and Marcquelle Ward  Ward as Rum Tum Tugger .  

Japan [edit edit]] 

 

  The CATS Theatre in  in Shinagawa Shinagawa,, Tokyo (2008)

The Japanese-language production ofCats by the  the Shiki Theatre Company  has been playing continuously since it premiered Company in  Shinjuku in Shinjuku,, Tokyo, in November 1983. This production is a "slow tour" with engagements lasting for several years in each of the nine cities it has visited. visited.[156][157] An  An initial investment of ¥800 million (US$3.4 million in 1983) was required to bringCats to Japan, including ¥300 million for the construction of a purpose-built theatre tailored to the needs of the musical. This was a big financial risk for the Shiki Theatre Company as it meant that a long run was needed to turn a profit; however, stage productions in Japan ran on a monthly basis at the time and open-ended runs were unheard of .[158] The resulting success of this production led to what the local media termed a "musical boom" in the 1980s, with other Broadway musicals quickly following suit and opening in Japan..[159]  Japan  As of 2019, the show is performed at the purpose-built CATS CATS Theatre in Tokyo. Tokyo.[156][160] The production has played over 10,000 performances to over 10 million audiences.[161]  Similar to the original London staging, the set of the 1,200capacity CATS Theatre is built on a revolving stage floor such that during the overture, the stage and sections of the stalls revolve approximately 180 degrees into place.[162][163] In 1998, the Japanese production underwent major revisions to the choreography, [164]

staging designs. features designs.  Following in 2018,,[165]and 2018  the costume current incarnation 27further namedrevisions cats, including both Jemima and Sillabub (who have evolved into two separate characters), and an original character named Gilbert.[166]  There have been numerous notable performers in the Japanese production, including  including Shintarō Sonooka as Munkustrap (original 1983 cast), cast),[167] Kanji Ishimaru  Ishimaru as Skimbleshanks [168] (1992),,  Masachika Ichimura, Ichimura, and  and  Mayo Kawasaki. Kawasaki.[169] Yoshiko (1992) Hattori ( ja:  ja:服部良子) holds the production's record for the longestappearing cast member; she played Jennyanydots in the original 1983 cast and remained in the role for 20 years with a final performance tally of 4,251. 4,251.[169] 

Vienna[edit edit]]  Under the direction of  Peter Weck, Weck, the first German-language production of Cats opened in September 1983 at the Theater an

 

Wien in der Wien  in  Vienna Vienna,, Austria. In 1988, the show transferred to the newly-renovated Ronacher Theatre where it ran for another two years before closing on its seventh anniversary in September 1990..[110][170] The Vienna production played a total of 2,040 1990 performances to more than 2.3 million audiences.[171]  The original Viennese cast included  included Ute Lemper  who played Bombalurina,  Steve Barton  Bombalurina, Barton who played Munkustrap, and  and Robert [110]

Montano Montano  who Pouncival Pouncival. . 1989, Pia Douwes  Douwes  was also different a member  of theplayed cast from 1987 to 1 989, covering several characters including Grizabella. Grizabella.[172] The Vienna production also performed limited runs at the  the Komische Oper Berlin  Berlin in in  East Germany  in 1987, Germany 1987,[173] and at the Moscow Operetta Theatre in the  Soviet Union  the Union in 1988. 1988.[174]   An ongoing revival by the  the Vereinigte Bühnen Wien  Wien production company opened at the Ronacher Theatre in September 2019.[175] 

Germany[edit edit]] 

The The  Operettenhaus Operettenhaus  where Cats played for 15 years

Influenced by the show's success in Vienna, a German production by Stella Entertainment premiered in April 1986 at the newlyrenovated  Operettenhaus renovated Operettenhaus  in in  Hamburg Hamburg..[170][176] It closed in January 2001 after 15 years, having played pl ayed over 6,100 performances to 6.2 million audiences. audiences.[176][177] Cats was the first stage production in the country to be mounted without public publi c funding and was also the first to run for multiple years; its success succe ss established the medium as a profitable venture in Germany. Germany.[177] The musical was also a huge boost for tourism in Hamburg, particularly the subdivision sub division of  St. Pauli  Pauli where it accounted for 30% of all tourists. The number of overnight visitors to the city increased by over one million per year within the first five years of the show's premiere.[176] 

Cats redefined musical theatre in the German-speaking part of the world, turning an industry which consisted of  repertory theatre  theatre at the time towards privately funded commercial productions. The success of the Vienna and Hamburg productions p roductions sparked a "musical boom" in the region that saw numerous musicals being launched not just in Germany but also in countries like Switzerland..[170][177] It also led to a "construction boom" in Germany Switzerland as new theatrical venues such as the the  Schmidt Theater  were enacted all around the country.[177][178] Germany has since grown to become the third largest musical market after the US and a nd UK, with Hamburg as its "musical capital". capital".[170][177] 

 

the German production transferred  After Hamburg, the to  Stuttgart to Stuttgart  where it played from 2001 to 2002. 2002.[179][180] Stage Entertainment  took over the production mid-2002 and moved the Entertainment show to  to Berlin Berlin  (2002 –2004 2004))[181][182] and later  Düsseldorf  (2004 – 2005),,[183] before touring other cities until 2006.[184][185] Mehr2005) Entertainment launched a separate tour ofCats that ran from December 2010 to June 2013, performing in a travelling purposebuilt tent theatre. theatre.[177] Besides Germany, this company also made stops in cities in Luxembourg, Switzerland and Austria Au stria.[186] 

Europe[edit edit]]  Beyond the UK, Vienna and Germany, Cats is also produced frequently in the rest of Europe. 1980s and 1990s [edit edit]] 

