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G@WA J@M W_BBYW FHKHYBI

GAEYBSYA A]O@EHT@GHAE@F J@M Wwbbts Fhkhtbi bs ue` bkprbs` qub sb ibihg` ` f` j`mrhg`gh÷e ib iufgbs y g`r`kbfas ib `ft` g`fhi`i. Wb tr`t` ib ue` bkprbs` ib g`ràgtbr j`khfh`r, ib t`k`ða kbiha, ib or`e rbput`gh÷e, shtu`i` be bf eartb ib Heof`tbrr`. Bstb g`sa sb gbetr` be ue ôehga ibp`rt`kbeta ib f` bkprbs` iaeib sb bxpbrhkbet`rae pramfbk`s sbrhas.

JREI@KBEYAW IBF G@WA Bf Ibp`rt`kbeta (`f qub ibeakhe`rbkas CM) praiugb y  bkp`qubt` 9> fëeb`s ib g`r`kbfas iuras shouhbeia ue shstbk` ib praiuggh÷e par fatbs. Bstà aro`ehz`ia be ias àrb`s gaethou`s, ue` p`r` praiuggh÷e praiuggh÷e,,  rb`fhz`i` par cakmrbs, cakmrbs ,  y atr` p`r` bkp`qubt`ia, bkp`qubt`ia,  rb`fhz`i` par kudbrbs. F`s àrb`s bstàe sbp`r`i`s par ue` m`rrbr` jëshg`, fa qub pbrkhtb qub f` s`f` ib bkp`qubt`ia gubetb gae `hrb `gaeihghae`ia y bstè pratbohi` ib f` cukbi`i rbsuft`etb ib praiuggh÷e.

F` ihrbggh÷e ib f` bkprbs` bkprbs` gaeshibr÷ bsta ebgbs`rha p`r` ibtbebr ibtbebr bf

pragbsa ib beiufz`khbeta ib fas g`r`kbfas (qub praiugb qub sb pboube ` sus bevaftarhas) iur`etb bf `fk`gbe`db. G`i` s`f` thbeb ue g`p`t`z y ue supbrvhsar quhbebs rheibe gubet`s ` ue obrbetb ib ibp`rt`kbeta, qu qub b rheib gubet`s ` su vbz `  `  ue obrbetb ib pf`et`. Be tat`f, be bf ibp`rt`kbeta tr`m`d`e 7? pbrsae`s (=2 be praiuggh÷e, 0= be bkp`qubt`ia), f` k`yarë` ib bffas tr`m`d`iarbs gu`fhjhg`ias. F` jark`gh÷e ebgbs`rh` sb `iquhbrb be bf pubsta, ebgbshtàeiasb ueas ias `ðas p`r` `iquhrhr f`s c`mhfhi`ibs ebgbs`rh`s p`r` rb`fhz`r tai`s f`s t`rb`s ib praiuggh÷e. F` Hfustr`gh÷e 0 rbprbsbet` ue pf`ea jëshga ibf ibp`rt`kbeta y ibf jfuda ib tr`m`da. Bf pragbsa ib praiuggh÷e bs m`st`etb shkpfb. F`s k`tbrh`s prhk`s, prheghp`fkbetb `zôg`r, sb gubgbe ` ue` tbkpbr`tur` ibtbrkhe`i`, gae ue ‖thbkpa ib gaggh÷e‛ qub v`rë` betrb fëeb`s. Fas bkpfb`ias `k`s`e fas fatbs rbsuft`etbs,  fas pfhbo`e y k`ehpuf`e p`r` ffbo`r ` f` tbxtur` rbqubrhi`, khbetr`s v`e `ð`ihbeia gafar`etbs y s`marhz`etbs (‖t`mfbtb`ia‛ y ‖kbzgf`ia‛). Ihjbrbetbs fatbs sae kbzgf`ias p`r` grb`r f`s kbzgf`s ib s`marbs s`marbs y tbxtur`s ibsb`i`s (‖K`lb-up‛). Bf fatb, qub `car` bstà m`st`etb jrëa, ` gaetheu`gh÷e bs bxtruihia ` tr`vès ib ue` kàquhe` qub fa gart` be g`r`kbfas ib t`k`ða heihvhiu`f. Be bst` bt`p` `foueas praiugtas sae `utakàthg`kbetb bevubftas y p`s`e sbouhi`kbetb ` tr`vès ib f` ghet` tr`espart`iar` c`st` f` s`f` ib bkp`qubt`ia iaeib sae hespbgghae`ias, bkmafs`ias a bkp`qubt`ias p`r` su sukhehstra ` k`yarhst`s y khearhst`s. Atras praiugtas praorbs`e she bevafvbr c`st` f` s`f` ib bkp`qubt`ia iaeib ffbo`e c`st` ue` kàquhe` ib bevafvbr, sb hespbgghae`e, bkmafs`e y sukhehstr`e. Wb pubibe pubibe j`mrhg`r ihjbrbetb ihjbrbetbss fëeb`s ib praiugtas `f khska thbkpa. F`s t`rb`s kàs grëthg`s y ib k`yar gakpfbdhi`i sb rb`fhz`e `f hehgha ibf pragbsa< bst`s sae f` prbp`r`gh÷e ib kbzgf`s p`r` ihjbrbetbs praiugtas y bf ‖k`lb-up‛ (par bdbkpfa, p`r` fas g`r`kbfas ib kbet` r`y`ias). Bst`s c`mhfhi`ibs sb `prbeibe or`iu`fkbetb c`st` qub

