Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs in the British Museum

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LIBRARY

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CATALOGUE OF

Egyptian Scarabs, Etc, THE

IN

BRITISH MUSEUM. BY

H.

R.

HALL,

M.A.,

ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EGVl'TIAN

VOLUME

F.S.A.,

AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES.

L

ROYAL SCARABS.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD AT THE

BRITISH

MUSEUM;

AND AT P.-^TERNOSTER 39,

ROW; LONGMANS & Co., BERNARD QUARITCH, n, GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, ASHER AND Co., 14, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN; AND

HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY LONDON.

PRESS,

1913-

[ALL

RIGHTS RESERVED.]

AMEN CORNER,

W.

til

DT r

r\

o

ri

V

Harrison and Sons. Printers ST.

in

Ordinary to His Majesty,

Martin's Lane, London.

This volume contains

full

Cylinder-seals, Seal-amulets, etc., on

personages to the

1,518

end

who

which are cut the names

Ptolemies, about

photographic

full-sized

Taken

text.

and

reproductions as

a whole,

These are

50.

B.C.

is

the largest

and most important

the student of Egyptian history, religion, is

and

primarily religious

this

line

historical,

and

there

Collection of Royal Scarabs,

published

previously

been

The

The

edited.

descriptions

been given

greater

given

from

those

Mesopotamia,

is

invaluable to

Scarab

interest of the

number

ever

Scarabs

of the

and

years,

was

it

have

not

form the greatest mass of

made

And

available.

comparative archaeology,

in the descriptions to

Minoan remains

the case of the important Scarabs found with

Greece, and

and

the British

in

no evidence that

have been acquired during recent

material for the study of this subject hitherto attention has

The

art. is

by

drawings distributed

in the world,

and

used as currency, as some have supposed. herein

royal

illustrated

which, however, only forms one-fifth of the Scarab Collection

Museum,

and

of kings

flourished from the period of the First dynasty, about B.C. 4000,

of that of the

throughout the

royal Egyptian Scarabs,

2,891

descriptions of

Syria

Palestine,

in

special 6.°.,

in

Cyprus and

and Western Asia

generally.

This volume the

Department.

is

I

used

in the

Assistant in the

of

have read

compared them with the of stones

work

the

Mr. H. R. Hall, M.A., F.S.A., Assistant in

manuscript

original objects.

The

Mr.

of

Mineralogy

descriptions

and

identifications of the various kinds

manufacture of Scarabs are due

Department

Hall's

Mr. L.

to

in the

British

J.

Spencer, M.A.,

Museum

(Natural

History).

E.

Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum. November

\2th, 1913.

in

A.

WALLIS BUDGE.

CONTENTS

PAGE 1.

RovAL Scarabs and Seal-Amulets

I

Cylinder-Seals

261

III.

Signet-Rings and Stamps

273

IV.

Ancient Impressions of Cylinders and Scarabs

II.

V.

VI.

•

••

...

286

Miscellanea

293

Addenda

297

Index

305

INTRODUCTION.

Description of the Objects and Scope of the Catalogue.

1.

In the present Catalogue are described the Collections of

Cylinder-seals

Plaques,

and Scarabs, and

which are preserved

etc.,

The Cylinder-seal to take

its

their

:

derived forms, the Scaraboids, Cowroids,

in the British

So made as

Museum.

wax

be rolled over the

to

or clay intended

impression.

The Button-seal hang from a chain

:

A

small signet, intended to be strung as a

or necklace in exactly the

The Scarab

An

:

amulet,

This amulet was adapted

on

the signet being cut

its

is

for

the

as a

sacred

and emblem

not too large,

modern beetle

bead

or to

" charm."

{Scarabaeus

Khepera, the creator

of

was

use as a seal, and

When

base.

a bead or mounted as the bezel of a

The Scaraboid

same way

representing

aegyptiorum or Ateuchus sacer), the type

Sun-god.

Ancient Egyptian

it

largely so

used

;

could be strung as

ring.

" a modification of the Scarab, retaining the " Scaraboid

form and the engraved base of the Seal-scarab, while the back was either absolutely plain or could be cut forms, such as that of the

The Cowroid shape, originally losing

the

all

is

head

a " cross

made

(if

of stone) or

of a negro, of a "

Plaques

in imitation of the

as the Scarab (in

and

of faience) in various

cynocephalus ape, and so

It

of

forth.

lentoid

form of a cowry-shell, but afterwards

was

inscribed

(m

imitation of a seal) in

Scaraboid.

the specially restricted sense of the appellation used in this

Catalogue) are plaque-shaped amulets developed from the

same manner as

in the

(if

between a Scaraboid and a bead

trace of this original form.

same way

impressed

flat

bead and inscribed

the Seal-scarabs.

Various combinations of the Scaraboid and the Plaque are met with.

All

these derivatives of the Scarab partake of the nature of beads, as also does the

Scarab

worn

itself

as amulets, were usually strung with beads on necklaces, etc.

Cylinder-seal

so that

it

when Even the

to a great extent, since all are perforated for stringing, and,

is

perforated in the

same way (though

might be slung on a necklace.

When

usually

on a

larger scale),

intended not to be strung as

INTRODUCTION.

viJJ

a bead, but, as was often the case, to be mounted as the bezel of a signet-ring,

was

the Scarab or Plaque

by means

always perforated, and was secured

manner

They

suspended from, a chain.

majority

were, therefore,

them were intended

of

be used

originally intended to

all

these various objects

be used as

to

the

is

Thus the

thousands of Scarabs and

ornaments

was adapted to be used

their derivatives, the

which were never intended

to

in

Button-seal,

be anything

and

else

Other Scarabs not only

seal.

the

Cylinder-seal

The

only of

Of the

of

its

and

and

its

chief place

is,

no

it

impossible to sever

is

in

the

the

in

same

of course, taken by the Scarab, on account not of

its

unique religious and

and

characteristically Egyptian, curiosity

if

nature and form

artistic interest.

the smaller productions of the Egyptian artists, the Scarab

most

the

ornament

inscription or

Heart-scarab must be described

more common occurrence, but

all

of

derived forms, which were at once amulets

This connection

the

none

connecting-link between the Cylinder-seal, or

seals or imitations of seals.

Catalogue.

etc.,

than amulets, bore inscriptions or

the Heart-scarab, which often bore

the ordinary Scarab

j.

as a seal, with the result that

Scarabs are treated as a whole, so that objects as wide apart as

&

nature, but also in form, taking on

The

characteristics of the seal.

to

while the Scarab,

;

Scaraboids, Cowroids, Plaques,

a kind appropriate only to a

of

remained purely amuletic

the

Cylinder-seal was, originally, never •

originally a religious amulet,

that

fact

were adapted

or

seals,

intended to be anything else than a seal

all, is

be

purpose, or were inscribed and ornamented in

for that

imitation of seals.

,

the Seal.

and

dead,

of the

the person.

The common bond between

at

the exception

which were placed as amulets on the bodies

a bead, or provided with some other means of being strung on, or

of

worn upon

„

to the ring

objects described in this Catalogue are thus either perforated in the

the

,

With

of a metal wire passing through the perforation.

of the larger Scarabs, all

still

among

as such

was

the surrounding nations.

was one

greatly prized as a In Palestine, Scarabs

XI 1th dynasty and of all the later periods are found in tombs and on town sites. Sporadic specimens have occurred in Mesopotamia,' and some are said to have been found as far afield as Elam.^ In Phoenicia the Scarab was regularly imitated by the local craftsmen, and was acclimatized as an object of Phoenician art Phoenician Scarabs have .J

,

of the

,,

outside Lgypt.

.

.

.

;

been found as

and

A

in

far

West

as Etruria,

and

at

Tharros

in

Sardinia.^

In

Cyprus

Greece the Scarab was, at an early period, imported from Egypt.

Xllth dynasty Scarab was found

at Enkomi,''

and

others are

1556 1559.

»

£.0.,

^

Several Scarabs

^

A. H. Smith, Catalogue of Gems, pp.

4

98.

in the British

Museum

Collection.

13

ff.

known from

.

INTRODUCTION. In the time of the

Crete.'

names

of

Amenhetep

were prized by the

XVI

dynasty, Scarabs and rings bearing the

1th

Queen

of

III,

1

and

Tii,

Mycenae,

chiefs of

ix

Amenhetep IV (Khuenaten), and of Enkomi

of

lalysos in Rhodes,

of

(Salamis) in Cyprus,^ and buried with them in their tombs.

In later

days the

Scarab, introduced from Phoenicia, again became popular in Greece, and " throughout the sixth century the usual form of Greek seal-gem was the Scarab,

hard stone, with the designs on the base cut with the lapidary's wheel. ^

of

Greek Scarabs were Greek-made, and are, therefore, not

These

They

were purely Greek.

their designs

included in the present Catalogue, from which the Phoenician

Scarabs found at Tharros are also excluded.

Of his

none

course,

Scarab were

were

of the religious ideas that

known

owners

to the foreign

or

makers

they were merely curious objects, often beautifully

which might be used as seals

typified to the

made

To them

of Scarabs.

or of beautiful colour,

the material of which they were

(if

Egyptian by

made was hard

some vague magic virtue which rendered With the dead man they were buried like the rest

enough), and undoubtedly possessed

them desirable

acquisitions.

of his personal possessions.

To

and

the moderns, the Scarab

of interest, either as

emblems

Egyptian craftsman, while

its

congeners have also always been objects

Egyptian

of

religion or

the archaeologist

to

specimens

and

of the art of the

historian they

have often

proved most useful as evidence. II.

The

The Development of the Egyptian Seal-amulet.

oldest of the objects described

of seal in use in

Egypt.

It

was

of the

From

Cylinder-seal. ..

is

the Seal-cylinder, the earliest form

same form as this

has been

fact

argued an

connexion between the Egyptian and Babylonian

J

but the validity of the argument

found

the typical Babylonian

in

is

early

civilizations,

doubtful, as the Cylinder

is

Egypt used by the Pre-dynastic population, certainly before any foreign any kind can be traced in the country. As many of the earliest

influence of

Egyptian Cylinders are of wood,'* they itself,

were

perhaps have originated

Egypt

in

and be derived from a piece of reed on which primitive ideographic signs cut. Very soon ivory ^ was used, and then the soft stone, steatite ;

1

Evans, J.H.S., XIV,

2

pos^ s.n., 1915. Walters, Art of the Greeks,

^

may

See

* Cf.

p.

326

;

Scripfa Minoa,

p.

136.

p. 192,

2595

(1st

dynasty).

Period was found at Museum (No. 49018).

One

p.

209

;

A. H. Smith, Catalogue of Gems, pp.

of the oldest

Abydos by Mr.

E. R.

wooden Cylinders

Ayrton

in

1909,

and

of the Early is

now

1

5

ff

Dynastic

in the

British

^ The ivory Cylinder-seals from Hierakonpolis (Quibell, Hierakonpolis, I, PI. xv) date from the very beginning of the 1st dynasty, or shortly before it. An ivory Cylinder of the same period was found by Ayrton at Mahasna in 1909 (Predynastic Cemetery at el.Mahasna, PI. xxvii, 1). No. 2597 (Vth dynasty) is of ivory (p. xxix, post).

INTRODUCTION.

X

and

this,

unglazcd,

Under

dynasties that have survived.

earliest

ceramic paste was

Xllth dynasty

and

utilized,

also, occasionally,

was

glazed blue,

steatite,

the Seal-cylinder of

material of most

usual

the

is

known

that,

is

made

an end (2639).

to

of the finest

predecessors, are well known. the addition "

Beloved

neighbourhood

of the

specially

Amenemhat

whom

of the king, with

Sebek, Lord of Khmunu," or some other place

of

Fayyum,

in the

the province which the kings of this dynasty

Complicated Cylinders occur, forming

favoured.

of several of his

prenomen

Usually, they bear the

name

rare

the Xllth dynasty

and

III,

the

specimens of

which bears the

of glazed steatite,

Cylinders of

Under

copper or bronze.'

Sebekneferu (Skemiophris), the queen regnant with

came

the

of

the Vlth dynasty a hard blue

One

usual.

Cylinders

the

of

which

quatrefoils,

was beginning which was popularly

could not have been used as seals, and show that the Cylinder-seal to

become simply an amulet bearing

name

the

of the king,

On

considered to be of great magical protective power. of

we

Antef V, Nub-kheper-Ra (2644),

an elaborate Cylinder

see the figure of the king cut

in alter-

nation with that of the god Sebek and in combination with protective symbols this

Cylinder must have been an amulet pure and simple,

Under

the

XVIIIth dynasty Cylinders, both simple

though they are rare

The

:

in spite of its size.

seals

and amulets,

occur,

^

afterwards they practically disappear.

:

under the Ethiopians and Saites brought the Cylinder

archaistic revival

again into partial use.

was now

It

made

usually

of faience,

and not

of

much

practical utility as a seal.^

The Cylinder was

originally simply rolled

A

surface of the clay to be stamped. to

the

last

(though

in

by

"circle

round

a misunderstood form)

and over

again,"

"come and

full

for this

The

circle").

over the

shown by only, and we

the fact that at

is

of

find

it

used

King Ten, [A r*wn

example

That

flat clay.'*

of the sign,

"^

and

>

it

first

in this

"

.^hcn,

idea of the

O

"repeat," to

to

,

word

is

to "roll

is

Q

,

Cf.

E.g.

3

2648 2651.

2645,

of

was used

the sign

it

to

represented

mean an

actual seal

sense in the inscription on the ivory box-lid seal

of

no doubt as

symbol was

Amenhetep

" Petrie,

Royal Tombs,

5

Museum No. 35352

British

which,

is

to

judgment."^

what

it

lost sight of,

This

is

the oldest

was intended to represent. and it was taken to be

2603 2605, and 2865.

'

2

over

a diagrammatic form the Seal-cylinder

in

an actual Seal-cylinder that

is

" golden

there

Later on, the origin of the

the Egyptian hieroglyphic

in

conception the symbol adopted was

has been suggested, simply represents rolling

hand over the method survived

of the

picture of this primitive

system as the determinative sign of the word " (to

palm

the

II,

I.

p. 25. ;

Petrie,

Royal Tombs,

II.