The first non-English production of Cats premiered in March 1983 at the Madách Theatre in  in Budapest Budapest,, Hungary, with direction by Tamás Szirtes and choreography by  by László Seregi. Seregi.[187] Since then, the Hungarian-language production has continued to be staged intermittently as part of the Madách Theatre's repertoire and, as a s of 2017, has been performed nearly 1,500 times.[188][189]  November 1985 the premiere a Norwegian-language production at Detsaw at  Norske Teatret in Teatret  in of  Oslo Oslo. . It closed in January 1987 and included performers such as Øivind Blunck, Blunck, Brit [116][190] Elisabeth Haagensli  Haagensli and and  Øystein Wiik. Wiik.  Jorma Uotinen  directed and choreographed a Finnish production at Uotinen the  Helsinki City Theatre  the Theatre that ran for over two years from September 1986 to December 1988, and featured Monica  Aspelund  as Grizabella,   Aspelund Grizabella, Heikki Kinnunen  Kinnunen as Gus, and  and Kristiina Elstelä  as Jennyanydots/Griddlebone. Elstelä Jennyanydots/Griddlebone.[191] A  A Swedish version of the the musical opened in 1987 at the  the Chinateatern Chinateatern  in in  Stockholm Stockholm.. The production was seen by 326,000 audiences before it transferred to the  Scandinavium the Scandinavium  in in  Gothenburg Gothenburg  two years later .[192]  Meanwhile, the  Theatre in in  Amsterdam,  Amsterdam, Netherlands, staged the Carré Theatre  the musical in 1987 (with  (with Ruth Jacott  Jacott as Grizabella Grizabella[193]), 1988 and [194]

from 1992 to 1993. 1993 .  Cats  made its French at the the   Théâtre de Paris  Paris  from February 1989 to April 1990,[118]debut 1990,  with an original cast [195] that included  included Gilles Ramade  Ramade as Old Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy.  The show was also produced in  in Zürich Zürich  at the ABB Musical Theatre from 1991 to 1993, 1993,[196] while a production by  by Joop van den Ende  Ende and the  Royal Ballet of Flanders  the Flanders was staged at the Stadsschouwburg  Antwerpen in Belgium in 1996.[197] An  An English/German-language "Eurotour" production also toured the region from May 1994 to December 1995. 1995.[171]  21st century[edit edit]] 

 

  The first non-replica production of Cats was staged at the Teatr Muzyczny Roma in Warsaw, Poland (2007).

The show was staged at the  the Det Ny Teater  in in  Copenhagen Copenhagen,,  Denmark, in the 2002 –2003 season. season.[198] This Danish production was translated by  by Adam  Adam Price  Price and was one of the largest theatrical productions ever mounted in the country at a t the time with [199] 100 performers, musicians and stagehands.  The first nonreplica production of Cats was approved for a Polish production at the Teatr Muzyczny Roma in  in Warsaw Warsaw..[200] Set in an abandoned film studio instead of a junkyard, the Polish version opened in January [201][202][203] 2][203] 2004 and closed in 2010. 2010.[201][20  The The  Gothenburg opera house  staged a production with a Swedish-language script scrip t house by  Ingela Forsman; by Forsman; this version was reimagined to take place in an abandoned fairground and played from September 2006 to February 2007. 2007.[204] Other productions were also staged at the Divadlo Milenium in  in Prague Prague  from 2004 to 2005, 2005,[185] and a Norwegian revival at the  2009.[205] The first the Chat Noir  in Oslo in 2009. Italian-language production began touring Italy in 2009.[206] 

The Dutch live entertainment company  company Stage Entertainment  Entertainment has been responsible for several European productions ofCats. The company produced the musical at the Coliseum Theatre in  Madrid in Madrid  from December 2003 to January 2005, with a cast that included Víctor Ullate Roche as Mistoffelees. Mistoffelees.[207][208] They then staged a Russian-language production at the Moscow Palace of Youth from 2005 to 2006, with a cast that included Ivan Ozhogin  as Munkustrap. Ozhogin Munkustrap.[209][210] A  A Dutch production under the the same company toured the Netherlands and Belgium from 2006 to 2007,,[202][211] featuring several performers in the role of Grizabella 2007 including  Pia Douwes  including Douwes and and  Anita  Anita Meyer .[212][213] A  A Paris revival by Stage Entertainment ran at the  the Théâtre Mogador  from October 2015 to July 2016. This production was based on the 2014 London revival and also featured a new song written especially for the French show by Lloyd Webber .[214][215]  English-language touring companies have also toured the European region extensively. International tours in the early to late 2000s included stops in Sweden, Norway,,[216] Finland Norway Finland,,[217] Greece Greece,,[185] Portugal Portugal,,[218] Germany Germany,,[219] and Italy..[220] The 2013 –2014 UK tour visited cities in Italy Belgium,[211][221] Greece, Italy, Belgium, Italy,[222] Monaco, and Portugal.[151] Most recently, a UK production played in numerous European cities

 

from 2016 to 2019, with tour stops in Switzerland, Croatia, Belgium, Poland, Bulgaria, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.[223] These European tours have featured several notable performers in the role of Grizabella, including  including Pernilla Wahlgren  Wahlgren (Sweden; [224] 2003),,  Katarína Hasprová  2003) Hasprová (Slovakia; 2016) 2016)[225] and and  Jenna Lee[226] James  (Netherlands; 2018 –2019) James 2019)..  

Oceania[edit edit]]  The first Australian production ran from July 1985 to August 1987 at the  the Theatre Royal  Royal in in  Sydney Sydney.. The original cast included  included Debra Byrne  as Grizabella,  Byrne Grizabella, John Wood  Wood as Old Deuteronomy,  Deuteronomy, Marina Prior  as Jellylorum,  Jellylorum, Jeff Phillips  Phillips as Rum Tum Tugger,  Tugger, David  Atkins  as Mistoffelees, and   Atkins and Anita  Anita Louise Combe  Combe as Sillabub..[116][227] The Sydney production cost $3 million to mount and Sillabub grossed a record $28 million. It was credited with revitalising the then-stagnant musical genre in Australia. After closing in Sydney, an additional $1.8 million was spent transferring the production to  Melbourne to Melbourne,, including $725,000 to refurbish the old Her Majesty's Theatre. Theatre.[228] The Melbourne run played from October 1987 to December 1988, with an opening o pening night cast that included  Megan Williams  included Williams as Grizabella, Wood as Old Tugger, Linda HartleyDeuteronomy, Phillips as Rum Tum Tugger,  Clark  as Demeter,  Demeter, Femi Taylor  as Bombalurina,  Bombalurina, Rachael Beck  Beck as Clark Rumpleteazer and  and Seán Martin Hingston  Hingston as [116][229] Plato/Macavity.. Plato/Macavity  From 1989 to 1990, the company toured the  Festival Theatre  the Theatre in in  Adelaide,  Adelaide,[230] His Majesty's Theatre  in Theatre in  Perth Perth,,[231] Civic Theatre  Theatre in in  Newcastle Newcastle,, Lyric Theatre  in in  Brisbane Brisbane,, and the  the Aotea  Aotea Centre  Centre in in  Auckland.  Auckland.[116] This Theatre was followed by a second national tour from 1993 to 1996,,[232] during which  1996 which Delia Hannah  Hannah made her debut as Grizabella [233] in 1994. 1994.  A  A professional  professional circus circus  adaptation of Cats, titled Cats Run Away to the Circus , had a national tent tour from 1999 to 2001, with Hannah once again starring as Grizabella..[234][235] Hannah reprised her role for another production Grizabella that toured Australia and Asia in 2009 and 2010.[236]  In July 2014, Australia's  Australia's Harvest Rain Theatre Company  Company staged the biggest production of Cats in the Southern Hemisphere with over 700 performers. Produced by  by Tim O'Connor , the production was performed at the  the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre. Centre.  Callum Mansfield directed and choreographed it, and its cast included Marina Prior as Grizabella and  and Steven Tandy  Tandy as Bustopher Jones and Gus. Gus.[237][238] From October 2015 to May 2016, a revival toured Australia with stops in Sydney, Hobart Hobart,,  [239][240] Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth.  The revival featured singer-songwriter  Delta Goodrem  Goodrem as Grizabella, Grizabella,[241] before Delia Hannah took over the role during the Adelaide and Perth seasons..[233][242]  seasons The musical played in Auckland from 1989 to 1990,[243] and for a limited run in 2015. 2015.[244] A  A New Zealand Zealand national tour played across 16 cities in 2019, with a reimagined setting in a