 

Gafarbs y s`marbs

Gart`r y bevafvbr

Y`mfbtb`ia y kbzgf`ia

Bxtrui`ia

^raiugtas `g`m`ias

K`tbrh` prhk`

Careas

Bkp`qubt`ia b hespbggh÷e

Kura ib sbp`r`gh÷e

Wupbrvhsar Bkp`qubt`ia (0= kudbrbs)

Wupbrvhsar ^raiuggh÷e (=2 cakmrbs)

Obrbetb bf apbr`rha bs g`p`z ib ‖sbethr‛ bf `g`m`ia garrbgta p`r` g`i` ue` ib f`s 9> fëeb`s. Yai`s f`s

t`rb`s sae kuy hetbribpbeihbetbs,  ib k`ebr` qub bf tr`m`da a ibsbkpbða ib ue bkpfb`ia `jbgt` ` f` j`ghfhi`i gae f` qub f` shouhbetb pbrsae` be f` fëeb` pubib `fg`ez`r gae èxhta su khsh÷e be bf pragbsa ib praiuggh÷e. @uequb bf tr`m`da p`rbgb m`st`etb shkpfb y f` obsth÷e ibf pragbsa sbeghff`, bf ibp`rt`kbeta she bkm`roa bxpbrhkbet`m` sbrhas pramfbk`s. Bstas sb gakbet`e ` gaetheu`gh÷e.

BF ^]AMFBK@ Be tèrkheas amdbthvas bf pramfbk` be CM sb bst`m` k`ehjbst`ia be jark` ib ue ehvbf ib rat`gh÷e kuy bfbv`ia, sbhs eubvas obrbetbs be agca `ðas, ue` praiuggh÷e qub gaeshstbetbkbetb g`ë` par ibm`da ib fas amdbthvas (m`s`ias be bstàei`rbs ib bstuihas ib tr`m`da tr`m`da)), y bfbv`ias ehvbfbs ib ibsbgcas. Bf ibp`rt`kbeta br` j`kasa par sbr bf pbar ib f` gakp`ðë` y sus

pramfbk`s br`e

g`r`gtbrhz`ias be

tèrkheas ib

‖`gthtui‛,

‖`tk÷sjbr`‛ a ‖gfhk`‛ ebo`thva. @ibkàs, fas bkpfb`ias tbeë`e pag`s rbspaes`mhfhi`ibs ib ibghsh÷e, m`d` kathv`gh÷e, m`d` s`thsj`ggh÷e f`mar`f y rbghmë`e pag` hejark`gh÷e samrb su ibsbkpbða. Jhe`fkbetb, bxhstë`e `foueas pramfbk`s hetbrpbrsae`fbs betrb fas bkpfb`ias ib praiuggh÷e y ib bkp`qubt`ia, betrb fas ias supbrvhsarbs, y t`kmhèe betrb fas apbr`rhas, y ue` or`e hes`thsj`ggh÷e gae rbspbgta ` fas or`ias y ehvbfbs s`f`rh`fbs.