PI. vii, 12.

,

INTRODUCTION. a signet-ring

for the finger,

xi

with a rectangular bezel, and under

was represented 'even as early as the lllrd dynasty,' protecting hawk or vulture which hovers above the reliefs,

or decorates the

ceilings

of

Q

Xllth dynasty from Dashur, the base of the bezel.^

was

It

not

were made

rings

it

figure of the king in wall-

among

the jewels of the

already represented as a seal-

is

XXVIth

the time of the

till

of this shape, in

impression

carried in the claws of the

Also,

temples.

this

dynasty, however, that actual

pursuance of the (generally mistaken) archaistic

tendency of the time.^

At

the earliest period, the Cylinder-seal, besides being kept in a box,

on

also slung

became

became

the sign of the royal official

We

of the royal seal.

find this sign

its

owner, and the

who was charged with 9 oi ^^, showing the

of the necklace thrust through the perforation of the seal, as early as

time

the

seal

its

and use

the custody

two ends

suspended from a necklace and worn by

or

necklace with

was

Perabsen (llnd dynasty).*

of

symbol

the usual determinative

Later,

of the

form 9' altered to Q,

the

words

and

setchau{t)

khetem, " to

and ^--^ as .^-O became the sign of the official keeper of the seal (setchaufi), and is usually translated " treasurer." The simple method of rolling the Cylinder with the hand was soon improved upon by the invention of holders, so that the Cylinder could be used on the seal,"

^

,

principle of the

Vth

,

modern revolving

dynasties

the

in

British

Two

blotting-pad.

Museum

®

Cylinders of the IVth and

and instead

unperforated,

are

of

perforations have hollowed ends, evidently intended to be gripped by a metal

No

holder.

doubt perforated Cylinders were mounted

and we have, under in

the

XVI 11th

the

swivel-mounting

dynasty, a survival of

small

of

Cylinders

as

in holders this

method,

bezels

the

with a swivel,

of

in miniature,

finger-rings

(see p. xxxv).

Under

the later dynasties of the Ancient

Cylinder-seal increased very

was simply a hollow

much

cylinder

'

Quibell, Hierakonpolis,

^

De Morgan,

I,

Pll.

in size,

like

a

till

Empire the perforation

of the

under the Vlth dynasty, the seal

Under

pipe.

the

Xllth dynasty the

xxxvi-xxxviii.

Legrain, and Jequier, Fouilles a

Dahchour

1,

PI. xx, 29.

meaning " circle," " repetition," was no doubt taken to " he in the circular shape of the ring," which was originally no ring at all, but the Cylinder This is an interesting example of rolling and " repeating " its design upon the clay beneath. the way in which the meaning of signs was lost sight of and their form corrupted in the ^

The

significance of the sign as

course of centuries. "*

was

Petrie, I

J

5

o

,

Royal Tombs,

PL

xxi, 164.

The ordinary word

setchauti, at this time (Griffith, in Petrie,

The word

originally

II,

for a

means "to

" sealed " contract

close

up";

was

®

for

"to seal" and "sealer"

loc. cit., p. 53).

^^

Q

,

khetemt.

setchau{t), "to stamp," "impress";

Cf.

2765.

The word khetem

^ ^^ Q

,

" signet," only occurs in late texts, for " a seal," 6

2596, 2597. d

2

^^^'em,

INTRODUCTION.

xii

seal-makers reverted to the small perforation characteristic of the earliest period.

Under

the

Old Kingdom a new form Button-seal

„

,

this

in

of seal

ivory

of

or

came

into use in the

steatite

shape

of the

a circular signet, with a

:

was probably introduced into Egypt from the Aegean lands, where it was at time an usual form of seal, and where it developed in a way unknown small ring above

for

it

suspension.

It

Egypt.

The

the Middle

amulet,

was soon taken by

place of the Button-seal

Empire was the ordinary form appeared,

it first

used

would seem,

it

the Scarab, which, during

and

of seal,

later

was

at the time of the

the usual Seal-

Vlth dynasty.

to be supposed that Scarabs bearing the names

It

of the

Pyramid-builders and other kings of the 1 Vth and Vth dynasties

dated to the

really

comparison

age

of the types

of

The Scarabs

Menkaura

seals of the

was

in the

greatly

examination

and

for the re-issue of

archaism of the

some

are,

dynasty are not unknown), and

of them,

of the

XlXth

IVth dynasty Scarabs under the Saites

Sa'ite

admired and generally

without

Pyramid-builders are mostly

of the

XVI 11th

those of Unas, curiously enough, are,

found

further

has rendered inevitable the conclusion that the Scarabs

exception, of later manufacture.

The reason

but

;

Menkaura, and Unas, which are so well-known,

of Khufu, Khafra,

Saite (though

monarchs

these

when the art of imitated. The names

Period,

old were regarded as powerful protective charms,

dynasty. is

to

be

the Pyramid-builders of the great kings of

and so were engraved broad-

The re-issues of the XVIIIth and XlXth dynasties are less readily explicable. The prenomen of Thothmes III, in its early form Men-kheper-ka-Rd, seems to have suggested to the Scarab-makers the names cast

on Scarabs.

'

Kheper-ka-Ra (Senusert

of the ancient kings

I)

and Menkara, and so Menkara's

name appears on Scarabs of Thothmes Ill's time.^ But the reason for the commemoration of Unas under the XlXth or XXI Ind dynasty^ escapes us.* The Scarab was originally a purely religious object, the emblem of re-birth in the

Other World and of the god of " coming-into-being," Khepera.

in the

form of the Scarab-beetle were buried with the dead, and then were, by

a transition, adopted as magical protections necklaces, side

names '

2 3 *

by

As at Der 584 ff. 43 ff.

Book of

al-Bahari (Budge,

The only reason

I

the god Osiris-Unnefer

The

wearer.

can suggest

is

^^

and

T

Ji

,

form

name

that the

connected wi'h the veneration of the early Royal Abydos under the XlXthXXIlnd dynasty.

i,

that bore the

Scarab necessitated

the

of

the Kings,

that the

and strung upon

and Button-seals

side with the small Cylinders

or devices of the

the living,

for

Amulets

a

p. 126).

^^

I

\\

issue of

Tombs

the

was confused with Scarabs

that of

may have been

(including that of "Osiris") at

INTRODUCTION. somewhat broad,

flat

base upon which the insect could stand,

represented as standing upon anything at

and so

XVlllth dynasty was as much a

seal devices

was

be

to

were cut upon

which henceforward

the originally funerary amulet of the Scarab, the

if it

This base naturally suggested

all.

as the field for the engraving of a seal,

itself

xiii

the

till

end

of

an amulet, and the most usual form

seal as

of seal.

The most

ancient Scarabs

known

One, a small ivory beede found

a seal about them.

.^

1910,

is

in

in the British

Museum

does not begin

the Scarab of Aatshet,

„.'

But the manufacture

Xlth dynasty,

Neb-hapet-Ra Mentuhetep,

consort of

,^

bearing

v

with Senusert

prenomen

o

I

i

•

the Scarab

the

the

British

name of is known

comes mto

r

ii

full

j

but

i

vogue, and bears

in various combinations, often of a fantastic character (75 95).

name were

Scarab-seals that bore the royal

not necessarily the property of

the king or his officials, nor did they necessarily bear

name was now

royal

in

=>

i

of

which period belongs

to

No contemporary Scarab (60). Amenemhat 1, the first king of the XI 1th dynasty, (though his name was thus commemorated in later times),

K.ingdoin.

The

the

till

Collection

the king's

Blue glazed

(No. 49336).

bases, occur contemporaneously with the Button-seals.

Museum

Abydos

at

rude form and with roughly geometrical designs upon their

steatite Scarabs, of

fine Scarab-seals

of

a Vlth dynasty grave during

Egypt Exploration Fund

the excavations of the

Sixth Dynasty.

and have no mark

are purely amulets,

inscribed

upon

any

The

ofhcial character.

the amuletic seal as

an additional magical

protection for the owner.

The names and

were inscribed upon Scarabs, as on Cylinders, many of them shows that new

of private persons

^^,

the addition of the signs

Seal-scarabs were specially

" deceased," to

made

be buried with the dead, as the

to

original

Scarab-amulet had been, and could, naturally, serve as the dead men's seals

in

the next world.

The

new

a

were now often surrounded by a border of spiral decoration introduced into Egypt, about the time

inscriptions

style

of

Xlth dynasty, from Crete and the Aegean Egyptians had the

whole base

often art of

now come

into contact.^

Islands, with

Very

of the Scarab, to the exclusion of

combined with

lily-sprays

Scarab cutting

and

of

whose inhabitants

the the

often a spiral design occupies

any

flowers, are not

now developed

volutes,

inscription.

seldom

remarkably, especial

These designs,

and the being shown by

beautifully cut, skill

management of hard stones, while the glazes of the steatite Scarabs are of a brilliancy and beauty never equalled later, even under the XVIIIth dynasty. The form of the Scarab is carefully reproduced in a naturalistic

the lapidaries in the

type

»

(A

1-2 in the subjoined

Hall, P.S.B.A.,

XXXI

list,

p. xxxi),

(1909), p. 221

;

while other types, more elaborate or

Ancient History of the Near East, pp.

40, 41.

INTRODUCTION.

xiv

more conventional in treatment, reproduce the lines of the These types are described below (pp. xxx~xxxiv.) truly.

The Scarab was now

mounted

often

in

summarily but

a funda as the swivel-bezel of

^J

a gold or electrum finger-ring (Eg.

insect

9

>

1|

Q

Copt.

tchehat,

.

Xtwfi.),

by means of a twisted spiral wire, which passed through the perforation of the Scarab, and was twisted up on either side round the ring like a spring (p. xxxv). More commonly, perhaps, This form of mounting continued in use always. Kingdom, the Scarab was not mounted, though it might have under the Middle a gold plate fixed on

base

its

:

'

it

was simply

strung on a piece of thin gold

wire which formed a ring, not intended to be worn, but to be slung from a string or chain, like a Cylinder or a of

the

Xllth dynasty Scarab mountings

other period,

seen

in

felspar,^

is

that

is

and

and

is

more

unequalled

in the history of

The Heart-scarabs now Book

first

ancient

often they are given flatly cut.

face

is

of

some any

the goldsmith

lapis,

carnelian,

art.

appear, and, in accordance with the pre-

of the Dead,'* are usually

human

work

and

Dashur, inlaid with

made

of green stone (generally

a fine green basalt), and are mounted

This

s

beautiful than that of

the combination of the arts of the lapidary

the golden Scarabs from

scriptions of the

The goldsmith

Button-seal.^

human

gold rims.

in

Very

heads, or rather faces, rudely and

very characteristic of the Heart-scarabs of the

Middle Kingdom.

later

Towards the end of the Middle Kingdom the Cowroids, Plaques, and their other more or less Scaraboid forms of Seal-amulet, appeared, and greatly, Cowroid being especially popular during the the extended popularity Hyksos Period, and the Plaque at the beginning of the XVllIth dynasty. Both these forms were much in vogue till the end of the XlXth dynasty, and re-appear under the XXVIth. The Scaraboid with its back in the form of a negro's head now appears. It was apparently a development of the Middle Kingdom custom of givmg a human

^

'

head

to Heart-scarabs.

Neither the Cowroid nor the Plaque

except

XVI

when

it

bore the

name

of

had properly any amuletic

a king or a god, but

character,

in the time of the

specifically amuletic character of the

CyHnder included, had come to share the Scarab. They were now only used as seals

when hard enough

during the

1

1th

dynasty

all

these objects, the

for the

purpose

;

first

half of the

XVllIth dynasty

was a Scarab or Plaque, the latter usually brick-shaped, carnelian or jasper, mounted as the swivel-bezel of a ring. The

the usual form of seal of

hard stone, '

De Morgan,

and Legrain, Fouilles a Dahchour,

Jequier,

2 Ibid., PI. XX, 35,

48a.

3 Jbid., PI. XX, 35, 52. -»

Rubrics to Chapters

XXX, XXXb,

and LXIV.

I,

PI. xix, 35, 37.

1.

Steatite

Scarab in gold mount.

(Xllth

6.

Glazed

2.

3.

Blue paste Scarab in gold mount. XVIIth Dynasty. Blue

glass

Cylinder

in

gold

Xllth-

7.

5.

Green jasper Scarab, on gold XVIIIth Dynasty.

mount.

8.

Blue

Scarab

of Ptah-mes,

a

XVIIIth Dynasty.

glazed

steatite

Scarab,

gold

in

XVIIIth Dynasty.

glass

plaque

of

Thothmes

III.

XVIIIth Dynasty. ring.

Early

Blue faience Scarab of Queen Hatshkpset XVIIIth Dynasty. in gold mount. 11.

Blue

mount.

Xllth-XVIIIth Dynasty. 4.

steatite

high priest.

Dynasty).

9.

Steaschist

bar

of Amlnhetep III, with XVIIIth Dynasty.

figures of crocodiles.

10.

Sard Hierakosphinx of Rameses

Chalcedony Scarab of Rameses Dynasty.

II.

XlXth Dynasty.

II.

XlXth

INTRODUCTION. glazed steatite Scarabs were mounted in rings

when they were

also,

Scarabs which

fa'ience

been hard enough

them

made and

well

first

became

Scarab was coming again

of the

dead

and

seals,

it

when

this time,

But the

is

the Middle

whether

seal,

we

we

significant that

find

the purely amuletic character

Under

to the front.

now, under the XVlllth dynasty,

;

and so hard enough.

seals

usual under this dynasty can never have

Scarab had been not only an amulet, but also a the

and used as

the Plate)

(cf.

well glazed,

be used as actual

to

appearing in numbers at

first

xv

find

Kingdom

of the living or

reverting to

it

the

its

original

for

use as

an amulet only.

position as

Thousands

of

steatite

amulets and beads by the

and

now made

faience Scarabs were

common

and necklaces and strings of them These usually bore the various combinations, and during the long reign people,

were dedicated in temples by the pious fellahin}

name of

monarch

of the reigning

Thothmes

III,

Museum

British

The

name were probably made

millions of Scarabs bearing his

possesses

XlXth

the

till

some hundreds

of

contemporary Scarabs

those of the

dynasty,

when Scarabs

Hyksos were

the

use in

in

direcdy imitated from

made.

often

;

of this king.