 

derelict derelict  Victorian Victorian  theatre that was inspired by postearthquake  Christchurch earthquake Christchurch..[245] 

 Asia  As ia [edit edit]]  Besides Japan, Cats is also produced regularly in other parts of  Asia. The region has hosted numerous numerous English-language productions of the musical, beginning with a tour from 1993 to 1994 when it played in Singapore (with local  Jacintha  Abisheganaden  Abisheganaden   as Grizabella), Grizabella) ,[246] Hong Kongactress and South Korea..[247] Cats returned to Asia from 2002 to 2004, when an Korea international touring company performed in Malaysia,[248] South [251][252][253] ][253] Korea,,[249] Shanghai Korea Shanghai,,[250] Taipei Taipei  and and  Beijing Beijing;;[251][252  the 2004 cast included  Slindile Nodangala  included Nodangala in the role of Grizabella. Grizabella.[252] A  A touring company visited Asia again between 2007 and 2010, including stops in Taiwan, Taiwan,[202] Macau Macau,, and Thailand in 2007; 2007;[254] South Korea from 2007 to 2008; 2008;[255] China in 2008; 2008;[256] Singapore and Hong Kong in 2009 (with  (with Delia Hannah  Hannah playing [236][257][258] ][258] Grizabella);;[236][257 Grizabella)  and and  Manila Manila  in 2010 (with  (with Lea Salonga  Salonga as [259] Grizabella)..  Cats toured Asia again from 2014 to 2015, making Grizabella) stops in South Korea, Singapore and Macau.[260] Two years later, another Asian tour was launched and is scheduled to run through 2020, with visits to South Korea from 2017 to 2018,[261] Hong Kong Kon g[262] and Taiwan in 2018, 2018,[263][264][265]  China in 2018 (with  (with Joanna  Ampil as Grizabella) and 2019,  Ampil  2019,  and planned stops in the Philippines and Singapore in 2019, and Malaysia in 2020..[265] Cats was China's highest-grossing musical in 2018, 2020 accounting for over 20% of the total grosses from all musicals staged in the country that year .[266]  The musical has also been translated and staged nationally in  Asia. From September 2008 to May 2009, a Korean-language production toured South Korea, with  with Shin Youngsook  Youngsook and and  Ock Joo-hyun  alternating as Grizabella,  Grizabella, Kim JinJoo-hyun woo  and woo and  Daesung Daesung  alternating as Rum Tum Tugger, and  and Kim Bokyung  as Rumpleteazer .[267] This production was revived and kyung toured South Korea from 2011 to 2012, with Insooni Insooni  and and  Park [268] Hae-mi  taking turns to portray Grizabella. Hae-mi Grizabella.  The first Chineselanguage production began touring various cities in China in 2012..[269]  2012

Others [edit edit]]  Spanish and Portuguese-language productions ofCats have been staged in  in South America, America, with productions in Argentina in 1993 (with  Olivia Bucio  (with Bucio as Grizabella), Grizabella),[174] in Chile in 2006 (at the  the Arena  Arena [270] [271] [272] Santiago))  and 2014, Santiago 2014,  in Colombia in 2009, 2009,  and in Brazil in [273] 2010 (with  (with Paula Lima  Lima as Grizabella). Grizabella).  Other countries that the musical has been performed in include South Africa (2001  –  – [248] [274] [275][276] 2002),,  Lebanon (2002), 2002) (2002),  Qatar (2003, 2017), 2017),  Turkey [277] [278] (2013),,  Israel (2014), (2013) (2014),  and the  the United Arab Emirates  (2017) Emirates (2017)..[279]  Royal Caribbean International announced in April 2014 that a fulllength production of Cats will be performed regularly for guests aboard the cruise ship  ship Oasis of the Seas.[280] The production began

 

playing in autumn 2014 and the cast is rotated every nine months..[280][281]  months

Regio Re gio nal and amateur [edit edit]] 

 A school production of Cats in  in  Bangalore Bangalore,, India (2014)

Cats has been produced by various professional regional theatre companies. Broadway Sacramento  companies.  Sacramento staged the musical in 2003 the Wells Fargo Pavilion. and 2009 at the  Pavilion. Both productions featured  Ken Page  featured Page reprising his role as Old Deuteronomy from the with Jacquelyn Piro original Broadway production, along with  Donovan  as Grizabella and  and Jeffry Denman  Denman as Munkustrap. Munkustrap.[282][283] A  A Donovan 2010  amphitheatre 2010 amphitheatre  production at  at The Muny  Muny starred Page as Old Deuteronomy,  Stephanie J. Block  Deuteronomy, Block as Grizabella and  and Lara Teeter  as Munkustrap. Munkustrap.[284] The The  La Mirada  Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts staged the musical in 2014, with a cast that included  Todrick Hall  included Hall as Rum Tum Tugger .[285]  Nick Winston  Winston directed and choreographed a production at the  Kilworth House  the House Theatre in 2019 with a cast that included  Emma Hatton  included Hatton and and  Helen Anker . Set in a dilapidated  London Underground  dilapidated Underground station during  during World War II, II, this by The Stage for its "radical" production was given a 5-star review by  [286] reimagining of Cats.   The musical is also available for school and amateur licensing through The Musical Company. Company.[287] On 24 March 2013, the largestever staging of Cats was performed by 3,000 students from  Stagecoach Theatre Arts  from Arts schools at the  the National Indoor  Arena  Arena  in in  Birmingham Birmingham,, UK  UK..[288] 

