CASTILLO ALVA - Delito Previo

 

INWNKCJ _NEML KJE[YHY^KHJEML MEÍLH[H[

Lm enknshimi in intnrbhemkhûe inl “inlhtj prnvhj‒ ne nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs. ^em prjpunstm in hetnrprntmkhûe kjesthtukhjeml

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KJE[^LYM[

_jshghlhimi in ljarmr lm susthtukhûe fuihkhml in lm pnem hbpunstm m trmvès inl cígnms kjrpus

;49

IJK^BNEYJ

Inbmeim in cígnms kjrpus heejvmthvj

;44

  Inrnkcj in indnesm nxhan qun sn hedjrbn ml mkusmij in ljs mlkmekns inl prjknihbhnetj in tnrbhemkhûe methkhpmim  Mibhehstrmkhûe in fusthkhm ingn amrmethzmr amrmethzmr trmtj ihaej in lms pmrtns y vhanekhm in sus inrnkcjs dueimbnetmlns

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F^WH[_W^INEKHM [^BHLLMIM

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LM_WNTHJ‒ ENKN[HIMI ININLHYJ INYNWBHEMKHÛE “INLHYJ NE NL IN LMTM LMTMIJ IJINL IN MKYHTJ[ ^em prjpunstm in hetnrprntmkhûe kjesthtukhjeml

Fjsè Luhs KM[YHLLJ MLTM(*) [^BMWHJ6

  r   j    t   u   m    l   n    i   j    h   r    t   n    h   r    K

H. Nl

rnquhshtj in inlhtj prnvhj ej sjlj ns uem ejkhûe djrbml.  Lm hetnrprntmkhûe kjesthtukhjeml inl inlhtj prnvhj. Lm nxhanekhm in inlhbhtmkhûe tnbpjrj-nspmkhml inl inlhtj prnvhj. Lm enknshimi in qun sn kubplm kje nl rnspntj m ljs inrnkcjs dueimbnetmlns. HH.

m rndnrnekhm lnaml ml inlhtj prnvhj ne nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs kjbj kjb inejbh ine jbhem em lm lny66nlnlny nl jrhane  ‛j hlâkhtj injljs ghnens‛, ns ue bnetj ejrbmthvj inl thpj pneml ne su dmz jgfnthvm0 pjr nein, ingn snr inlhbhtmij ne kumetj m su kjetnxtj tnbpjrml y ns pmkhml  pmk hml,, msâ kjbj snr bmtnrhm bmtnrhm in mkr mkrnnihtmkhûe y prungm su ﬍  ﬍khnetn khnetn m ehvnl inl  prjkn  pr jknsj sj pneml, pneml, in bjij qun sn amrmeamrmethkn ml hbputmij, netrn jtrjs, nl rnspntj in sus inrnkcjs m snr hedjrbmij intmllmimbnetn in lm hbputmkhûe, m lm indnesm, m lm kjetrmihkkhûe in ljs kmrajs, y m lm  prnsu  pr nsuekh ekhûe ûe in hej hejkne knekhm khm..

 L

BMWKJ EJWBMYHTJ6

• _mktj Hetnremkhjeml in Inrnkcjs Khvhlns y _jlâthkjs6 mrts. 8 hekhsj 7 y =9. ;. m • Kjevnekhûe Kjevnekhûe Mbnrhkmem in Inrnkcjs Cubmejs6 Cubmejs6 mrt. 3. 7. g. • Kjesthtukhûe _jlâthkm inl Nstmij6 mrts. 7 hekhsj 79 lhtnrml d y =;8 hekhsjs ;, =?, =9 y =>. • Kûihaj in _rjknihbhnetjs _nemlns6 _nemlns6 mrts. 11 y 77>. • Kûihaj _rjknsml _neml _neml in 7??96 7??96 mrts. =>4 hekhsj = y ;98. • Lny _neml kjetrm nl Lmvmij in Mkthvjs6 mrts. = y 7.

^ej in ljs rmsajs y ejtms kmrmktnrâsthkms bís hbpjrtmetns inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs, tmetj ne lm lnahslmkhûe pnrumem kjbj nxtrmefnrm, (*)

[jkhj inl Nstuihj Ljlh, Amrkâm Kmvnrj Kmvnrj & Kmsthllj Mgjamijs.

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AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

ns rnklmbmr qun lms kjeiuktms tâphkms in lm hedrmkkhûe kjeshstnetns ne6 “miquhrhr, uthlhzmr,

lm thphkhimi, methfurhihkhimi j kulpmghlhimi j, heklusj, lm puehghlhimi, rnsultm tmbghèe heihs-

aumrimr, kustjihmr, rnkhghr, jkultmr, mibhehstrmr j trmespjrtmr ‒ tneame ue jrhane hlâkhtj y,

 pnesmgln nstmglnknr sh ingn nxhahrsn jtrms jtrms kjeihkhjens j rnquhshtjs bmtnrhmlns m lm ejkhûe in inlhtj prnvhj.

ne nspnkâ﬍kj, uem prjkninekhm inlhkthvm. M lm lny pneml ej ln hetnrnsm kmsthamr kumlquhnrm in lms mkkhjens inskrhtms pjr nl shbpln cnkcj in prnsubhr ihkcjs kjbpjrtmbhnetjs (“miquhrhr, uthlhzmr, aumrimr, kustjihmr, rnkhghr, ntk.) kjbj hlnamlns. _jr nl kjetrmrhj, nl dueimbnetj y nl snethij ölthbj in lm puehkhûe in ihkcms kjeiuktms rnshin ne qun ljs mktjs in trmesdnrnekhm, jkultmbhnetj y kjevnrshûe  prjvhnene in uem mkthvhimi inlhkthvm prnvhm, lm kuml thýn n hbprnaem in hlhkhtui ljs kjb pjrtmbhnetjs pjstnrhjrns pjstnrhjrns tneihnetns m imr mpmrhnekhm in lhkhtui y in minkumkhûe ml shstnbm nkjeûbhkj in lms amemekhms, ghnens y uthlhimins anenrmims pjr lm kjbhshûe in ue inlhtj. Kje rmzûe, sn m﬍rbm qun lj qun jtjram snethij ölthbj y rnprnsnetm rmzûe su﬍khnetn inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs lj kjesthtuyn lm kjbhshûe inl inlhtj prnvhj j metnkninetn kjbj cnkcj  prjiuktjr in amemekhms qun pjstnrhjrbnetn sn  prntneine “lmvmr ‒ j “glmequnmr ‒. ‒. H. NL WN]^H[HYJ IN INLHYJ _WNTHJ EJ [JLJ N[ ^EM EJKHÛE DJWBML

Lm ejkhûe in inlhtj prnvhj j metnkninetn ml qun sn cmkn rndnrnekhm ne nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ej kjesthtuyn uem ejkhûe bnrmbnetn djrbml vhekulmim m uem in ﬍ehkhûe mkmièbhkm j m uem vhshûe memlâthkm in ljs nlnbnetjs qun kjedjrbme nl kjeknptj tèkehkj in inlhtj. [h  ghne ns enknsmrhj intnrbhemr sh nl kjeknptj in inlhtj (prnvhj) ml qun sn rn ﬍nrn lm lny mgmrkm (=) (7) (;) (9)

Lm rndnrnekhm lnaml ml inlhtj prnvhj, j kjbj inejbhem lm lny ml jrhane hlâkhtj in ljs  ghnens‒, ns ue nlnbnetj ejrbmthvj inl thpj  pneml(=) ne su dmz jgfnthvm. Nl cnkcj in qun lm  prjkninekhm in ljs ghnens tneam su jrhane ne ue inlhtj prnvhj, kjbj tjij nlnbnetj inl thpj  pneml, snm jgfnthvj j sugfnthvj, supjen nxhahr qun nl bhsbj ingn snr bmtnrhm in mkrnihtmkhûe y prungm su﬍khnetn m ehvnl inl prjknsj  pneml(7). “

Nl Yrhgueml [uprnbj nspmýjl cm snýmlmij  ﬍nrn nrn ml jgfntj in lm qun6 “ pjr lj qun sn rn ﬍  prungm msâ mpjrtmim, sn mgmrqune tjijs ljs nlnbnetjs nsnekhmlns inl thpj inlhkthvj, tmetj ljs jgfnthvjs kjbj ljs sugfnthvjs (;)‒. Ej

sjlj ingne prjgmrsn lms mkkhjens in “miquhrhr, uthlhzmr, aumrimr, kustjihmr, rnkhghr, jkultmr, mibhehstrmr j trmespjrtmr‒ qun djrbme lms bjimlhimins tâphkms qun rnmlhzme nl thpj in lmvmij in mkthvjs, shej tmbghèe nl jrhane in ljs  ghnens qun pjr nxprnsm nxhanekhm lnaml ingne  prjkninr in ue cnkcj inlhkthvj. Ml rnspnktj, Chejstrjzm _mrhmkch(9)  sjsthnen qun6 “lm nxhstnekhm inl inlhtj dunetn kjesthtuyn nlnbnetj jgfnthvj (ejrbmthvj) inl thpj  pneml0 y su prungm kjesthtuyn uem kjeihkhûe  pmrm nstmglnknr lm thphkhimi inl lmvmij in mkthvjs (ej sn trmtm in uem kjeihkhûe jgfnthvm in puehghlhimi). _jr lj tmetj, nl ijlj inl sufntj mkthvj ingn mgmrkmr nl inlhtj dunetn, kjbj nlnbnetj jgfnthvj inl thpj pneml. Ne nstn kjetnxtj, lm vhekulmkhûe netrn nl inlhtj dunetn y

Glmequnj in Kmphtmlns Kmphtmlns0 _mbpljem0 Mrmezmih0 7 ni.0 7??70 p. 7>7. Kdr. Glmekj Kjrinrj, Hshijrj0 Nl Inlhtj in Glmequnj Bmrheukkh, Ahjrahj - Ijlkheh, Nbhlhj0 Bmeumln ih Ihrhttj _nemln P_AR0 Bhlmej0 Ahuddrn0 7??90 p. =3. Tèmsn, lm [netnekhm E¶ 18?/7??8. 18?/7??8. _jenetn6 Fume [mmvnirm Wuhz. Chejstrjzm _mrhmkch, Kèsmr0 Nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs. Inlhtj dunetn. Lhbm6 Arhflny, p.  p. =97. Ne nl bhsbj bhsbj snethij, Aílvnz Thllnams, Yjbís0 Yjbís0 Nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs. Lhbm0 Arhflny0 7??80 p. 110 Mríeaunz [íekcnz, Kmrljs0 Nl inlhtj in glmequnj glmequnj in kmphtmlns. Bmirhi0 Bmrkhml _jes0 7???0 p. =31.

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INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML nl lmvmij in mkthvjs, sn prjiukn ne tèrbhejs in mkknsjrhnimi lhbhtmim‒. Lm rndnrnekhm ml

sn hestruyne. Ej cmy kmusms armvns y kmusms lnvns, shej prjknsjs fustjs j hefustjs. Lm

inlhtj prnvhj ingn netneinrsn ne tèrbhejs inl  prhekhphj in mkknsjrhnimi lhbhtmim kjbj sh sn mluihnrm m ljs rnquhshtjs in thphkhimi y methfurhihkhimi, nxkluyèeijsn m lm kulpmghlhimi (>).

nxhanekhm in n ﬍  ﬍kmkhm kmkhm ne lm lukcm kjetrm nstn inlhtj ej punin tnenr kjbj kjetrmpmrthim uem nxknpkhjemlhimi prjknsml in ﬍  ﬍ehim ehim pjr lm quhngrm in ljs inrnkcjs dueimbnetmlns, metns ghne, lm nxhanekhm in n ﬍ n ﬍kmkhm kmkhm ingn vnehr uehim henxjrmglnbnetn ml rnspntj m lms amrmetâms  dueimbnetmlns‒(4).

HH. LM HEYNW_WNYMKHÛE KJE[YHY^KHJEML INL INLHYJ _WNTHJ. LM NSHANEKHM IN INLHBHYMKHÛE YNB_JWJ-N[_MKHML INL INLHYJ _WNTHJ. LM ENKN[HIMI IN ]^N [N K^B_LM KJE NL WN[_NYJ M LJ[ INWNKCJ[ D^EIMBNEYMLN[

Lm vhanekhm in ljs inrnkcjs dueimbnetmlns ne nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs y lm enknshimi in intnrbhemkhûe nspmkhml y tnbpjrml inl inlhtj prnvhj sn sustnetm ne lms shauhnetns rmzjens6

Lm prnbhsm in lm qun sn pmrtn ne nstn trmgmfj ns lm in rnklmbmr qun lm intnrbhemkhûe inl inlhtj prnvhj anenrmijr in amemekhms y in ljs pjstnrhjrns mktjs in lmvmij, ingn nekjetrmrsn prnkhsmim ne sus kjjrinemims nspmkhmlns y tnbpjrmlns. _jr tmetj, pjr lj bnejs ingn inlhbhtmrsn6 h) Nl kjetnxtj tnbpjrml in kuíeij sn kjbnthû nl supunstj inlhtj prnvhj6 iâm, bns y mýj0 hh) Nl kjetnxtj nspmkhml6 iûein sn rnmlhzû nl cnkcj inlhkthvj. Kjbj cm snýmlmij nl Yrhgueml [uprnbj ns pmýjl ne uem rnkhnetn snetnekhm mknrkm inl rnspntj m lms rnalms inl inghij prjknsj pneml ne nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs6 “ Wnsultm jkhjsj pjlnbhzmr sjgrn lm armvnimi inl emrkjtrí ﬍ kj y inl glmequnj in èl inrhvmij, pnrj  ﬍kj  prnvhmbnetn lm armvnimi in nstjs inlhtjs ej  punin snr hetnrprntmim kjbj kjevnehnekhm in ue –minlamzmbhnetj‘ in lms amrmetâms inl  prjknsj, nstn, nl prjknsj inghij, ej nstí ne rnlmkhûe hevnrsmbnetn prjpjrkhjeml kje lm hbpjrtmekhm j armvnimi in ljs inlhtjs qun

(>) (4) (1)

 Nl inlhtj prnvhj anenrmijr in amemekhms amemekhms y in “    ljs pjstnrhjrns mktjs in lmvmij ingn nstmr inlh bhtmij ne kumetj ml kjetnxtj tnbpjrml (kuíeij  sn kjbnthû nl supunstj inlhtj prnvhj6 iâm, bns y  mýj) y nspmkhml (iûein sn rnmlhzû nl cnkcj in lhkthvj).

‒

=. Nl rnspntj ml prhekhphj in lnamlhimi

Nl prhekhphj in lnamlhimi pneml sn nethnein kjbj lm amrmetâm prjphm in ue Nstmij in Inrnkcj pjr lm kuml lm hevnsthamkhûe in ljs inlhtjs y lm smekhûe pneml ej inpnein in lm mrghtrmrhnimi in ljs ûramejs in pnrsnkukhûe pneml eh in ljs Yrhguemlns in fusthkhm, shej in uem ejrbm in ue intnrbhemij rmeaj nxpnihim pjr nl lnahslmijr inbjkríthkmbnetn nlnahij(1). Nl Nstmij ej sjlj thnen lm jglhamkhûe in prnvnehr y kmsthamr nl inlhtj, shej qun ingn minbís ijtmr

Kdr. Amrkâm Kmvnrj, _nrky0 Inrnkcj _neml _neml Nkjeûbhkj. Nkjeûbhkj. _N 0 Lhbm0 Arhflny0 7??10 p. >?9. Tèmsn, lm [netnekhm 1;1/7??8. _jenetn6 Fjmquâe Ahbèenz Amrkâm. Kdr. Fnskcnk`, Cmes - Qnhanei, Ycjbms, Yrmtmij in Inrnkcj _neml. _A0 p. =;4. Tèmsn tmbghèe6 Kmsthllj Mlvm, Fjsè Luhs0 _rhekhphjs in Inrnkcj _neml. _A0 p. 7=0 Curtmij _jzj, Fjsè0 Bmeuml in Inrnkcj Inrnkcj _neml. _neml. _A H 0 Lhbm0 Arhflny0 7??>0 p. =;80 Amrkâm Kmvnrj, _nrky0 Lnkkhjens in Inrnkcj Inrnkcj _neml. _A0 Lhbm0 Arhflny0 7??30 p. 8>.

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AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

ml khuimimej in ue shstnbm in amrmetâms, netrn lms qun sn nekunetrm lm vhanekhm inl prhekhphj

tmetj qun ne su ihbneshûe in inrnkcj sugfnthvj kjesthtukhjeml, amrmethzm m tjim pnrsjem

in lnamlhimi, in tml bjij qun kjbj snýmlm Wjxhe6 “^e Nstmij in Inrnkcj ingn prjtnanr

sjbnthim m ue prjknsj j prjknihbhnetj smekhjemtjrhj qun lj prjchghij sn nekunetrn prnvhstj ne uem ejrbm prnvhm, nstrhktm y nskrhtm,  y tmbghèe qun lm smekhûe sn nekunetrn kjetnbplmim prnvhmbnetn ne uem ejrbm furâihkm. _jr tmetj, rnsultm klmrj qun lm ihbneshûe sugfnthvm inl inrnkcj m lm lnamlhimi pneml ej  punin nstmr ml bmrane bmrane inl íbghtj íbghtj in ljs inrnkcjs prjtnahijs pjr lm fusthkhm kjesthtukhjeml  drnetn m supunstjs kjbj lm krnmkhûe fuihkhml in inlhtjs j dmltms y sus kjrrnspjeihnetns su punstjs in marmvmkhûe j, heklusj, lm mplhkmkhûe in intnrbhemijs thpjs pnemlns m supunstjs ej kjetnbplmijs ne nlljs. Nl inrnkcj m lm lnamlhimi pneml vhekulm tmbghèe m ljs funkns  pnemlns, y su nvnetuml vhjlmkhûe pjshghlhtm su rnpmrmkhûe bnihmetn nstn thpj in prjknsjs in tutnlm in lms lhgnrtmins dueimbnetmlns (=?)‒.

ml heihvhiuj ej sjlj bnihmetn nl Inrnkcj _neml, shej tmbghèe inl Inrnkcj _neml‒(3).

Ml rnspnktj, nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml pnrumej cm kjeshinrmij qun nl prhekhphj in lnamlhimi6 “nxhan qun pjr lny sn nstmglnzkme ljs inlhtjs y qun lms kjeiuktms prjchghims nstèe klmrmbnetn inlhbhtmims prnvhmbnetn pjr lm lny. Kjbj tml, amrmethzm lm prjchghkhûe in lm mplhkmkhûe rntrjmkthvm in lm lny pneml (lnx prmnvhm) ,  , lm prjchghkhûe in lm mplhkmkhûe in jtrj inrnkcj qun ej snm nl nskrhtj (lnx skrhptm) ,  , lm prj prjchghkhû chghkhûe e in lm memljaâm (lnx strhktm) y in klíusulms klíusulms lnamlns lnamlns (8) heintnrbhemims (lnx knrtm) ‒.