Middle Kingdom (Hyksos Period) continued

style of the late

Northern Egypt

in

was

It

natural that

Hyksos should have continued r and have been resuscitated for a time under the XlXth dynasty which, with its Lower Egyptian connexions and its seat of government at Tanis, really renewed the tradition of the Hyksos kings. ,

^

the styles associated with the

,

the Delta.

i

in use in the

The

naturalistic

South at

in the

this

J

Upper Egypt

something for the

new style of cutting which had come into use was no doubt of Theban invention in the Hyksos style continued, and probably many Scarabs ;

which are usually assigned

to the

of the

new

are really to be attributed to the

Early

the

Xllth dynasty

naturalistic

type

(A

XVlllth

Late Middle

style, 3).

Towards

the

end

of the

restricted the use of the

solid Signet-ring.

The

an

was abandoned in the reign of Thothmes III The later developments of this, and of the

Scarab as a

list

seal.

on

p.

xxx-xxxiv.

This was the invention

seal-inscription or design

original string of small

preserved

XVlllth dynasty another development much

Naville and Hall, Deir el-Bahari,

illustrated

XVlllth dynasty.

type (C) which

dynasty

various elaborate types, can be followed in the

1

i

.

Kingdom In

•

i

type and the

of that style -^

.

•

time (see below)

Delta the dynasty.

r^

Delta,

was

Xlth dynasty,

transferred from a

III,

pp.

Scarabs and utchat-eyes, found

13,

14.

in the

On

of the

movable PI.

xxv

I's

rubbish overlying

Sometimes a Scarab was found with a single little piece of string These were evidently the simple offerings of the XVlllth dynasty fellahin,

the Mentuhetep-temple.

through

it.

when away by the which,

Der al-Bahari became too full of them, were cast heap in the older temple, where they remained until modern excavators. Some of the finest scarabs ever found came from the

the shrine of Hathor at sacristans on to a dust

recovered by the

Der al-Bahari dust heaps.

INTRODUCTION.

xvi

body

bezel to the

a

were used as much as

rings

which was made continuous, and expanded

convex oval bezel

or slightly

flat

of the ring itself,

Henceforward

to take the signet.

movable

rings with

into

solid signet-

whether Scarabs or

bezels,

Plaques.

Under out in the

XlXth dynasty no development of any The spiral history of the Egyptian seal. Kingdom, which had

^ an

instant

became very

time

the

in

Rameses

of

XlXth dynasty

is

1

number

reduced dynasty,

1th

Middle

revived for

which

annule-design,

the

we can

and

see a return to the

only interesting development that can be

The

ideas of the Middle Kingdom.

XVI

also,

designs of the

in

with

II,

Here,

fashionable in his reign.

recorded after the

survived

under the

form

degenerate

'

can be pointed

interest

the

the fashion of cutting the legs of the Scarabs

quite free, so that the insect stands quite naturally

upon

its

base.

At

same

the

time the legs of the Scarab were often splayed and greatly exaggerated in size (type M).

Under

the Ethiopians

and

Sa'ites, archaistic

The

often of considerable interest.

(A

type

naturalistic

8)

work Saite Period.

,

is

Scarab-base,

as

^

custom it

if

XlXth dynasty had

this

made which are The usual

frequently cut with the delicacy characteristic of the

Archaism showed

of the time.

.,

01 the

the

spiral

Scarabs were

ornament reappeared.

t

01

u

•

mscribmg the owner

were a

true

been done

,.1

seal

:

not

also in the revival

itself

'

s

name andj

since

the

^.^i

titles

middle

upon

of

the

Rameses II no use as a seal, had borne

ever since the time of

;

Scarab, but an occasional stone one intended for actual

anything but purely religious and magical scenes and inscriptions.

Archaism naturally brought the Scarab again into vogue as an actual seal, and the Phoenicians, as we have seen, spread their imitations of the Saite Scarabseals abroad as far as Sardinia (Tharros) and Greece, where the beetle-form took place among the native styles, and became quite an usual shape for a Greek

gem

(p. ix).

The Cowroid, too, which had been forgotten since the time of dynasty, was revived by the Saites, and they developed the Plaque pretty

little

the

XlXth

into a very

Seal-amulet, generally of yellow jasper, with slightly convex faces

and

rounded ends.

The momentary

revival

Signet-rings at this period are

are usually fashioned,

of

the

Cylinder has already been

commonly

of silver (instead of

by a mistaken archaism,

in the

bronze or gold) and

form of the sign Q, which,

Even Stampmade in the same

seen,

was

erroneously supposed to represent a ring.

signets (which

now

for the first

we have

time

became

mentioned.

usual) are often

form.

After the end of the

made

at

all

in

Egypt.

XXV th dynasty the Seal-scarab suddenly ceased to be A reason for the sudden disappearance of the most I

INTRODUCTION. popular of in

all

amulets

is

hard

to find,

it

thousands during the sixth century,

is

xvii

certain that after having

and

in the fifth

been made

later centuries

it

only

appears sporadically, and thereafter disappears, though the Ptolemaic and

j.

r Meait-scarab and another torm

D J Periods. Roman D •

i

i

i

/

•

\

(p. vi-

i

xx)y remain.

i

i

mythology ^j j

In

and magic the efficacy and renown of the Scarab survived, to give rise to much speculation on the part of later writers, both pagan and Christian. As a movable seal bezel, only the stone Plaque survived and during the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods the most usual seal was the signet-ring, generally ;

of the ordinary classical types (see Marshall, Catalogue of Rings, pp.

The Scarab

III.

While the Cylinder-seal had Scarab proper was

J

,

c

faience

'

the

J

ff.).

Religious Significance. or no religious or magical significance, the

little

a potent amulet, and probably one of the most ancient

emblems

religious

Ihe scarab,

22

it

imitated

The beetle which in stone or emblem of the creating Sun-god,

Egypt.

of

was

the

self-begotten,

self-creator,

Khepera,

a

originally

deity

from Ra, the Sun-god of Heliopolis, and probably

distinct

belonging to an old indigenous solar cult of the Nilotes, distinct from the Ra-

The

worship that came to the Delta from the East. Scarabaeus of

or

sacer^

Afeiichiis

drawn

had

to

peculiar habits of the

the

it

wandering

attention

some primeval ancestor of the Ancient Egyptians, and the tiny beetle rolling

along his great ball of dung seemed to him to explain Ball of the

Sun was

by

thus typified

the Scarab,

connected with the the

mind

The power

rolled across the sky.

little

and

called Khepera,

beetle gave

of the primitive

Nilote.

it

how

it

was

that the great

was wonder

that propelled the sun

and then a

further

a further signihcance of deep import

Out

of the ball of

when

dung, according to the

came

general belief,

came

The

between the male and female beetles was not evident, and

difference

them seemed 1

The

to

forth the small

roll their

dung-balls

latest observations

Souvenirs Entomologiques,

V

Scarabs

;

their

in

time

to

be born.^ all

of

the Egyptian ancestor therefore assumed,

on the Sacred Scarabaeus are those (1897), pp. 1-85.

of

M.

J.-H. Fabre,

(From information supplied to Dr. Budge

by the Hon. Walter Rothschild.) ^ This very ancient idea, which we find in Horapollo, has been shown to be totally erroneous by Fabre, loc. cii. The ball which is rolled along the ground by the Scarab is intended to serve simply as his food, and is eaten in the insect's burrow. The egg is laid by the female in a ball of dung, but this ball is of a special pear-shaped form, and is never seen above ground, the ball being prepared and the egg laid in the burrow. The dung is intended, of course, to be the food of the larva. The Egyptians do not seem to have had any idea of the metamorphoses of the insect, and no doubt thought that the Scarab issued from the egg as a tiny beetle. Horapollo's description (ed. Leemans, 1, 10), but for this and the mistake about the dung-ball,

is

not bad. C

INTRODUCTION.

xviii

when he saw and

only,

of the ball, that the

Scarab was male

that he created his offspring without the intervention of a female, so

came

that they

coming out

the small Scarabs

from the ball which he had made.

forth

was

Creator of the Sun

self-created evolved

Egyptians, and thenceforward the Scarab

became

mind

the

in

itself

So the idea

that the

of the primitive

the centre of a steadily-growing

accretion of religious conceptions.

Since

we

find

was

it

symbol

cited as the

it

Scarab being spoken

Scarab."^

and whether thing as

may

the

Lord described as " the good Scarab,"

jj-ovoyerri^

means

rather in the sense of "

born

rate in late times,

that is

seems

n Ithe Kesurrection

to

or

"

as

God's

Lord quite the same :

he seems to use

it

male Scarab,

in this case the

''

have been associated with the Scarab,

We may

any

at

doubt whether the

Egyptians had associated with the Scarab any idea of

renewed world

^

not a slight misunderstanding,

that of personal resurrection.

earliest ,,

was

one sole person,"

of

without the intervention of a female.

Another idea

this

in the case of our

Horapollo with regard to the Scarab

in

Horapollo

^

be questioned whether

word

does

it

in

was taken by Christian writers to allow of the type of Christ, the " only-begotten " son of God,

of as a

find our

it

and

/xoroye;^/)?,

This idea, connected with the fact

of /xovoyet-es.

one egg,

that the Scarab lays only

and we even

Scarab was also

avToysui]^, the

upon

life

that,

It was a new life in the Underwas assured to the dead man by the

this earth.

they hoped,

placing over his heart of a stone image of the Scarabaeus-beetle, type and

emblem

of

life

unaided and

'

Horapollo, ed. Leemans,

This

is

Our Lord by

p. 233, n.

*

St.

"

ysi'ec7i)

erigit

Trarepa,

^wop,

yeveaiv

vtto

rj

pauperem," also occurs.

Koafxov,

dijXela^

clvSpa, KiivOapov ^(oypacfjouaf

rj

/j.i]

Kvocj}opovp.evoi>'

Be, Sia ti]p irpoeiprjfiiiriv alriav'

fiorij

yap

iroTepa

Be^

yspecTiv e^£t 6 KuvOapo^.

description in Horapollo of the small Scarabs appearing

apaiiv KLipOapo^) tPjv a

1

1

1

his subjects,

deity, giving

them

and

life.

magical

was

protections

name

the

directly

against

of the reigning

i-

ii

i

at his accession rose like the

ruled over

them

Therefore the royal

(in

theory at

name appears

Modern owners of these objects usually flatter Scarabs with the names of monarchs engraved upon them With

actually belonged to these monarchs.

time they were

all

History.

Scarabs.

themselves that their

certain that this

Of

role.

^^ ^j^^ rnost potent

sun amid the acclamations of least) as a

fine

Kingdom.

The second main interest of the Scarab is its relation to Egyptian by no means rare importance as a historical monument springs

owero

of

stands on an oblong

It

by

name

the

Gnostic iconography, and appears on Gnostic gems

in

stones.

IV.

so

from Constantinople,

same kind, mounted on a high pedestal (the whole before), was found by M. Georges Legrain in the course of

The Scarab was used

Its

Probably the

in all probability, originally

Elgin

1231).

length

in

stands on

of the

excavations at Karnak.

and other inscribed

(No.

ft.

in length

ft.

it

inscription.

Roman times.

Museum

the

in

no

was,

It

in.

mostly obliterated,

inscription,

also

is

5

in width,

a square pedestal with bevelled

was brought by Lord

Heliopolis, but

at

whither

There

is

Museum

British

and measures

10

ft.

beneath which

edges, the whole being monolithic.

set

and 2

height

in. in

plinth

the

in

is

of green granite,

It is

9

ft.

Scarab.

xxi

was

The name

not so.

the exception of a

few cases,

who was

of the king

made was placed upon Scarabs merely

it

is

reigning at the

as an amulet, just as

the names of actual gods were placed upon them, including those of deceased

kings (like Menkaura,

Thothmes

III,

or

Amenhetep

III)

who

long after their

deaths had attained the rank of demi-gods in the popular pantheon.

XXX.

Vignette of Chapter

'

Nekht-Amen) we see was regarded as evil. both Vignettes 2

British

in

the

In

Vignette of Chapter

XXXVI

(Papyrus of which

the Scarab confused with another kind of beetle, the apshait_ In the

Budge,

Museum,

Papyrus

of

Nekht the

correct form of the apshait

loc. cit., p. 161).

G

455,

G

483

;

Budge, The

Mummy,

p. 253.

is

given (see

INTRODUCTION.

xxii

This inscribing of royal names upon Scarabs

is

of

importance

when we

find,

as sometimes happens, that the only evidence for the existence of an obscure

king jj

This

a Scarab.

evidence from Scarabs bulks largely in our only available

J..

knowledge

Hyksos

name upon

occurrence of his

the

is

Period,

many

the

of

numberless ephemeral monarchs of the

whom seem

of

to

have

left

no other record of

their

names upon Scarabs.^ It is obvious that such evidence must be used with caution, the more so since the Egyptian Scarabmakers had a curious (and, for the historian, inconvenient) habit of very often putting upon their Scarabs names, not of actual monarchs who had ever lived, These imitation royal names ^ have often but of purely imaginary rulers. deceived the too trustful historian. They are most common upon Scarabs of the existence than the inscription of their

(XXV

Period

Sa'ite

th dynasty), and, although the fact

I

common

improbable that the practice had become

Hyksos.