Film adaptations[edit edit]]  information:  Cats (1998 film)  film) and and  Cats (2019 film)  film)  Further information: Steven Spielberg' Spielberg's former animation studio  studio Amblimation   Amblimation had planned an animated adaptation of the musical in the 1990s. The film was to be set in war-torn London during World War II, II, but the project was abandoned with the studio's closure in 1997.[289] The following year, a  a direct-to-video film  film was released. The film was directed by  by David Mallet  Mallet and was shot at the  the Adelphi  Adelphi Theatre  Theatre in starred Elaine Paige  London. It starred  Paige as Grizabella,  Grizabella, John Mills  Mills as Gus,  Ken Page  Gus, Page as Old Deuteronomy, and  and Michael Gruber  as Munkustrap..[290]  Munkustrap  A film adaptation   A  adaptation directed by  by Tom Hooper  for  Universal Pictures,, Amblin  Amblin Entertainment  Entertainment and and  Working Title Films  Films is Pictures

 

scheduled to premiere on 20 December 2019. The film will star  Jennifer Hudson  Hudson as Grizabella,  Grizabella, Taylor Swift  Swift as Bombalurina, Bombalurina,  James Corden  Corden as Bustopher Jones,  Jones, Judi Dench  Dench as Old Deuteronomy,  Deuteronomy, Jason Derulo  Derulo as Rum Tum Tugger,  Tugger, Idris Elba  as Macavity,  Elba Macavity, Ian McKellen  McKellen as Gus,  Gus, Rebel Wilson  Wilson as Jennyanydots and  and Francesca Hayward  Hayward as Victoria. Victoria.[291] 

edit]]  Reception[edit Box office[edit edit]] 

Cats was a mammoth commercial hit. Its worldwide gross of over $2 billion by 1994 made it the highest grossing musical in history at the time. time.[292] In 2012, the  the New York Post reported that the musical's grosses had reached $3.5 billion.[293] 

Critical reception [edit edit]]  London [edit edit]] 

The original London production received mostly rave reviews, with critics hailing it as a watershed moment in British musical theatre..[294] Michael Billington  theatre Billington of  The Guardian lauded Cats as "an exhilarating piece of total theatre". Billington praised the show's "strong framework" and the ease in which the poems were integrated. He was also very impressed by Lloyd Webber's Web ber's fitting compositions, Napier's environmental set, Lynne's effective and at times brilliant choreography, and Nunn's "dazzling staging" that makes use of the entire auditorium audi torium.[295] The show received similarly glowing reviews from  from The Sunday Times' Derek Jewell  Jewell and and  The Stage's Peter Hepple. Jewell proclaimed it to be b e "among the most exhilarating and innovative musicals ever staged",[294] while Hepple declared that with Cats, "the British musical has taken a giant gian t leap forward, surpassing in ingenuity and invention anything an ything Broadway has sent us". us".[296]  There were a few lukewarm reviews, most notably from Irving Wardle Wardle  of  The Times. Wardle enjoyed Lloyd Webber's compositions but found the visual spectacle too overwhelming.[294] Robert Cushman's review for  The overwhelming. Observer  concluded that Cats was flawed but unmissable. unmissable.[297]  The reviews for the 2014 and 2015 London revivals were positive as well, with critics giving both productions an average of 4 out of 5 stars. stars.[298][299] Critics generally found the revivals to be enjoyable and invigorating, though  though Mark Shenton  Shenton was disappointed that the new staging lacked the immersiveness of the original ori ginal.[298][300]  Broadway [edit edit]] 

Reactions to the original Broadway production were mixed.[301] In his review for  The New York Times, Frank Rich  Rich noted that the main draw of the show was that it "transports the audience into a complete fantasy world that could only exist in the theater". He attributed much of this "wondrous spectacle" to Nunn's direction, Napier's set and costume designs, as well as the talented cast. Rich found many of Lloyd Webber's W ebber's songs to be "cleverly and

 

appropriately" pastiche, and was impressed with how Lynne and Nunn distinguished each character through personalised movement. However, he panned Lynne's choreography and felt that the musical failed in its vague attempt to tell a story. Overall, he wished that the show had more "feeling to go with its most inventive stagecraft." stagecraft."[302] Clive Barnes  Barnes of the New York Post concluded his review saying: "Its importance lies in i n its wholeheartedness. It is a statement of musical theater that cannot be ignored, should prove controversial and will never be forgotten.""[303]  forgotten. The 2016 Broadway revival received a similarly mixed review by  Charles Isherwood  by Isherwood of The New York Times. Isherwood concluded that the revival was "fundamentally the Cats you knew and loved when you were first fi rst bit by the musical-theater bug. Or it's the Cats you knew and snickered at when you first encountered it." it."[304] 

 Aw ard s an d n om in ati on s [edit  Award edit]]  article: List of awards and nominations for the musical Cats  Main article:  Cats   Cats has received many international awards and nominations. The original London production was nominated for six Laurence Olivier Awards  Awards  inyears 1981,later, winning two awards including including   Best New Musical Musical. .[305] Two the original Broadway production won seven  Tony Awards, seven Awards, including  including  Best Musical, Musical, out of eleven [306] nominations nominations..  The London and  and Broadway cast recordings  recordings were the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater nominated for the   Album,, which the latter won.  Album won.[307][308] In 2015, the London revival was nominated for — but did not win — two Olivier Awards, including  Best Musical Revival. including Revival.[309] 

Legacy and cultural impact[edit edit]]  This is how they divide history: BC — Before Cats — and AD —   Andrew Dominant.