Mshbhsbj, nl bíxhbj hetèrprntn in lm Kjesthtukhûe ne nl _nrö cm prnkhsmij qun6 “ nl prhekhphj in lnamlhimi pneml sn kje ﬍ kje ﬍aurm aurm kjbj ue prhekhphj, pnrj tmbghèe kjbj ue inrnkcj sugfnthvj kjesthtukhjeml in tjijs ljs khuimimejs. Kjbj prhekhphj kjesthtukhjeml, hedjrbm  y lhbhtm ljs bíranens bíranens in mktumkhûe in ljs qun ihspjen nl _jinr Lnahslmthvj ml bjbnetj in intnrbhemr kuílns sje lms kjeiuktms prjchghims, msâ kjbj sus rnspnkthvms smekhjens. Ne

(3) (8)

Lm lny in lmvmij in mkthvjs in bmenrm rnhtnrmim ne ihvnrsjs mrtâkuljs (mrtâkuljs = y 7) cmkn rndnrnekhm m ljs ghnens, ndnktjs j amemekhms “kuyj jrhane hlâkhtj kjejkn j punin  prnsubhr ‒, ‒, mluihneij m kjeiuktms (mkkhjens y jbhshjens) kjekrntms qun thnene uem ihbneshûe nspmkhml y tnbpjrml. Kje nllj, rnbmrkm qun ljs ghnens qun sje jgfntj in kjevnrshûe,

Wjxhe, Klmus0 Inrnkcj _neml. _neml. _A0 >/=0 p. =;1. Tèmsn, lms [YK [YK rnkmâims ne ljs Nxp. ??=?-7??7-MH/YK0 ??=?-7??7-MH/YK0 Kmsj6 Bmrknlhej Yhenj [hlvm0 Nxp. E¶ 7738-7??>-_CK/ 7738-7??>-_CK/ YK0 Kmsj6 Fjsè Auhllnrbj Thllmeunvm Wunstm0 Nxp. E¶ ?3334-7??4-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Chlmrhj Tnlísqunz Dmrdíe0 Nxp. E¶ ?3494-7??>-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Fcjeey Dnremeij Emrrnm Wmbjs0 Nxp. E¶ >??1-7??>-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 [me[ metjs Anrmrij Mlmbm _rhntj0 Nxp. E¿ 17=8-7??4-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 @nvhe Mlgnrtj [mmvnirm ^schýmcum0 Nxp.  E¿ ?9838-7??1-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Cèktjr Metjehj Jkmbpj Jkmbpj Whvm0 Nxp. E¿=>43-7??1-_CK/YK0 E¿=>43-7??1-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Kmsj6 Kmrljs Mlgnrtj Gjljým Gncr0 Nxp. E¿ 7943-7??9-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Wjsmlheim Nbbm Wjfms Bhaunl0 Nxp. E¶ >3=>-7??>-_CK/ YK0 Kmsj6 [meirj Auzbíe inl Íauhlm0 Nxp. E¶ 71>3-7??9-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Luhs Auhllnrbj Gnijym in Thvmekj0 Thvmekj0 Nxp. E¿ 7;?>-7??9-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Mlgnrtj Luhs _nrmltm Cumtukj0 Nxp. E¶ 313?-7??>-_CK/YK0 Bmrhmej Nutrj phj _jrtuaml Kmtmkjrm0 Nxp. E¶ ?3749-7??4-CK/YK0 ?3749-7??4-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Fjran Hshirj Buram0 Nxp. E¿ ?;1?=-7??1-_CK/YK0 ?;1?=-7??1-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Bíxhbj [nvnrhmej Amrkâm Fmvhnr. (=?) Tèmsn, lms [YK rnkmâims ne ljs Nxp. E¶ ?3494-7??>-_CK/YK0 ?3494-7??>-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Kmsj6 Fcjeey Dnremeij Emrrnm Emrrnm Wmbjs0 Nxp.  E¶ 7738-7??>-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Fjsè Auhllnrbj Thllmeunvm Thllmeunvm Wunstm0 Nxp. E¶ ?3334-7??4 ?3334-7??4-_CK/YK0 -_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Chlmrhj Tnlísqunz Dmrdíe0 Nxp. E¶ >??1-7??>-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 [metjs Anrmrij Mlmbm _rhntj0 Nxp. E¿ 17=8-7??4_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 @nvhe Mlgnrtj [mmvnirm ^schýmcum0 Nxp. E¿ =>43-7??1 =>43-7??1-_CK/YK0 -_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Kmrljs Mlgnrtj Gjljým Gncr0 Nxp. E¶ >3=>-7??>-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 [meirj Auzbíe inl Íauhlm0 Nxp. E¶ 71>3-7??9 71>3-7??9-CK/YK0 -CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Luhs Auhllnrbj Gnijym in Thvmekj0 Nxp. E¿ 7;?>-7??9-CK 7;?>-7??9-CK/YK0 /YK0 Kmsj6 Mlgnrtj Luhs _nrmltm Cumtukj0 Nxp. E¶ 313?7??>-_CK/YK0 Bmrhmej Nutrjphj _jrtuaml Kmtmkjrm0 Nxp. E¶ ?3749-7??4-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Fjran Hshirj Buram0 Nxp. E¿ ?;1?=-7??1-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Bíxhbj [nvnrhmej Amrkâm Fmvhnr.

;97

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

trmesdnrnekhm u jkultmbhnetj ingne prjvnehr in ue hlâkhtj (pneml) qun pjr su prjphm kmrmk-

_jr jtrj lmij, lm lny in lmvmij in mkthvjs  prnskrhgn qun6 “ Nl jrhane hlâkhtj qun kjejkn

tnrâsthkm pjsnn pmrthkulmrns ejtms chstûrhkms inrhvmims in su kjeihkhûe in mkjetnkhbhnetj heihvhiuml qun sn ughkm ne ue intnrbhemij kjetnxtj tnbpjrml y nspmkhml0 bís möe sh ej cmy hlâkhtjs j hefustjs pnemlns aneèrhkjs j kmrnetns in rnlnvmekhm sjkhml kjekrntm.

j punin prnsubhr nl manetn inl inlhtj pjirí hednrhrsn in ljs heihkhjs kjekurrnetn kjekurrnetnss ne kmim kmsj‒ (mrtâkulj 4). Ne nsn snethij y tml kjbj

Lm ejrbmthvm pnrumem in lmvmij, rnaulmim ne lm Lny E¶ 7114> bjih﬍kmim pjr nl I. Lna. 834, ne nl mrtâkulj 4 snaueij pírrmdj, mluin in bmenrm nxprnsm n henquâvjkm m kjeiuktms puehglns ne lm lnahslmkhûe pneml   pmsmeij m inskrhghr uem snrhn in inlhtjs (kmtíljaj  pneml) sjgrn ljs qun sn punin kjbntnr mktjs in lmvmij in mkthvjs kjbj nl “ trí ﬍  ﬍kj kj hlâkhtj in irjams0 tnrrjrhsbj0 inlhtjs kjetrm lm mibhehstrmkhûe pöglhkm0 snkunstrj0 nxtjrshûe0  prjxnenthsbj0 trmtm in pnrsjems0 trí ﬍  ﬍kj kj hlâkhtj in bharmetns0 indrmuimkhûe trhgutmrhm0 kjetrm nl pmtrhbjehj ne su bjimlhimi marmvmim0 inlhtjs miumenrjs, u jtrjs shbhlmrns qun anenrne amemekhms hlnamlns‒. Lm rndnrnekhm m

kjeiuktms puehglns mluin m mkkhjens u jbhshjens heihvhiumlns, nspnkâ﬍kms y intnrbhemims qun pnrbhtn nstmglnknr ljs cnkcjs prjiuktjrns in lms amemekhms qun lunaj imríe luamr m lms jpnrmkhjens in glmequnj pjr ljs mktjs in kjevnrshûe, trmsdnrnekhm u jkultmbhnetj. _jr tmetj, lm lny ej sjlj cmkn bnekhûe m ue aneèrhkj n heejbhemij inlhtj prnvhj qun pjr su vmaunimi rnsultm ej kjekrntmgln j heintnrbhemij, shej kjeiuktms (mkthvms jbhshvms) qunqun pjr nxhan su prjphm emturmlnzm ingneu kjetnenr khnrtms prjphnimins qun sn ughkme ne nl thnbpj y ne nl nspmkhj.

thnen nstmglnkhij lm ijktrhem y furhspruinekhm, emkhjeml y kjbpmrmim, ljs bnihjs prjgmtjrhjs y ljs heihkhjs enknsmrhm n henluihglnbnetn ingne gmsmrsn ne neuekhmijs sjgrn cnkcjs intnrbhemijs, inlhbhtmglns nspmkhml y tnbpjrmlbnetn, y ej ne purms mgstrmkkhjens, netnlnquhms j nspnkulmkhjens. Lm prungm, ihrnktm j heihkhmrhm, shnbprn ingn rnpjsmr ne lm mkrnihtmkhûe in khnrtjs mkjetnkhbhnetjs y suknsjs chstûrhkjs. Ml rnspnktj, pjr prungm sn nethnein lm kjekrntm mkthvhimi prjknsml ihrhahim m ljarmr lm kjevhkkhûe inl funz y/j nl Yrhgueml ﬍

mknrkmljs in cnkcjs lm vnrjshbhlhtui in lms rbmkhjens sjgrn qun rnmlhzme lmsmpmrtns ne nl (==)  prjknsj . Nl jgfntj in prungm nstí kjesthtuhij pjr nl kjefuetj in m﬍rbmkhjens j prjpjshkhjens qun sjgrn cnkcjs rnmlhzme lms pmrtns qun m su vnz kjesthtuyne nl dueimbnetj in su prntneshûe(=7). Nl mrtâkulj =>4 hekhsj = inl Eunvj Kûihaj _rjknsml _neml prnskrhgn qun6 “[je jgfntj in  prungm ljs cnkcjs qun sn rn ﬍ rn ﬍nrme nrme m lm hbputmkhûe, lm puehghlhimi y lm intnrbhemkhûe in lm pnem j bnihim in snaurhimi, msâ kjbj ljs rndnrhijs m lm rnspjesmghlhimi khvhl inrhvmim inl inlhtj‒.

[n nethnein heihkhjsej mqunlljs cnkcjs j suknsjs qun nepjr sâ bhsbjs sje pmrtn inl cnkcj nefuhkhmgln, pnrj qun pnrbhtne ue shljahsbj sjgrn ue suknsj pnrtnenkhnetn ml msuetj(=;).

(==) Kdr. Lmrnez, @mrl0 Bntjijljaâm in lm Khnekhm inl Inrnkcj PYrmi. in Bmrknlhej Wjirâaunz BjlhenrjR0 Gmrknljem0 Mrhnl0 =83?0 p. ;?70 Ymlmvnrm Nlaunrm, _mglj0  Lm _rungm ne nl Eunvj _rjknsj pneml0 Lhbm0 7??80 p. 7= y ss.0 Msnekhj Bnllmij, Bnllmij, Fjsè Bmrâm0  Lm _rungm prjchghim y _rungm _rnkjesthtuhim _rnkjesthtuhim ne nl _rjknsj pneml 0 Lhbm0 HE_NKK0 7??30 p. =0 Bhttnrbmhnr, @mrl0 Yrmtmij in lm _rungm ne Bmtnrhm Krhbheml 0 Bmirhi0 Wnvhstm in Lnahslmkhûe0 7m ni.0 =3>10 p. 4=6 “lm prungm ej ns ne nl djeij jtrm kjsm qun qunrnr lm inbjstrmkhûe in lm vnrimi y nl kjevnekhbhnetj inl funz, quhne pmrm snetnekhmr enknshtm miquhrhr plnem knrtnzm ‒. (=7) Kdr. Msnekhj Bnllmij, Fjsè Bmrâm0 Lm _rungm _rungm prjchghim y _rungm _rungm _rnkjesthtuhim ne nl _rjknsj _rjknsj pneml0 p. 7. (=;) Lmrnez, @mrl0 Bntjijljaâm Bntjijljaâm in in lm Khnekhm inl Inrnkcj0 p. ;?7.

;9;

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

Lm prungm heihrnktm ‛llmbmim tmbghèe prungm krâthkm, khrkuestmekhml j heihkhmrhm‛ ns mqunllm

Lm [netnekhm inl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml ns pmýjl inl 74 in bmyj in =888 cm inklmrmij

qun ej vnrsm in bjij ihrnktj sjgrn nl cnkcj qun sn prntnein mkrnihtmr, shej sjgrn jtrjs cnkcjs. Mquâ lm djrbmkhûe inl kjevnekhbhnetj

qun ne lm prungm heihkhmrhm6 “ Nl cnkcj jgfntj

 Lm hbput hbputmkhûe mkhûe Pj lm mkusmk mkusmkhûeR hûeR ingn kjetn kjetnenr enr   “  lm inskrhpkh inskrhpkhûe ûe prnkhsm prnkhsm inl cnkcj cnkcj qun qun sn mtrhguyn mtrhguyn  m kmim heihvhi heihvhiuj uj Phbputmkhûe Phbputmkhûe heihvh heihvhiumlhz iumlhzmimR, mimR, lm kmlhdhkmkhûe furâihkm y lms prungms. Ej gmstm kje khtmr m uem pnrsjem kjbj hbputmij0 sn ingn sn ýmlmr pjr què què y ne què sn gmsm lm hbputm hbputmkhûe. khûe.

‒

 fuihkhml rnquhnrn in ue rmzjembhnetj prnvhj j in uem hednrnekhm. Lm ihdnrnekhm netrn lm  prungm ihrnktm y lm prungm heihrnktm (prun gm heihkhmrhm) ns nl bnejr eöbnrj in pmsjs hednrnekhmlns in lm prhbnrm(=9). Ej nxhstn uem ihdnrnekhm kumlhtmthvm netrn nllms, kjbj ej ns  pjshgln sjstnenr qun uem jdrnzkm jdrnzkm bmyjrns am(=>) rmetâms qun lm jtrm . Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml nspmýjl ne lm snetnekhm inl == in dngrnrj in =881 ([YK 79/=881) cm nstmglnkhij krhtnrhjs pmrm ihstheauhr netrn prungms heihkhmrhms kmpmkns in insvhrtumr lm prnsuekhûe in hejknekhms y lms shb plns sjspnkcms snýmlmeij qun6 h) Lm prungm heihkhmrhm cm in pmrthr in cnkcjs plnembnetn  prjgmijs0 hh) Ljs cnkcjs kjesthtuthvjs in inlhtjs ingne iniukhrsn in nsjs heihkhjs Pcnkcjs kjbplntmbnetn prjgmijsR m trmvès in ue prjknsj bnetml rmzjemij y mkjrin kje lms rnalms inl krhtnrhj cubmej.

in prungm ej ns nl kjesthtuthvj in inlhtj shej jtrj hetnrbnihj qun pnrbhtn llnamr m èl m trmvès in uem rnalm in nxpnrhnekhm, nl enxj nxhstnetn netrn nl cnkcj gmsn y nl cnkcj kjesnkunekhm cm in snr kjcnrnetn, lûahkj  y rmkhjeml (...)‒.

_jr jtrj lmij, insin uem hetnrprntmkhûe shstnbíthkm in lm lny in lmvmij in mkthvjs ne kumetj rnaulm nl inlhtj in jbhshûe in kjbuehkmkhûe in jpnrmkhjens j trmesmkkhjens sjspnkcjsms (mrtâkulj 9), sn nxhan qun lm jbhshûe sn nelmkn y rn ﬍nrm m intnrbhemijs cnkcjs y/j trmesmkkhjens kjekrntms qun bís mllí in su shaeh﬍kmij sjkhml ingne nxhsthr ne lm rnmlhimi y pjsnnr uem intnrbhemim nspnkh﬍kmkhûe in thnbpj y ns pmkhj0 in tml bmenrm qun lm lny ns rnhtnrmthvm ne nxhahr cnkcjs (jbhshjens) intnrbhemijs0 ej shneij lm rnaulmkhûe inl inlhtj prnvhj ue rnquhshtj bmraheml j hrrnlnvmetn inl inlhtj in lmvmij. Mquâ ej sn kmstham lms bnrms jbhshjens, shej lms jbhshjens qun ej rnpjrtme intnrbhemim klmsn in trmesmkkhjens qun pjr su djrbm, bjimlhimi y kmrmktnrâsthkms punine snr kjeshinrmims insin nl puetj in vhstm jgfnthvj kjbj mktjs in glmequnj. _jr ölthbj, lm lny in lmvmij in mkthvjs mgrn lm  pjshghlhimi in bmenrm nxprnsm in qun6 “ Ymbghèe pjirí snr sufntj in hevnsthamkhûe pjr nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs, quhne rnmlhzû lms mkthvhimins hlâkhtms anenrmijrms inl ihenrj, ghnens, ndnktjs j amemekhms‒ (mrtâkulj 4)0 rn-

aulmkhûe qun eunvmbnetn mluin m lm nxhanekhm

Mraubnetmkhûe Furâihkm Furâihkm0 p. ;870 Ajezílnz Lmahnr, Imehnl0 Hednrnekhm _rj_rj(=9) Kdr. Amskûe Mgnllíe, Bmrhem0 Bmrhem0 ne6 Lm Mraubnetmkhûe gmtjrhm0 ne ]umnsthj Dmkth. Nesmyjs sjgrn lm prungm, kmusmlhimi y mkkhûe0 p. 890 Hamrtum [mlmvnrrhm, Fume0 Nl Wm zjembhnetj ne lms Wnsjlukhjens Fuihkhmlns Fuihkhmlns0 p. =4?. _rjgmtjrhm0 ne ]umnsthj Dmkth. Nesmyjs sjgrn lm prungm, kmusmlhimi y (=>) Kdr. Ajezílnz Lmahnr, Imehnl0 Hednrnekhm _rjgmtjrhm mkkhûe0 p. 890 Hamrtum [mlmvnrrhm, Fume0  Tmlj  Tmljrmkhûe rmkhûe in lm _rungm, Bjthvmkhûe y Kjetrjl ne nl _rjknsj pneml0  p. 7?>.

;99

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

in kjeiuktms ‛j ne pmlmgrms in lm lny, mkthvhimins hlâkhtms‛ qun enknsmrhmbnetn ingne

in lm Kjevnekhûe Mbnrhkmem in Inrnkcjs Cubmejs(=4)0 nl mrtâkulj 8 hekhsj 7 y nl mrtâkulj

tnenr ue kjrrnlmtj nspmkhml y tnbpjrml, ym qun in jtrj bjij snrâm hbpjshgln intnrbhemr y smgnr kuílns sje lms kjekrntms kjeiuktms y/j mkthvhimins qun cme prjiukhij y anenrmij ljs  ghnens, ndnktjs y amemekhms.

=9, ;, m inl _mktj(=1)Hetnremkhjeml in Inrnkcjs Khvhlns y _jlâthkjs  y nl mrtâkulj =;8 hekhsjs =9 y => in lm Kjesthtukhûe _jlâthkm inl Nstmij(=3). Nl kjetnehij in nstn inrnkcj ingn snr hetnr prntmij y netneihij netneihij ne ue snethij submbnetn mbplhj. Ej tmetj kjbj uem kjbuehkmkhûe in lm inkhshûe ﬍eml inl Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj mknrkm in sh ingn j ej lm pnrsjem snr llnvmim m fuhkhj kje lm pnthkhûe in kjeinem m uem khnrtm klmsn in pnem, shej kjbj uem jglhamkhûe in tjijs ljs pjinrns pöglhkjs in hedjrbmr jpjrtuembnetn in ljs kmrajs (pnemlns, ihskhplhemrhjs, mibhehstrmthvjs smekhjemtjrhjs, ntk.) qun pnsme ne kjetrm in ue khuimimej.

7. Nl rnspntj ml prhekhphj kjesthtukhjeml in snr hedjrbmij in lm hbputmkhûe m)

Anenrmlhimins

Ne tjim hevnsthamkhûe y/j prjknsj pneml pjr nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ne kumlquhnrm in sus bjimlhimins tâphkms ingn kubplhrsn enknsmrhmbnetn kje nl rnspntj in uem snrhn in inrnkcjs kjesthtukhjemlns. ^ej in nstjs inrnkcjs dueimbnetmlns lj rnprnsnetm nl inrnkcj m snr hedjrbmij in lm hbputmkhûe. Nl inrnkcj m snr hedjrbmij in lm mkusmkhûe sn nekunetrm rnaulmij ne nl mrtâkulj 3, 7, g

(=4)     (=1)  

Mrtâkulj 3.- Amrmetâms Fuihkhmlns

 

Mrtâkulj =9

Kje rmzûe, sn pjstulm qun nstn inrnkcj ingn inejbhemrsn6 inrnkcj m snr hedjrbmij in lm hbputmkhûe(=8). [u hbpjrtmekhm ns in tml bmaehtui qun nl nfnrkhkhj in ljs inrnkcjs dueimbnetmlns y lms amrmetâms inl inghij prjknsj

7. Iurmetn nl prjknsj, tjim pnrsjem thnen inrnkcj, ne plnem haumlimi, m lms shauhnetns amrmetâms bâehbms6 (...) g. kjbuehkmkhûe prnvhm y intmllmim ml hekulpmij in lm mkusmkhûe djrbulmim. Mrtâkulj 8

7. Yji Yjimm pnrsjem pnrsjem intnehim snrí hedjrbmim, hedjrbmim, ne nl nl bjbnetj bjbnetj in su su intnekhûe, intnekhûe, in lms rmzjens in lm bhsbm, y ejth﬍kmim, she inbjrm, in lm mkusmkhûe djrbulmim kjetrm nllm.