So that we can be

names upon Scarabs

of the

fairly sure that,

Hyksos

not certain,

is

Egyptian

we

history,

with few exceptions,^ the regal

Period are really those of actual

find the kings of the

orica

which were buried with them. CyHnder-seals

cannot read

certainly

;

upon

sometimes

are

of

Amenhetep

111

we hnd

It

seem

to

may

At

number

of large

that of his great queen, Tii

wood

or ivory,

on

their

which

records

commemorate like.

we

specially certain

And

in the reign

Scarabs (1713-1722 and 2868)

were made, on which were inscribed commemorative records

and

dawn

Old and Middle Kingdoms

founding of temples and the that a

the

be, too, that

inscribed

the Cylinders of the

are sometimes engraved inscriptions that religious acts, such as the

monarchs.

dynasty commemorating the

1st

events of their reigns upon small tablets of IS

seems

so early as the time of the

Scarabs, too, are sometimes important as recording events. of

it

of the king s reign

such as his marriage with the foreign princess

;

and hunting of wild cattle in Zarukha (the modern " Birket Habu")

Gilukhipa, his slaying of Hons in Mesopotamia,

Egypt, and his making of the great lake of at

Thebes

for

Queen

Tii to sail

upon

in her

barge Tehen-Aten (" the sun-disk

Wild Cattle " Scarab are known, and No. 2868 (No. 51084 of the British these are both in a private Collection." Museum Collection) is unique, and is now first published. Its issue was probably

blazes

").

Only two specimens

of the "

connected with the king's temple-building

at Sulb (Soleb)

and Sadenga

in

Nubia,

at and the mention of the Aten or Sun-disk may Sadenga began in the reign of Amenhetep III. No doubt other large Scarabs commemorating other events were also made at the orders of Amenhetep III,

show that the Aten-worship

but have not

come down

1

239 288.

2

See the Section

'

One of

"•

That

"

to us.

Rev.

truly " historical "

Scarabs are of course

Names," 2557-2594. name " Aa-m-neter" and its variations.

Imitation Royal

these exceptions

of the

These

is

the

W. Macgregor

at

Tamworth.

(2559-2576.)

INTRODUCTION. much

same

larger than the ordinary Scarabs, being of the

" Heart-scarabs" to

xxiii

there

;

commemorate events

size as the funerary

doubt that they were issued by the royal orders

is little

in exactly the

same way as a modern medal,

which

to

they are absolutely analogous.

We

obtain hints of historic events even from the ornamentation of the

Amulet-scarabs,

when one

Thus,

ideographs.

is

Nome

in the conflict

between the

ways,

In other

typified the struggle of the

.

.

^ single

upon Thothmosid kings for the

who

dwelt

iic i-i re-worked Scarab in the

the much-disputed

of the

For a second instance,

iiri

Museum sheds hght same a/t

question of the succession

The importance,

XVlIlth dynasty.^

The evidence than

preserved as an heirloom apparently

all

Scarabs

of

the for

is

for this

always a

some time in

the

of

Scarabs

too, of

left

out

purpose must, of course, always

possibility that

with which

objects

one date, are found

of

For

proves the actual existence

the realm of religious fable.'

be used with caution, as there considerably older

in the

the crocodile-headed Sebek.

dating of objects with which they are found must also not be

of account.

desert-

Hyksos king who had been relegated by

an important

critics to

,

between the

Xlllth dynasty,

Museum

instance, a single Scarab in the British

„ hvidence from Scarabs

upon the

the crocodile

Scarabs contribute to our knowledge of history.

too.

of

and

lion

Fayyum and worshipped

of the

and

able to discern the symbolism of the pictures

Hyksos Scarabs we may perhaps see kings and the native Egyptian princes Crocodile

little

it

is

But

previously.

a Scarab

found,

when

may be

having

been

a set of Scarabs,

an untouched tomb, the

probabilities are

same date. Thus, in Greece, the Egyptian tomb Scarabs found with the objects of the " Mycenaean " Period bear the names or are almost exclusively of the age of Amenhetep 111, Tii, and Khuenaten.^ This is good evidence that these Mycenaean antiquities date to all intents and purposes to about 1400 B.C. And this evidence is confirmed when we consider that, though later imitations of Scarabs of Amenhetep 111 are known, since they were made for a religious reason under the Sai'tes (Amenhetep

that the contents of the

are of the

having been regarded then as a popular deity), no

later imitations of

Scarabs

Queen Tii are known, nor is it hkely that they were ever made, since she was not deified and no later commemoration of the arch-heretic Khuenaten, whose name had been anathematized and forgotten, is conceivable. So in of

;

case

this

we have

And

fact.

their

Scarabs that are good evidence of a very important

evidence has been confirmed by

as to the date of the "

Mycenaean

'

ated 1

of reconstituting lost history, their

evidence has been useful

Aa-pehti-Ra Nubti, 301.

the rest of

what we know

antiquities.

In this particular instance Scarabs

work

all

historical

and

have played a very important part in

for the 2

in the

other instances which could be enumer-

determination of important points. 550.

3

See

p. ix.

INTRODUCTION.

xxiv

V. Artistic Interest of the Scarab.

The

main

third

interest of the objects described in this

In Egyptian art the Scarab holds

much

same place

the

Catalogue

is artistic.

as the coin, or gem,

in the art of Greece.

As

gem and

the

a microcosm of the

i

•

Egyptian

in Art.

it

;

made were The cutting

.

Egyptian materials.

and

insects in the

tomb

is

manufacture were

its

the

i

faience of t

i

the most characteristic oi the beetle-figure

of

shows sometimes a faithful naturalism worthy of the representations of animals

Scarab

the

glazed steatite or i

usually

so

art,

processes of

the

ii

was

i

which

,

The

Egypt.

of

art

typically ,

The Scarab .

coin are microcosms of Greek

artists

frescoes

who

itself

painted the

sometimes a power

:

of

conventionalization not unworthy of the art that produced the Prudhoe lions from

And

Gebel Barkal. (or

its

and

ornamentation of the base,

all

the defects of Egyptian

see scenes of kings striking

the bodies

Some Scarabs

art.

down enemies

and fan-bearers

whether good or bad,

to

on the temple

produce even a bad

to

palanquin on

in a

worship the gods (1099)

of the great sculptured scenes

was unable

On

Scarabs are neither very good nor very bad

conventional

style, cut in

in

miniatures,

;

walls, executed

others, the inferior

imitation of the sculptures,

The

or anything but the roughest of pictures, the rudest of hieroglyphs. of

On some

of work.

being carried

within the compass of an oval space half-an-inch long. Scarab-cutter

the excellences

all

most beautifully and

(1108), careering in the chariot over

of the slain, in pursuit of lions (1116), or

the shoulders of courtiers

see

are

and most scamped

others exhibit the coarsest

:

in the cutting of the signet

we may

imitation on the purely amuletic Scarabs),

carefully cut

we

in the

workmanship

of

majority

an ordinary

The

a very easy material, steatite or steaschist.

fine

Scarabs of hard stone, well cut with the lapidary's wheel, are naturally rare.

Those

that

To

have survived are among the most beautiful products

trace

the development

Scarab and

the

of

elaborately conventionalized seals of the spiral

patterns

or

the

XVI

through the fine designs of the blue faience amulets of the the

whole realm

make

of

1th

XXVlth,

ancient

art

;

is

their priestly

dynasty

one

and not

their offical

"

owners,

most

interesting studies in

interesting

is

the attempt to

upon the

of the surrounding nations.

VI.

The Materials of

Of the actual process shape

beautiful

to the delicately-glazed pale

of the less

or

art.

from the

out the influence of the long series of Egyptian Scarab styles

" small art

in the

1

Egyptian

ornament,

XI 1th dynasty with

cut legends of

finely

its

of

of

manufacture

of unfinished Scarabs.

steatite in various stages of

Scarabs, Cylinder-seals, etc.

At

of

Seal-amulets

Athribis, in 1907,

manufacture which are

now

we have

relics

were found Scarabs

in the British

of

Museum.

INTRODUCTION. The

first

more

(or,

c

xxv

used and always the most generally-used material was a

properly,

a

steaschist),

soft

grey

magnesium) resembling, but not so This stone, which

.

early used

by the craftsmen

of

both countries

found also

is

of

(silicate

and

soft as, soapstone,

often laminated.

was

stone

schistose

steatite

in Greece,

easy making of vases

for the

and other objects for which stone was advisable, and among these the inscribed or ornamented seal was naturally numbered from the beginning. The natural

was usually a greyish-white, though sometimes it was found The light natural colour never seems to have commended

colour of the stone of

a dark hue.

_,

,

itself

,

Blackened. nia

on the

the Egyptian

to

artists,

,,

,

r-

at

it,

and from

,

steatite Cylinder-seals of the earliest period

on Scarabs),

then, later on,

by a blue

been invented

the beginning they

,

,

,

,

by a black smoke-pigment, which

iirst

(and sometimes recurs

The

or green glaze.

beginning of the

at the

usual

is

later

had dynasty, and was

art of glazing

1st

probably applied to stone almost as soon as to pottery, but

we do

pottery,

the

till

not find

about the time

glazed

was seen

1st

Vth dynasty. and lasted

the rule,

whether

of a

of stone or

After that time the use of

much-used seal

No

the end.

till

by

doubt

itself

it

would

on many of the unglazed

;

dynasty the legends are almost

from

illegible

this

cause.

necessary for the fixing of the glaze also had a hardening effect upon

was now

the outer glaze has

resembling,

The

or other seals,

protection to the soft steatite, which

worn down in the case

the steatite, which

when

became was a

material

Cylinders of the firing

of the

that the glaze

quickly have

The

any glazed Cylinders

and

not easily chipped

decomposed

in

and even

at the present day,

most cases, remains a

brittle

substance

easily mistaken for, ivory.

characteristic

Egyptian glazed pottery, or faience, was used

for the

Vth dynasty. Until the time of the making of Cylinders from XVII th dynasty, however, it was rarely used for Cylinders or blue and green faience Scarabs. In the reign of Thothmes Scarabs become usual, and in that of Amenhetep III, when objects of brighdythe time of the

I

I

much in vogue, they are perhaps as common as those of steatite. Under the XlXth dynasty this popularity of faience continued, though The colours degenerated, and faience Scarabs were commonly cast in moulds. fashion of the cast result of this process was usually coarse and ugly, and Scarabs went out under the XXth dynasty, when, also, faience was less commonly It was revived again, with a delicate light blue glaze, under the Saites. used. To use a faience Scarab as a seal was obviously difficult, as the material was coloured glaze were

too easily breakable.

And

it

is

that

significant

we

only find

this

material

generally used from the time of the XVII th dynasty, when the amuletic I

character of the Scarab the Xllth dynasty,

had

practically extinguished

when Scarabs were

still

its

regarded as

Under

use as a seal. seals,

though they were

d

INTRODUCTION.

xxvi

amulets as well, the hard glazed steatite was universally used, in

company with

hard stones that needed no glazing.

The

preservation of glaze

modern times glaze had gone,

and colour

When

faience than on steatite Scarabs.

to

the

more usual on

is

the faience object

speedily crumbled away, while that of steatite, hardened by the

So we have many

glazing, survived.

of

fire

the

steatite Scarabs of which the glaze has

faded entirely or disappeared (leaving an ugly brown or white surface), but few

The

faience ones.

many

blue glaze of

Scarabs has turned with time to white,

the green glaze to brown.

The

was accompanied by

use of faience

paste,

This appears already under the Old

usually blue throughout, rarely green.

was commonest under the XVllIth dynasty from the reign of Amenhetep to that of and again from the XXlInd to the XXVlth dynasty. The earlier Kingdom, but 3

3. Paste.

homogeneous

that of a

then rare.'

is

it

'

1

Amenhetep paste in

is

II,

lighter in colour

and harder than

Greece the imported Saite Scarabs of

the later,

which

this material,

easily disintegrates,

which are often found

have usually suffered greatly from damp, and show almost

We 4.

Stones harder than steatite were early utilized

for the

have Cylinders

the

Hard

coarse

of

granite

bearing

m

,

.

i

.

•

i

i

which was much

in

vogue then

for the

we

amethyst beads, are

the intention being to cover

be marked

;

but

rule

this

of this dynasty. it

Vlth dynasty \

i

glass;

•

is

i

known.

of small amulets.

was first brought into service for Most of the amethyst Scarabs, Usually the base was unmscribed,

with a gold plate on which the inscription could

was not

temporary inscriptions cut on

the

Under hard stones spread, and the

the Xllth dynasty the idea of utilizing the really

the manufacture of Scarabs.

of

find Button-seals of carnelian,

manufacture

splendid Egyptian amethyst

i

of Seals.

kings

of

of the

calcite (natural

the glass-hard material

Also under the Vlth dynasty

like the

names /

•

i

there,

illegible inscriptions.

manufacture

Vth dynasty (2596, 2600-2601); and one Stone.

and

their

absolute,

and amethyst Scarabs with con-

bases are not unknown.

It

was, however,

not unusual to leave the gold plates also without inscription.

With amethyst,

the beautiful green felspar or " mother-of-emerald," the dark

green jasper, the very hard green basalt, and the even harder obsidian, also into fashion.

Green

Felspar. *

r\i

•!•

Obsidian.

-^^-^

^^^

^f

came

Scarabs of these materials are very character-

xillth dynasty.

Under

the

amethyst and obsidian went out of fashion

XVI

1

1th

dynasty

entirely, their place

more being & taken by j carnelian, which, however, was used <

<

Cowroids than

for

Scarabs.

The

carnelian

Cowroid

is

for

as

XVlIIth dynasty as the amethyst Scarab is of the Xllth. Jasper was unfashionable for the greater part of the XVIIIth dynasty, while characteristic of the

'

Cylinders of Pepi,

2603-2604.

INTRODUCTION. went out

basalt of

and was not revived

of use

XVllIth dynasty,

the

Towards

a late period.

same time

the

at

till

xxvii

the

end

and

that bright yellow, purple,

became popular, a bright yellow jasper, which had not previously been used, came into fashion for a time, and was followed under the XlXth dynasty by red jasper, which also had not previously been used. Red stones were popular under the XlXth and XXth dynasties, sard was commonly used, and carnelian took an extended vogue. Green jasper was revived, and such unusual stones as crystal, which had been rarely used under "'*'""• the Xllth dynasty, appear. Chalcedony, so commonly used chocolate glazes

*

P^

Mesopotamia

in

m m Plate, No.

Chalcedony.

i

rv\

I

U),

manufacture

for the

of Seals, occurs (2109, j

•

was not much admirea by the Egyptians. Lapis-lazuli, on the other hand, which was used for Button-seals and Scarabs under the Middle Empire, though rarely, became Lapis-Iazuli. v/v/ very popular later, and alter the XXth dynasty was almost the only hard stone used, with the exception of basalt (which was revived later under the Saites) and, occasionally, green jasper. Under the Saites, lapis was but

is

rare

,

,

apparently

:

r

i

i

i

it

i

i

i

i

Malachite was no doubt used

very usual.