Steyn on the history of musical theatre. theatre .[310]  — Mark Steyn  Despite mixed reviews when Cats opened in New York in 1982, 1 982, critics agreed that it was innovative and visually spectacular in ways that Broadway had never seen before. before.[303] The musical became a cultural phenomenon and has had a profound influence on the medium. medium.[311] Cats established musical theatre as a global commodity,,[312][313] marking the beginning of a new era in the commodity industry that is characterised by huge global stakes for potentially even huger global profits. profits.[312] It led the shift in the Broadway market towards big-budget  big-budget blockbusters blockbusters  and shows that appeal to families [88][314] and tourists, tourists,  which in turn left smaller productions struggling [313] to compete. compete.  Cats also ushered in a "golden age  age of British musicals" which saw West End exports dominate the industry for nearly two decades. decades.[315][316] Musical theatre historian Vagelis Siropoulos asserted that in terms of impact, the "seminal Broadway opening" of Cats was "comparable only to Rodgers and to  Hammerstein Hammerstein''s Oklahoma! thirty nine years ago." ago."[312] 

 

Ultimately, critics are polarized on whether Cats has changed musical theatre for the better or for the worse. William Grimes  wrote of its detractors: "There are more than a few who Grimes see the Cats phenomenon as the theatrical equivalent of the rise of the megabudget  megabudget Hollywood Hollywood  action film. film. For them, Cats is a [303] machine."   soulless money machine."

Influence and and in novations [edit edit]]   As the "first true true  megamusical megamusical"",[317] Cats pioneered a genre of musical theatre that is produced on a grand and global scale. It paved the way for later megamusicals — including  including  Les Misérables (1985), (1985),  The Phantom of the Opera (1986) and  and Miss Saigon (1989) — that have dominated the industry since..[318] Siropoulos explained: since

Cats is considered the quintessential megamusical, because it reconceived, like no other show before, theatrical space as an immense affective encompasser, that transforms the viewing experience into a hypercharged thrill-ride and the spectator into an explorer of new and challenging aural and visual sensations. Its unprecedented success paved the way for even bolder bolde r hyperspatial configurations, made the set designer a proper environment and right. raisedIt light raised  light  and   sound design status of art inbuilder their own al so and also paved the design  way for into the the [319] constant revolutionization of stage technology.  

The cat's-eyes logo and the "now and forever" slogan were used to advertise the musical at the New London Theatre (1999).

Cats introduced a marketing strategy that set the template for subsequent megamusicals. Early advertisements for the musical did not feature traditional pull quotes  quotes (despite many positive reviews) or any of the cast, focusing instead on branding the show itself as the star. It did this by adopting — and then aggressively promoting — a single recognisable image (the cat's-eyes logo) as the face of the show. show.[320] The cat's-eyes logo was the first globally marketed logo in musical theatre history, history,[88] and was paired with a tagline tagline  ("now and forever") to create what  what The Daily Telegraph called "one of musical theatre's greatest posters"..[321] Such branding emblems proved equally effective for posters" later megamusicals, as seen with the waif  Cosette Cosette  for Les Misérables and the Phantom's mask for The Phantom of the addi tional effect of Opera. This advertising method had the additional

 

diminishing the importance of critical reviews, popularising the socalled "critic-proof" status of megamusicals. megamusicals.[320]   Additionally, Cats was the first Broadway and West End show to capitalise on merchandising as a major revenue stream. Stalls were set up in the theatre lobbies to sell souvenirs ranging from toys and watches to coffee mugs, all of which were emblazoned with the cat's-eyes logo. The official Cats t-shirt became the second-best-selling t-shirt in the world in the 1980s, second only to the  the Hard Rock Cafe  Cafe t-shirt. Merchandising has since become an important source of income for the industry indu stry.[312][322]  Beyond the megamusical, Cats also led the Broadway trend for musicals aimed at families and tourists, which would later take the form of the  the Disney Theatrical Productions  Productions and and  jukebox  jukebox musicals..[314][323] The marketing campaigns for the musical targeted musicals family audiences at a time when this demographic was not a consideration in the industry. industry.[323] Composer  Joe Raposo  Raposo said of family musicals in 1986: "Cats is a wonderful proof of what an audience is out there, untapped. People do want a theatrical experience for their children." children."[324] Thanks to its easily accessible spectacle, the original Broadway production also tapped into the then-burgeoning tourist boom in New York and its audience shifted[320][313] increasingly towards foreign visitors in its later la ter years.. years  Billington also specifically traces the rise of the  jukebox musical genre back to Cats, citing the latter's disregard for dramatic text in favour of an all-encompassing all -encompassing theatrical [325] experience..   experience

Radio microphones have become the norm in live theatre since Cats.[326] 

The musical's  musical's fantasy fantasy  setting and disregard for  verisimilitude verisimilitude  allowed for groundbreaking experimentations in lighting and audio technology. The original London and Broadway productions featured  featured David Hersey' Hersey's pioneering use of  automated lighting  to produce kaleidoscopic landscapes and complicated lighting optical effects. Hersey also used light in an a n "architectural manner", with fast-changing configurations to spotlight different performers in rapid succession. This dynamic shifting the perspective created an effect similar to thatofof   fastaudience's cutting in film cutting 

 

editing editing..[16] The original London production of Cats was also the first known instance in which an entire cast was individually outfitted with  radio microphones. with microphones.[326] The departure from shared ambient microphones meant that the show did not have to depend on the acoustics and architectural design of the theatrical venue, and enabled the sound designer to achieve cinematic levels of sound amplification and studio-quality audio in live theatre.[327] This practice transformed sound design and has since become the norm in live theatre. theatre.[326] 

Cats opened new regional, touring and international markets that the industry continues to capitalise on.[313] Recognising the global potential of his show, Mackintosh replicated the original o riginal production worldwide with an unprecedented degree of standardisation..[312] Paraphrasing theatre historian Alan Filewod, standardisation Marla Carlson wrote:

Cats began the progressive transformation of "Broadway" from a specific location into a delocalized delocali zed "moment of reception" that can be experienced anywhere and everywhere, even while continuing to depend upon the stamp of approval that box-office success in an actual Broadway theater bestows. bestows.[328]  [159] [329] In the ,1980s, the ,success of local productions Cats inwere Tokyo, Tokyo  Sydney Sydney,  Vienna, Hamburg Hamburg, ,[170] and of Toronto turning points that established these cities (and their respective countries) as major commercial markets in the global theatrical circuit..[330] The musical was also a boon for circuit fo r the Broadway touring industry. In 1997, The New York Times credited the regional and touring productions of Cats with "almost single-handedly reviv[ing] the sagging road business". business".[331] Cats revolutionised the touring business by introducing the now commonplace practice of extended touring engagements that can last several weeks or months in a single city, as opposed to the typical one-week or tenday tour stop. Mackintosh's insistence that all touring productions of Cats replicate the Broadway production also resulted in the expansion and upgrading of regional theatre venues to accommodate the musical's demanding logistical requirements, as

local theatre owners did[332] not want to miss mi ss out on the opportunity to host the lucrative show. show.  