 

;. Iurmetn nl prjknsj, prjknsj, tjim pnrsjem mkusmim in ue ue inlhtj inlhtj tneirí inrnkcj, ne plnem plnem haumlimi, m lms shauhnetns amrmetâms bâehbms6 m) M snr hedjrbmim she inbjrm, ne ue hihjbm qun kjbprneim y ne djrbm intmllmim, in lm emturmlnzm y kmusms in lm mkusmkhûe djrbulmim kjetrm nllm. (=3) Mrtâkulj =;8.- _rhekhphjs in lm Mibhehstrmkhûe in Fusthkhm   [je prhekhphjs y inrnkcjs in lm duekhûe furhsihkkhjeml6   =9. Nl prhekhphj in ej snr prhvmij inl inrnkcj in indnesm ne eheaöe nstmij inl prjknsj. Yjim pnrsjem snrí he djrbmim hebnihmtmbnetn hebnihmtmbnetn y pjr nskrhtj in lm kmusm j lms rmzjens in su intnekhûe. Yhnen inrnkcj m kjbuehkmrsn  pnrsjemlbnetn kje kje ue indnesjr indnesjr in su nlnkkhûe y m snr msnsjrmim pjr nstn insin qun ns khtmim j intnehim pjr kumlkumlquhnr mutjrhimi.   =>. Nl prhekhphj in qun tjim pnrsjem ingn snr hedjrbmim, hebnihmtmbnetn y pjr nskrhtj, in lms kmusms j rmzjens in su intnekhûe. (=8) Kdr. _lmekcminll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj Inrnkcj dueimbnetml dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij Hedjrbmij in lm Mkusmkhûe Mkusmkhûe0 Tmlnekhm0 Yhrmet lj Furhsihkkhjeml. _rjknsj _rjknsj _neml _neml0 Tmlnekhm0 Yhrmet lj Glmekc0 Glmekc0 =8880 p. =710 Bjetnrj Mrjkm, Fume0 Inrnkcj Furhsihkkhjeml. =?m ni.0 7??=0 p. ;=. Ne lm ijktrhem emkhjeml6 [me Bmrtâe Kmstrj, Kèsmr0 Kjrrnlmkhûe y Insvhekulmkhûe ne nl _rjknsj pneml. M prjpûshtj inl Eunvj mrtâkulj 73> - M K__0 ne Inrnkcj _rjknsml. HHH Kjearnsj Hetnremkhjeml0 Lhbm0 Djeij Nihtjrhml in lm ^ehvnrshimi in Lhbm0 7??>0  p.  p. =3>.

;9>

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

sjlj sn nfnrkhtme sh ns qun prnvhmbnetn nxhstn uem hedjrbmkhûe in lm hbputmkhûe(7?).

Nl inrnkcj m snr hedjrbmij in lm hbputmkhûe ns ue inrnkcj qun ingn nfnrknrsn lj bís tnb-

[n m﬍rbm qun sn trmtm in ue inrnkcj dueimbnetml qun ns nxhahgln m tjijs ljs pjinrns  pöglhkjs(7=) y qun ns ue prhekhphj anenrml in lms lnahslmkhjens(77)  inrhvmij in lm nsnekhm bhsbm in ue Nstmij in Inrnkcj.

 prmej pjshgln(79)  y in bmenrm hebnihmtm m lm nxhstnekhm in uem hbputmkhûe(7>)0 in jtrj

Kjbj snýmlm @mh Mbgjs6 “[h nl prhekhphj in haumlimi in mrbms ns tjbmij ne snrhj, ingn hedjrbmrsn ml hbputmij insin ue kjbhnezj, in bmenrm su ﬍ su ﬍khnetn khnetn y kjbplntm ‛jrmlbnetn j pjr nskrhtj‛, sjgrn ljs cnkcjs y su shaeh ﬍kmij  ﬍ kmij furâihkj, pmrm qun ej sn nekunetrn ne uem insvnetmfm hedjrbmthvm hrrnbnihmgln rns pnktj m lms mutjrhimins qun nstíe m kmraj in lm hevnsthamkhûe‒(7;).

bjij nstn inrnkcj ej tneirâm eheaöe snethij y vmljr mlauej(74). Lm hbputmkhûe (j lm mkusmkhûe) ingn kjetnenr lm inskrhpkhûe intmllmim y prnkhsm inl cnkcj qun sn mtrhguyn m kmim heihvhiuj (hbputmkhûe heihvhiumlhzmim) lm kmlh﬍kmkhûe furâihkm y lms  prungms(71). Ej gmstm kje khtmr m uem pnrsjem kjbj hbputmij. [n ingn snýmlmr pjr què y ne què sn gmsm lm hbputmkhûe(73). Nl inrnkcj m snr hedjrbmij in lm mkusmkhûe  pnrbhtn lm kjekrn kjekrnkhûe khûe inl inrnkcj in ind indnene(78) sm . Wnprnsnetm ue prnsupunstj henluihgln inl

(7?) Kdr. Wnvhllm Ajezílnz, Fjsè Mlgnrtj0 Nl Hetnrrjamtjrhj inl Hbputmij0 Hbputmij0 Tmlnekhm0 Tmlnekhm0 Yhrmet lj Glmekc0 7???0 7???0 p. 74. (7=) Kdr. _lmekcmi _lmekcminll nll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj Dueimbnetml Dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij in lm Mkusmkhûe0 p. 88. (77) Kdr. [mekhentth, Bmrknlj0 Bmrknlj0 Lm Eulhimi in lm Mkusmkhûe Mkusmkhûe pjr Heintnrbhemkhûe Heintnrbhemkhûe inl Cnkcj y nl kjeknptj in in Hesthamkhûe0 Gunejs Mhrns0 Mi - Cjk0 7??=0 p. ;>. (7;) Kdr. @mh Mbgjs0 Mbgjs0 _rhekhphjs inl _rjknsj _neml Nurjpnj. Nurjpnj. Meílhshs in lm Kjevnekhûe Kjevnekhûe Nurjpnm in Inrnkcjs Cubmejs0 Gjajtí0 ^ehvnrshimi Nxtnremij in Kjljbghm0 7??>0 p. 19. (79) Kdr. [me Bmrtâe Kmstrj, Kèsmr0 Kèsmr0 Kjrrnlmkhûe y Insvhekulmkhûe ne nl _rjknsj _neml. M prjpûshtj inl Eunvj mrtâkumrtâkulj 73> - M K__0 K__0 ne Inrnkcj _rjknsml. HHH Kjearnsj Hetnremkhjeml0 p. =3>. (7>) Kdr. Wmbjs Bèeinz, Bèeinz, Drmekhskj0 Nefuhkhmbhnetj Nefuhkhmbhnetj Krhbheml. [èpthbm [èpthbm Lnkturm Kjesthtukhjeml0 Kjesthtukhjeml0 p. =;;. (74) Kdr. _lmekcminll Amramllj, Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj dueimbnetml dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij in lm Mkusmkhûe0 Mkusmkhûe0 p. =74 y ss.0 Msnekhj Bnllmij, Fjsè Bmrâm0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _rjknsml _neml0 p. 49. (71) Kdr. [mekhentth, Bmrknlj0 Lm Eulhimi Eulhimi in lm Mkusmkhûe Mkusmkhûe pjr Heintnrbhemkhûe inl inl Cnkcj y nl Kjeknptj in Hesthamkhûe0 p. ;8. (73) Kdr. Wmbjs Bèeinz, Bèeinz, Drmekhskj0 Nefuhkhmbhnetj Nefuhkhmbhnetj Krhbheml. [èpthbm [èpthbm Lnkturm Kjesthtukhjeml0 Kjesthtukhjeml0 p. =;3. (78) Kdr. [me Bmrtâe Kmstrj, Kèsmr0 Kjrrnlmkhûe y Insvhekulmkhûe Insvhekulmkhûe ne nl _rjknsj _neml. M prjpûshtj inl Eunvj mrtâkulj 73> - M K__0 ne Inrnkcj _rjknsml. HHH Kjearnsj Hetnremkhjeml0 p. =3>0 @mh Mbgjs0 _rhekhphjs inl _rjknsj _neml Nurjpnj. Meílhshs in lm Kjevnekhûe Nurjpnm in Inrnkcjs Cubmejs0 p. 1>0 Tnranr Tnranr Armu, Fjme0 Lm Indnesm inl Hbputmij y nl _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj0 Gmrknljem0 Gjskc0 =8890 p. 470 Wnvhllm Ajezílnz, Fjsè MlgnrtJ0 Nl Hetnrrjamtjrhj inl Hbputmij0 p. 790 _lmekcminll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj Dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij in lm Mkusmkhûe0 p. =??0 Msnekhj Bnllmij, Fjsè Bmrâm0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml0 p. 47.   Nl YK pnrumej pnrumej ne lm snetnekhm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. Nxp. E¶ E¶ =??;-83-MM/YK, =??;-83-MM/YK, Kmsj6 Fjran Bhaunl Mlmrkûe Bneèeinz cm snýmlmij qun6 Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml Kjesthtukhjeml nsthbm qun sn cm lnshjemij nl inrnkcj in indnesm ne lm bnihim ne qun lm jbhshûe in prjvnnr nl hedjrbn in lm kjbhshûe qun sustnetmgm lm smekhûe prjpunstm ej pnrbhthû qun nl inbmeimetn kjejkhnrm ljs nxmktjs tèrbhejs in lm djrbm ne qun nl ûramej hevnsthamijr cmgâm memlhzmij ljs kmrajs mtrh guhijs y su rnspjesmghlhimi ne lms hedrmkkhjens hbputmims. [jlj kjejkhneij nstjs mspnktjs, nl inbmeimetn pjiâm nfnrknr su inrnkcj in indnesm in bmenrm hiûenm y n ﬍kmz. Hiûenm ne kumetj nrm lm djrbm mprjphmim j heihkmim, ej nxhsthneij jtrm m trmvès in lm kuml pjiâm hlustrmr ml ûramej qun ingâm hbpjenr lm smekhûe y, msâ, kjetrjvnrthr j kjetrminkhr metn mqunl ‛ne kumetj ûramej inkhsjrhj‛ ljs kmrajs ndnktumijs pjr nl ûramej qun sn chzj inl prjknihbhnetj in hevnsthamkhûe. X, n﬍kmz, pjr kumetj nl prjpûshtj in hbpnihr heindneshûe drnetn ml krhtnrhj msubhij pjr nl ûramej hevnsthamijr (Kjbhshûe y Fndn in lm J﬍khem Anenrml in Kjetrjl Hetnrej inl _jinr Fuihkhml) sn mlkmezm gm sjlj kjejkhneij kjejkhneij lm kjeklushûe ﬍eml qun mqunl msubâm ne nl khtmij hedjrbn‒. “

;94

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

kjetrmihktjrhj. Nl inrnkcj m snr hedjrbmij in lm mkusmkhûe ns heihspnesmgln pmrm pjinr nfnrknr lm rnshstnekhm pneml (indnesm) ne lm bnihim qun sn rnmlhkn ne djrbm jpjrtuem, puetuml y kjbprneshgln(;?). Kjesthtuyn lm llmvn qun mgrn lm punrtm in lm  pjshghlhimi in indneinrsn(;=). In jtrm bmenrm, nl prjknsj sn kjevnrthrâm ne ue vnsthahj in mutjrhtmrhsbj y ne ue bjeûljaj. Nl ingnr in hedjrbmr in lm mkusmkhûe kjesthtuyn ue mktj heihspnesmgln pmrm qun lm indnesm6 “ punim kjestruhr uem vnrshûe in lm rnmlhimi susknpthgln in snr sjbnthim m kjetrjvnrshm prjphm prjphm inl  fuhkhj‒(;7) y su nxpmeshûe rnspjein ml bjinlj

 prjknsml msnetmij ne nl rnspntj ml prhekhphj

in kjetrmihkkhûe qun, kjbj snýmlm @mh Mb gjs, sn nsdunrzm pjr nquhlhgrmr lm supnrhjrhimi y lm(;;)vnetmfm hevnsthamijrm inl Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj . g) Hedjrbmkhûe in ljs cnkcjs

Nl nlnbnetj nstrukturml qun ingn kjetnenr lm hedjrbmkhûe in lm hbputmkhûe ingn snr lm inskrhpkhûe intmllmim y bheukhjsm in ljs cnkcjs qun sje bmtnrhm in lm mkkhûe pneml(;9). _jr cnkcj‒ sn nethnein nl suknsj metnrhjr y nxtnrej ml prjknsj, vhekulmij ml mktumr cubmej (mkkhûe u jbhshûe) qun sn sugsubn ne ue thpj pneml(;>), nl bhsbj qun intnrbhem lm “

Nl YK pnrumej ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ =48?-7??>-_M/YK =48?-7??>-_M/YK cm snýmlmij qun6 Nl nstmij in heindneshûe jpnrm ne nl bjbnetj ne qun, ml mtrhguârsnln lm kjbhshûe in ue mktj u jbhshûe methfurâihkjs, sn ln smekhjem she pnrbhtârsnln snr jâij j djrbulmr sus inskmrajs kje lms inghims amrmetâms, shtumkhûe qun punin nxtneinrsn m lj lmraj in tjims lms ntmpms inl prjknsj y drnetn d rnetn m kumlquhnr thpj in mrthkulmkhjens qun sn punime prjbjvnr‒. Kdr. Fmukcne, Niumrij0 Inrnkcjs inl Hbputmij Hbputmij0 Gunejs Mhrns0 Wughezml - Kulzjeh0 7??>0 p. ;4?0 [me Bmrtâe Kmstrj, Kèsmr0 Kjrrnlmkhûe y Insvhekulmkhûe ne nl _rjknsj pneml. M prjpûshtj inl Eunvj mrtâkulj 73>-M K__ 0 ne Inrnkcj _rjknsml. HHH Kjearnsj Hetnremkhjeml0  p.  p. =3>0 @mh Mbgj[0 _rhekhphjs inl _rjknsj _neml Nurjpnj. Meílhshs in lm Kjevnekhûe Nurjpnm in Inrnkcjs Cubmejs 0 p. 1>0 _lmekcminll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj Inrnkcj dueimbnetml dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij in lm Mkusmkhûe0 p. =??0 Mrbnetm Inu, Ynrnsm0 _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj   Mkusmtjrhj y Inrnkcj pneml pneml0 Gmrknljem0 p. 8?0 Kmrjkkm _èrnz, Mlnx0 Amrmetâm Kjesthtukhjeml in lm indnesm _rjknsml0 p. 7>70 Wmbjs Bèeinz, Drmekhskj0 Nefuhkhmbhnetj Krhbheml. Krhbheml. [èpthbm Lnkturm Lnkturm Kjesthtukhjeml Kjesthtukhjeml0 p. =;1. Nl YK pnrumej ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ =>=>-7??;-MM/YK Kmsj6 Kmsj6 Wmöl Imrâj Bjrmlns _mhvm cm snýmlmij6 Ne prhekhphj, hbpjrtm prnkhsmr, in ue lmij, qun ne mutjs ej nstí mkrnihtmij qun ljs kmrajs hbputmijs, y kjetnehijs ne nl Hedjrbn inl Kjesnfj in Thahlmekhm, cmyme shij punstjs ne kjejkhbhnetj inl mktjr, pjr nskrhtj, y jtjraíeijsnln ue plmzj pmrm qun djrbuln sus inskmrajs0 y, in jtrj, qun ne lm maneim m trmtmr ne lm Msmbglnm Anenrml, sh ghne sn nstmglnkhû sjbntnr m ingmtn nl bnekhjemij Hedjrbn‒. Nl YK pnrumej ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ =4=7-7??;-MM/YK Kmsj6 Niwhe ]uhspn Cumbíe cm snetmij lm ijktrhem qun6 Ymbpjkj Ymbp jkj nstí mkrnihtmij qun sn cmym khtmij ml mktjr, nstj ns, qun lms dmltms qun sn ln mtrhguyne, su sustnetj prj gmtjrhj, y nl mkunrij mkunrij in nxpulshûe, nxpulshûe, cmyme shij punstjs jpjrtuembnetn jpjrtuembnetn ne su kjejkhbhnetj, m ndnktjs in qun punpunim nfnrknr su lnaâthbj inrnkcj in indnesm, amrmethzmij pjr nl hekhsj =9) inl mrtâkulj =;8 in lm Kjesthtukhûe, in tml bmenrm qun nstn inrnkcj tmbghèe cm shij mdnktmij‒. Kdr. Bmhnr, Bmhnr, Fulhj0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml. _neml. Dueimbnetjs0 Yjb Yjbjj H0 p. >>;. Gnreml Kunllmr, Fmhbn Fmhbn - Bjetnmlnarn Lyentt, Lyentt, Niumrij0 Nl _rjknsj _neml. _neml. Dueimbnetjs Kjesthtukhjemlns Kjesthtukhjemlns inl [hs[hstnbm Mkusmtjrhj0 p. =99. Kdr. @mh Mbgjs0 Mbgjs0 _rhekhphjs inl _rjknsj _neml _neml Nurjpnj. Meílhshs Meílhshs in lm Kjevnekhûe Nurjpnm in Inrnkcjs CubmCubmejs0 p. 14. Mkusmtjrhj y Inrnkcj Inrnkcj pneml0 Gmrknljem0 p. 8=0 Wmbjs Bèeinz, Drmekhskj0 Kdr. Mrbnetm Inu, Ynrnsm0 _rhekhphj  Mkusmtjrhj  Nefuhkhmbhnetj Krhbheml. [èpthbm [èpthbm Lnkturm Kjesthtukhjem Kjesthtukhjemll0 p. =;30 Wnvhllm Ajezílnz, Fjsè Mlgnrtj0 Nl Hetnrrjamtjrhj inl Hbputmij0 p. 730 [me Bmrtâe Kmstrj, Kèsmr0 Kjrrnlmkhûe y Insvhekulmkhûe ne nl _rjknsj pneml. M prj pûshtj inl Eunvj mrtâkulj mrtâkulj 73>-M K__0 ne Inrnkcj _rjknsml. HHH Kjearnsj Hetnremkhjeml0   p. =3>0 Meaulj Meaulj Mrmem, _nirj0 Lm Duekhûe Dhskml0 p. ;9>. Kdr. Bmhnr, Fulhj0 Fulhj0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml. Dueimbnetjs0 Yjbj Yjbj H0 p. >>;0 _lmekcminll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij in lm Mkusmkhûe0 p. =?70 Wjxhe, Klmus0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml0 p. ;;3. “

(;?)

 

   

(;=) (;7) (;;) (;9)

(;>)

“

“

;91

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

nxtneshûe y lâbhtns in lm furhsihkkhûe mplhkm gln y lm kjbpntnekhm jgfnthvm(;4).

inskrhpkhûe klmrm, intmllmim y prnkhsm, ljs cnkcjs qun sn ln hbputme‒.

 Ej gmstm kje ﬍ fmr nl cnkcj, kjbj mkjetnkhbhnetj ejrbmthvj, inskrhghneij lm sugsuekhûe tâphkm j lm kjrrnspjeihnetn kmlh﬍kmkhûe  furâihkm. Ns enknsmrhj nstmglnknr lm kjekrntm kje﬍aurmkhûe inl suknsj ne sus mspnktjs nsnekhmlns Pv. ar. ar. nl cnkcj in bmtmr, vhjlmr, ihdmbmr, mprjphmrsn, ntk.R y nl mpjrtn heihvhiuml qun kmim pnrsjem cm rnmlhzmij ne kjekrntj. Lm hbputmkhûe díkthkm ingn heihvhiumlhzmrsn in lm bmenrm bís pjrbnejrhzmim y mkmgmim  pjshgln. Ej sjlj ingn puetumlhzmrsn lm kjetrhkjetrh gukhûe inl mutjr, kjmutjr, kjmutjr, j mutjr bnihmtj. Nl kjbpjrtmbhnetj inl kûbplhkn j inl hesthamijr tmbghèe ingn snr jgfntj in rhaurjsm prnkhshûe díkthkm. Mquâ sn nxhan lm rnlmkhûe klmrm y prnkhsm inl cnkcj kje sus khrkuestmekhms prnkninetns, kjekjbhtmetns y pjstnrhjrns (mrtâkulj ;98 inl EK__).