 

BS^B]HBEGH@ IBF KÈYAIA IB Y]@M@DA ^`r` betbeibr g÷ka CM tr`m`d` y g÷ka fas bkpfb`ias vhvë`e su tr`m`da, bs ebgbs`rha rbgaeagbr f` jubrtb prbsh÷e par f` praiuggh÷e qub bxhstë` be tai` f` aro`ehz`gh÷e. Fas obrbetbs ib ibp`rt`kbeta br`e bv`fu`ias bv`fu`ias   prheghp`fkbetb be tèrkheas ib sus ehvbfbs ib praiuggh÷e gaesbouhias (jrbetb ` amdbthvas) y bjhghbegh` (jrbetb ` bstàei`rbs ib tr`m`da). Be CM bst` prbsh÷e sb tr`eskhtë` ` fas ias supbrvhsarbs. Be f` pràgthg`, fas ehvbfbs ib praiuggh÷e br`e bf eôkbra ib fatbs ib g`r`kbfas pragbs`ias, y f` bjhghbegh` br` bf r`tha ib fatbs praiughias rbspbgta ` f`s car`s us`i`s ib tr`m`da ihrbgta. Bf supbrvhsar ib praiuggh÷e rbspaeië` ` f` prbsh÷e par f` praiuggh÷e ib ihjbrbetbs k`ebr`s. ^rhkbra, be ue hetbeta par k`xhkhz`r f` praiuggh÷e, èf shbkprb shtu`m` ` f`s pbrsae`s be fas pubstas be fas qub paië`e prbsbet`r ue kbdar ibsbkpbða. Y`kmhèe ibtbrkhe`m` f` vbfaghi`i ib gaggh÷e. Be bjbgta, bsta jhd`m` bf rhtka ib tr`m`da t`eta p`r` praiuggh÷e gaka p`r` bkp`qubt`ia. Ea br`e pashmfbs stagls ib rbouf`gh÷e be praiuggh÷e pubsta qub fas g`r`kbfas ebgbsht`m`e pragbs`khbeta `etbs ib bejrh`rsb. Wh bf supbrvhsar pbrghmë` qub bst`m` par ibm`da ib amdbthvas, èstb rbspaeië` `ukbet`eia bf rhtka ib praiuggh÷e. @së khska, gaeshibr`m` su tr`m`da ôehg`kbetb be tèrkheas ib fatbs pragbs`ias b hoear`m` fas pramfbk`s ib f` s`f` ib bkp`qubt`ia qub puihbr`e rbsuft`r ihrbgt`kbetb ib sus `gghaebs a ib f`s ib su pbrsae`f. Bf p`pbf ib supbrvhsh÷e hkpfhg`m`, gaka sb pubib vbr, `shoe`r pbrsae`s ` pubstas gaegrbtas, ibtbrkhe`r f` vbfaghi`i ib f`s kàquhe`s (y `së bf rhtka ib tr`m`da), aro`ehz`r rbfbvas y ibsg`esas, supbrvhs`r f` chohbeb, sbourhi`i y bstàei`rbs ib g`fhi`i, k`etbebr f` ihsghpfhe` y rbgaobr i`tas p`r` fas shstbk`s ib hejark`gh÷e ib f` ihrbggh÷e. Bf g`p`t`z `sukë` bst`s rbspaes`mhfhi`ibs be `usbegh` ibf supbrvhsar, p`s`eia bf rbsta ibf thbkpa be praiuggh÷e. Fas bkpfb`ias ib praiuggh÷e sb qubd`m`e ib qub bst`m`e `murrhias ib c`gbr shbkprb f`s khsk`s t`rb`s, bspbgh`fkbetb parqub `foue`s br`e jëshg`kbetb kàs iur`s qub atr`s (par bdbkpfa, bf t`mfbtb`ia hkpfhg`m` ue` k`ehpuf`gh÷e k`eu`f ib fatbs ib kàs ib 2> lhfaor`kas). @foueas rbgf`k`m`e qub t`fbs bearkbs bsjubrzas ibmbrë`e rbghmhr rbgakpbes` bgae÷khg`. @ibkàs, bst` rhohibz be f` `shoe`gh÷e ib t`rb`s bst`m` be gaejfhgta ihrbgta gae bf shstbk` ib gf`shjhg`gh÷e (or`iheo systbk) qub sb c`më` ihsbð`ia p`r` j`varbgbr f` jfbxhmhfhi`i. ^`r` bst`r be f` pashgh÷e `ft` s`f`rh`f be bf ibp`rt`kbeta, ue apbr`iar ibmë` sbr g`p`z ib ibsbkpbð`r tai`s f`s gakpbtbegh`s be tai`s f`s fëeb`s y `së sbr sbr g`p`z ib gumrhr gu`fquhb gu`fquhbrr pubsta. Fas shstbk`s ib jark`gh÷e pbrsbouë`e bstb jhe. Whe bkm`roa, be f` pràgthg` fas bkpfb`ias r`r`kbetb c`gë`e usa ib kàs ib ue` a ias ib sus gakpbtbegh`s. F`s atr`s ibg`ë`e par ibsusa. Yaia bf pbrsae`f rbgaeagë` qub bf shstbk` ib gf`shjhg`gh÷e bst`m` be gaetr`ihggh÷e gae f` jark` be qub bf ibp`rt`kbeta tr`m`d`m` rb`fkbetb y safë` bst`r hes`thsjbgca gae `kmas. Bf bstrhgta gaetraf ibf supbrvhsar ib praiuggh÷e samrb bf rhtka ib tr`m`da t`kmhèe kastr÷ sbr paga `ibgu`ia be atras sbethias. ^ar bdbkpfa, be ag`shaebs èstb jhd`m` bf rhtka ` ue ehvbf gaeshibr`ia hkpashmfb par fas bkpfb`ias. Wh bsta bs ghbrta a shkpfbkbetb a ue` bx`obr`gh÷e bs `foa ihsguthmfb, pbra bf rbsuft`ia jhe`f br` ue hegrbkbeta be bf ehvbf ib ibsbgcas. @së khska,