"Memory" [edit edit]]  article:  Memory (Cats song)  song)  Main article: "Memory" is the standout hit song from Cats. By 2002, the song had been played over two million times on radio and television stations in the US. US.[99] It was the most requested song at piano pia no bars and lounges in the 1980s, and was an equally popular choice at weddings, concerts and other gatherings. As of 2006, 2006 , the song had been recorded around 600 times by artists such as Barbra Streisand,, Barry Manilow, Streisand Manilow, Judy Collins, Collins, and  and  Johnny Mathis, Mathis, in covers ranging from  from easy listening  listening to to  techno techno..[333] According  According to Sternfeld, it is "by some estimations the most successful song [317]

ever from a musical." musical."

Creators [edit edit]] 

 

 

Cats was the ground-breaking show for all of us ... The success of it gave us all the freedom to go on and do other shows.

Mackintosh h[315]  — Mackintos Despite moderate hits with  with Jesus Christ Superstar  and and  Evita,  Lloyd Webber was still relatively unknown to the general public before Cats, especially in the US. With Cats, he became a big celebrity in his own right. right.[317] The musical also established the theatrical careers of the original creative and production team. Following Cats, they collaborated on other global glob al blockbusters including  Starlight Express (composed by Lloyd Webber, directed including by Nunn and designed by Napier), Les Misérables (directed by Nunn, designed by Napier and produced by Mackintosh), andThe Phantom of the Opera (composed by Lloyd Webber, choreographed by Lynne and produced by Mackintosh).[1][334]  The New London Theatre, where the original London production of Cats played for 21 years, was officially renamed the Gillian Lynne Theatre in 2018. This made Lynne the first non-royal woman to have a West End theatre named after her  .[335]  By 2012, the  the royalty payments  payments from Cats to the Eliot estate had [293]

totaled an estimated $100 . charity  Valerie Eliot used a Practical portion of million this money to establish the million. literary Old Possum's Trust, and to set up the  the T. S. Eliot Prize  Prize which has since become "the most coveted award in poetry". poetry".[336][337] Cats also turned things around for the independent British publishing house Faber and Faber . As the publisher of Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats , royalties of up to £1 million annually[315] kept the then-struggling Faber afloat during the 1980s.[338] Moreover, the musical led to a surge in the sales of Eliot's book. book.[1] The success of Cats led Faber to turn another of their literary li terary properties, Ted Hughes' Hughes' The Iron [339] 1989 musical of the same name. name.   Man, into a 1989 

In popu lar culture[edit edit]]  Cats has been referenced many times on screen; from the films  Six Degrees of Separation[292] and films and  Team America: World [340] the sketch comedy  comedy Saturday Night Live, and Police,  to the  animated series like  like Family Guy, The Simpsons and and  BoJack [341] Horseman,  as well as live action comedies including  including The Golden Girls, Caroline in the City, Glee and and  Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt.[342][343] An  An episode of the musical television television series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend, titled "I Need Some Balance", parodied Cats by having all the songs sung by anthropomorphic cats who "introduce [themselves] over '80s Broadway beats". beats".[344]  Stage parodies of the musical have also been mounted in the West End and  and Off-Broadway Off-Broadway.. CAT – (THE PLAY!!!), a one-man show written by Jamie Beamish and Richard Hardwick, is a  a dark comedy  about the fictitious life of Dave, a cat who was fired from comedy the original London production of Cats on opening night. Starring  Gerard McCarthy  Starring McCarthy as Dave and with choreography by by  Arlene  Arlene Phillips, Phillips, the musical premiered at the 2014  2014 Edinburgh Festival;[345] it performed at various regional venues before Fringe Festival;

 

the Ambassadors making its West End debut at the   Ambassadors Theatre  Theatre in April [346] 2017..  Katdashians! Break the Musical!, a parody mashup 2017 of  Keeping Up with the Kardashians and Cats by Bob and Tobly McSmith, premiered Off-Broadway at the Elektra Theatre in June 2016..[347] All 2016  All the song parodies of Cats were later removed after accusations of  copyright infringement  infringement from Lloyd Webber's representatives, who claimed the songs were being used "to parody another subject matter entirely".[348] Other stage shows that satirise Cats include  include  Six Degrees of Separation,[343] Angels  Angels in and  The Musical of Musicals (The Musical!).[349]   America,[292] and Madame Tussauds New York  features  wax figures  figures of several York features characters from the musical, including one of Grizabella that sings "Memory" through the use of  projection mapping mapping  technology technology..[350] Similarly, a wax figure of Rumpleteazer is displayed at the  the Panoptikum Panoptikum  wax museum in Hamburg, Germany..[351]  Germany  A Cats postage stamp  stamp was issued by the  the United States Postal Service  in 2000 as part of its  Service its Celebrate the Century  Century series. The musical was chosen as one of fifteen "outstanding artifacts, events and activities" from the 1980s to be commemorated with its own stamp design. design.[352] Beginning in March 2019, the  the Rinkai Line  Line in Tokyo, Japan, uses two songs from the musical for its  its train departure melodies  melodies at the  the Ōimachi Station; the train to  to Ōsaki Station  uses a jingle of "Memory", while the train to  Station to Shin-Kiba Station  uses a jingle of "Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat".[353]  Station

Recordings and music video[edit edit]]  Cast Ca st recordi ngs [edit edit]]  List of cast recordings, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications

Peak chart positions

Cast

Album details US   US [354][

 

355]

 

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Origin al Londo n cast

 

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Released: 1 July 1981 (UK), (UK),[362] July 1982 (US) (US)[363]  Label:  PolyGram Label: PolyGram  (U [362] K),,  Geffen K) Records  Records (US (US))[363]  Formats:  LP Formats: LP,, cassett e, 2-disc  2-disc  CD[364] 

A G JP U ER  N  ER  T  [357]  [358]  [356]  

N E D  [359]  

N Z 

U K 

[36

[361

 

0]

Sales

Certificatio ns

 