„

i

i

making

for the

of

Scarabs as early as the time of the Middle Kingdom, but

'

.

actual

examples

turquoise, the true mafkat of Sinai,

of

are

it

known

is

and only one Scarab of me (2169). Under the XVII 1th rare,

to

dynasty glass Scarabs imitating mafkat were common, so that turquoise as well as

its

matrix malachite

may

often have

been used.

and basalt were used

Granite, diorite,

It

itself,

was

and

under the

Museum

1st

dynasty.^

(No. 5495

;

A

that

itself

Nevertheless, exceptions occur,

and

was made

at all periods.

make

Scarabs, but to

Llectrum.

was

of gold,

A

Pepi

words

dynasty,

mentioned

in the British

were used

^ t^" \ Yet specimens are known, once (at Uashur)

unusual.

of the envious

when

is

or bronze.

the whole insect of a precious metal •[

i

lapis,

felspar,

and

Mitannian

king, " gold

One can

XVI

dynasty,

was

friendly relations with the Hittites of '

See

p. X,

"

carnelian.

Egypt, Scarabs of gold were not uncommonly to be seen.

XlXth

I

is

rarely silver,

well imagine that in the opulent period of the close of the in the

silver,

gold seal

of

rather than

of amethyst, obsidian, or jasper

vz

i

combination with splendid inlay of

when,

rarely used.

was mounted

Gold and electrum, more

under the Xllth dynasty to plate the bases _,

was very

for the accessories of the

copper or bronze Cylinder

2605).

red porphyry,

usage naturally extended to the Seal-amulet.

this

the ring in which the Scarab

the Scarab

in

Period,

Egypt the metals were more commonly used

seal than for the seal

The

(pp. xx, xxx).

Roman

which was so much admired during the In

the Ptolemaic Period for Heart-

till

N

scarabs and the small scarabs of type

1

1th

as the dust

And

in

under the

Asia Minor had

antea.

d

2

INTRODUCTION.

xxviii

Egyptians

afforded the

ceased

be the

to

and silver had previously been, we can suppose that silver Scarabs may have been made. But, naturally, of these hardly any have survived the perishable nature of Egypt that

rarity in

.

access to the Anatolian silver mines,

freer

it

;

even

silver,

of

Egypt, has, no doubt, been responsible

in

much Egyptian

were

Scarab-seals

that this

silver jewellery.

any

case, however,

commonly made

ever

when

of the Saite Period,

in that of the

dynasty

The same

Scarab-amulet.

were

silver Signet-rings

modern nearly approached was by far

common

(silver

whereas, under the XI 1th dynasty it and more valuable metal of the two). Bronze rings were common from the end of the XVllIth before that they had been unknown. The copper or bronze Cylinder of

;

Museum

has been mentioned above.

,, Haematite.

time of

the

mention

glass,

..

i

wood,

ivory,

True glass seems to

i

i

r

i

and amber. have been invented (no doubt

in

we have

The

glass

beginning

the

may

opaque

glass, imitating torquoise

usual kind, the

the

more

was, as

and many

The

light blue,

lapis

sometimes

of

occur from

XVllIth dynasty.'

to

of

of a

;

dark

two diagonal

Under

their bases.

time, but they

The hard opaque

the

which are not

respectively,

time

date

to

middle

the

to

of

early

glass

is

the

were most

or less transparent being very rare.

is

natural,

one

of the

first

materials used for the manufacture

wooden material was

of the Cylinder-seals of the earliest dynasties are

(see

been made

and

seem

have,

form of a cross being the simple adornment of

dynasties glass Scarabs

Wood

we

and

dynasty,

art

had been known as

beads

be dated Scarabs, usually of a

commonest under

of seals,

XVI 11th

seen,

Usually they are small, and bear no inscription

in the

later

the

of

oldest

at

development from the

course, a

of

glazing, which, as

dynasty.

1st

uncommon. the

was,

invention

_.

its

i

some The end.

Egypt)

time during the period of the Middle Empire, probably towards

dynasty

may

n n be rtolemaic. Haematite was used occasionally trom the XVII 1th dynasty (563). Of other materials we have only to i

the

Bronze

Scarabs occur only at a late period, and some of them

.

marks

having then

the rarer

the Vlth dynasty in the British

blue,

holds good

ratio to gold,

its

from

at

:

form of the Ring-signet, not

as

metals

precious

the

of

not probable

is

it

we have many gold and even several silver Signet-rings of the end XVI 11th dynasty which show that the metal seal was usually made in the

period

of the

In

disappearance

for the

p.

ix).

But

later

on the use

of

this

abandoned for Cylinders, and Scarabs seem never to have it at any rate none are known. Ordinary wood was not ;

blue vitreous paste which has already been mentioned as used for the

manu-

facture of Scarabs at this time (p. xxvi), often approaches true glass in consistency. It may be the kyanos of the Greeks, which was imitated and used at this time (the period of

the XVllIth dynasty) by the Mycenaeans.

—

:

INTRODUCTION. valuable

sufficently

made

of

it

anything of religious significance to be

for

the only seals for which

;

which had no Ivory

beautiful

or

xxix

it

was used were

the

common

stamps,

religious connexion.

was

Only

manufacture of these objects.

rarely used for the

was much used

in the

Vth to the XI 1th dynasty, when ivory making of small objets d'art, do Button-seals of this material occur, and a few Scarabs an ivory Cylinder of User-kaf (2597), one small (p. xiii) and one large ivory Scarab (of magical intention No. 30730) are in the British Museum. In later times ivory Scarabs or seals of any kind are unknown. Bone, a material rarely used in Egypt till Roman times, was never employed for the manufacture of any of these objects. Amber is naturally very rare. It is perishable, and no doubt was very seldom used to make Scarabs of. Yet an amber Scarab exists in the British Museum Collection (No. 17718), and it is interesting to find period from the

for the

;

'

that

Empire or beginning

of comparatively

is

it

of the

XVI

1

date (end of the Middle

early

1th dynasty).

VII. Types of Seal-amulets.

Nine

distinct types of Cylinder-seals are

known, which may be distinguished

as follows 1

A

.

plain Cylinder, short, straight-sided, with small per-

Predynastic Period and Ist-IInd dynasty.

foration. 2.

Like No.

I

3.

Like No.

2,

but unperforated.

,

Short, concave-sided (as in

Long and Like No.

Long,

Ird- Vth dynasty.

(2602 1,

dynasty. 7.

1 1

many Babylonian

a

grip.

IVth -Vth

Cylinders), with large

(2598.)

with very large perforation.

large, straight-sided,

dynasty. 6.

for

(2596.)

(2600.)

perforation. 5.

Vth- Vth dynasty.

with slight depression at ends

dynasty. 4.

1

(2595.)

Vlth

ff.)

but longer, and often very small.

Xllth-XVIIIth

(2613).

thin,

and small

;

often with rounded ends.

Xllth dynasty.

(2623.) 8.

Like No. 7

9.

Miniature (Plate,

'

Exhibited in

Rooms,

p. 178).

;

;

No.

quatrefoil.

to

(2619.)

be mounted in

rings.

XVIIIth dynasty and

later.

3.)

the Fourth Egyptian

Room

(Guide

to

Third and Fourth Egyptian

— — INTRODUCTION.

XXX

The types

Scarabs

of

and

In the wing-cases, head,

legs of the insect there are possibilities of endless

The Scarab-makers

diversity of treatment.

make

not instance,

And,

disappeared.

legs

their

one time they

at

more diverse and complicated.

are, naturally, far

Scarabs exactly the

cut

naturally,

by

of Scarab could exist side

very

legs at

carefully,

same

the

one period did

of

those of another

like

another

at

many

period

for

;

the

varieties

from a simple bead, with neither legs nor

side,

wing-cases marked and nothing but the head and the general shape to us

that

is

it

a

Scarab, to an elaborate naturalistic model of Ateuchus sacer.

Numberless as are the fifty

varieties of Scarabs,

In the subjoined descriptive

the presence or absence of

may

one respect

this

make

the classification

head being

consideration

in

B of

to

M,

The

The

first

main

and

this

down

the

N

of Class

the

has not seemed

It

one

such as

criterion,

Scarabs which agree

(elytrae).

depend on these two main characters

of types

come

was

is,

naturally, that

more

the

of

Those

made

usually

or

The Scarabs

The

were purely amulets.

scarabs, also purely amulets, but with inscriptions incised in

the Seal-scarabs,

do not

less

from the earHer conventionalizing Scarabs

the monstrosities of a late period.

seals, but

is

that follow, from

are peculiar in that they have no base, and, therefore, in no

partook of the nature of

into

matter being purely one of differences

period at which each type

division

(the representation

Material or glaze do not

has been designated A.

gamut Middle Kingdom to run

by numbers.

letters

has therefore been considered advisable

It

connection, the

this

naturalistic types,

legs.

minor importance).

of

by

present totally different characters in other respects,

in style of manufacture.

indicated.

themselves in thirteen

the groups are designated

marked wing-cases

such as the cutting of the to

has seemed possible to signalize

distinguish the Scarabs simply according to

sufficient to

of the

list,

alphabet, the types of each group

of the

in

it

well-marked and distmct types, which arrange

groups.

tell

large

the

way

Heart-

manner

of

type from the ordinary naturalistic Scarabs of

differ in

Class A. is

It

be understood that these types very often combine, and a Scarab

to

can often only be described as a cross between one type and another, or

even between one " type

A-B "

A.

class

or " type

Naturalistic

:

A

and another.

2-B

Careful naturalism

2.

Without the 1

1

Such mixed types are described as

as the case

may

be

:

wings and legs well marked

1.

XVI

,"

1th

:

XI 1th dynasty.

triangle at the corners of the wing-cases

XI Ith

:

early

dynasty.

3.

With the

4.

With evenly rounded back and long

triangle at the corners of the wing-cases

legs

:

:

XlXth

XVI

I

Ith

dynasty.

dynasty.

..

•

INTRODUCTION. 5.

Similar, but with the legs open.

6.

Similar, with high back.

7.

Similar, with legs open.

8.

Characteristic

XXVlth

dynasty type, with bulbous abdomen.

A

A

XXXI

3.

A

A.

1.

A 2— A 3.

A

A

5.

B. Conventionalized form of

often striated like 1

2.

E—

A 2,

A

7.

usually in stone

and

8.

of large size

:

Wing-cases marked. Wing-cases not marked.

C

C.

legs

With oval base and Flat low back. 2. High back.

the rear-end raised-

1

3.

Legs open.

4.

Legs roughly marked.

-4.

—

—

..

—

INTRODUCTION.

XXXII

D. Elaborate, especially as to the head

:

Middle Kingdom and XVII Ith

XlXth dynasty 2.

With wing-cases marked. Wing-cases not marked nicks

3.

Similar, but with

4.

Carefully

5.

Similar, with arched back.

6.

High back with long

7.

High back with nicks often developed in semi-circular cut on back behind the head.

1

8.

D E.

:

With

their position.

nicks.

moulded head. legs peculiarly arranged

:

large perforation.

the

form of flowers

Usually of faience.

the legs roughly blocked out.

D

2.

no

mark

at sides to

D

5.

With elongated base and

6.

striated

legs

:

Middle Kingdom,

rarely at

beginning of XVIIIth dynasty 1

2. 3.

4.

Wing-cases marked. Wing-cases not marked. Roughly-marked legs often with human head. Resembles G legs striated (cf. Nos. 22479, 9262). :

1

p-r'iiiiii

F.

usually

:

~^i^

A development from D and E, roughly cut Late Middle Kingdom, Hyksos Period, of which it is the characteristic form With wing-cases marked. 2. With wing-cases not marked often with decoration of branches or plant-sprays on back. 3. Resembles G legs striated, wing-cases not marked. :

1

:

I

:

... ..

—

—

.

—

—

INTRODUCTION. G. Conventional

forna

Late Middle Kingdom to 1

with a deeply-cut double line to represent the legs

XlXth dynasty

With hatching

xxxii

:

and

XXV 1th

dynasty

at the sides to represent the leg-striation of

B and E

wing-cases not marked. 2.

Without hatching

3.

With hatching

4.

Without hatching

5.

XXVlth

H. Single 1

2.

J.

wing-cases marked.

:

wing-cases marked.

:

dynasty form

resembling

:

4.

line representing the legs

With wing-cases marked. Wing-cases not marked.

Thick base 1

wing-cases not marked.

:

:

legs not indicated in

any way

Wing-cases marked.

2.

Wing-cases not marked

3.

Wing-cases not marked

K. Peculiar

elaborate

:

:

Late Period. Early Period.

developed from

type,

J

depressed and elaborate head 1

L.

Wing-cases marked

:

legs indicated.

2.

Wing-cases not marked

3.

Neither wing-cases nor legs.

:

legs indicated.

Naturalistic form, with wing-cases not 1

Simple.

2.

With nicks

3.

Elaborate

(see

D

2).

marked-

:

with

rear-end

much

—

.

INTRODUCTION.

XXXIV 4.

Legs roughly blocked out

5.

Similar type, with high pointed back.

6.

Legs cut

free.

M. Monstrous form with Moderate-sized

1

2.

L

striations at sides.

:

Exaggerated

splay legs

legs.

legs.

M

2.

L

5.

N. Naturalistic form without base, used as an amulet only perforated,

2

more often unperforated and with a

sometimes

:

ring for suspension

under the

belly.

Miscellaneous Seal-amulets related to the Scarab are found flies

(376),

frogs,

waterfowl,

hippopotami,

horses

(350),

in the

rats,

forms of

hedgehogs.

Animal-Scaraboids.

cats,

etc.,

referred to (p. xiv).

and

The negro-head Scaraboids have already been The distinctions of form among the Plaques, Cowroids,

as figured above.

plain Scaraboids have

(p. vii).

been described

at the

opening

of the

Introduction

XXXV

INTRODUCTION.