 

èstb hoear`m` fas ibsbas ib fas bkpfb`ias p`r` qub sb tr`m`d`r` gae kbeas hetbeshi`i par f` t`rib gu`eia y` bst`m`e g`es`ias4 bsta pravag`m` t`kmhèe hegrbkbeta ib ibsbgcas. @së khska betrb f` pf`ethff` ib cakmrbs sb gakp`rtë` f` hib` ib qub f` ihrbggh÷e y bf supbrvhsar aro`ehz`m`e kuy k`f bf tr`m`da y qub pairë`e c`gbrfa kbdar sh sb ibd`r`e `gaesbd`r par fas praphas bkpfb`ias. Wu pamrb `usbegh` ib gaetraf pbrghmhi` samrb bf tr`m`da fbs ffbv`m` ` quht`rsb f` rbspaes`mhfhi`i gu`eia f`s gas`s hm`e k`f (‖y` sb fa c`më`kas `ivbrthia‛!!!). X jhe`fkbetb, `uequb bf pragbsa ib praiuggh÷e br` `ft`kbetb hetbribpbeihbetb, fas apbr`rhas `iapt`m`e ue` pbrspbgthv` `hsf`i` par fa qub f` gaapbr`gh÷e ebgbs`rh` betrb bffas br` kàs mhbe r`r`, fhkht`i` ` j`varbs pbrsae`fbs betrb `khoas. F` prbsh÷e bquhv`fbetb samrb bf supbrvhsar ib bkp`qubt`ia sb tr`iugë` be bkp`qubt`r fas g`r`kbfas bjhghbetbkbetb. Gaka su sbggh÷e ea paië` bkp`qubt`r kàs ib fa qub sb praiugë`, su ôehg` v`rh`mfb k`ehpuf`mfb br` bf ib f`s car`s tr`m`d`i`s. @së, p`r` hegrbkbet`r su bjhghbegh`, f` supbrvhsar` s÷fa paië` tr`esjbrhr ` f`s bkp`qubt`iar`s ` ‖atra pubsta‛ ibetra ib f` s`f` (p.bd. fhkphbz`) a ` atra ibp`rt`kbeta. @ f`s bkp`qubt`iar`s par su p`rtb fbs ajbeië` qub sb fbs phihbr` qub tr`m`d`r`e ` tai` kàquhe` gu`eia CM bst`m` m`da or`e ibk`ei` y qub shkpfbkbetb sb fbs g`kmh`r` ` atra shtha gu`eia f`s gas`s hm`e kàs jfad`s. Gaka sb c` ibsgrhta gae `etbrharhi`i, su prapha jfuda ib tr`m`da bst`m` màshg`kbetb gaetraf`ia par f` vbfaghi`i ` f` gu`f bst`m`e tr`m`d`eia fas cakmrbs. Gu`eia f`s kudbrbs sb begaetr`m`e gae ihjhguft`ibs, f` pbthgh÷e ihrbgt` ` fas cakmrbs ib qub m`d`r`e bf rhtka safë` g`br be s`ga rata,  ib kaia qub tbeë`e qub g`e`fhz`r sus rata, ib qubd`s ` tr`vès ib su supbrvhsar`. Ibmhia ` f` pbrspbgthv` ib `hsf`khbeta `iapt`i` par bf supbrvhsar ib praiuggh÷e ((ibihg`ia ibihg`ia ` `fg`ez`r ôehg`kbetb ôehg`kbetb sus praphas amdbthvas), sus safhghtuibs br`e eark`fkbetb hoear`i`s (‖Kh tr`m`da bs praiughr g`r`kbfas‛, ibgë` èf), par fa qub bstb gaejfhgta betrb supbrvhsarbs gaesukë` or`e p`rtb p`rtb ibf ibf thbkpa thbkpa ibf ihrbgtar ib ib ibp`rt`kbeta. @së khska, f` s`f` ib bkp`qubt`ia bst`m` kuy `tbst`i` par fa qub br`e c`mhtu`fbs fas gaejfhgtas hetbrpbrsae`fbs. ^ar ôfthka, fas pramfbk`s ib praiuggh÷e ib f` j`gtarë` bst`m`e bst`m`e   arhohe`ias par phgas y ibsgbesas ibsgbesas   be f` ibk`ei` ib g`r`kbfas. Bstas pbrhaias ib ‖bstrès‛ y ‖rbf`x‛ ihjbrë`e betrb fas ibp`rt`kbetas ib praiuggh÷e. Gae amdbta ib c`gbr jrbetb ` f`s ibk`ei`s ibf kbrg`ia,  bf ibp`rt`kbeta ib pf`ehjhg`gh÷e ib f` praiuggh÷e tr`esjbrë` pbrsae`f, ib k`ebr` kbrg`ia, tbkpar`f, betrb fas ibp`rt`kbetas ib praiuggh÷e. Be CM bsta shoehjhg`m`, eark`fkbetb, qub be kakbetas ib `ft` ibk`ei`, sb bevh`m`e ` bsb ibp`rt`kbeta bkpfb`ias ‖ea gu`fhjhg`ias‛ gaka `yui`, khbetr`s qub gu`eia f` ibk`ei` br` m`d`, fas bkpfb`ias ib CM br`e tr`esjbrhias ` atras ibp`rt`kbetas iaeib sb beg`ro`m`e beg`ro`m`e   ib  ib  f`s t`rb`s kbeas ibsb`i`s. @ fas bkpfb`ias ib ib CM ea fbs fbs oust`m`e eheoue` eheoue` ib bs`s bs`s safughaebs. F` ibsgrhpgh÷e ibf ibp`rt`kbeta c`y qub gakpfbt`rf` gae bf cbgca ib f`s gakpfhg`ghaebs rbsuft`etbs ib aro`ehz`r `frbibiar ib 9> fëeb`s ib praiugta ` tr`vès ib k`quhe`rh` gakpfbd`, tai` bff` gae kàs ib 0> `ðas. Be rb`fhi`i br`e c`mhtu`fbs fas j`ffas y f`s p`r`i`s. F`s gaesbgubegh`s ib bstas pramfbk`s be fas pashmfbs ehvbfbs ib praiuggh÷e ea sb gakprbeië`e `ibgu`i`kbetb y be gu`fquhbr g`sa pagas br`e fas apbr`rhas gaesghbetbs ib sus amdbthvas a ib su pastbrhar ibsbkpbða. @së khska, bstas j`ffas br`e jubetb ib ue gaetheua gaejfhgta betrb bf ibp`rt`kbeta y fas heobehbras ib k`etbehkhbeta qub rbeië`e gubet`s ` ue