]

 



86

7

2 1

6

 



UK :  Silver (1981);;[3 (1981) 62]  Gold (1993))[36 (1993 5]   SWI::  SWI Platinu [366]

m

 

 

 

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Origin al Broad  way cast

 



 

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Released: 26 January 1983 (US))[367][368]   (US Label:  Geffen Label: Records  (US Records (US))[368]  Formats: LP, cassette, CD

13 1

1 7

5

 



WW: >2,000 ,000 ,00 0[95] 

 

US:  US: Platinu m[367][368]  

 

AUT:  AUT: Platinu m[370]  SWI: Platinu m[366]  GER :  Gold  Gol d [371] 

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Origin al Vienne se cast

   

 

 

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Released: 1983 Label:  Polydor Label: Record s[369]  Formats: CD

 



1

 



24

 



Origin al Austral ian cast Origin al Japane se cast

     

Released: 1985[372]  Label:  EMI Label: EMI   Formats: CD



 

Released: 21 April 1985 198 5[167][373]  Label:  Pony Canyon  Label: Canyon  Formats: CD Live recording  recording 

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

   

Released: 6 October 1986 198 6[374]  Label: Polydor Records Formats: LP, LP,[375] CD Live recording

 

Released: 1987[376] 

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Origin al Hambu rg cast

 

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Origin al Dutch cast

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Origin al Londo n cast (Highli ghts from C  ats) Japane se cast

Label: Mercury Label:  Records  Records  Formats: CD Live recording

 

 

 

 



12

72

 



     

Released: 1989[377]  Label: Polydor Records Formats: CD

 

Released: 8

 





[167][379]

 



February 1989 Label: Pony Canyon 

 



 





 

UK: Silver (1993))[37 (1993 8]   SWI: Gold  Gol d [366] 

 

 

Formats: CD

   

Released: 1989[195]  Label: Polydor Records Formats: LP, cassette, CD

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

Origin al French cast

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Origin al Mexic an cast Origin al Polish cast

     

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Dutch cast

   

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Origin al Italian cast

 

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Released: December 2006 2006[382]  Label:  Universal Label: Music   Music Formats: CD Highlights

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Released: 26 January 2010[383]  Label: Compagnia della Rancia Formats: CD Live recording

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Music Japan Japan[384]  Formats: CD

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Released: 12 January 2004[381]  Label:  Universal Label: Music Polska  Polska  Formats: CD

Released: 24 April 2019 201 9[167]  Label:  Universal Label:

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Live recording Released: 1991[380]  Label: Polydor Records Formats: CD

 

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Music video [edit edit]]  Title

"The Rum Tum Tugger"

Year

1985

Director(s)

Details

Ref.

Jeff Lee

Starring original Broadway cast member  Terrence Mann  Mann as Rum Tum Tugger, the musical number was re-arranged and re-staged for a music video. It was the first music video created to promote a Broadway show.

[385][386]  

 

Revisions and cut material[edit edit]]  The stage production of Cats has undergone several revisions since its London opening. When W hen the show transferred to Broadway, several cuts and rewrites were made with the intention of appealing more to an American audience.[387] Additionally,  Additionally, a song entitled "Cat Morgan Introduces Himself " was cut during initial development. Lloyd Webber performed songthe a t the at show's 6,138th Broadway performance, whenthis it broke record [104] to become the longest-running Broadway show.  

" Growltiger's Last Sta Stand" nd" [edit edit]]  The "Growltiger's Last Stand" sequence has been changed multiple times over the course of the show's history. In the original London production, the "last duet" for Growltiger and Griddlebone was a setting for an unpublished Eliot poem, "The Ballad of Billy M'Caw". For the original Broadway production, the Ballad was replaced with "In Una Tepida Notte", a parody of Italian opera with more  slapstick more slapstick  humour .[95][388] This new version was eventually incorporated into all other productions ofCats.[95]  "Growltiger's Last Stand" has been criticised as being racially raciall y offensive. The originalthe lyrics, taken from Eliot p oem is based on, included ethnic slurdirectly slur" "Chinks Chinks" " andthe this waspoem later it replaced with the word "Siamese Siamese"".[32] The number also originally involved the cast putting on "Asian accents" to portray the Siamese cats. cats.[304] In the 1998 video version, the entire scene featuring Growltiger was cut. cut.[389] By 2016, "Growltiger's Last Stand" had been removed completely from the US and UK productions of the show. show.[32] 

Mungojerrie Mungo jerrie and Rump Rumpleteaz leteazer  er [edit edit]]  In the original London production, Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer were characters in their own right and sang their eponymous song themselves as a singsong-style duet. When the show transferred to Broadway, the song was instead sung in i n the third-person, with Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer as puppets being magically controlled by Mr. Mistoffelees. Their number was also rewritten to be faster and more upbeat, alternating between vaudeville vaudeville--style verses and a "manic  "manic patter " section. Eventually, the Broadway version of the song was rewritten to allow Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer to once again sing their own song as full characters..[390]  characters

Rum Tum Tugger [edit edit]]  The 2014 London revival introduced several modernizations to the show. Rum Tum Tugger was reworked and changed from a ladies-man rockstar to a  a breakdancing breakdancing  street cat. His eponymous musical number was also turned into a  a rap rap..[391][392] The 2015  Australian tour and 2015 Paris production also used the new version of the character; however, the 2016 Broadway revival did not.

 

Choreography[edit edit]]   Andy The 2016 Broadway revival featured new choreography by Andy more hip hop  hop and and  cool Blankenbuehler , who introduced more  [55]  jazz  elements to the movements and dances.  Blankenbuehler's  jazz choreography for the ensemble numbers did not differ too much from the original by Lynne, but significant changes were made in several solo numbers, including "The Rum Tum Tugger" and an d "Mr. [304] Mistoffelees"..   Mistoffelees"

References[edit edit]]  1. 2.