The manner of mounting Scarabs and even miniature Cylinders in fingerend, rings, by means of a wire twisted round the body of the ring at each The swivel-joint is rarer. is shown in the figures below (c/. Plate, Nos. 2-5).

Scarab mounted

in rmg, with swivel-joint.

Cylinder-ring.

Scarab-ring.

(Middle Kingdom.)

(XVlIlth dynasty.)

Of figured

Signet-ring

true

the

above

is

dynasty (2659

the earlier,

ff.).

is

two main

types

are

)

Earlier type of Signet-ring.

most

usual.

The

first

and begins to occur towards the end of the XVIlIth

During the

the Ptolemies (2739).

(XVlIlth dynasty

The

Saiite

Period

second, the

it

is

later, is

unusual, but

not so solid.

we Its

find

it

under

characteristic

the broad splayed bezel springing from a slight semi-circular or circular

hoop

Saite Signet-ring.

XVlIlth dynasty Ring, with splayed bezel.

Later type of Signet-ring, with splayed bezel.

(2656, 2736). bezel.

The

A

development

of this

ring with splayed bezel

is

has a small rectangular label-shaped usually Saite, though

it

occurs

earlier,

as

under the XVIlIth dynasty (2657).

VIII.

The

The

D.\ting of Scarab Types.

dating of Scarab types rests ultimately on the fact that the majority

of the Scarabs

which bear certain royal names are

of certain types.

We

infer

same types as these, were made, like them, presumably in the reigns of the kings whose names they bear. This principle has proved itself satisfactory, and consistent results have been obtained from its use. We now know that only a limited number of royal names (supposed to be of great magical efficacy), such as those of that the Scarabs, bearing

no royal names,

of the

INTRODUCTION.

xxxvi

Menkaura, Thothmes

and

in later times,

III,

Amenhetep

or

the process of examination of the vaiious types, has,

thought, progressed far enough to enable

kmgs

which Scarabs

of these

types

posthumous

the

of

their time,

which

were placed upon Scarabs issued

III

we know

it

are contemporary

Scarabs usually

it

is

be said with some certainty

to

The

and which posthumous. with the

agree

other

types

of

belong to that particular time by the fact that

to

the majority of Scarabs bearing royal

names

of that time are of these particular

So we know, for instance, that the Scarabs of Unas must be posthumous, and mostly of the XlXth dynasty because most of them are of exactly the same type as those of Meneptah and of Seti II, both kings whose names are not types.

found on Scarabs of types which are mainly associated with names of

XXVIth

But one or two Unas Scarabs must be of the

periods.

later

dynasty, as

they are of a type associated with royal names of that dynasty, as are also

Scarabs of Khufu and Khafra, Menkaura, Thothmes

When we same type days.

find Scarabs of half a

we can

But equally

contemporary Scarabs from

each

dozen kings

as those of Psamtik,

other's,

of

is

it

and Amenhetep

111.

various periods to be of the

obvious that they were

all

made

in his

posthumous type the

real

these kings, which differ from Psamtik's type

and

from

distinguish

this

showing close resemblances only

immediate chronological neighbours.

Menkaura, whose Scarabs are Scarabs of Amenhetep

the

of

III,

all

Thus

to

(leaving out

posthumous),

we

the

types

Khufu,

of

Khafra,

their

and

find that the majority of

Thothmes IV on one side, of Amenhetep IV on the other the names of neither Thothmes IV or of Amenhetep IV (the heretic Khuenaten) are ever found on Scarabs of the type associated with Psamtik (or any other later king). Therefore we see that are like those of

III

and those

;

majority of the Scarabs of Amenhetep III are contemporary with Amenhetep III, and we know their types, while all those of Thothmes IV and Amenhetep IV are contemporary. The Scarabs of Amenhetep IV are the

a good instance,

which

also, of objects

contemporary on another ground

;

we can

rest

the fact that he

whose name would never be commemorated at any would never be regarded as one of good omen.

From Thothmes

III

the king's

own

of

all

was an abominated heretic, later period, and certainly

and comparison of the types in this manner we see that Rameses II, though they occur, are rare, while those of about as commonly found of later types as of the types of

the study

Scarabs of

later

assured are exclusively

are

time.

periods after his

name

Thothmes III occurs on Scarabs demise, so potent was his name considered, and so

In fact,

the

of

popular a hero was he.

We

can therefore eliminate the

the types which

we know

to

later " issues " of royal Scarabs,

be contemporary as guides

Scarabs which bear no royal names, or no inscription at

all.

and use

to the dating of the

;

INTRODUCTION.

xxxvii

LIST

OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS DEALING WITH EGYPTIAN SEALS AND SEAL-AMULETS.

W.

LoFTlE, B.A., F.S.A.

J.

"

An

Essay

Tuer,

W. M. Flinders Percy

E.

Newberry.

"Scarabs." "

Scarab-shaped Seals

" Catalogue of Scarabs."

Dr. Samuel Birch. E.

Constable,

:

D.

Litt.

London

" Catalogue

pp.

1

7

D. Nutt, 1889.

1908.

:

1

907.

Quaritch,

Alnwick

1

pp. 185

Castle," pp.

Hilton Price Collection,"

of

the

Lady Meux

John Ward, F.S.A.

"The

Collection,"

Harrow School Museum,"

ff.

of

Egyptian

Museum,

Antiquities

pp. 87

"The Mummy" (Cambridge, John Ward, F.S.A.

ff.

the

Fitzwilliam

"A

03

ff.

" Catalogue

Griffith, M.A., and

1

of

" Catalogue of the

F. Ll.

900.

ff.

" Catalogue

pp. 14

:

{Cairo Mits. Catalogue).

" Egyptian Antiquities at

A. Wallis Budge,

London

London: Constable,

London G. Eraser.

and

Field

:

n.d.

" Historical Scarabs."

Petrie.

London

of Scarabs."

XXII

XXIII, pp.

19ff.,

1893), pp. 231 :

(1900), pp. 305

79

the

ff.

Collection of Historical Scarabs" Bibi. Arch.,

in

ff.

Proc. Soc. ff.,

386

ff.

ff.

Sacred Beede": London, 1902 (republication of the above).

Mrs. Alice Grenfell.

"

Amuletic Scarabs

XXX, "

for

the

Deceased."

Rec.

Trav.

Rec.

Trav,

p. 105.

The Rarer Scarabs

XXXII,

p.

of the

113.

New

Kingdom."

CATALOGUE OF

EGYPTIAN SCARABS, CYLINDER-SEALS, SEAL-AMULETS, ETC. I.

ROYAL SCARABS AND SEAL-AMULETS. Blue-green glazed steatite Scarab, of tj'pe A 3 with tliicl< legs, inscribed Chipped on one side. an ancient king (Ilird dynasty). XXIInd-XXVIth dynasty. Length, | in. Loftie Essay of Scarabs, x.x.xi. [No. 24102.] 1.

Neb-KA-Ra!",

:

2. Light blue faience Scarab, of type A 8, inscribed with an imitation prenomen, Neb-KA-Ra. -Saite Period. Length, \ in.

"

Praise

_.;;~,^

r»wiiw;-

,.'^^

y^j^

ro}-al

[No. 23296.] 3. Light blue faience Scarab, of flat type A 8, badly made and inscribed with Saite Period, or earlier. Length, \ in. an imitation royal prenomen, Ka-XED-K.A.

Petrie

:

Historical Scarabs,

'^

6.

f,

[No. 17207.] 4.

Glazed

Sneferu, Essay,

5.

It

steatite Scarab, of -=

A

type

(IVth dynasty).

7,

inscribed with a corrupt form

XXVIth

dynasty.

Length, ^^

Loftie:

in.

vi.

Green glazed

name

steatite Scarab, of type

of

king

Khufu

A

8,

inscribed with a corrupt

(IVth dynasty).

XXVIth

dynasty.

[No. 42378.]

Light blue faience

Khufu

name of Hist. Scarabs, IS-

the

j^r^^

Scarab,

(IVth dynasty).

of

type

XXVIth

A

8,

inscribed

dynasty.

V\

Length,

,

t^

^^

:

^[No. [No. 16424.] Presented by Brain Hertz, Esq., 185

'^^i\

f'W^

Jf

a corrupt form of Petrie

in. .V \

of -.

^^J

[No. 22948.]

form of the Length, i in.

6.

name

of the

/^.^-jg

Mf^^^

1.

A

CATAI.OOUE OF SCARABS, CYLINDER-SEALS, ETC. 7.

Length,

8.

the

blue faTence Scarab, of the name of Loftie Essay, vii.

I.islit

form

corrupt

-j— in.

A

of type

Khufu

inscribed dynasty).

8,

(IVth

>:y

t*

^X^^l

'

38. Light green faience Scarab, of type A 7, with elongated base, which is inscribed the name of Men-KA-Ra with the "figure of a guaidian, between two neb signs. I-'rom Tell Nebesha. Saite Period, Length, i n. Petrie: Tanis,\\,y^\. \m,6o. [No. 18533.] Presented by tJie Egypt Exploration Fund, 1 887.

on

^

A

_

[-.^

;

t>

'^

^

h""'^^

40

MEN-KA-RA, UNAS.

51]

5

name

A

4-L i. On the base is inscribed the paste Scarab, of type a demi-cartouche, with a hawk with whip on back, above a //d> Ith and below the winged sun. Much worn. From Anuit (I'iioenicia). 40. Blue

Men-KA-Ra

dynasty.

(?) in

XXV

Length, f

of

,^j^ -p,

in.

rii

n

'^

[No. 48151.]

^ ^^

On the base is cut a hawk with whip on 41. Light green paste Scarab, of type A 8. back, confused with a bud and the -f-, in front of a cartouche containing the name of Men-KA-Ra, with two horizontal lines above and below. Above is a conchaut lion, and below a neb. From Amathus (Cyprus), grave 172. XXVIth dynasty. ^5^^^ Length, \ in. Murray, A. H. Smith, and Walters: Excavations in Cyprus, Fig. 147 9. [No. 94-11-1, 616.]

^^

^^^

;

42. Blue paste Scarab, of type A 8. On the base is a figure of a king kneeling adoration before the cartouche of Men-KA-Ra beneath a .solar disk in a boat, and above the 7teb sign. From Rhodes (?). XXVth-XXVIth dynasty. Length, ^^ i"[No. 60-2-1, 105.]

^^^

^P^^

in

43. Glazed steatite Scarab the base

is

the device

XXVIth

^

inscribed the

YfT

name

of

4

chipped on both

;

1

^3:^ On

sides.

UNAS, "T^ (Vth dynasty), probably a development

of

111 •

dyna.sty.

"Let there be Length, %

praise!", frequent on scarabs

Chipped on one

side.

[No. 3:2421.]

-

Sai'te

A

inscribed with the

7,

Length,

Period, or earlier.

f*^

XXI Ind-

No. 37853)-

{cf.

in.

44. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type

Unas.

A

faded to white, of type

"

name

of

in.

[No. 30497-]

45. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type A 3, on the base of which Saite Period, or earlier. Length, -?-r in.

is

cut the

name

of

Unas.

TCT [No. 42695.]

46. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type XXVIth dynasty. Length, in.

Unas.

^^

y

A 4-8, in.scribed with the name of

.',

[No. 48856.] •

A

47. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type 5, inscribed with the name of Saite Period. Length, ,-5 in. Loftie Essay, xvii. [No. 22959.]

Unas.

:

48. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type Before XXVIth dynasty. Length, -| in.

A

5,

name of [No. 46491.]

inscribed with the

UnAs.

49. Green glazed steatite Scarab, roughly cut, inscribed with the dynasty. Length, h in.

name

of

Unas.

XXVIth

7^^ [No. 46592.]

50. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type A 3, inscribed with the name of Saite Period. Length, h in. Loftie Essay, .xviii. [No. 22960.]

UnAs.

51.

the

:

Glazed

name

of

steatite Scarab, faded to reddish-white, of

UnAs.

Saite Period.

Length,

-i

in.

Petrie

:

A

type 8, inscribed with Hist. Scarabs, 56. [No. 16413.]

fill

^^ TT '!

|i

CATALOGUE OF SCARABS, CVLINPER-SEAI.S,

6

A

52. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to brown, of t\-pc

Unas,

^\ |l

Sane

Length,

Period.

8,

ETC.

[52-62

name

inscribed with the

of

J>

-j^ in,

[No. 30496.]

^'''

53. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type Sai'te Period, or earlier. Length, jV in.

A

3,

jg^

Un.'vs.

[Kg. 38758-]

A

54. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to brown, of tj'pc name Unas. Saite Period. Length, | in.

^l|l

with the

3-8, inscribed

fg^

"^

royal

[Xo. 40857.]

55. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type A Un.\S, ronghly cut. XXVIth dvnast)-. Length,

7,

inscribed with the na.me of

,''^

[No. 46052.]

A

gold mount as the bezel of a ring. (corrupt form of the

name

of L^NAS).

On the base are XXVIth dynasty

8,

(?).

3

Length, \

P

^-''

7"»>S

\\l

'^_^:

set in its original

cut the signs

q

^—

153. Glazed steatite Bead-Plaque, with one side convex, faded to grev side is inscribed "Amen-Ra, Lord of the Two Lands"; on the flat side is the prenomen of Amenemh.AT 111, within a rectangular border; the last sign is elongated, as in No. 152, and the tw^o objects were probably made by the same man.

dynasty.

Length, \

the

in.

[No. 40685.]

XLXth-XXth

with

last

in.

;

width,

-('-^

Hist. Scarabs, 263.

in.

Petrie

On

...

the convex

:

[No. 3930.]

D

154. Blue faience Scarab, of elongated type bk 7, with the head treated to resemDie Amen-ram, with solar disk on head. On the back r © © is cut a cartouche containing the signs Ra-NEFER; on the base 1'iyA / is inscribed the prenomen of Amenemhat III, confused with that of Amenemhat IV, N-Ma.at-Kheru-Ra {sic) (Xllth ^-\ ^ d\-nasty). The confusion has arisen out of the peculiar ^= elongated cutting of the sign c^, which we have seen in Nos. 152 and 153 V. this has become confused with the =-e> k/icni of the prenomen ol Amenemh.AT IV. XlXth-XXth dynasty. Length, J in. Petrie: Hist. Scarabs, 264 (base only). [Xo. 16754.]