 

obrbetb ib heobehbrë`. Bf ibp`rt`kbeta bgc`m` f` gufp` ` ue pamrb k`etbehkhbeta, fas heobehbras fa c`gë`e `f `musa a `f bsg`sa guhi`ia ib fas bkpfb`ias be bf k`ebda ib f` k`quhe`rh`. F` ihrbggh÷e tbeë` qub ibihg`r kugca thbkpa be f` eboagh`gh÷e ib ‖f`s gufp`s‛ par fas j`ffas y ` fas ibsgubetas ib thbkpa rbsuft`etbs pubs bstas `jbgt`m`e ` fas i`tas ib bjhghbegh`. ^ar t`eta, ea bs ib sarprbeibr qub f` pbrgbpgh÷e qub f` bkprbs` be obebr`f tbeë` ibf ibp`rt`kbeta jubr` kuy pamrb, `së gaka su bst`tus.

IH@OE×WYHGA IB FAW ^@]YHGH^@EYBW WAM]B BF ^]AMFBK@ Apbr`rhas, g`p`t`gbs, supbrvhsarbs y bf obrbetb ib ibp`rt`kbeta gakp`rtë`e f` hib` ib qub c`më` kugc`s gas`s be CM qub hm`e k`f. Whe bkm`roa, ea c`më` gaesbesa samrb samrb f`s g`us`s eh samrb què c`më` qub c`gbr p`r` kbdar`r f` shtu`gh÷e. Kugcas apbr`rhas gufp`m`e ` f` supbrvhsh÷e y ` f` ihrbggh÷e ibf ibp`rt`kbeta par su j`ft` ib bxpbrhbegh` tègehg` y ib pf`ehjhg`gh÷e y par su m`d` gaeshib gaeshibr`gh÷e r`gh÷e c`gh` fas sumarihe`ias. sumarihe`ias. Bf supbrvhsar ib praiuggh÷e `pay`m` ue` safugh÷e be tèrkheas ib ‖ibsc`gbrsb ib fas `fmarat`iarbs‛ tr`esjhrhbeia a ibsphihbeia ` fas gufp`mfbs eakhe`ias. Bf obrbetb ibf ibp`rt`kbeta qubrë` hetraiughr ue supbrvhsar sbehar p`r` qub obsthae`r` fas gaejfhgtas betrb fas supbrvhsarbs ib praiuggh÷e y ib bkp`qubt`ia y shrvhbr` ib `paya bxtr` ` f`s prbshaebs ib praiuggh÷e. Bf obrbetb ib f` j`gtarë` pbes`m` qub f` r`ëz ib fas pramfbk`s pairë`e bst`r be f` jark` be qub bf tr`m`da bst`m` aro`ehz`ia y ihrhohia.