Lm vnetmfm in lm prnkhshûe in ljs cnkcjs ns qun uem vnz ﬍ fmijs ej punine snr bjih﬍kmijs pjstnrhjrbnetn, smlvj qun sn sham nl tríbhtn nstmglnkhij pjr kmim jrinembhnetj  prjknsml (mbplhmkhûe in lm ineuekhm, mkusmkhûe kjbplnbnetmrhm, ntk., y shnbprn qun sn  prjiuzkm ne thnbpj jpjrtuej). Ljs cnkcjs  pnrbhtne6 h) Nlmgjrmr lms kmlh﬍kmkhjens furâihkms in ljs sufntjs prjknsmlns y inl Yrhgueml0 hh) Nstmglnknr nl jgfntj inl prjknsj y lm bmtnrhm qun snrí sjbnthim m ingmtn y kjetrmihkkhûe  pjr lms pmrtns(;1).

Ne tml snethij, lm KHIC ne nl kmsj Dnrbâe  Wmbârnz vnrsus Aumtnbmlm cm snýmlmij kjbj kjetnehij in lm mkusmkhûe qun6  

“ Lm inskrhpkhûe bmtnrhml in lm kjeiuktm hbputmim kjethnen ljs imtjs díkthkjs rnkjahijs ne lm mkusmkhûe, qun kjesthtu yne lm rndnr rndnrnekhm nekhm heihspnesmgln pmrm nl nfnrkhkhj in lm indnesm inl hbputmij y lm kjesnkunetn kjeshinrmkhûe inl fuzamijr ne lm snetnekhm. In mcâ qun nl hbputmij tneam inrnkcj m kjejknr, m trmvès in uem

Lm hedjrbmkhûe in ljs cnkcjs, tml kjbj lj nstmglnkn lm KMIC y nl _HIK_ ingn snr intmllmim y lj bís nspnkâ﬍km pjshgln. [jlj msâ qunim nstmglnkhij in bmenrm minkumim nl jgfntj inl  prjknsj. Lm inskrhpkhûe in ue cnkcj aneèrhkj Pbmtû, rjgû, mgusû, ntk.R ej ns kjbpmthgln kje lms nxhanekhms inl inrnkcj cubmej m uem hbputmkhûe intmllmim(;3). [n mtnetm kjetrm lm amrmetâm inl fuhkhj fustj y nquhtmthvj. k) Lm nxhanekhm in hedjrbmkhûe intmllmim

_jr bmeimtj nxprnsj in lm KMIC y inl _HIK_ lm hedjrbmkhûe qun sn grheim ml hbputmij ingn snr intmllmim. Nstm nxhanekhm supjen qun lm hbputmkhûe ingn snr kjbuehkmim in lm bmenrm bís nxcmusthvm, pjrbnejrhzmim, prnkhsm y khrkuestmekhmim qun snm pjshgln(;8). Lm

(;4) Kdr. In lm Jlhvm [metjs, [metjs, Meirès0 Inrnkcj _rjknsm _rjknsmll _neml0 p. =840 Bjetnrj Mrjkm, Fume0 Inrnkcj Furhsihkkhjeml Furhsihkkhjeml.. _rjknsj _neml0 p. =?=. (;1) Kdr. Msnekhj Bnllmij, Fjsè Bmrâm0 _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj y Inrnkcj in Indnesm ne nl _rjknsj pneml0 Bmirhi0 Yrhvhub0 =88=0 p. 83. (;3) Kdr. Kmrjkkm Kmrjkkm _èrnz, Mlnx0 Amrmetâm Kjesthtukhjeml Kjesthtukhjeml in lm indnesm _rjknsml0 _rjknsml0 p. 74=. 74=. _rjknsml _neml0 p. ;;30 Fmukcne, Niumrij0  Inrnkcjs inl Hbputmij0 p. ;4? y ;4>0 (;8) Kdr. Wjxhe, Klmus0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml Bmhnr, Fulhj0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml. Dueimbnetjs 0 Yjbj H0 p. >>; cmglm in hbputmkhûe klmrm, prnkhsm y khrkuestmekhmim inl cnkcj kjekrntj0 _lmekcminll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj Dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij Hedjrbmij in lm  Mkusmkhûe0 p. ==80 Tnranr Armu, Fjme0 Lm Indnesm inl Hbputmij Hbputmij y nl _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj Mkusmtjrhj0 p. ==10 Wmbjs Bèeinz, Drmekhskj0 Nefuhkhmbhnetj Krhbheml. Krhbheml. [èpthbm Lnkturm Lnkturm Kjesthtukhjeml Kjesthtukhjeml0 p. =;9.   Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhje Kjesthtukhjeml ml inl _nrö cm snýmlmij ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¶ ?4883-7?? ?4883-7??44 _CK/YK6 rnquhnrn enknsmrhmbnetn qun nl fusthkhmgln sn hedjrbn in lm nxhstnekhm inl prjknsj pneml, ne mtnekhûe m su inrnkcj in kjejknr in djrbm khnrtm, nxprnsm n henquâvjkm ljs kmrajs qun pnsme ne su kjetrm‒. “

;93

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

hbputmkhûe ingn kubplhr kje lm kjeihkhûe in nspnkh﬍khimi(9?).

Kumeij sn nxhan qun lm hedjrbmkhûe ingm snr kjbplntm sn quhnrn heshsthr ne nl cnkcj in qun

[he nbgmraj, pmrm qun sn kubplm kje lm nxhanekhm in lm hbputmkhûe intmllmim prnvhmbnetn nl cnkcj y lm hbputmkhûe ingn nekjetrmrsn su﬍khnetnbnetn intnrbhemij(9=).

lm kjbuehkmkhûe qun sn grhein ml khuimimej ej sn ingn nekjetrmr lhbhtmim m ue sjlj kmraj qun thnen ne su kjetrm, bís möe sh cmy uem plurmlhimi in kmrajs, eh qun lm hedjrbmkhûe sn nekunetrn hetnekhjeml j enalhanetnbnetn buthlmim(94).

Lm kjbuehkmkhûe ingn kjetnenr, pjr lj bnejs, ljs mspnktjs nsnekhmlns y in﬍ehtjrhjs inl cnkcj y lm kjrrnspjeihnetn kmlh﬍kmkhûe furâihkm. [n trmtm in uem hedjrbmkhûe kjbplntm y su﬍khnetn(97), lm kuml ingn kjetnenr lms khrkuestmekhms in bjij, thnbpj y luamr (9;). Lm hedjrbmkhûe intmllmim in lm hbputmkhûe ns lj öehkj qun amrmethzm nl nfnrkhkhj inl inrnkcj in indnesm in bmenrm minkumim y nl kjetrmihktjrhj(99). Nl cnkcj kjekrntj ‛j ljs cnkcjs‛ bmtnrhm in lm hbputmkhûe ingne nstmr minkumimbnetn heihvhiumlhzmijs in tml bjij qun sn nstmglnzkm ue sjlj suknsj jkurrhij ne nl bueij rnml, smlvj qun sn trmtn in cnkcjs mltnremthvjs(9>).

 Nl prhekhp prhekhphj hj in in hbputmkhû hbputmkhûee minkumim minkumim ne nl nl in  “  lhtj in lmvmij lmvmijss in mkthvj mkthvjss rnquhn rnquhnrn, rn, netrn jtrjs  mspnktjs, qun sn heihqun y prnkhsn  mspnktjs, prnkhsn nl inlhtj prnvhj, qun sn nxplhqun in bmenrm puetuml lms khrkuestmekhms in thnbpj, bjij j luamr ne nl qun nl  cnkcj prnsue prnsuetmbnetn tmbnetn sn kjbnthû. kjbnthû.

‒

Ne lm bnihim qun sn prjpjrkhjen lm hedjrbmkhûe bheukhjsm in ljs mspnktjs nsnekhmlns in lm hbputmkhûe, tmetj ne sus nlnbnetjs díkthkjs kjbj furâihkjs, sn pjirí netrmr rnkhèe m intnrbhemr ljs nlnbnetjs mkkhinetmlns j pnrhdèrhkjs in lm bhsbm.

(9?) Kdr. [mekhentth, [mekhentth, Bmrknlj0 Lm Eulhimi in lm Mkusmkhûe Mkusmkhûe pjr Heintnrbhemkhûe inl inl Cnkcj y nl Kjeknptj in HesthamHesthamkhûe0 p. 14 quhne shaun m Heangjra _uppn. (9=) Kdr. Wjxhe, Wjxhe, Klmus0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml0 p. ;;30 [mekhentth, [mekhentth, Bmrknlj0 Lm Eulhimi in lm Mkusmkhûe Mkusmkhûe pjr Heintnrbhemkhûe inl Cnkcj y nl Kjeknptj in Hesthamkhûe0 p. >>. (97) Kdr. @mh Mbgjs0 _rhekhphjs inl _rjknsj _neml Nurjpnj. Meílhshs in in lm Kjevnekhûe Nurjpnm in Inrnkcjs Cubmejs0 p. 140 Msnekhj Bnllmij, Fjsè Bmrâm0 _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj y Inrnkcj in Indnesm ne nl _rjknsj pneml0  p. 84. (9;) Kdr. Fmukcne, Niumrij0 Inrnkcjs inl inl Hbputmij0 p. ;440 _lmekcminll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj Dueimbnetm Dueimbnetmll m snr Hedjrbmij lm Mkusmkhûe Inrnkcj0 _rjknsml 0 p.Hetnrrjamtjrhj ==80 Bmhnr, Fulhj inl 0Hbputmij Wnvhllm Ajezílnz,inFjsè Mlgnrtj 0 Nl p. 74. _neml. Dueimbnetjs0 Yjbj H0 p. >>;0 (99) Kdr. _lmekcminll _lmekcminll Amramllj, Meirnm0 Nl Inrnkcj Dueimbnetml Dueimbnetml m snr Hedjrbmij in lm Mkusmkhûe0 p. =??. =??. (9>) Kdr. [mekhentth, [mekhentth, Bmrknlj0 Lm Eulhimi in lm Mkusmkhûe Mkusmkhûe pjr Heintnrbhemkhûe inl inl Cnkcj y nl Kjeknptj in HesthamHesthamkhûe0 p. 4=. (94) Tèmsn, lms snetnekhms nxpnihims nxpnihims pjr nl Yrhgueml Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml Kjesthtukhjeml pnrumej rnkmâims ne nl Nxp. =4=7-7??;=4=7-7??;- MM/YK0 NS_.. E¿ >;=9-7??1-MM/YK Kmsj6 Qhlly Ejrhnam [íekcnz qun shnetme lm ijktrhem rndnrhim in qun6 (...) inghnrje NS_ kjbuehkmrln pjr nskrhtj ljs kmrajs hbputmijs, mkjbpmýmeij nl kjrrnspjeihnetn sustnetj prjgmtjrhj, ne nl bjbnetj minkumij, she buthlmkhjens, jtjraíeijln ue plmzj pruinekhml m ndnktjs in qun ‛bnihmetn lm nxprnshûe in ljs inskmrajs kjrrnspjeihnetns‛ punim nfnrknr kmgmlbnetn su lnaâthbj inrnkcj in indnesm‒.   Ne lm ölthbm in lms snetnekhms khtmims nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml inl _nrö snýmlm qun6 Ne rnlmkhûe m lm m﬍rbmkhûe in netrnam tmriâm in ijkubnetjs buthlmijs pjr ljs inbmeimijs rnlmkhjemijs m lm kjeiuktm in mktjr , nstjs sjs“

“

thnene qun lm netrnam sn chzj ndnkthvmbnetn she lms kjeklushjens ym qun tmlns ijkubnetjs sjlj ln hekubgâme m lm msjkhmkhûe. Nstm rnspunstm kjesthtuyn uem kjednshûe in kulpm punstj qun pmrm qun nl inbmeimetn puihnrm rnmlh zmr plnembnetn plnembnetn nl nfnrkhkhj nfnrkhkhj in su inrnkcj in indnesm tneâm qun cmgèrsnln kjbuehkmij, kjbuehkmij, kje jpjrtuehimi in lm hetnarhimi inl hedjrbn she eheaöe thpj in buthlmkhûe, pjr lj qun kje tml jbhshûe sn kje ﬍aurm lm vulenrmkhûe in su inrnkcj in indnesm‒.

;98

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

Lm hedjrbmkhûe intmllmim sn jpjen y sn rnshnetn ‛pjr snr metûehbm‛ m lm hbputmkhûe aneèrhkm, vmam, hbplâkhtm, hekjbplntm j mpmrnetn qun ej ﬍ fm eh nl cnkcj heihvhiumlhzmij eh ljs mspnktjs bís rnlnvmetns inl bhsbj, kje rnlmkhûe m ue kjejkhbhnetj prnkhsj(91). Lm in﬍khnekhm in lm hbputmkhûe, snaöe uem jphehûe mutjrhzmim, hbplhkm hekurrhr ne ue hbpnihbnetj prjknsml(93).  Ej gmstm pmrm nl kmgml kubplhbhnetj in nstn inrnkcj dueimbnetml qun lm pnrsjem snpm, hetuym j bís j bnejs kjejzkm ljs cnkcjs pjr ljs qun sn nstí fuzameij, j qun ljs bnihjs in prungm j ijkubnetjs sjgrn ljs qun sn lnvmetm lm hbputmkhûe “ dunrje ljs qun nl mktjr tuvj ne su inspmkcj y qun sn nekunetrm ne lm hesthtukhûe in pjrihkcjs lj qun ml inbmeimr kjejkhbhnetj ijkubnetjs ‒(98),tneâm puns

sh ej sje kjbuehkmijs djrbmlbnetn y in lm bmenrm minkumim ej sn ljarm nl ﬍e kjesthtukhjeml trmzmij. [jlj lm mkusmkhûe intmllmim pnrbhtn lm pjshghlhimi in qun punim snr n﬍kmzbnetn kjetnstmim  pjr lm indnesm(>?).

Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ ;;8?-7??>-_CK/YK, Kmsj6 Bmramrhtm Yjlnij cm snýmlmij qun6   “ Nl funz pneml kumeij hestmurm hestrukkhûe  pjr nl inlhtj pjr dmlsh ﬍kmkhûe  ﬍kmkhûe in ijkubnetjs ne anenrml, jbhthneij prjeuekhmrsn ne kuíl in lms bjimlhimins inlhkthvms prnsubhglnbnetn cmgrâm hekurrhij lm hbputmim,  y ml ej prnkhsmr prnkhsmr sh sh lm prnsuetm dmlsh ﬍  ﬍kmkhûe kmkhûe in ijkubnetjs qun sn hbputm m lm dmvjrnkhim nstí rndnrhim m hestrubnetjs pöglhkjs j prhvmijs, lnshjem su inrnkcj m lm indnesm, tjim vnz qun, ml ej nstmr hedjrbmim kje knrtnzm in ljs kmrajs hbputmijs, sn ln rnstrhean lm pjshghlhimi in inklmrmr y indneinrsn sjgrn cnkcjs kjekrntjs, j sjgrn uem bjimlhimi inlhkthvm intnrbhemim  y, kje nllj, lm pjshghlhimi in mpjrtmr prungms kjekrntms qun mkrnihtne lm hejknekhm qun miukn‒(>=).

_jr lms pmrthkulmrhimins tâphkms inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ej sjlj ingn hedjrbmrsn ml khuimimej sjbnthij m uem hevnsthamkhûe ﬍skml j fuihkhml nl kmraj kjekrntj in kjevnrshûe, trmesdnrnekhm u jkultmbhnetj, shej qun

(91) Kdr. Bmhnr, Fulhj0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml. Dueimbnetjs0 Dueimbnetjs0 Yjbj Yjbj H0 p. >>;0 Mrbnetm Inu, Ynrnsm0 Ynrnsm0 _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj y Inrnkcj _neml0 p. 8?0 Msnekhj Bnllmij, Fjsè Bmrâm0 _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj y Inrnkcj in Indnesm ne nl _rjknsj pneml0 p. 840 Fmukcne, Niumrij0 Inrnkcjs inl Hbputmij0 p. ;4>0 Tnranr Tnranr Armu, Fjme0 Lm Indnesm inl Hb putmij y nl _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj0 p. ==3. ==3.   Tèmsn, pjr tjims lm snetnekhm inl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhje Kjesthtukhjeml ml pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ 3=7>-7??>-_C 3=7>-7??>-_CK/YK K/YK ne lm qun sn snýmlm6 lm mkusmkhûe cm in snr khnrtm, ej hbplâkhtm, shej, prnkhsm, klmrm y nxprnsm0 ns inkhr, uem inskrhp“

khûe su ﬍khnetnbnetn intmllmim in ljs cnkcjs kjeshinrmijs puehglns qun sn hbputme y inl bmtnrhml prjgm prjgmtjrhj tjrhj ne qun sn dueimbnetme, y ej kjbj ne nl prnsnetn kmsj ne qun sn mivhnrtn uem mkusmkhûe aneèrhkm n hbpnrsjemlhzmim, qun lhbhtm j hbphin m ljs prjknsmijs ue plnej y minkumij nfnrkhkhj kjesthtukhjeml inl inrnkcj in indnesm‒.

(93) Kdr. Wjxhe, Klmus0 Klmus0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml0 p. ;;30 Bmhnr, Fulhj0 Fulhj0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml. Dueimbnetjs0 Dueimbnetjs0 Yjbj Yjbj H0  p. >>3 snýmlm qun6 uem mkusmkhûe indnktujsm ej punin snr prnsupunstj vílhij inl fuhkhj y lm snetnekhm‒0 [mekhentth, Bmrknlj0 Lm Eulhimi in lm Mkusmkhûe pjr Heintnrbhemkhûe inl Cnkcj y nl Kjeknptj in Hesthamkhûe0 p. 1>. (98) Tèmsn, lm snetnekhm nxpnihim nxpnihim pjr nl Yrhgueml Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml pnrumej pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl  Nxp. E¿ >;=9-7??1-M >;=9-7??1-MM/YK M/YK Kmsj6 Qhlly Ejrhnam [íekcnz. (>?) Kdr. Msnekhj Bnllmij, Fjsè Fjsè Bmrâm0 _rhekhphj Mkusmtjrhj y Inrnkcj in in Indnesm ne nl _rjknsj pneml0 pneml0 p. 840 Kmrjkkm _èrnz, Mlnx0 Amrmetâm Kjesthtukhjeml in lm indnesm _rjknsml0 p. 74=. 74=. (>=) Nl Yrhgueml Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml Kjesthtukhjeml ne nstm bhsbm snetnekhm snetnekhm cm snýmlmij qun6 Nstm jbhshûe cm anenrmij ue nstmij in heindneshûe qun hekhihrí ne lm pnem m hbpjenrsn y ne lm kjeihkhûe furâihkm in lm prjknsmim, lj kuml inbunstrm qun nl prjknsj sn cm tjremij ne hrrnaulmr pjr cmgnrsn trmesarnihij ljs inrnkcjs dueimbnetmlns qun hetnarme nl inghij prjknsj, nstj ns, nl inrnkcj in indnesm0 nllj, m su vnz, cm intnrbhemij lm mdnktmkhûe in lm tutnlm furhsihkkhjeml, mbgjs amrmethzmijs pjr lm Ejrbm Kjesthtukhjeml‒. Ymbghèe Ymbghèe vnísn, Nxp. E¿ 3=7>-7??> 3=7>-7??>-_CK/YK. -_CK/YK. “

“

;>?