—

that of an

-,

1

155. Glazed

steatite

Scarab,

inscribed

with

an

imitation

of

the

prenomen of Amenkmh.at IV (Xllth dynasty), with the name of the crocodile-god Sebek.

Probably Saite Period.

Length,

yiy in.

[No. 40437-]

G 156. Blue (?) paste Plaque, with rounded ends, faded to |)urple. the obverse is inscribed a combined prenomen of kings of the Xllth dynasty, Ra-kheper-KA-KH.\, above the «f/;-sign. On the reverse is R.\-K.A-KH.\, in a cartouche, betw'cen two wrtrf/- feathers. Slightly chipped. XXVIth dynasty. Length, \ in. Petrie Hist. Scarabs, 195. [No. 16743.]

On

lal

:

157. Glazed steatite Scarab, of t\-pe B, inscribed " Good God, Sekhem-seuatch-taui-Ra Sebek-hetep (II), living for ever, born of the king's mother Auhetabu." Xlllth dynasty. in. Length, breadth, f in. Newberry: Scar.ibs, PI. X, 3. i

;

[No. 30506.]

(]

1

AMENEMHAT

158-165]

TO SEBEK-HETET

III

III.

158. Green glazed .steatite .Scarab, of t)'pe B, with arched back, inscribed "Good God, Kha-.sesiies-Ra (Nefer-HETEP), son of the divine father Ha-ankli-f." Xlllth dynasty. Length, If in. Anastasi Collection, 1839. Petrie Hist. Scarabs, :iC)A,. [No. 3933.] :

17 -

G

m f J

159. Glazed

Scarab, faded to white, of type B, inscribed •'Good God, Kha-SESHE.S-Ra, son of the divine father Ha-ankh-f" Xlllth dynasty. Length, i in. width, f in. Loftie Essay, Ixii. [No. 24133.] steatite

;

:

160. Green glazed steatite dynast}-.

Length,

|-

in.

faded to white, of t\'pe B, inscribed of the divine father Ha-ankh-f." Xlllth

.Scarab,

"Good God, Kha-SESHL.S-R.\, son Andretus

Collection, 1848.

[No. 3932.]

161. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type G 3, flat, faded to white, inscribed with the name of king Nefer-HETEP (?), and the ideographs of "royalty" and "gold." Xlllth dynast}-. Length, j in. [No. 39834-]

iTr 4^4

f^^

162. Glazed steatite Scarab, of t}-pe B, faded to yellow, inscribed " Son of the Sun, NefeR-HETEP, born of the king's mother Kema." Xlllth d}'nasty. Length, ^ in. '

[No. 37660.]

163. Glazed steatite Scarab, of t}'pe B, faded to white, inscribed " Good God, of the king's mother Kema." Xlllth dynasty. Length,

Nefer-HETEP, born f

in. ,

[No. 40695.]

164. Blue glazed steatite Scarab, of t}-pe B, inscribed "Son of the Sun, ^'v^ of the king's mother Kema." Roughly cut. Xlllth dynasty. \^j:^-^ Length, i-l in. Atidrews Collection, I'&^'i. Newberry: Scarabs, ¥1. -a, g. 4.^-"

Sebek-HKTEP, born

[No. 3934.]

165. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded inscribed

of the divine father Ha-ankh-f."

Length, f

to white, of type

"Good God, Kh.A.-XEFER-R.\ (Sebek-HETEP Nacreous

glaze.

XHIth

B-E

i,

son dynasty,

III),

in.

[No. 30508.]

8

CATAI.OGUK OF SCARABS, CYLINDER-SEALS, ETC.

1

166.

Deep

blue glazed steatite .Scarab, of type 15, inscnbcd III), son nf llie divine father

KILA.-NEKER-RA (Sebek-HETEP Xlllth d\'nasty. Length, -^ in.

[166 175

1J

"Good Gcd, I.Ia-ankh-f."

U

G

[Xo. 40697.] 5

167. Deep blue glazed steatite .Scarab, of type 15, inscribed "Good God, Kn.\-NEFER-RA, in. Length, [Xo. 40696.] son of the divine father Ija-ankh-f." Xlllth dynast\-. ;-

168. Glazed

Scarab, faded to brown, of the divine father Ha-ankh-f "

of

steatite

Kma-NEFER-Ra, son

:

type

as before.

B,

inscribed

"

169. Blue

glazed

steatite

Scarab,

of type

Bfpi,

Kil\-NEFER-R.\, son of the divine father I.Ia-ankh-f " -I

God,

Length,

[No. 30507.]

in.

I

Good

Xlllth dynasty.

:

much worn, as before

inscribed "Good God, d)-nasty. Length,

Xlllth

[No. 29992.]

in.

170. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type B, inscribed "'Good God, Kha-NEFER-R.A., son of the divine father Ha-ankh-f." Xll 1th d\-nast\'. Length, [No.

*Ji^>^,^

^^-2.'

^^g^'

^^2313.-]

171. Glazed .steatite Scarab, of type B-G, faded to grey, inscribed "Good God, KlL\NEFER-R.A, son of the divine father Ha-ankh-f" Xlllth dvnast\'. Length, i in.

[Xo. 37656.]

On the base is inscribed 172. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to grey, of tj'pe B-E. son of the divine father Ha-ankh-f." The greater part of the [Uo 48687.] back is broken off. Xlllth dynasty. Length, i in.

"Good God, Kil\-NEFER-R.A,

173. Blue-green glazed steatite Scarab, of type B, inscribed " Good God, KlL\-i\EFER-R.\, son of the divine father

Ha-ankh-f."

Xlllth djnasty.

Length, ^

in.

[Xo. 37657.]

JT^/^

*»i^ .'-^ '^''.'"'^ 'i5^.'.>A/,

174. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type L 2, in its original pale gold, or electrum, mount as the bezel of a ring. The lower part of the base has been broken anciently, and a piece of gold, or electrum, laid across the broken portion. Inscribed with the prenomen of Sebek-HETEP 111, Kh.\-NEFER-R.\, with the sign s/uvi substituted for that of R-\, within a spiral border. Xlllth [No. 17934.] dynasty. Length, -^ in. Haj/ Collection, 1868. A

^

On the back is cut a 175. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type G i. two stalks, and on the base is inscribed the prenomen of SEBEK-HKTi';i' III, O Kila-NEFER-Ra, between two ideographs of " life " and two of " fertility." Xlllth dynasty. Length, § in, Newberry: Scarabs, V\, y., I'iv f ? 1

[No. 25554.]

I

Q h

1

I

lily

with

z;?^, l^-^^K Tf'*/»'i'

W'#i

SEBEK-riETEP

176-186]

19

III.

176. Glazed steatite Plaque, with back modelled in the shape of a

fish

;

faded to white,

©

inscribed with the names of king Kiia-NEFER-Ra SebekHETET III (Xlllth dynasty). Ramesside Period. Length, | in.

Q

(^

T

^

[No. 43007.]



:

[No. 30510.]

T

At 25L Glazed

steatite

Ma.\-ai;-R.\, giving

and the ideograph of

life." life.

On

each side

Hyksos

is

Period.

252. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type

2, faded to grey, inscribed " Good God, a border containing an unknown sign (,"]) [No. 42221.] Length, -j-|- in.

F

Scarab, of type

F

Ma.\T-NER(j/V)-R.^, repeating life," within Period (X\'th dynasty). Length, \ in.

faded to white, in.scribed "Good God, Hyksos on either side. a border I

^^n

^

[No. 45453-]

f

^ ¥

uq

2,

.^

J

Ii 253. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type F 2, faded to brown, inscribed "God, lord of life, Good God, ALa.a-ab-R.A, giving life; God, lord of life." Hyksos Periorl. Length, f in. [No. 42474.]

v_^ n

T

\

Af 254. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type F, faded to brown, inscribed God, Ma.\-ab-R.a, giving life," accompanied by signs of " life " and luck." Xnith-XVllth dynasty. Length, -{-i- in.

" "

o

Good good

[No. 37666.]

^^ f

I

*

a

0"

i

At D

2

CATALOGUE OF SCARABS, CVLINDER-SEALS,

28

255. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type giving

/ ~^ [\\

life," I

J

^^''^'^

''°"''

I

R-F

2,

[255-262

ETC.

"Good God, Maa-AB-[Ra],

inscribed

Xlllth-XVIth dvnastv.

'^'

Length,

in.

:,'

[No. 37667.]

256. Blue glazed steatite Scarab, faded to brown, of t_\pe F 2. On the base between vertical lines, " Good God, Ma.\-Ab-Ra, giving life," with the symbols of "goodness" and "lordship" on each side (the sign has been corrected from J). Middle Kingdom. Length, ^ in. I'etrie //ist. Sarra/>s, in is

inscribed,

|

:

Budge:

//«/. E^.,

ii,

257. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type the royal

title

;

[No. 172

116.

"Good God, Ma.\-ab-Ra,

XlllthXX'Ith dynasty.

Length, ^

giving

D

12.]

ry^] 2,

life,"

clumsily cut, inscribed with

and

six I signs

and

a

•'J^'ini

'^^

^''(r'.^'

/ic-/'.

'^'^S,

in.

^i^f'

[No. 37665.]

258. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type F-L God, Ma.a-ab-Ra, giving life," with the signs n Period. Length, in. ^

2,

faded to brown, inscribed " Good Hyksos border on each side.

in the

:]

[No. 42268.]

I

259. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to brown, of type L 2-F, inscribed life." Hyksos Period. Length, | in. [No. 42803.]

'Good God, Maa-.'\B-[Ra], giving

4 260. Dark green glazed steatite Scarab, of type G i, with a corrupt form of the name and titles of Maa-AB-Ra, between borders of hieroglj-phics. Hj-ksos Period. Length, ^ in.

II

inscribed

+

f

^

[No. 32267.]

AJ 261. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of t)-pe !•" 2, inscribed with the name of Maa-NEB(jzV)-Ra, within a border. Period. 1 Ij'ksos

Length, ^

f

11 o

in.

[No. 45454-J

At 262. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to brown, of type G i, inscribed "Son of the Sun, Pepa (APOPIIIS I?;, giving life" (a Hyksos king), between two scallops. Hyksos Period. Length, q in. .hidn'-cvs Co//trf///, 1S4S. J'etrie Nt's/. Sarralfs, So. :

[No. 3925.] and not " Shesha," seems certain from the scarabs. It is quite possible that he was identical with Maa-ab-Ra, which is a thione-nanie. He must have been the first Apophis of Manetho. Petrie (///j7. Scarabs, and History, i, p. 103) and Loftie {Essay, p. 8) read the name " Pepa," but identified him with Meri-Ra Pepi of the VUh dynasty Griffith {P.S.B.A., xxii, p. 308), read "Shesha," and was followed by Newberry {Scarabs, p. 150). That

this

Pepa was a Hyksos, and that

his

name

is

rightly read " Pepa,"

;

MAA-AR-RA, PEPA (THE EARLY IIYKSOS).

263-270]

263. Glazed steatite Scarab, of

Hyksos

(?)

"

king,

Son of

tiie

Sun,

G

t\-pe

I'Ei'A,

2.

giving

Nacreous glaze, gone purple and white.

On

life,"

the base

inscribed the

is

Length,

of a

^

between two borders p.

Flyksos Period.

name

in.

{;

[No. 41858.]

264. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type F 2, inscribed " Son of the Sun, Pei'A, living for ever," within a spiral border. Hyksos Period. Length, ^ in. //aj' Collcctioji, 1868. Petrie Hist. Scarabs, 86.

¥ n D

:

^^fe

[No. 16407.]

;r^lc?^

f: 265. Blue glazed steatite Scarab, of t\-pe Y 2-L 2, inscribed Son of the Sun, Peta, as 264, within a spiral border. Hyksos Period. Length, ^ in. Petrie: "

living for ever";

Hist. Scarabs, 84.

[No. 3923.]

266. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type L i, inscribed with the name and " Son of the S of a Hyksos king, "Son Sun, Pepa, living for ever," within a spiral H\-ksos Period. Length, \ in. border.

['^''^^y^'-,

titles s

[No. 41862.]

L

267. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type

name and

titles

a spiral border.

Hyksos

of a

king, "

H}'ksos Period.

i,

faded to white, inscribed with the li\'ing for ever," within

Length,

'i^

268. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type F 2, inscribed "Son of the Sun, PepA, living for ever," as 265, within a spiral border. Hyk.sos Period. |^

^I/i^J

',^;'^';^'

\ in.

*^^^y

[No. 41868.]

Length,

'-.

^^J,"^

Son of the Sun, PepA,

//\^^r\ wj5ii\.0:^Ai ''

in.

[No. 30498.]

269. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type Sun, Pep.A, living for ever," within a borde Length, \ in. Petrie Hist. Scarabs, 74.

F

the

2,

'~^

'-

Son of

.•'''^?'^

Period.

;:'iig\[T;

[No. 39.4.]

|®f

inscribed "

Hyksos

3

'-^

^•^^

:

3

O 270. Glazed steatite inscribed

"

Son of the Sun,

Scarab,

of t}'pe

F

2,

faded

to

Pep.\, living for ever," within a border

Hyksos Period (XVth-XVIth dynasty).

Length, |f

in.

On

white.

J

the base

on either

is

side.

n D

-2-

[No. 45455.

If:

catalo(u;e of scarabs, cylinder-seals, etc.

[271 279

271. Blue glazed steatite Scarab, of type F 2, inscribed " Son of the Sun, I'EPA, living between two borders of the s}'tnbols of " di\'inity (?) " and "life." Hyksos Period. Length, ;r in. ^ j^ [No. 42603.] Q for ever,"

i

j

[

:

272. Glazed

Scarab,

steatite

(if

t}-pe

F

the Sun, PepA, living for ever," with the signs

Length,

"Son

faded to brown, inscribed

2,

on each

j^

Hyksos

side.

of

^

I'eriod.

^

ji} in.

A

[No. 42413.]

v^

J

f. 273.

]51ue glazed

border Essay, xx.

for ever," within a

f

Loftie

in.