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Webber: 25 Years of Broadway – The Musicals on Record" Record".. Billboard Billboard.. 108 (42): ALW –16, 18.  18. ISSN ISSN  0006-2510 0006-2510..  355. ^  "Original Broadway Cast Recording: Chart History: Billboard 200" 200".. Billboard Billboard.. Archived   Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.  356. ^  "austriancharts.at – Suche nach: cats"  cats" (in German).  Austriancharts.at. Retrieved 30 April 2019.   357. ^  "Musical: Cats (Deutsche Originalaufnahme)"  Originalaufnahme)" (in German). German).  GfK Entertainment Charts. Charts. Retrieved 29 April2019.  358. ^  "劇団四季ミュージカル『キャッツ』メモリアルエディシ  Japanese). Oricon Oricon.. Archived   Archived from the original on 3 May ョン " (in Japanese).  2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.  ^  "Musical – Cats (Nederlandstalige Versie 1987)"  1987)" (in 359. Dutch). Dutch).  Dutch Charts. Charts. Retrieved 29 April 2019.  360. ^  "charts.nz – Search for: cats". cats". New Zealand charts portal. Retrieved 30 April 2019.  361. ^  "Official Albums Chart Results Matching: Cats". Cats". Official Charts Company Company.. Retrieved 30 April 2019.  ^ Jump up to:a b  c "Stage Cast Recordings: Cats 362. ^  (London)".. British Phonographic Industry. Industry. Retrieved 25 (London)" March 2019.  363. ^ Jump up to:a b  Grein, Paul (24 July 1982).  ^  1982). "Geffen Putting Emphasis On Broadway Productions" Productions".. Billboard Billboard.. 94 (29): 68. 68.  ISSN ISSN  0006-2510 0006-2510..  364. ^  "Original London Cast: Cats [Original London Cast Recording]".. AllMusic.  AllMusic.  Archived  Archived from the original on 24 March Recording]" 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2013.  ^  "Original Cast Recording: Cats". Cats". British Phonographic 365. Industry Industry.. Retrieved 30 April 2019.   366. ^  cats". Swiss ^ Jump up to:a b  c "Edelmetall – Suche nach: cats". Hitparade.. Retrieved 30 April 2019.  Hitparade ^ Jump up to:a b  Culwell-Block, Logan.  367. ^  Logan. "The Definitive List of the 42 Best-Selling Cast Recordings of All Time" Time".. Playbill Playbill..  Archived  Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.  Cast)". Recording Industry ^ Jump up to:a b  c "Cats (Original Cast)". ^   Association of America. America.  Archived  Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.  369. ^  "Musical – Cats (Wien)"  (Wien)" (in German). Universal Music  Austria. Retrieved 29 April 2019.  370. ^  Sampson, Jim (16 March 1985).  1985).  "Special Report: West Germany, Austria, Switzerland ...Newsline..." ...Newsline..."  Billboard Billboard.. 97 (11): 9. 9.  ISSN ISSN  0006-2510 0006-2510..  ^  "Cats – Theater ad Vienna"  Vienna" (in German).  German). Bundesverband 371. Musikindustrie.. Retrieved 30 April 2019.   Musikindustrie 372. ^  "Cats sound recording: the original Australian cast" cast".. Trove Trove.. Archived   Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.   CATS オリジナル・キャスト 373. ^  "劇団四季ミュージカル  CATS 368.

"[Gekidan Shiki Musical CATS from Original (inon 26 March Japanese). Japanese).    Amazon. Amazon . Archived   Archived the Cast] original 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019. 

 

374.

^  "German Cast Recording: Cats German Cast

Live" Live"..  AllMusic. AllMusic. Archived   Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.  375. ^  "Cats – German Complete Recording from the Hamburger Operettenhaus (live, 1986)" 1986)"  (in German). German).   Amazon.de. Amazon.de. Retrieved 29 April 2019.  ^  "Cats – Nederlandse cast 1987"  1987" (in 376. Dutch).  Bol.com Dutch). Bol.com..  Archived  Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.  377. ^  "Highlights From Cats (1981 Original London Cast)"..  Amazon.co.uk. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2019.  Cast)" ^  "Original Cast Recording: Highlights From Cats". Cats". British 378. Phonographic Industry Industry.. Retrieved 30 April 2019.  ^  "劇団四季ミュージカル  CATS  CATS ロングラン・キャスト 379. "[Gekidan Shiki Musical CATS Long Run Cast] (in Japanese).   Amazon. Japanese). Amazon. Archived   Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.  380. ^  Cats (Mexico: Polydor, 1991).  WorldCat 1991). WorldCat.. OCLC OCLC  29457176 29457176..   Various"  [Cats – Various] (in Polish).  Polish).  Universal 381. ^  "Koty – Various" Music Polska Polska.. Retrieved 18 April 2019.  ^  "Cats : Hoogtepunten uit de Nederlandse cast versie 382. 2006 –2007" 2007"  (in Dutch). Muziekweb. Retrieved 29 April2019.  ^  "In vendita il cd del musical 'Cats' in italiano!"  italiano!" (in Italian). Musical.it. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 1 May2019.   384. ^  "劇団四季ミュージカル『キャッツ』＜メモリアルエディ BOX商品写真公開 !"  !" [Shiki ション＞ 全曲試聴映像公開 ! 豪華 BOX Theatre Company Musical 'Cats' (Memorial Edition) All songs preview video released! Luxurious BOX product photo release!] (in Japanese).  Japanese). Universal Music Japan. Japan. 26 March 2019. 2019.  Archived   Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.  ^  Kaplan, Peter W. (10 November 1984).  1984).  "TV NOTES; 385. BROADWAY FIRST: 'CATS' DOES ROCK VIDEO TURN". TURN". The New York Times. Times.  Archived  Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.  386. ^  Dupler, Steve (8 December 1984).  1984). "A Broadway First: 'Cats' Vidclip Gets Digital Sound" Sound".. Billboard Billboard.. Vol. 96 no. 50. pp. 32 –33. 33.  ISSN ISSN  0006-2510 0006-2510.. 

383.

387. 388. 389.

^  Lloyd Webber 2018, 2018, p. 375 ^  Lloyd Webber 2018, 2018, pp. 384 –385 ^  Marks, Peter (1 November 1998).  1998).  "Broadway's 'Cats':

Restaged for Eternity (And We Thought They Were Kidding!)" Kidding!)".. The New York Times. Times .  Archived  Archived from the original on 5  April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.  390. ^  McLamore 2017, 2017, pp. 416 –418 ^  Singh, Anita (7 July 2014).  2014). "Cats: classic musical to 391. feature a rapping cat". cat". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph. Retrieved 19 March 2016.  2016).  "REVIEW: Cats, New 392. ^  Terry, Alexa (11 November 2016).  Wimbledon Theatre". Theatre". BritishTheatre.com. Retrieved 15 May 2019. 

Bibliography[edit edit]] 

 

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