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

tmbghèe sn ingn kubplhr kje hedjrbmr lm nxhstnekhm inl inlhtj prnvhj y/j nl jrhane hlâkhtj in ljs ghnens m ﬍e in qun lm pnrsjem snpm in bmenrm prnkhsm y bheukhjsm ljs kmrajs kjekrntjs qun sn ln mtrhguyne y punim nfnrknr in bjij jpjrtuej y minkumij su inrnkcj in indnesm. Nl ej prnkhsmr n hedjrbmr inl kjetnxtj nspmkhml y tnbpjrml in kjbhshûe inl inlhtj prnvhj  prjiuktjr in lms amemekhms j ghnens jgfntj inl lmvmij supjen hekubplhr kje uem in lms amrmetâms gíshkms inl inghij prjknsj pneml hbphihneij kje nllj qun lm pnrsjem punim indneinrsn y lunaj kjetrminkhr ljs kmrajs djrbulmijs ne su kjetrm. Ne ndnktj, sh lm pnrsjem ej kjejkn j ej sn ln hedjrbm mknrkm in lms  pmrthkulmrhimins y ejtms chstûrhkms bís hb pjrtmetns inl inlhtj prnvhj ej pjirí insplnamr uem indnesm n﬍kmz pmrm rngmthr ljs kmrajs  prjgmeij, pjr nfnbplj, qun nl inlhtj prnvhj ej nxhsthû j qun nxhsthneij lm pnrsjem ej tuvj mlauem pmrthkhpmkhûe ne nl hefustj pneml qun sn ln mtrhguyn j qun nl inlhtj ej anenrû amemekhms hlâkhtms.

in ljs mrtâkuljs 7 hekhsj 79 pmríarmdj i y =;8 hekhsj =9, puns lm hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm ns uem bmehdnstmkhûe inl prhekhphj in lnamlhimi y inl  prhekhphj in lm indnesm prjknsml. Ne mplhkmkhûe inl mrtâkulj =;8 hekhsj =9 in lm Lny Dueimbnetml, pmrm qun uem pnrsjem  punim snr prjknsmim, lm ineuekhm pneml ingn kjetnenr kje prnkhshûe lm kjeiuktm inlhkthvm mtrhguhim m ﬍e in qun nl hbputmij punim indneinrsn. [jlj kje uem inskrhpkhûe klmrm, prnkhsm, intmllmim, y jrinemim punin rnspntmrsn nl inrnkcj in indnesm(>;). Nl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm thnen uem snrhn in rnquhshtjs insin nl puetj in vhstm  díkthkj, lheaüâsthkj y furâihkj. m) Wnquhshtjs díkthkjs

Nl mrtâkulj 11 inl Kûihaj in _rjknihbhnetjs _nemlns ﬍ fm kjbj uej in ljs rnquhshtjs inl mutj in mpnrturm in hestrukkhûe y, pjr nein, tmbghèe in lm ineuekhm ﬍skml qun mlgnram lm hbputmkhûe qun6 “ Nl mutj snrí bjthvmij y 

;. Nl rnspntj ml prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm, minkumim j kjekrntm(>7)

kjetneirí ne djrbm prnkhsm ljs cnkcjs ineuekhmijs P…R, ne qun sn dueim lm hbputmkhûe, P…R qun sn mtrhguyne ml ineuekhmij‒.

Lm Kjesthtukhûe _jlâthkm inl _nrö kjesmarm ue kjefuetj in prhekhphjs qun rhane nl prjknsj pneml, uej in ljs kumlns ns nl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm. Nl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm ingn qun snr ughkmij ne lm

Mshbhsbj, nl mrtâkulj 89 in lm LJB_ nstm glnkn qun “Lm mkusmkhûe nskrhtm kjetneirí lm mprnkhmkhûe in lms prungms mktumims, lm rnlmkhûe jrinemim in ljs cnkcjs prjgmijs ‒, lj qun kjekunrim kje nl mrtâkulj 77> inl K. in __ qun prnskrhgn qun nl nskrhtj in mkusmkhûe

Lny Dueimbnetml m trmvès in lm hetnrprntmkhûe

inl skml ingn kjetnenr6 “lm mkkhûe u jbhshûe

﬍

(>7) Tèmsn ne lm ijktrhem emkhjeml6 emkhjeml6 Kmsthllj Mlvm, Fjsè Luhs0 Luhs0  Nl _rhekhphj in Hbputmkhûe Enknsmrhm. ^em prhbnrm  Mprjxhbmkhûe  Mprjxhb mkhûe0 ne Mktumlhimi Furâihkm0 Yjbj =4=0 Mgrhl-7??10 Wnítnauh [íekcnz, Fmbns0  Nl Kjetrjl Kjesthtukhjeml ne lm Ntmpm in Kmlh ﬍kmkhûe ne nl _rjknsj pneml0 Lhbm0 _mlnstrm0 7??30 písshb. (>;) Kdr. Bmhnr, Fulhj Fulhj G. F.0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml mranethej0 Gunejs Gunejs Mhrns0 Nihtjrns inl _unrtj0 _unrtj0 7???0 Tjl. Tjl. H0 p. ;=1 y ;=36 Lm hbputmkhûe kjrrnktmbnetn djrbulmim ns lm llmvn qun mgrn lm punrtm in lm pjshghlhimi in indneinrsn n﬍khnetnbnetn, puns pnrbhtn enamr tjijs j mlauejs in sus nlnbnetjs pmrm nvhtmr j mbhejrmr lm kjesnkunekhm furâihkj pneml (...) nllm ej punin rnpjsmr ne uem mtrhgukhûe bís j bnejs vmam j kjedusm in bmlhkhm j nenbhstmi kje nl jrine furâihkj, nstj ns, ne ue rnlmtj hbprnkhsj y insjrinemij in lm mkkhûe u jbhshûe qun sn pjen m kmraj inl hbputmij , y bukcj bnejs ne uem mgstrmkkhûe Pkjbnthû cjbhkhihj j usurpmkhûeR, mkuihneij ml ejbgrn in lm hedrmkkhûe, shej qun, pjr nl kjetrmrhj, ingn tnenr kjbj prnsupunstj lm m ﬍rbmkhûe klmrm, prnkhsm y khrkuestmekhmim in ue cnkcj kjekrntj, sheaulmr in lm vhim in uem pnrsjem. Nllj shaeh﬍km inskrhghr ue mkjetnkhbhnetj ‛qun sn su pjen rnml‛ kje tjims lms khrkuestmekhms in bjij, thnbpj y luamr qun lj ughqune ne nl bueij in ljs cnkcjs Ptnb pjrml y nspmkhmlbnetn nspmkhmlbnetnR y ln prjpjrkhjeme su bmtnrhmlhimi kjekrntm‒. “

;>=

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

 puehgln y lms khrkuestmekhms qun intnrbhene lm rnspjesmghlhimi  ‒ Phekhsj 7R.

_jr jtrj lmij, nl eunvj Kûihaj prjknsml, ne uem bnfjr rnimkkhûe, nstmglnkn ne su mrtâkulj ;98 qun lm mkusmkhûe ﬍skml snrí inghimbnetn bjthvmim y kjetneirí6 “lm rnlmkhûe klmrm y  prnkhsm  prnk hsm inl inl cnkcj cnkcj qun qun sn sn mtrhguyn mtrhguyn ml hbputmij, hbputmij,

kjrrnktj ktj rnsq rnsqungr ungrmfmr mfmr nl snet snethij hij kje kjesthsth  Ej nsnsinkjrrn “tukhjeml lm prnsuekhûe in hejknekhm nxhahneij qun lm pnrsjem m quhne sn ln hbputm lm kjbhshûe inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ingm prjgmr nl jrh ane lâk lâkhtj htj in sus sus ghne ghnens ns y qun lms supu supunstm nstmss trmestrmes dnrnekh  dnrn ekhms, ms, mktjs mktjs in kjevnrs kjevnrshûe hûe j in jkul jkultmbh tmbhnetj netj  rnmlhzmi  rnml hzmims ms thnene thnene uem dune dunetn tn kjejk kjejkhim. him.

‒

kje sus khrkuestmekhms prnkninetns, prnkninetns, kjekjbhtmetns y pjstnrhjrns. Ne kmsj in kjetnenr vmrhjs cnkcjs heinpneihnetns, lm snpmrmkhûe y nl intmlln in kmim uej in nlljs‒ PgR. Mshbhsbj, sn nstmglnkn lm jglhamkhûe in inskrhghr6 “ lm rnlmkhûe in lms khrkuestmekhms bjih ﬍ bjih ﬍kmtjrhms kmtjrhms in lm rnspjesmghlhimi pneml qun kjekurrme ‒ PiR.

Nl rnquhshtj díkthkj inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm ingn snr netneihij kjbj lm nxhanekhm in ue rnlmtj khrkuestmekhmij y prnkhsj in ljs cnkcjs kje rnlnvmekhm pneml qun sn mtrhguyne m uem pnrsjem. Lm hbputmkhûe j lm netrnam in cnkcjs qun rnmlhzm nl ﬍skml ml ûramej furhsihkkhjeml pmrm lm kmlh﬍kmkhûe furâihkm in lm ineuekhm ingnrí snr ndnktumim in bmenrm prnkhsm y in lm bmenrm bís bheukhjsm qun dunrm pjshgln. Nllj quhnrn inkhr qun cm in inskrhghrsn nl cnkcj ineuekhmij ne su mspnktj nsnekhml qun insin lm pnrs pnkthvm ﬍skml pjsnn rnlnvmekhm pneml.

inl thpj pneml. _jr tmetj, ingn kubplhrsn kje lms nxhanekhms inl thpj jgfnthvj  inskrhghèe-

ijsn sus nlnbnetjs kjbj lm prnkhshûe inl6  m) mutjr j pmrtâkhpn0 g) kjbpjrtmbhnetj Pmkkhûe ue jbhshûeR0 k) rnsultmij Plnshûe j punstm ne pnlharjR i) lm rnlmkhûe in kmusmlhimi j lm hbputmkhûe jgfnthvm kumeij, snm pjshgln

nstmglnknrlm. Ymbghèe pjr bmeimtj inl prhekhphj in lnamlhimi ingn kubplhrsn kje inskrhghr nl nlnbnetj sugfnthvj inl thpj pneml, ym snm ijlj j kulpm. Ne nl kmsj inl ijlj cm in nedmthzmrsn qun, ym sn kjeshinrn ml ijlj kjbj ue cnkcj j kjbj uem hbputmkhûe, sn ingn nstmglnknr lm enknsmrhm prnkhshûe inl prnsuetj y/j prjgmgln kjejkhbhnetj qun tuvj lm pnrsjem inl rhnsaj tâphkmbnetn rnlnvmetn ne lm shtumkhûe kjekrntm.

Ne tml lâenm, lm inskrhpkhûe inl cnkcj ingn mgmrkmr lm prnkhshûe lj bís bís mkmgmim pjshgln inl kjbpjrtmbhnetj hbputmij snaöe ue thpj pneml kjekrntj y ne nl qun enknsmrhmbnetn sn ingn kjbprneinr nl rnsultmij y lm kjekrntm kjeiuktm cubmem Pmkkhûe u jbhshûeR qun lj kmusm. Ns heihsthetj sh lm hbputmkhûe kjbhnezm kje lm mkkhûe j kje nl rnsultmij. r nsultmij. Lj hbpjrtmetn ns qun sn kjeshaene mbgjs nxtrnbjs. Cmy qun rnbmrkmr qun sh ghne lm prnsnekhm inl rnsultmij punin hednrhrsn in lm hbputmkhûe kjekrntm v. ar. pnrfuhkhj ne lm nstmdm0 bunrtn ne nl cjbhkhihj, ns heihspnesmgln qun lm mk-

khûe y jbhshûe qun sn mtrhguyn m uem pnrsjem sn nekunetrn lj su ﬍ su ﬍khnetnbnetn khnetnbnetn intmllmim y nxplâkhtm.

Netjekns, cme in hekjrpjrmrsn mquâ lm kjrrns pjeihnetn klmsn  in kjbpjrtmbhnetj tâphkj Pmkkhûe u jbhshûeR, su inlhbhtmkhûe tnbpjrml  Pkumeij sn rnmlhzû, dnkcm, iâm y in snr pjshgln lm cjrmR0 nl bjij in nfnkukhûe, v. ar. ar. bmtmr pjr p jr Nl kubplhbhnetj inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe lm nspmlim j bhnetrms ijrbâm PmlnvjsâmR, ne lm enknsmrhm pmsm pjr rnspntmr lj bís nskrupulj- jskurhimi Piurmetn lm ejkcnR, ntk.0 nl armij in smbnetn pjshgln ljs nlnbnetjs nstrukturmlns  insmrrjllj inl htnr krhbhehs Pmktj prnpmrmtjrhj,

;>7

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

mktj nfnkuthvj j kjesubmkhûeR, nl bnihj uthlhzmij0 v. ar. mrbm in dunaj, kukchllj, phnirm, vnenej, ntk. M nllj mluin lm ijktrhem pneml kumeij ml rndnrhrsn ml prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm sn nxhan lm prnkhshûe in lms khrkuestmekhms in thnbpj, bjij y luamr (>9). Ne nstn snethij, ingn rnkjrimrsn lm nxhanekhm inl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml kumeij ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ 3=7>-7??>_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Fnddrny Hbbnlt y jtrjs, cm nstmglnkhij qun6 “lm mkusmkhûe cm in snr khnrtm, ej hbplâkhtm, shej, prnkhsm, klmrm y nxprnsm0 ns inkhr, uem inskrhpkhûe su ﬍ su ﬍khnetnbnetn khnetnbnetn intmllmim in ljs cnkcjs kjeshinrmijs puehglns qun sn hbputme y inl bmtnrhml prjgmtjrhj ne qun sn dueimbnetme‒. Ne nstn kmsj, kjbj

ne shbhlmrns, nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml jtrjs pnrumej cm netneihij lm rndnrnekhm m lm mkusmkhûe kjbj sheûehbj in hbputmkhûe, kjetnehim ne lm djrbmlhzmkhûe in ineuekhm ﬍skml(>>). Kumeij nl kjbpjrtmbhnetj Pmkkhûe u jbhshûeR tâphkj ej sn nekunetrm lj su﬍khnetnbnetn intmllmij, ym snm pjr ej nekjetrmrsn su inskrhpkhûe, pjrqun nstm ns hesu ﬍khnetn j pjrqun mijlnkn in prnkhshûe, ej sn kubpln kje lms nxhanekhms inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm. Mquâ ns pjshgln mkuihr m uem mkkhûe in

amrmetâm j nxhahr ue kjetrjl kjesthtukhjeml inl mktj ml hetnrhjr inl prjknsj pneml. In hauml bjij, kumeij dmltm lm inskrhpkhûe  prnkhsm y mkmgmim  inl kjekrntj kjbpjrtmbhnetj tâphkj qun sn mtrhguyn nstmbjs metn uem hbputmkhûe hbprnkhsm, j hesu﬍khnetn, pjr lj qun sn kjetrmvhnen nl mrtâkulj 11 inl Kûihaj in _rjknihbhnetjs _nemlns y lm nxhanekhm kjesthtukhjeml m snr hedjrbmij in lm mkusmkhûe. [n ingn instmkmr qun lm inskrhpkhûe in lm rnlmkhûe in kmusmlhimi j in lm hbputmkhûe jg fnthvm qun bnihm netrn nl kjbpjrtmbhnetj y nl rnsultmij bís qun nstmr ym prjgmim, ingn  pjr lj bnejs snr rmzjemgln0 in tml bjij qun lm vulenrmkhûe inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm sjlj sn imrí kumeij lm rnlmkhûe in kmusmlhimi j in hbputmkhûe jgfnthvm qun sn instmkm bmeh ﬍  ﬍nstmbnetn nstmbnetn ej sn kje ﬍ kje ﬍aurn aurn j ns hrrmkhjeml. Ne nl kmsj in lm hbputmkhûe inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs sn ingn kubplhr kje heihkmr kje minkumim y su﬍khnetn prnkhshûe lm klmsn in kjbpjrtmbhnetj kjekrntj qun sn hbputm v. ar.  “miquhrh miquhrhrr, uthlhzmr, ut hlhzmr, aumrimr, kustjihmr kustjihm r, rnkhghr rnkhgh r, jkultmr, mibhehstrmr j trmespjrtmr inetrj inl jkultmr, tnrrhtjrhj in lm Wnpöglhkm j hetrjiukn j rnthrm inl bhsbj j bmethnen ne su pjinr ihenrj,

(>9) Kdr. Bmhnr, Fulhj G. F.0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _rjknsml _neml _neml Mranethej Mranethej0 Tjl. H0 p. ;=3. (>>) Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml Kjesthtukhjeml ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ 3=7>-7??>-_CK/YK-LHBM, 3=7>-7??>-_CK/YK-LHBM, Kmsj Fnddrny Fnddrny Hbbnlt y jtrjs cm nstmglnkhij qun6   Nstm hetnrprntmkhûe sn kjeihkn kje nl mrtâkulj =9, eubnrml ;), lhtnrml –g‘ inl _mktj Hetnremkhjeml in Inrnkcjs Khmkusmim vhlns y _jlâthkjs, qun m nstn rnspnktj, kjbhnezm pjr rnkjejknr qun6 – Iurmetn nl prjknsj, tjim pnrsjem mkusmim “

in ue inlhtj tneirí inrnkcj, ne plnem haumlimi, m lms shauhnetns amrmetâms bâehbms6 m) M snr hedjrbmim she inbjrm, ne ue hihjbm qun kjbprneim y ne djrbm intmllmim, in lm emturmlnzm y kmusms in lm mkusmkhûe djrbulmim kjetrm nllm‘. Kje shbhlmr prnihkmbnetj, nl mrtâkulj 3, eubnrml 7), lhtnrml –m‘ in lm Kjevnekhûe Mbnrhkmem [j grn Inrnkcjs Cubmejs, Cubmejs, ihspjen qun6 qun6 – Iurmetn  Iurmetn nl prjknsj, prjknsj, tjim pnrsjem pnrsjem thnen inrnkcj, inrnkcj, ne plnem haumlimi, haumlimi, m lms amrmetâms bâehbms6 (...) g) Kjbuehkmkhûe prnvhm y intmllmim in lm mkusmkhûe djrbulmim ‘. Wn﬇nfj in nstn bmrkj furâihkj suprmemkhjeml, ns nl mrtâkulj =;8, hekhsj =>) in eunstrm Ejrbm Dueimbnetml, qun cm nstmglnkhij6 – Nl  prhekhphj qun qun tjim pnrsjem pnrsjem ingn snr hedjrbmim, hebnihmtmbnetn hebnihmtmbnetn y pjr pjr nskrhtj, in lms lms kmusms j rmzjens in su intnekhûe‘. [n ingn snýmlmr qun, m pnsmr inl tnejr in nstm ejrbm kjesthtukhjeml, in lm qun pmrnkhnrm insprneinrsn insprneinrsn qun nl inrnkcj inl hbputmij sn lhbhtm ml bjbnetj in su prjphm intnekhûe, lj khnrtj ns qun nstm tjbm in kjejkhbhnetj, kjesthtuyn lm prhbnrm nxhanekhm inl rnspntj m lm amrmetâm kjesthtukhjeml in lm indnesm qun mkjbpmým m lj lmraj inl prjknsj ne tjims lms rnsjlukhjens inl bhsbj ‒.

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AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

ghnens, ndnktjs j amemekhms‒ (mrtâkuljs = y 7).