:

F

steatite .Scarab, of t}-pe (/;

I

inscrilicd ".Son of the

2,

Nacreous

274j.

glaze.

Sun, J^EPA, living H\-ksos Period. Length,

A [No. 22962.]

f

f

F

274. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type

Pepa,

living

Hyksos

as

ever,"

for

Length,

Period.

g

265,

between two

inscribed ".Son of the Sun,

2,

(?«/-//-signs

-r-

and two

k

-signs.

in.

[No. 30499.]

275. Blue glazed steatite Scarab, of t}-pe F 2, inscribed " Son of the Sun, Pepa, giving life," within a border curved inwards, with two ne/a--signs. Slightly chipped. Hyksos Period XV'th-XVIth dynast}-). Length, I in. [No. 45456.]

'5!:^^

J?:

(

276. Light blue glazed flat,

brown, of type

"Good God, Sekil\-X-Ra," between two

inscribed

Hyksos

steatite Scarab, faded to

Period.

Length, |

Budge:

in.

H/st. Eg.,

ii,

166.

Length,

Period.

in.

i|

Budge

:

Hist. Eg.,

ii,

k.^

.

1

inscribed

Rough work.

Hyksos

t_\-pc

F"

-

1.]

2,

277. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of borders

uo

2,

borders jd^

[No. 305

"Good God, SEKn.\-N-[RA]," between

F

Q

166.

[No. 32342.]

278.

l^lue glazed steatite Scarab, of tj'pe

of Skkilv-x-R.\, ]

I

1,

the

Q

is

F-G

i,

reversed.

inscribed with the prenonien pre

Hj-ksos Period.

Length,

^

in.

[No. 42933.]

279. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type with the dj-nasty.

name

G

2,

faded to white, inscribed

of king Sekil\-X-R.\," between borders

Length,

XlIhh-X\'Hth

g in.

[No. 38716.]

>J Q

''\-

;

280. Dark green glazed •'Good God, Sekha-X-Ra," Length,

lAPEQHER (HVKSOS).

PEPA, SEKHA-N-RA,

280-286]

j:

in.

Budge

Hist. Eg.,

:

Scarab,

steatite

between

two

G

type

of

inscribed Period.

2,

Hyl-.

1

42S76.]

the base

is

inscribed

prenomen of Kames, Uatch-KHEPER-R.a, between two utcliats and two ideographs of "life," within cartouches. Chipped at side. XVI 1th d\-nasty.

the

Length,

SsO

| in.

[Xo. 42929-] 313. Glazed above •^^=^f=7.

steatite

C-F

Scarab, of type

Possibi}- the

U.A.TCH-K.\-R.\ (see 231-238).

faded to white, inscribed

2,

prenomen of Kames (UATCH-KnEPER-R.\)

XVI Ith

Length, §

dvnastv.

O

(?),

(

or of

in.

[No. 42248.] 314. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type A 2-C 2, inscribed with a confused form of the name and prenomen of A.\HME.S I, TcilESEK-K.A.-R.\, P^arl\or the names of A.^HME.S I and K.\.MES combined. XVIIIth dj-nasty. " Length, f in. [No. 28896.] '

315. l^lue-green glazed steatite .Scarab, of t\-pe

On

the base

Fine work.

is

inscribed the

Earl_\-

X\"IIIth

prenomen of A.\HME.S d}-nast}'.

Length,

316. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type of

A.\HMES

Essay,

I,

NEB-PEHTI-R.\,

0_

C

2.

C I,

2,

with the legs cut free

m.

On

-Q

Xeb-pi-.IITI-R.\

[No. 30560.]

the oval base

is

inscribed the

Early XVIIIth d\-nasty.

Length,

!,

prenomen Loftie

:

[No. 24143.]

l.x.xii.

On the base Length, § [No. 24144.]

317. Lapis-lazuli Scarab, of t\'pe C 4, with wing-cases not marked. inscribed the prenomen of Aahmes I. EarK- X\'IIIth d\-nasty. Loftie Essay, Ixxiii.

is

:

318. Blue-green glazed steatite Scarab, of type C 2, raised high on the legs, which are cut free from the oval base. Inscribed with the prenomen of Aahmes I, Neh-PEHTI-R.a. Early XVIIIth dynasty. Length, in. [No. 25291.] P resented by Mrs. 'ebb, 894. E 2

^

•

/ (

1

Q ^n

CATALOGUE OK SCARABS, CVLIXDKK-SKALS, KTC

[319 329

319. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of t\-pe C 2, inscribed w ith the prenomen of Aaij.mks NEli-TEHTI-RA, in a cartouche, surrounded by a spiral border. .W'lIIth Xewberr)' Saira/?s. PI. xxnI, io. Length, I in. dynasty.

I,

:

[No. 28050.]

320. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type L 2, inscribed with prenomen of A.\HME:-; I, Neb-PKH-R.a, surrounded by the emblems of " goodness," " lordship," and " stabilit}'," with the itichntin. X\'I Ilth d\-nast\-. Length, eye. [N0.41S79.J the

i;

Scarab, faded to brown, of t}'pe A 3, (/hipped. as a lion, who appears." Length, ^ in. Loftie EssawW^'x. [No. 24142.]

32L Glazed steatite "A.AHMES {V),

inscribed

X\'

1 1

Ith dynasty.

d

S^aiQ

:

322. Green glazed steatite .Scarab, of t\pe A 2, inscribed with the preX\'IIIth dynasty. Length, of A.\HMES I, NEB-PEfi-R.X. in.

nomen

-4

[Xo. 28397.]

323. Green glazed faience Scarab, of tj-jje A 6, inscribed with the preof A.\11MES I. XVII Ith d\-nast\-, or later. Length, ^^ in.

jq

[Xo. 28264.]

^^^^

nomen

A

^

324. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type 2-3, inscribed with the prenomen of A.ll.iMES I (.^). XV'lIIth dynasty, or later. Length, f in. Athn)uisi Collection, I'^iJ. Hist. Scarabs, "68. Petrie [Xo. 3936.]

H

:

325. Glazed the

prenomen

Length,

steatite _Scarab,

of

king

AAUMES

of

t\-pe

A

3,

faded

XEB-rEH-R.\.

I,

to

white,

X\'IIlth

inscribed with or later,

d_\-nasty,

[Xo. 39553.]

\ in.

steatite Scarab, faded to brown, of type A 3, with striated with the ideograms of "truth," "might" { pcli), "lordship," and ap[jarentl\- a modification of tiie ])renomen of A.\HMES. the solar disk XVI 1 1th d\-nast_\-, or later. Length, -/^ in. [Xo. 39559.]

326. Glazed

^

legs, inscribed

f]

;

327. Unglazed with the Length, y'^

name

(queen)

A.AHMES

-

inscribed ART. XVI

on

2, -

I

in.

328. Green composition Scarab, of inscribed

C Xefert

Scarab, of tj'pe

steatite

of

with the

name

of

t}-pe

.A

2,

d}-nast)-.

Length,

329. Flat spherical

A.\HMES-Nefert-aRI, d\-iiast\-.

Diameter,

.',

j"jr

r-.\Ri,

in.

carnelian

f) ^"^^^

'^^

m

the ba.se

jtl

I

(|

;

(sic).

[.Xo. 27109.]

Read, inscribed

lengthwa}-s

"""^^^

in

5G*

dynasty. [No. 40774.]

]

XVIIIth

^3^

Ith

with the legs blocked out

queen A.xhmes-Xefer

30 f]

a cartouc:he

(

"T"

I

(]

j

•

I'^rom

with

Dcr

the

name

cl-Hahari.

of queen

XVI 11

til

[Xo. 26291.]

in.

Presented by the Egypt Exploration Fiuul,

1

896.

AAHMES

330 340]

330. Spherical

37

Bead, rudely inscribed with the name "beloved of .\men." From Der el-Bahari.

Diameter, ^

queen \

of

carnelian

[Aahmes-]Nefert-ari, dynasty.

QUEEX AAH.MES-\EFLRT-ARI.

I,

^

^ 'rrTTm'"^ y S^

XVIIIth

in.

[No. 26292.]

Presoiied by the Eg_Ypt Exploration Fund,

C

331. Blue-green glazed steatite Scarab, of t\-pe

[Aahmes-]Nefert-ari,

of queen

Xewberr)-: Scarabs,

PI.

T

896.

name

inscribed with the

2,

XVIIIth dynasty.

jlj'"^.

1

Length,

j-i-

,;.•;:;,

in.

\,^'

[No. 32371.]

xxvi, 15.

332. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to white, of type A 2-C i, with oval base, on which is inscribed the name of qiieen [Aahmes-]Nefert-ARI. Good work. Chipped at .side. XVI I Itli dynasty. Length, | in. Loftie fj-i-^T)', cxxxi.

"^

1

T ^ ""^

:

I

[No. 24202.]

The wing-cases are 333. Blue-green glazed steatite Scarab, of t\-pe C 2. marked, and the legs are cut free from the o\al base, on which is Chipped at top. XVIIIth inscribed the name of queen [A.\HMES-]Nkfert-AR1. [No. 27148.] dynasty. Length, A in.

S

^

elaboratel}-

'

334. Glazed

name

steatite Scarab, of

type

C

(A.\HMES-)Nefert-.\ri,

of queen

faded to white.

2,

o

j

I H

'^^^^.

On

the base

I

\\

"^

o

^^

T f]

AS

II

inscribed the

is

XVIIIth dynasty.

fl

Length, 3%

in.

[No. 42363.]

335. Green glazed faience Scarab, of type of

queen

Length,

[Aah.\IES-]Nefert-ARI,

1

C

[Aahmes-]Nefert-aki,

3,

T

]

'^

[A7u.imes-]Nefkrt-ari,

steatite

1

'^~^-

'

XVIIIth

"''^^

Early XVIIIth dynasty.

~

[No. 38741-]

Scarab, of type

i ^ c^

^i^^^

[Xo. 377^2-1

faded to brown, inscribed with the

h in.

337. Green glazed

dynasty,

Early XX'IIIth

.

^"^ in.

of queen

Length,

(]

name

the

with

inscribed

i,

"^^^^

^T^

336. Glazed steatite Scarab, of type

name

L

C

2,

dynast\-.

inscribed with

Length,

I

the

name

of queen

[No. 39328-]

in.

338. Glazed steatite Scarab, of t\-pe C 2, faded to white, on the base of which XVIIIth dynasty, inscribed the name of queen [Aahmes-]Nefert-ARI. is [No. 42765.] Length, -j% in. "

A

339. Green glazed steatite Scarab, of type 2-C 2, On the base is inscribed thes name of queen bezel of a ring. XVIIIth dynast\-. Length, | in. Loftie isjiv?;', Ixxiv.

* f^

mounted in gold as the [A.\HMES-]NeferT-ARI. [A.\HMES-]Nl

Nefert-.\RI,"

"^ I Q

^

(su).

'^

^

I

[It

[No. 24145.] '"'x

A

o

^

c>

:

340. Glazed steatite Scarab, faded to brown, of t^pc

1

2-C

2,

inscribed

Traces of green glaze on back,

etc.

"

10 i6

II

Divine Wife,

Clumsy

style.

I

XVIIIth dynasty.

Length,

'

i

in.

[No 4200 1.]

CATALOGUE OF SCARABS, CYLINDER-SEALS,

38 341. Light of queen

green

glazed

Scarab,

steatite

[A.\U.\ieS-]Nefert-Arl

J

"

/^

i

^"^ '

F^iS.

349. Light green glazed steatite Duck-Scaraboid. On the base (in the form of a cartouche) is inscribed a garbled version of the name of queen

Nefert-arl

J

\.

Early X\'I I Ith dynasty.

L'ength,

^,

in.

[No. 42018.]

350. Green glazed steatite Scaraboid, in the form of a sleeping horse, its head laid on its forelegs. On the base is inscribed the name of queen Xefert-Arl XVIIIth dynasty. Length, '"•

with

/^

[No. 40772.] 351. Light green glazed steatite Scarab, of t}-pe C 2. The legs are cut from the oval base, on which is inscribed " Royal Mother [Aahmes-] Nefert-Arl" XVIIIth dynasty. Length, i in. Newberry: Scnrahs,

free

''• •'^^\''

16.

"

[No. 32450.]

1

"^x

-^

t

T

(]

/I

^

-

QUEEN

352 361]

Green

352.

glazed

AMENHETEP

AAI.niES-NEFERT-ARI, Scarab,

steatite

of

PI.

with

inscribed

C,

t\-pe

[Aahmes-]XekekT-aki and Amen-HETEP I. Back broken XVIIIth dynasty. Length, ji in. Newberry: Sfirnrds, off.

t

^

"=1

"

i]

'

the oin''

[Aahme.S-]NefeRT-AKE

'

Length, /^

d^ .^

in.

[No. 30562.]

354. Glazed steatite rectangular Plaque, faded

Amen-HETEP

^\

in.

by

\

name Der

of kcing

Amen-HETEP

el-Bahari.

I,

^

Early XVIIIth

On ^

the reverse the

^

Length,

tJie

inscribed

is

the

From

O

I

[Xo. 41729.]

1.]

1905.

""^-^fi

'^X^'^'

.^4

"3^ v^'

lo;

Plaque, with two incised lines on the

On the obverse is inscribed -r— ~r- On the reverse, " Ra, lord

(1

-^^^

"

Ma}'

of the

I

I

K37.

North,"

live!",

"-^I.'k |j

Egypt Exploration Fund,

by cross-hatchings.

Amen-HETEP (I) G sk-

-

.

-*_

;

of Aah-;n-R

[Xo. 2821

358. Blue glazed steatite oblong rectangular

,.,,

'i^Si

357. Green glazed steatite oblong rectangular Plaque, with two incised on the sides. On the obverse is inscribed the name of Amen-IIETEP I. XVIIIth d)'nasty. Length, I in. the reverse that of A^H•:N-R.\.

joined

»»—

in.

1

of

'

!'

•'>i

lines

sides,

^ 7^:

1

Presented bv

On

'

t

a

d\'nast}-.

name

the

is

[No. 45357-]

the obverse

name

\

in.

355. Green glazed steatite oblong rectangular Plaque, with two on the sides. On the