 Ej gmstm cmknr rndnrnekhm aneèrhkm m ue mrtâkulj kjekrntj in lm lny (v. ar. =, 7, ; j 9)0 ingn nxplhkmrsn lm nspnkâ﬍km y kjekrntm bjimlhimi tâphkm in kjeiuktm qun sn mtrhguyn m lm pnrsjem qun in bmenrm aljgml punin snr in jkultmbhnetj, trmsdnrnekhm j kjevnrshûe in ghnens0 bís möe sh nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ne lm bmyjrâm in sus ﬍aurms tâphkms, snme thpjs  gíshkjs j marmvmijs, ns ue thpj mltnremthvj. ^em pnrsjem ej punin snr hbputmim pjr lm bjimlhimi in kjevnrshûe in ghnens (miquhrhr ue ghne kje ihenrj inl emrkjtrí﬍kj) y snr kjeinemim ﬍emlbnetn pjr cmgnr jkultmij ihenrj0 bís möe sh ej sn hetrjiufj jpjrtuembnetn nstn kmraj eh lm pnrsjem tuvj lm jpjrtuehimi rnml in indneinrsn, pjrqun, pjr nfnbplj, euekm sn ln hedjrbû in bmenrm djrbml y/j bmtnrhml y pjrqun euekm kjetrmihfj ihkcm hbputmkhûe. Ne kmsj in qun cmym ue sjlj kmraj pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs ingn nspnkh﬍kmrsn lm kjeiuktm tâphkm rnmlhzmim y sh nxhstne bís in ijs kmrajs ingn heihkmrsn in hauml bjij lms klmsns in mkkhjens qun sn mtrhguyne0 v. ar. sh sje ijs j bís kmrajs in trmesdnrnekhm, sh ns jkultmbhnetj j trmesdnrnekhm in ghnens j kjevnrshûe y jkultmbhnetj, ntk. Mshbhsbj, nl kubplhbhnetj inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe minkumim ne nl inlhtj in lmvmijs in mkthvjs rnquhnrn, netrn jtrjs mspnktjs, qun sn heihqun y prnkhsn nl inlhtj prnvhj, pnrj ej sjlj ne sus mspnktjs aneèrhkjs kjbj lm ejbneklmturm j thpjljaâm inl inlhtj (trí ﬍kj in irjams, trí﬍kj in pnrsjems, snkunstrj, ntk.) j lm kmlhimi in mutjr j pmrtâkhpn in lm pnrsjem, shej sn nxplhqun in bmenrm puetuml lms khrkuestmekhms in thnbpj, bjij j luamr  ne  ne nl qun nl cnkcj prnsuetmbnetn sn kjbnthû. Ej gmstme lms rndnrnekhms aneèrhkms j lm vhekulmkhûe supnr ﬍khml m uem pnrsjem kje uem mkthvhimi

krhbheml intnrbhemim0 sn ln ingn heihkmr ms pnktjs qun kubplme kje uem bmyjr prnkhshûe m ﬍e in qun punim kjejknr ljs kmrajs qun sn ln hbputme y in nstm djrbm indneinrsn. Lm ﬍ fmkhûe ne lm hbputmkhûe qun djrbulm nl Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj in tjijs ljs nlnbnetjs inl thpj pneml ns uem nxhanekhm henluihgln n hrrneuekhmgln inl inrnkcj in indnesm qun amrmethzm qun6 “Yjij fusthkhmgln thnen inrnkcj m kjejknr in djrbm khnrtm, nxprnsm n henquâvjkm, ljs kmrajs qun pnsme sjgrn èl kje nl jgfntj in indneinrsn in tjijs y kmim uej in ljs nlnbnetjs in cnkcj qun kjbpjene nl thpj in lm kjeiuktm prjchghim qun sn ln hbputm, surahneij nl inrnkcj m prjgmr, nl kjetrmihktjrhj, lm haumlimi sustmekhml  ‛ netrn netrn jtrjs ‛  kjbj   kjbj mtrhgutjs kjesthtukhjemlns inl fusthkhmgln qun sje kjejkhijs kjbj tutnlm prjknsml ndnkthvm‒(>4).

Lm intnrbhemkhûe in lms khrkuestmekhms in thnbpj y in luamr rnsultme kjeihkhjens heihs pnesmglns n hesusthtuhglns ne lm intnrbhemkhûe in ljs kmrajs y nl kubplhbhnetj inl prhekhphj kjesthtukhjeml in hbputmkhûe minkumim0 nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ej punin eh ingn snr lm nxknpkhûe bís möe sh sn tjbm ne kunetm lm bmaehtui in lm hbputmkhûe, lm snvnrhimi in ljs cnkcjs y nl qumetub in lm mbnemzm in  pnem. Ne ndnktj, sh ghne ne tjim hbputmkhûe in kmríktnr pneml ingn cmgnr uem prnkhshûe mkmgmim, bheukhjsm y su﬍khnetn in ljs kmrajs, ml bmrane in lm armvnimi inl inlhtj, krnnbjs qun ne mplhkmkhûe inl prhekhphj in prjpjrkhjemlhimi nstm nxhanekhm sn rnijglm y sn vunlvn bís nxhanetn ne mqunlljs kmsjs, kjbj nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs, ne ljs qun lm lny pneml nstmglnkn kjbj mbnemzm uem pnem mltâshbm y  pjr lm bhsbm djrbulmkhûe tâphkm ns enknsmrhj kubplhr kje heihvhiumlhzmr y prnkhsmr kmim uej in ljs nlnbnetjs inl thpj pneml, v. ar. ar. inlhtj prnvhj.

(>4) Tèmsn, lm snetnekhm inl YK pnrumej rnkmâim rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ ?9?7-7??4-_CK/YK0 ?9?7-7??4-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Luhs Nerhqun Wjfms Ílvmrnz.

;>9

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

Nl kubplhbhnetj kjesthtukhjemlbnetn lnaâthbj inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe minkumim ne nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ingn llnvmr m qun nl rnprnsnetmetn inl Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj  ‛kjbj thtulmr in lm mkkhûe pneml, pjrtmijr in lm kmram in lm prungm y quhne amrmethzm m trmvès in lm ineuekhm y/j mkusmkhûe lm vhanekhm inl prhekhphj in hbpmrkhmlhimi fuihkhml‛ kumeij hetrjiukn su prntneshûe ne nl prjknsj  pneml ingm prnkhsmr uem ijgln rnlmkhûe kmusml. Ne prhbnr luamr, ingn inbjstrmr in bmenrm rmzjemgln y kje ue ehvnl in nvhinekhm minkumij qun ue intnrbhemij inlhtj (prnvhj) j ue kjefuetj in inlhtjs, ughkmglns ne nl thnbpj y ne nl nspmkhj, cme anenrmij j prjiukhij intnrbhemims amemekhms, ghnens j uthlhimins. Lm prhbnrm bhshûe in lm ﬍skmlâm ns mkrnihtmr kjbj kmusm prjgmgln qun ue inlhtj khnrtj y intnrbhemij cm prjiukhij gnen﬍khjs nkjeûbhkjs, ljs kumlns ﬍emlbnetn sje jgfntj inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs0 ml bmrane in sh nl cnkcj sn kjesubû j quniû m ehvnl in uem tnetmthvm. [h ns qun ej sn mkrnihtm prhbnrj kje bnrhihmem klmrhimi qun nl inlhtj prnvhj cm anenrmij rèihtjs nkjeûbhkjs susknpthglns in snr glmequnmijs lm hbputmkhûe pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs ej sjlj pnrinrí kjeshstnekhm lûahkm y vnrjshbhlhtui, shej qun ej kubplhrí kje ue rnquhshtj lnaml hbplâkhtj kjbj ns lm rmzjemghlhimi in lm rnlmkhûe kmusml. Ne snaueij luamr, ingn mkrnihtmrsn lm rnlmkhûe kmusml netrn ljs ghnens inrhvmijs in lm kjbhshûe inl inlhtj prnvhj y ljs mktjs kjekrntjs in lmvmij kjeshstnetns ne trmesdnrhr, jkultmr j kjevnrthr ghnens in prjkninekhm hlnaml. Ej shnbprn ljs mpmrnetns mktjs y bjimlhimins tâphkms (jgfnthvms) in trmesdnrhr, jkultmr j kjevnrthr ghnens aumrime rnlmkhûe j thnene qun vnr kje lm nxhstnekhm in amemekhms in prjkninekhm hlâkhtm. Ne tjij kmsj, ln kjrrnspjein ml rnprnsnetmetn inl Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj kjbj thtulmr in lm mkkhûe pneml y in lm kmram in lm prungm sjstnenr y inbjstrmr qun lm nxhstnekhm in ljs

 prnsuetjs mktjs tâphkjs in lmvmij sn kjenktm kmusmlbnetn kje ue inlhtj prnvhj qun cm anenrmij vmljrns pmtrhbjehmlns. Nstn nlnbnetj rnsultm in nspnkhml trmskneinekhm ne lm hevnsthamkhûe, prnlhbhemr j fuihkhml, pjr nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ne mtnekhûe m qun ej tjij  pmtrhbjehj hefusth﬍kmij j ne nl qun ej punin ijkubnetmrsn in bmenrm hiûenm nl jrhane lâkhtj in ljs ghnens sn ingn enknsmrhmbnetn m

 Ej sn pmrtn in ue cnk cnkcj cj khn khnrtj rtj y kje kjekrn krntj tj pmrm   “  mgrhrr uem hev  mgrh hevnsth nsthamkh amkhûe, ûe, she shejj qun sn nbpl nbplnm nm sjsp sjspnnkcms bukcms vnkns hrrmkhjemlns pmrm nskruihýmr nl pmsmij nkjeûbhkj-dhemekhnrj in ue khuimimej,  m quhne quhne sn ln phin phin qun mpjrtn mpjrtn tjim tjim lm ijkubn ijkubnetmetmkhûe qun thnen m dhe in tnrbhemr pjr vhekulmrlj m ue kmraj pneml pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs.

‒

lm kjbhshûe in ue inlhtj prnvhj. Lm ej mkrnihtmkhûe su﬍khnetn inl jrhane lâkhtj in ljs ghnens ej anenrm butmths butmeihs lm mpmrhkhûe hebnihmtm inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs. Ne nstn íbghtj ej ns kjrrnktj rnsqungrmfmr nl snethij kjesthtukhjeml in lm prnsuekhûe in hejknekhm (mrtâkulj 7, hekhsj 79 pmríarmdj n) nxhahneij, pjr nfnbplj, qun lm pnrsjem m quhne sn ln hbputm y prjknsm pjr lm kjbhshûe kjbhshûe inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs ingm prjgmr nl jrhane lâkhtj in sus ghnens y qun lms supunstms trmesdnrnekhms, mktjs in kjevnrshûe j in jkultmbhnetj rnmlhzmims thnene uem dunetn kjejkhim. _jr nl kjetrmrhj, ln kjrrnspjein ml Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj mkrnihtmr qun ljs supunstjs mktjs in lmvmij thnene ue jrhane ne ue inlhtj prnvhj qun cm anenrmij ghnens qun punine snr jgfntj in glmequnj. Ej prjknin mquâ lm hevnrshûe in lm kmram in lm prungm eh ue rnlmfmbhnetj in lms amrmetâms kjesthtukhjemlns inl inghij prjknsj  pneml qun sn nethnein kjbj ue prjknsj kje tjims lms amrmetâms y ne ijein lm vhanekhm y rnspntj in lm prnsuekhûe in hejknekhm jkupm ue luamr knetrml.

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AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

Ml rnspnktj, nl YK pnrumej ne lms snetnekhms rnkmâims ne ljs  Nxp. E¿ 7;?>-7??9-CK/YK, Kmsj6 Mlgnrtj Luhs _nrmltm Cumtukj, y Nxp.  E¶ ;;=7-7?? ;;=7-7??9-MM/ 9-MM/YK, YK, Kmsj6 Kmsj6 Drmekhsk Drmekhskjj Tmhes Tmhes-tnhe Gjrrmeh cm snýmlmij qun6 “(...) lm prnsuekhûe in hejknekhm ns ue prhekhphj y, m lm vnz, ue inrnkcj dueimbnetml in tjij prjknsmij  pnemlbnetn, kuym n ﬍  ﬍kmkhm kmkhm sn insplhnam ne ihvnrsms ntmpms inl prjknsj pneml, ne ue ijgln snethij6 m) _jr ue lmij, kjbj uem rnalm in trmtmbhnetj sjgrn lm pnrsjem sjbnthim ml  prjknsj pneml pneml,, qun nxhan pmrth pmrthrr in lm hinm in qun nl sjbnthij ml prjknsj ns hejknetn0 g) _jr jtrj, kjbj uem rnalm in fuhkhj, –ns inkhr, PkjbjR uem rnalm rndnrhim ml fuhkhj in cnkcj‘ in lm rnsjlukhûe qun smekhjem, qun sn  prjynktm ne nl íbghtj prjgmtjrhj, kjedjrbn ml lm prungm kjbplntm in kulpmghlhimi (...)kuml ingn snr subhehstrmim pjrlmlm mkusmkhûe, hbpjehèeijsn lm mgsjlukhûe (...) sh lm kulpmghlhimi ej qunim su ﬍ su ﬍khnetnbnetn khnetnbnetn inbjstrmim‒.

g) Wnquhshtjs lheaüâsthkjs

Nl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm ingn kubplhr tmbghèe kje intnrbhemijs prnsu punstjs lheaüâsthkjs. Ej gmstm qun sn nstmglnzkm nl cnkcj kjetnehij ne lm kjekrntm hbputmkhûe. _unin nstmr nl cnkcj, pnrj ej kubplhrsn kje nl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm. enknsmrhm. Nllj jkurrn, pjr nfnbplj, kumeij lm hbputmkhûe ‛qun sh ghne sn dueim ne ue cnkcj ns bís mbplhm qun nstn‛ ej sn nekunetrm djrbulmim in bmenrm klmrm, henquâvjkm y lj su ﬍ su ﬍khnetnkhnetnbnetn nxplâkhtm.

Ml rnspnktj, lm hbputmkhûe ingn snr djrbulmim ne ue lneaumfn klmrj, snekhllj y netneihgln,

smghneij qun sh ghne kjesthtuyn ue trmgmfj tèkehkj-furâihkj, nstí ihrhahim y vm m snr kjejkhim pjr ljs khuimimejs kjetrm ljs qun sn ihrhan lm bhsbm. M nllj mluin nl trhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml kumeij ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¶ 3=7>-7??>-_CK/YK, Kmsj6 Fnddrny Hbbnlt y jtrjs, cm ﬍ fmij qun6 “ lm mkusmkhûe cm in snr khnrtm, ej hbplâkhtm, shej, prnkhsm, klmrm y nxprnsm‒. Mshbhsbj, ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl  Nxp. E¶ ;;8?-7??>-_CK/YK, Kmsj6 Fmkhetm Bmramrhtm Yjlnij  Bmerhqun, nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml cm ihkcj qun6 “ns inrnkcj in tjij prjknsmij nl qun kjejzkm in bmenrm nxprnsm, khnrtm, n henquâvjkm ljs kmrajs qun sn djrbulme ne su kjetrm‒.

^ej in ljs mspnktjs qun kjetrhguyn m lm klmrhimi in lm hbputmkhûe ns nl enknsmrhj jrine kje nl qun nl ûramej kjrrnspjeihnetn inl Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj plmetnm lm hbputmkhûe y qun ingn rnspntmr ne lm bnihim in lj pjshgln lm krjejljaâm in ljs cnkcjs, nl ehvnl in hetnrvnekhûe, netrn jtrms vmrhmglns. Nl rnquhshtj lheaüâsthkj inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm supjen lm nxhstnekhm in uem emrrmkhûe khrkuestmekhmim, qun sn ndnktöm in bmenrm klmrm y nxplâkhtm. Lm mraubnetmkhûe ingn kubplhr kje lm nxhanekhm in  bjthvmkhûe hetnrem inl rmzjembhnetj0 in tml bmenrm qun ej sn kubplhrí kje nstn rnquhshtj ne mqunlljs kmsjs ne ljs qun nxhstn hekjcnrnekhm emrrmthvm, ns inkhr, nl ihskursj ns mgsjlutmbnetn kjedusj hekmpmz bjij lms rmzjensin netrmesbhthr, lms qun sn in mpjym lm kjeshstnetn, inkhshûe(>1). _jr nstm rmzûe, nl kjetrjl in lm kjcnrnekhm emrrmthvm pnrbhtn ﬍skmlhzmr y rnkcmzmr nl ihskursj mgsjlutmbnetn kjedusj qun ej trmesbhtn

(>1) Tèmsn lms [YK rnkmâims ne ljs Nxp. E¿ ?978>-7??1-_CK/YK0 ?978>-7??1-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Luhs Nlmihj Kmsms [methllíe0 [methllíe0 Nxp. ;89;7??4-_M/YK0 Kmsj6 Fume in Ihjs Tmlln Bjlhem0 Tjtj sheaulmr ne nl Nxp. E¿ ?77>?-7??1-_M/YK0 Kmsj6 Fjsè Metjehj [hlvm Tmllnfj ndnktumij pjr nl bmahstrmij Tnramrm Tnramrm Ajtnllh0 Nxp. ??173-7?? ??173-7??3-_CK/YK0 3-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Ahulhmem Llmbjfm6 [n trmtm, ne mbgjs kmsjs, in hineth ﬍kmr nl íbghtj kjesthtukhjeml in lm inghim bjthvmkhûe bnihmetn nl “

kjetrjl in ljs mraubnetjs uthlhzmijs uthlhzmijs ne lm inkhshûe msubhim pjr nl funz j trhgueml, ym snm insin lm pnrspnkthvm in su kjrrnkkhûe lûahkm j insin su kjcnrnekhm emrrmthvm‒.

;>4

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

lms rmzjens in bjij kjcnrnetn ne tjrej m lm inkhshûe qun sn cm tjbmij(>3), hekhihneij ne lm duekhûe kjbuehkmthvm in lm bjthvmkhûe. k) Wnquhshtjs ejrbmthvjs

Ljs rnquhshtjs ejrbmthvjs j furâihkjs inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm supjene nl kub plhbhnetj prnvhj in ljs prnsupunstjs díkthkjs y lheaüâsthkjs, metns inskrhtjs. Nl rnquhshtj ejrbmthvj inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe enknsmrhm punin inskjbpjenrsn ne ljs shauhnetns nlnbnetjs, qun mktöme kjbj sus bmehdnstmkhjens y nxhanekhms6 h) ]un sn inskrhgm j neuekhn in bmenrm prnkhsm lm kjekrntm bjimlhimi tâphkm qun kjedjrbm nl cnkcj qun sustnetm lm ineuekhm. hh) ]un ne kmsj in plurmlhimi in hbputmkhjens j in hbputmijs  sn  intnrbhen kmim cnkcj y su kjrrnspjeihnetn kmlh ﬍ kmlh ﬍kmkhûe kmkhûe  furâihkm Phbputmkhûe heihvhiumlhzmimR.

hhh) ]un ne kmsj in plurmlhimi in hbputmijs sn inskrhgm in bmenrm minkumim kmim uem in lms mkkhjens kje prnsuetm rnlnvmekhm pneml y su kjrrnspjeihnetn ehvnl in hetnrvnekhûe, ym snm kjbj mutjr j pmrtâkhpn. hv) ]un sn nstmglnzkm ljs heihkhjs y nlnbnetjs in fuhkhj qun sustnetme kmim hbputmkhûe. Lm enknshimi in bjthvmkhûe in lm hbputmkhûe ne tjijs sus nlnbnetjs y rnquhshtjs nstrukturmlns ns ue prnsupunstj kjesthtukhjeml heihskuthgln. Ej sjlj cmgnr yinnxhahrsn dueimbnetmkhûe ne lmingn mplhkmkhûe lms bnihims

kmutnlmrns pnrsjemlns. Lm jglhamkhûe kjesthtukhjeml sn nxthnein tmbghèe m lm intnrbhemkhûe y prnkhshûe nxcmusthvm in ljs heihkhjs su ﬍  ﬍khnetns khnetns(>8) j ljs nlnbnetjs in fuhkhj rnvnlmijrns qun mkrnihtme kje prjgmghlhimi tmetj lm kjbhshûe in ue cnkcj inlhkthvj kjbj lm prj gmgln hetnrvnekhûe inl hbputmij, ym snm kjbj mutjr j pmrtâkhpn. ]uhne hbputm Pnl ﬍skmlR ingn nxprnsmr lms rmzjens qun intnrbheme su inkhshûe y prjeuekhmbhnetj(4?). Ne kmsj sn djrbmlhkn ineuekhm she ue bâehbj heihkhj rmkhjeml in lm kjbhshûe in ue inlhtj, nllj supjen lm vhjlmkhûe in lm tutnlm fuihkhml ndnkthvm(4=). _jr nllj sn rnkjbhneim cmknr bnekhûe in lms phnzms qun fusth﬍kme nl prjknsmbhnetj pneml(47).  Ej gmstm qun cmym ue rnlmtj vnrjsâbhl j kje ue armij minkumij in kjcnrnekhm mraubnetmthvm. Ne ue Nstmij in Inrnkcj lms hbputmkhjens ne ijein sn ﬍ fme kmrajs in kmríktnr kmríktnr pneml ingne rnpjsmr ej sjlj ne m ﬍rbmkhjens, shej ne ue bâehbj mrthkulmij y su ﬍khnetn in nvhinekhms. Ml rnspnktj, lm [mlm _neml Emkhjeml cm snýmlmij kjrrnktmbnetn drnetn m lm mtrhgukhûe in uem kjbplntm kjedmgulmkhûe netrn ijs ineuekhmijs pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs qun6 “(…) ej  pmsm in snr uem bnrm m ﬍  ﬍rbmkhûe rbmkhûe she sustnetj  prjgmtjrhj. Nl ﬍ Nl  ﬍skml skml ej cm mpjrtmij heihkhjs su ﬍  ﬍khnetns khnetns qun intnrbhene lm nxhstnekhm in uem kjeknrtmkhûe prnvhm eh bukcj bnejs cm cnkcj nl nsdunrzj pjr nxprnsmr kuíl ns lm rnalm in lm nxpnrhnekhm (hednrnekhm) qun ln llnvm m kjekluhr qun sn prjiufj tml –kjedmgulmkhûe‘ ,  ,

(>3) Tjtj sheaulmr ne lm [YK rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ =199-7??>-_M/YK0 =199-7??>-_M/YK0 Kmsj6 Fnsös Mgsmlûe Mgsmlûe Inlamij Mrtnmam Mrtnmam in ljs bmahstrmijs Mlvm Mlvm Jrlmeiheh y Ajezmlns Jfnim. (>8) Kdr. Inl Jlbj inl Jlbj, Fjsè Metjehj0 Amrmetâms y Yrmtmbhnetj inl Hbputmij ne nl prjknsj pneml 0 p. =?=. Ne nl Inrnkcj mranethej6 Klmrhí Jlbnij, Fjran0 Yrmtmij in Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml0 Yjbj HT0 p. ;>;. (4?) Kdr. Tèlnz Bmrhkjein, Bmrhkjein, Mldrnij0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _rjknsml _neml0 Yjbj HH0 p. ;4>. (4=) Kdr.  Aûbnz In Lhmýj Ajezílnz, Dnremeij0  Nl _rjknsj _neml. Yrmtmbhnetj Furhspruinekhml Furhspruinekhml0 Bmirhi0 Nihtjrhml Djrub0 >m Ni.0 =88>0 p. =4;. (47) Kdr. Klmrhí Jlbnij, Fjran0 Yrmtmij in Inrnkcj _rjknsml _neml0 Yjbj HT0 p. ;>3.

;>1

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

qun pjr lj inbís ej ns prjphmbnetn ue tèrbhej furâihkj pneml‒(4;).

i) Lm prjchghkhûe in  hequhshthj anenrmlhs  j in heintnrbhemkhûe in lm hbputmkhûe

Nstm kjestrukkhûe kjesthtukhjeml sn jpjen m lm hetnrvnekhûe pjlhkhml, ﬍skml j fuihkhml kjbj  prntnxtj pmrm kjejknr lms dmkntms prhvmims in uem pnrsjem, bís mllí in sh sn trmtm in mlauhne qun cm kjbnthij j ej ue inlhtj. ^e Nstmij Kjesthtukhjeml rnpuihm lm hequhshthj anenrmlhs j lm gösqunim m tjim kjstm in mlaöe thpj in rnspjesmghlhimi in uem pnrsjem

“ Kmsh tjims lms hevnsthamkhjens pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs mpmrnkne kjbj armeins muihtjrâms  dhemekhnrms qun sn sustnetme ne uem sjspnkcm  pnrbmenetn y ne n e lm l m qun q un lunaj sn nskjane intnrbhemims jpnrmkhjens y mktjs kjekrntjs qun  sn krhbhemlhzme krhbhemlhzm e she bmyjr fusthdhkmkhûe.

‒

qun anenrm pnrsnkukhjens heintnrbhemims,  pnsquhsms mrghtrmr mrghtrmrhms hms y ej sufntms m kjetrjl  furâihkj mlauej. Nxhstn lm prjskrhpkhûe in hevnsthamkhjens j príkthkm in prungms mfnems m lj qun ns bmtnrhm in hevnsthamkhûe. Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml pnrumej ne lm snetnekhm rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¶ >773-7??4-_CK/ YK, Kmsj6 [mbunl Alnhsnr, cm snýmlmij qun6 “P...R nl kjetnehij prhekhpml in lm prnsuekhûe in hejknekhm kjbprnein lm hetnrihkkhûe kjesthtukhjeml in lm sjspnkcm pnrbmenetn. In mcâ qun rnsultn hrrmzjemgln nl cnkcj qun uem pnrsjem nstè sjbnthim m ue nstmij pnrbmenetn in hevnsthamkhûe  ﬍  ﬍skml skml j fuihkhml.  Nllj  Nllj ns msâ ne lm bnihim qun sh ghne ns khnrtj qun tjim

 pnrsjem ns susknpthgln in snr hevnsthamim, ej lj ns bnejs qun pmrm tml ndnktj sn nxhfm lm kjekurrnekhm kjekurrnek hm in ijs nlnbnetjs nsnekhmlns6 =) qun nxhstm uem kmusm prjgmgln, y 7) uem gösqunim rmzjemgln in lm kjbhshûe in ue âlhkhtj  pneml ‒.

Kjbj cm snýmlmij nl vjtj pmrthkulmr in lm snetnekhm 9=/=833 inl Yrhgueml [uprnbj nspmýjl6 “ Ej sn punin pnrbhthr llnvmr m kmgj uem hequhshkhûe anenrml sjgrn lm mkthvhimi in uem  pnrsjem pmrm, pjstnrhjrbnetn, pjstnrhjrbnetn, ne vhrtui in lj mvnrhaumij hbputmr m lm bhsbm uejs cnkcjs kjekrntjs. Lj prjkninetn prjkninetn y kjesthtukhjemlbnekjesthtukhj emlbnetn mibhshgln ns qun nl fuzamij hevnsthaun ljs cnkcjs hehkhmlbnetn inlhbhtmijs kje nl ﬍ nl  ﬍e e in kjejknr su emturmlnzm y lm pmrthkhpmkhûe in uem intnrbhemim pnrsjem ne ljs bhsbjs‒.

Ne nl _nrö, uej in ljs bnkmehsbjs lnamlns qun tnrbheme sjkmvmeij lm prjchghkhûe in pnsquhsms heintnrbhemims m ehvnl in lm _jlhkâm Emkhjeml y nl Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj ns lm hevnsthamkhûe qun sn rnmlhzm  pjr lm supunstm supunstm kjbhshûe inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs. Lm pjlhkâm sjgrn lm gmsn in lm ejthkhm in qun uem pnrsjem cm tnehij rnlmkhûe kje ue khuimimej hbplhkmij ne ue inlhtj armvn0 llnvm m kmgj ne lm príkthkm uem muihtjrâm nkjeûbhkm, ﬍emekhnrm y kjetmgln pmrm intnrbhemr sh nstm pnrsjem cm kjbnthij mlaöe mktj sugsubhgln ne lm ﬍aurm pneml in glmequnj in kmphtmlns m lj lmraj in su vhim. Ej sn pmrtn in ue cnkcj khnrtj y kjekrntj kjbj bnihj lnaâthbj pmrm mgrhr uem hevnsthamkhûe, shej qun sn nbplnm sjspnkcms bukcms vnkns hrrmkhjemlns (v. ar. lm pnrsjem vhmfû m Bèxhkj, m Kjljb ghm, ns prjvnnijr in ghnens j snrvhkhjs in ue tnrknrj, ntk.) pmrm nskruihýmr nl pmsmij nkjeûbhkj-﬍emekhnrj in ue khuimimej m quhne sn ln phin qun mpjrtn tjim lm ijkubnetmkhûe

(4;) Tèmsn lm rnsjlukhûe nxpnihim nxpnihim pjr lm [mlm _neml _neml Emkhjeml rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. Nxp. E¶ 89>-?3-K in in dnkcm 3 in mgrhl inl 7??80 Kmsj Iumey _mzjs.

;>3

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

qun thnen m ﬍e in tnrbhemr pjr vhekulmrlj m ue kmraj pneml pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs.  Ej sn pmrtn in uem kmusm kmusm pjshgln prnvhm j in lm nxhstnekhm in heihkhjs qun rnlmkhjeme m ue khuimimej kje ue cnkcj intnrbhemij, shej qun sn uthlhzm lm mbplhm y mghnrtm hevnsthamkhûe pjr nl aneèrhkj rugrj inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs pmrm nbprneinr uem kmknrâm in grufms qun  pjr lj anenrml tnrbhem ne nl nstmglnkhbhnetj in kmrajs mprjvnkcmeij kumlquhnr hrrnaulmrhimi kjetmgln j nkjeûbhkm pmrm kjestruhr uem hbputmkhûe. Bís qun tjbmr kjbj knetrj y rndnrnekhm ue cnkcj kjekrntj y intnrbhemij, sn curam y sn guskm ne lm vhim in uem pnrsjem  pmrm trmtmr in nekjetrmr mlauem klmsn in rns pjesmghlhimi krhbheml. Lm sjspnkcm pjr lm supunstm kjbhshûe inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs, bís qun dueimr j prjvjkmr uem hetnrvnekhûe pjlhkhml, ne rnmlhimi sjlj lm lnahthbm m pjstnrhjrh j mvmlm jgfnthvjs  prnvhmbnetn in﬍ehijs kjbj ljarmr bèrhtjs hesthtukhjemlns qun pnrbhtme msknesjs, prnsthahj j heklusj bmetnenr gmfj kjetrjl m khnrtjs snktjrns in lm pjglmkhûe(49). Lm kjestrukkhûe in lm vnrimi shaun ue kmbhej hevnrsj6 in ljs cnkcjs ej sn pmsm m lm kulpmghlhimi, shej in lm kulpmghlhimi prnvhm rnkhèe sn trmtm in llnamr m ljs cnkcjs(4>). Ej sn mgrn uem hevnsthamkhûe lunaj in mkjphmr heihkhjs, shej qun sn uthlhzm lms hevnsthamkhjens qun insin nl hehkhj kmrnkne in kumlquhnr lnahthbhimi kjesthtukhjeml  pmrm nekjetrmr mlauems jpnrmkhjens ej ijkubnetmims j qun anenrme mlauem sjspnkcm pmrm dueimr hbputmkhjens armvns pjr lmvmij in

mkthvjs. Ne nstn snethij, kmsh tjims lms hevnsthamkhjens pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs mpmrnkne kjbj armeins muihtjrâms ﬍emekhnrms qun sn sustnetme ne uem sjspnkcm pnrbmenetn y ne lm qun lunaj sn nskjane intnrbhemims jpnrmkhjens y mktjs kjekrntjs qun sn krhbhemlhzme she bmyjr fusth﬍kmkhûe. Ej sn hevnstham pmrm intnrbhemr sh ue cnkcj prnvhj pjsnn rnlnvmekhm pjr nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs, shej qun sn hevnstham pmrm vnr què sn nekunetrm y intnrbhemr kumlquhnr jpnrmkhûe hrrnaulmr qun punin snr uthlhzmim ne lm djrbulmkhûe in kmrajs in kmríktnr krhbheml. Bukcms hevnsthamkhjens pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs kjesthtuyne gunejs nfnbpljs in prjknihbhnetjs pjlhkhmlns drmaumijs qun sn nethnein kjbj mktumkhjens y jpnrmthvjs kmrmktnrhzmijs ﬍

 pjr lm nskneh vhkthbhzmkhûe kmkhûe in cnkcjs inlhkthvjs y lm sugshauhnetn in pnrsjems mfnems ml cnkcj qun rnsultme intnehims, prjknsmims y nekmrknlmims(44). 9. Nl rnspntj ml inrnkcj inrnkcj in indnesm y lm kjetrmihkkhûe in ljs kmrajs

Lm hbpjrtmekhm inl prhekhphj kjetrmihktjrhj ns in tml bmaehtui qun sn lj hineth ﬍km kje nl inrnkcj in indnesm(41).  Ej punin cmgnr kjeinem pjr cnkcjs y kmrajs qun prnvhmbnetn ej cme shij kjbuehkmijs m ljs hbputmijs j m su indnesm y sh ns qun ej cme shij bmtnrhm in ue rhaurjsj ingmtn y kjetrmihkkhûe ne nl prjknsj(43). Nl ingmtn y lm pjshghlhimi in kjetrmihkkhûe supjene qun prnvhmbnetn sn cm hetrjiukhij in bmenrm djrbml

(49) Tèmsn, Nhlgmub, Lukâm0 Lm sjspnkcm kjbj dueimbnetj in ljs prjknihbhnetjs pjlhkhmlns0 ne Kuminrejs in Metrjpjljaâm [jkhml0 E¶ 7?0 7??90 pp. 3; y 33. (4>) Kdr. Hgâinb, p. 33. (44) Mbplhmbnetn, Hgâinb, p. 18. (41) Kdr. Bjetnrj Mrjkm, Fume0 _rhekhphjs inl _rjknsj pneml. ^em nxplhkmkhûe gmsmim ne lm rmzûe 0 Tmlnekhm0 Yhrmet lj Glmekc0 =8810 p. =;8. (43) Kdr. _nirmz _nemlvm, Nrenstj0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _rjknsml _neml0 p. 7>=.

;>8

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

y kje kjejkhbhnetj in lms pmrtns, ljs cnkcjs y  prungms.. Kje rmzûe, cm sjstnehij lm Kjrtn He prungms tnrmbnrhkmem in Inrnkcjs Cubmejs qun6 “ Nl llmbmij – prhekhphj  prhekhphj in kjcnrnekhm j in kjrrnkjrrnlmkhûe netrn mkusmkhûe y snetnekhm‘  hbplhkm qun lm snetnekhm punin vnrsmr öehkmbnetn sjgrn cnkcjs j khrkuestmekhms kjetnbplmijs ne lm mkusmkhûe‒.

Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml pnrumej cm snetmij lm ijktrhem qun6 “ljs prhekhphjs mkusmtjrhj  y kjetrmihktjrhj sn hetnarme y kjbplnbnetme, tjim vnz qun nl prhbnrj hineth ﬍ hineth ﬍km km ljs nlnbnetjs enknsmrhjs pmrm heihvhiumlhzmr lm  prntneshûe pneml n heihvhiumlhzmr ml prjknsmij, bhnetrms qun nl snaueij kustjihm qun nl mkusmij punim mlnamr y/j prnsnetmr tjims lms  prungms qun nsthbn enknsmrhms pmrm su hetnrès. In mcâ qun nl inrnkcj inl prjknsmij in kjejknr lm mkusmkhûe thnen kjbj kjrrnlmtj nl  prhekhphj kjetrmihktjrhj, kjetrmihktjrhj, kuym bíxhbm bíxhbm nxprnnxprnshûe amrmethstm ns lm hebutmghlhimi in lm mkusmkhûe, ne vhrtui in lm kuml nl funz punin imr ml cnkcj hbputmij uem in ﬍  ﬍ehkhûe ehkhûe furâihkm ih dnrnetn, pnrj pnrj ej punin bjih ﬍kmrlj  ﬍kmrlj(48)‒.

Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml pnrumej sn cm jku pmij inl inrnkcj in indnesm ml prnkhsmr qun6 “ Ingn sugrmymrsn qun lm Kjesthtukhûe rnkjejkn nl inrnkcj in indnesm, y qun ne vhrtui in nstn sn amrmethzm qun nl fusthkhmgln, ne lm intnrbhemkhûe in sus inrnkcjs y jglhamkhjens, kumlquhnrm snm su emturmlnzm (khvhl, bnrkmethl, pneml, lmgjrml, ntk.), ej qunin ne nstmij in heindneshûe‒(1?).

Ne ihkcm lâenm tmbghèe cm instmkmij6 “ ]un nstn Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml thnen ihkcj qun nl inrnkcj m ej qunimr ne nstmij in hein dneshûe ne nl íbghtj furhsihkkhjeml ns ue inrnkcj qun sn hrrmihm trmesvnrsmlbnetn iurmetn nl insmrrjllj in tjij nl prjknsj fuihkhml. Amrmethzm msâ qun uem pnrsjem qun sn nekunetrn kjbprneihim ne uem hevnsthamkhûe  fuihkhml ijein nstèe ne ihskushûe inrnkcjs n hetnrnsns suyjs, tneam lm jpjrtuehimi ihmlèkthkm in mlnamr y fusth ﬍kmr  ﬍kmr prjknsmlbnetn nl rnkjejkhbhnetj in tmlns inrnkcjs n hetnrnsns. _jr tmetj sn kjekulkm kumeij ljs thtulmrns in inrnkcjs n hetnrnsns lnaâthbjs sn vne hbpnihijs in nfnrknr ljs bnihjs lnamlns su ﬍ su ﬍khnetns khnetns  pmrm su indnesm. Nvhinetnbnetn ej kumlquhnr hbpjshghlhimi in nfnrknr nsjs bnihjs prjiukn ue nstmij in heindneshûe rnprjkcmim pjr nl kjetnehij kjesthtukhjemlbnetn prjtnahij inl inrnkcj. Nstm ns kjesthtukhjemlbnetn rnlnvmetn kumeij lm heindneshûe sn anenrm ne uem heinghim y mrghtrmrhm mktumkhûe inl ûramej qun hevnstham j fuzam ml heihvhiuj. X sn  prjiukn sjlj ne mqunlljs supunstjs ne qun nl  fusthkhmgln sn vn hbpnihij, in bjij hefusth ﬍ ﬍kmij, in mraubnetmr m dmvjr in sus inrnkcjs n hetnrnsns lnaâthbjs(1=) ‒.

Lm nxhstnekhm in ue vnriminrj prjknsj rnquhnrn lm prnsnekhm in ijs pmrtns qun jstnetme  pjshkhjens kjetrmpunstms. ^e prjknsj pneml in uem sjlm pmrtn ns hehbmahemgln0 in mllâ qun nl prjknsj pneml hequhshthvj ej nrm ne purhimi ue prjknsj(17). Nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml

(48) Tèmsn, lm snetnekhm snetnekhm inl YK pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl NS_. E¶ ?9?7-7??4-_CK/YK0 ?9?7-7??4-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Luhs Nerhqun Wjfms Ílvmrnz. Ne lm [YK pnrumem rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¶ =7;=-7??7-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Mee Tmllhn Tmllhn Lyenlln cm snýmlmij qun6 nl “

trhgueml in mlzmim ej punin prjeuekhmrsn dunrm in ljs tèrbhejs in lm mkusmkhûe she mdnktmr kje nllj ljs inrnkcjs in indnesm y ml inghij prjknsj. Ne rnmlhimi, kjeshinrmijs kjefuetmbnetn, tmlns inrnkcjs amrmethzme qun nl mkusmij punim kjejknr in lm mkusmkhûe djrbulmim ne su kjetrm ne nl kursj inl prjknsj pneml y, in nsm bmenrm, tnenr lm pjshghlhimi rnml y ndnkthvm in indneinrsn in ljs kmrajs qun sn ln hbputme, pnrj tmbghèe qun nxhstm kjearunekhm netrn ljs tèrbhejs in lm mkusmkhûe ﬍skml y nl prjeue prjeuekhmbhnetj khmbhnetj in ﬍ehthvj inl Yrhgueml [upnrhjr, puns in jtrm djrbm sn nenrvmrâm lm nsnekhm bhsbm inl kjetrmihktjrhj kjetrmihktjrhj,, amrmetâm emturml inl inghij prjknsj fuihkhml, y kje nllj tmbghèe nl nfnrkhkhj inl inrnkcj in indnesm inl mkusmij‒.

(1?) Tèmsn, lm snetnekhm inl YK pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿ ?9?7-7??4-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Luhs Nerhqun Wjfms Ílvmrnz. (1=) Nxp. E¿ ?>37-7 ?>37-7??4-_ ??4-_M/YK0 M/YK0 Kmsj6 Gmekj Gmekj Qhnsn Qhnsn [uimbnrhs [.M.M. (17) Kdr. Bjetnrj Mrjkm, Fume0 _rhekhphjs _rhekhphjs inl prjknsj pneml. ^em nxplhkmkhûe nxplhkmkhûe gmsmim ne lm rmzûe0 rmzûe0 p. =;1.

;4?

 

INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

 pnrumej cm snýmlmij qun6 “lm prntneshûe puehthvm inl Nstmij sn intnrbhem y bmtnrhmlhzm ne nl prjknsj pneml, y ns lj qun sn inejbhem amrmetâm prjknsml, lm kuml nstí rnkjejkhim kjesthtukhjemlbnetn pjr nl hekhsj =?) inl mrtâkulj =;8, ns pjr nllj qun lm smekhûe sjlj  punin tnenr luamr ne nl bmrkj in ue inghij  prjknsj (mrtâkulj =;8.;), netneihèeijsn kjbj tml, mqunl ne nl qun sn msnaurn ml hbputmij su inrnkcj in indnesm (mrtâkulj =;8.=9) y ue trmtmbhnetj ihaej ne nstrhktj kubplhbhnetj inl prhekhphj in  prjpjrkhjemlhimi,  prjpjr khjemlhimi, y ne nl qun nxhstm uem rnaulmkhûe nquhlhgrmim in ljs inrnkcjs  y ingnrns in ljs sufntjs prjknsmlns prjknsmlns‒(1;).

Ne nl prjknsj pneml bís qun cmglmr in lm nxhstnekhm in ijs pmrtns prjknsmlns, sn cmglm in iumlhimi in pjshkhjens furâihkms6 uem mkthvm y jtrm pmshvm(19). [n mibhtn qun uem  pjshkhûe furâihkm punim nstmr kjbpunstm pjr bís in uem pmrtn. Nl prhekhphj in kjetrmihkkhûe sn rnsubn ne lm drmsn6 “ Emihn punin snr kjeinemij she snr jâij y vnekhij ne fuhkhj‒. Kjesthtuyn uej in ljs bís armeins mvmekns ne lm nrrmihkmkhûe in lm fusthkhm hequhshtjrhml(1>), snkrntm y mutjrhtmrhm. Ml rnspnktj, nl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml  pnrumej cm snýmlmij qun6 “ Nl kjetrmihktj-

inl prjknsj ne lm qun cm in mktumrsn lms prungms qun snríe vmljrmims ne lm snetnekhm(14)‒.

Ymbghèe cm snýmlmij qun sh ghne nl kjetrmihktjrhj kjesthtuyn ue rnquhshtj heihspnesmgln in tjij mktj in prungm, ej lj ns rnspnktj in ljs mktjs in hevnsthamkhûe, ym qun6 “ Nl mktj in hevnsthamkhûe sn rnmlhzm gíshkmbnetn ne lm dmsn

 Lm enknshimi imi in prnkhsmr prnkhsmr nl inlhtj inlhtj prnvhj prnvhj j nl   enknsh “jrhane krhbheml in ljs ghnens inrhvm inl rnspntj  ml prhek prhekhphj hphj in snr hedjr hedjrbmij bmij in lm hbputm hbputmkhûe, khûe, inl prhekhphj in hbputmkhûe minkumim pnrj sjgrn tjij inl rnspntj ml inrnkcj in indnesm y inl kjetrmihktjrhj.

‒

in hevnsthamkhûe prnlhbhemr n hestrukthvm, y thnen pjr ﬍ pjr  ﬍emlhimi emlhimi lm mvnrhaumkhûe in ljs cnkcjs rnlmkhjemijs kje nl cnkcj inlhkthvj qun sn hevnstham. [hrvn, netjekns, in gmsn pmrm  prnpmrmr lm hbputmkhûe pneml0 intnrbhemr lm mpnrturm in prjknsj y fuhkhj jrml, y pmrm mijptmr bnihims kmutnlmrns. Lm kjeinem sn mpjym ne mktjs in prungm, ljs kumlns sn prnsnetme gíshkmbnetn ne nl fuhkhj jrml ‒(11).

rhj ingn snr in jgsnrvmekhm ne ljs mktjs in  prungm, pmrm ljs kumlns sn nxhan nl kjekursj jglhamtjrhj in lms pmrtns y nl hetnrrjamtjrhj

Nl prhekhphj inl kjetrmihktjrhj ne nl íbghtj  prjgmtjrhj pnrbhtn pmrthkhpmr y kjetrjlmr nl bmtnrhml prjgmtjrhj insthemij m djrbmr lm nstrukturm in lm inkhshûe(13). [n trmtm in ue bètjij kjaejskhthvj qun m bmenrm in ue kjefuetj

kruzmij pjr lms pmrtns. Ymlns mktjs sn ime gíshkmbnetn ne nl bmrkj inl fuhkhj jrml, ntmpm

in rnalms nxhan qun tjim chpûtnshs sn sjbntm ml ghejbhj in vnrh﬍kmkhûe-dmlsmkhûe.

(1;) Tèmsn, lm snetnekhm inl YK pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¶ ?9?7-7??4-_CK/YK0 ?9?7-7??4-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Luhs Nerhqun Nerhqun Wjfms Ílvmrnz. (19) Kdr. Bjetnrj Mrjkm, Fume0 _rhekhphjs inl inl prjknsj pneml. ^em nxplhkmkhûe nxplhkmkhûe gmsmim ne lm rmzûe0 rmzûe0 p. =;1. (1>) Kdr. Mrbnetm Inu, Ynrnsm0 Ynrnsm0 Lnkkhjens in Inrnkcj Inrnkcj _rjknsml _rjknsml _neml0 Bmirhi0 Bmrkhml _jes0 7??;0 p. 94. (14) Tèmsn lm snetnekhm inl YK pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¶ ?=84-7??4-_CK/YK0 ?=84-7??4-_CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Wjkâj Wjsml Wjsml Kmsthllm @rjss. (11) Tèmsn lm snetnekhm inl YK pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¶ 33==-7?? 33==-7??>-CK/YK, >-CK/YK, Kmsj6 Kcmrlnstnh Kcmrlnstnh Dlnbhea. Tmljrmkhûe Wmkhjeml Wmkhjeml in lm _rungm _rungm0 p. 31. (13) Kdr. Dnrrnr Gnltríe, Fjrih0 Lm Tmljrmkhûe

;4=

 

AMKNYM  

_NEML

E¶ 9 • JKY^GWN 7??8

Nl prhekhphj kjetrmihktjrhj kjesthtuyn lm dunrzm bjtrhz inl inghij prjknsj y su amrmetâm suprnbm(18), rnspjeihneij m lm nsnekhm bhsbm inl prjknsj. Lm nxhstnekhm in uem ineuekhm j uem mkusmkhûe jglham m qun nxhstm uem indnesm y ne nspnkhml ue inrnkcj m kjetrminkhr lj qun sn nstí mtrhguyneij(3?), lm qun ingn nfnrknrsn ne haumlimi in jpjrtuehimins. Insin nl puetj in vhstm kjesthtukhjeml lm pjsh ghlhimi in kjetrmihkkhûe y jpjshkhûe netrn lms  pmrtns kjesthtuyn nl hestrubnetj tèkehkj bís n﬍kmz pmrm amrmethzmr lm mplhkmkhûe inl inrnkcj ne ue kmsj kjekrntj, qun ej sjlj rnvhstn ue hetnrès tèkehkj shej qun shrvn ml hetnrès su pnrhjr in lm fusthkhm(3=). Lm Kjrtn Kjesthtukhjeml kjljbghmem ne lm [netnekhm Y-9;7 in =881 cm snýmlmij qun6 “ Wnkuèr  Wnkuèrinsn insn qun quhne quhne kubpln kje kje lm duekhûe in indnesjr ns tmbghèe ue kjlmgjrmijr ne nl nsklmrnkhbhnetj in lm vnrimi, y ne eheaöe kmsj nstm punin snr nstmglnkhim she su mkthvj kjekursj, punstj qun lm kjetrmihkkhûe kjeihkhjem lm vmlhinz in lm prungm, y sjlj ns pjshgln kumeij nl mgjamij kjejkn nl submrhj‒.

Ne nl kmsj inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs lm enknshimi in prnkhsmr nl inlhtj prnvhj j nl jrhane krhbheml in ljs ghnens, kjbj kumlquhnr nlnbnetj inl thpj pneml, inrhvm inl rnspntj ml  prhekhphj in snr hedjrbmij in lm hbputmkhûe, inl prhekhphj inl hbputmkhûe minkumim, pnrj sjgrn tjij inl rnspntj ml inrnkcj in indnesm y inl kjetrmihktjrhj ne lm bnihim qun lm pnrsjem,  pmrm amrmethzmr y djrtmlnknr su pjshkhûe furâihkm, punin nxhahr lm pjshghlhimi in rngmthr tjijs j mlauejs in ljs nlnbnetjs in lm hbputmkhûe y ne pmrthkulmr nl thpj pneml qun sn ln mtrhguyn. _mrm ljarmr lm mgsjlukhûe pjr uem mkusmkhûe qun pnsm ne su kjetrm, nl hbputmij punin

rngmthr tjij nl nxtrnbj in lm hbputmkhûe in fmeij sugshstnetn su tjtml y bís mgsjlutm hejknekhm y su tjtml insvhekulmkhûe y mfnehimi kje nl cnkcj qun sn hevnstham. [he nbgmraj, tmbghèe ns pjshgln qun ln gmstn mtmkmr, rndutmr j anenrmr iuims rmzjemglns mknrkm in lm ej kjekurrnekhm ne nl kmsj kjekrntj in kumlquhnrm in ljs nlnbnetjs jgfnthvjs (ejrbmthvjs j inskrhpthvjs) j sugfnthvjs (ijlj j ue nlnbnetj in tneinekhm hetnrem trmskneinetn) inl thpj pneml. Lm indnesm punin, heklusj, lhbhtmr su nstrmtnahm in kjetrmihkkhûe m enamr ue kjekrntj y nspnkâ﬍kj nlnbnetj inl thpj  pneml, she qun nllj supjeam ue plmetnmbhnetj hekjrrnktj y uem kjeknshûe m lm hbpuehimi j m lm hefusthkhm. Nllj ns msâ inghij m qun ne ue Nstmij Kjesthtukhjeml ml Bhehstnrhj _öglhkj ln kjrrnspjein kjbj thtulmr in lmuej kmram in lm prungm mkrnihtmr tjijs y kmim in ljs nxtrnbjs in lm hbputmkhûe  y ljs nlnbnetjs (jgfnthvjs y sugfnthvjs) inl thpj inl hefustj kjrrnspjeihnetn0 in tml bmenrm qun sh sn cm  prjgmij lm bmyjrâm in ljs nlnbnetjs inl thpj,  pnrj ej sn mkrnihtmij lm prnsnekhm in ue nlnbnetj (nsnekhml j snkueimrhj) inl inlhtj ej  punin snekhllmbnetn prjspnrmr lm nxpnihkhûe in uem snetnekhm kjeinemtjrhm. Lm mgsjlukhûe sn hbpjen kjbj öehkj bnkmehsbj prjknsml y kjesthtukhjemlbnetn lnaâthbj. Ihkcm shtumkhûe jkurrn, pjr nfnbplj, ne nl kmsj inl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs kumeij lm indnesm plmetnm kjbj nstrmtnahm y kjbj puetj in kjetrmihkkhûe lm henxhstnekhm in inlhtj prnvhj  pjr kjes kjeshinr hinrmr mr qun ljs ghne ghnens ns sup supunst unstmbne mbnetn tn  glmequnm  glme qunmijs ijs kmrnk kmrnkne ne in ue jrhane jrhane inlh inlhkthv kthvj. j. Ne ndnktj, ns pjshgln qun, kjrrnktmbnetn j ej, lm indnesm inl hbputmij khdrn kjbj öehkm vâm pmrm lm mgsjlukhûe inl kmraj inl lmvmij in mkthvjs nl cnkcj in qun sn punim rndutmr lm nxhstnekhm inl inlhtj prnvhj j nl jrhane inlhkthvj in ljs ghnens.

(18) Kdr. Bjetnrj Mrjkm, Fume0 _rhekhphjs _rhekhphjs inl prjknsj pneml. ^em nxplhkmkhûe nxplhkmkhûe gmsmim ne lm rmzûe0 rmzûe0 p. =;8.  Inrnkcj kcj _rjknsml _rjknsml _neml0 Bmirhi0 Iy`hesje0 7??70 p. 74. (3?) Kdr. Kcj Kcjklíe klíe Bjetmvj, Fjsè - Kmlinrûe Knrnzj, Íeanl0 Inrn (3=) Kdr. Bjetnrj Mrjkm, Fume0 _rhekhphjs _rhekhphjs inl _rjknsj pneml. ^em nxplhkmkhûe nxplhkmkhûe gmsmim ne lm rmzûe0 rmzûe0 p. =9>.

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INWNKCJ INWN KCJ _NEM _NEML L KJE[Y KJE[YHY^KH HY^KHJEML JEML

[he nbgmraj, ihkcm pjshghlhimi in rndutmkhûe, kjetrmihkkhûe y ingmtn insmpmrnkn pjr kjb plntj sh ns qun lm hbputmkhûe pjr lmvmij in mkthvjs ej kjethnen eh inlhbhtm shquhnrm in bmenrm aneèrhkm lm nxhstnekhm in ue inlhtj  prnvhj, ne sus mspnktjs nsnekhmlns j lms khrkuestmekhms in thnbpj, bjij y luamr. Ne nstn kmsj nl hbputmij y su indnesm tèkehkm sn nekunetrme hbpjshghlhtmijs, heklusj, in indneinrsn y kjetrminkhr inghij m qun ej sn lns ﬍ fm ue rnquhshtj y nlnbnetj jglhamtjrhj inl thpj  pneml, anenríeijlns uem shtumkhûe in heindneshûe y in ej pjinr rngmthr ihkcj kmraj ne lm bnihim qun ej sn nekunetrm lj su﬍khnetnbnetn nxplhkhtmij. Nl khuimimej ne ihkcms kjeihkhjens ej punin plmetnmr uem chpûtnshs mltnremthvm in indnesm, prjpjenr uem kjmrtmim j snýmlmr ue cnkcj ihsthetj qun ingm mkrnihtmrsn y ihskuthrsn ne nl prjknsj0 v. ar. ar. instmkmr qun lm pnrsjem sn nekjetrmgm dunrm inl pmâs, nstmgm nednrbj j ej cm rnahstrmij bjvhbhnetj bharmtjrhj mlauej. Heklusj, lm ej prnkhshûe inl kjetnxtj tnbpjrml y nspmkhml in kjbhshûe inl cnkcj puehgln  prjiuktjr in lms amemekhms hlnamlns hbphin lm rnmlhzmkhûe in ue inrnkcj kjesthtukhjeml in heihskuthgln vmljr kjbj ns nl inrnkcj in  prungm qun thnen kjbj uem in sus bmehdnstmkhjens nl inrnkcj in prnsnetmr prungms in inskmraj j in rndutmkhûe in lm hbputmkhûe (37),  puns sh ej cmy ue cnkcj inlhbhtmij prnvhmbnetn ej cmy pjshghlhimi in indneinrsn, kjetrminkhr u jdrnknr prungm in inskmraj. [jlj lm prnkhshûe minkumim in ue cnkcj j inl bmtnrhml díkthkj qun djrbm pmrtn in kmim ﬍aurm  pneml pnrbhtn pnrbht n nl nfnrkhkhj nfnr khkhj inl inrnkcj in indnesm. [h ej cmy cnkcj intnrbhemij ej cmy indnesm pjshgln.

_jr nl prhekhphj kjetrmihktjrhj sn ln rnkjejkn m lms pmrtns lm dmkultmi in jdrnknr prungms kjetrmrhms m lms prjpunstms pjr lm jtrm pmrtn j m lms ihspunstms pjr nl funz kje nl ﬍e in rndutmr ue intnrbhemij cnkcj(3;) j mkrnihtmr uem chpûtnshs díkthkm mltnremthvm. Mquâ cmy uem pjtnstmi in jdrnknr y prjiukhr prungms tneihnetns m rndutmr lj sjstnehij pjr lm jtrm pmrtn. [n guskm kjedrjetmr y rndutmr prungms. Ne nstn íbghtj sn mibhtn lm pjshghlhimi in prjpjenr prungms in snaueij jrine, llmbmims tmbghèe prungms kjetrm lms  prungms,  prung ms, qun thnen thnenee lm lm ﬍emlhimi in hbpuaemr lms  prungms  prung ms jdrnkhi jdrnkhims ms pjr pjr lms lms jtrms jtrms pmrtns pmrtns.. Ml rnspnktj, vmln rnkjrimr nl rmzjembhnetj inl Yrhgueml Kjesthtukhjeml pnrumej qun cm infmij ihkcj qun6 “ Nl kjetnehij nsnekhml nsnekhml inl inl inrninrnkcj in indnesm qunim mdnktmij kumeij, ne nl snej in ue prjknsj fuihkhml, kumlquhnrm in lms  pmrtns rnsultm hbpnihim, pjr kjekrntjs mktjs in ljs ûramejs fuihkhmlns (j tmbghèe in jtrjs sufntjs prjknsmlns), in nfnrknr ljs bnihjs enknsmrhjs, su ﬍  ﬍khnetns khnetns y n ﬍  ﬍kmkns kmkns pmrm indneinr sus inrnkcjs n hetnrnsns lnaâthbjs‒(39) (ljs pm-

rèetnshs sje eunstrjs). Lm ej prnkhshûe inl inlhtj prnvhj ne nl inlhtj in lmvmij in mkthvjs vhjlm nl prhekhphj in qun nl  funz ej ingn dueim dueimrr su inkh inkhshûe shûe ne uem hetnrp hetnrprnrntmkhûe pjshgln in ljs cnkcjs y in lms prungms, she qun prnvhmbnetn sn mibhtm, memlhkn y/j rndutn jtrms pjshglns mltnremthvms y rnspunstms(3>).  Ej ingn aumri aumrimr mr shlne shlnekhj khj drnet drnetnn m uem prjpu prjpunstm nstm ihsthetm in ljs cnkcjs, pjr nl shbpln mraubnetj qun ej ln pmrnkn j ej lj anenrm kjevhkkhûe mlauem. _jr bmeimtj kjesthtukhjeml y pjr nl hb pnrhj inl ingnr ingnr in bjthvmr in lms rnsjlukhj rnsjlukhjens ens  fuihkhmlns  fuihk hmlns (mrtâkulj (mrtâkulj =;8 hekhsj > in lm Kjes Kjesththtukhûe) shnbprn cm in imr rnspunstm ml plmetnmbhnetj díkthkj y prjgmtjrhj in lm indnesm.

(37) Kdr. Hamrtum [mlmvnrrhm, Fume0 Nl Wmzjembhnetj ne lms Wnsjlukhjens Fuihkhmlns0 Lhbm0 _mlnstrm0 7??80 p. ==>. (3;) Tèmsn, Ymruddj Ymruddj,, Bhkcnln0 Lm _rungm in ljs Cnkcjs PYrmi. in Fjrih Dnrrnr GnltríeR0 Bmirhi0 Yrjttm0 7??;0 p. 9730 Dnrrnr Gnltríe, Fjrih0 Lm Tmljrmkhûe Tmljrmkhûe Wmkhjeml Wmkhjeml in lm _rungm _rungm0 Bmirhi0 Bmrkhml _jes0 7??10 p. ;8. (39) Tèmsn, lm snetnekhm inl YK pnrumej rnkmâim ne nl Nxp. E¿=7;=-7??7-CK/YK0 E¿=7;=-7??7-CK/YK0 Kmsj6 Mee Tmllhn Lyenlln. (3>) Kdr. Wjxhe, Klmus0 Inrnkcj _rjknsml _rjknsml _neml _neml PYrmi. in Amgrhnlm Kûrijgm y Imehnl W. _mstjrR0 Gunejs Mhrns0 NihWmzûe. Ynjrâm Ynjrâm inl Amrmethsbj Amrmethsbj _neml0 Bmirhi0 Yrjttm0 tjrns inl _unrtj0 7???0 p. =?90 Dnrrmfjlh, Luhah0 Inrnkcj y Wmzûe. =88>0 p. =>7.

;4;