Caso Clinico de La Litiasis Urinaria - EJEMPLO

 

 Pkpù`dgam @bdgvmrgmem Fk _kekzukdm

Jgegstkrgb Fkd Sbfkr Sbpudmr Smrm Dm Fkokesm [egvkrsgfmf Emagbemd Kxpkrgjketmd Sbdgtçaegam Fk Dm Oukrzm Mrjmfm Emagbemd @bdgvmrgmem [.E.K.O.M. Eùadkb Amrm`b`b ‑ Gsm`kdgam

Amsb Adêegab Dgtgmsgs urgemrgm

Fbaketk9

@mangddkr9

G-0303

Pkpù`dgam @bdgvmrgmem Fk _kekzukdm Jgegstkrgb Fkd Sbfkr Sbpudmr Smrm Dm Fkokesm

 

[egvkrsgfmf Emagbemd Kxpkrgjketmd Sbdgtçaegam Fk Dm Oukrzm Mrjmfm Emagbemd @bdgvmrgmem [.E.K.O.M. Eùadkb Amrm`b`b ‑ Gsm`kdgam

Amsb Adêegab Dgtgmsgs [rgemrgm

G-0303 ABEVKEGFB

 

AMSGV[DB G9 Getrbfuatbrgb. Getrbfuaagñe B`iktgvb Hkekrmd y Kspkaêogabs

AMSGV[DB GG9 Jmrab Vkñrgab.  Memtbjêm fkd sgstkjm rkemd rkemd Ogsgbpmtbdbhêm fk dm dgtgmsgs urgemrgm

AMSGV[DB GGG9 Mpdgamagñe fkd Srbaksb fkd Augfmfb fk Keokrjkrêm. Ngstbrgm Adêegam Vkbrgzmetk (_grhgegm Nkefkrsbe).

AMSGV[DB G_9 Jmrab Bpkrmagbemd. Smtrbeks Mdtkrmfbs Fgmheñstgabs fk Keokrjkrêm Aumfrb Memdêtgab Sdme fk Augfmfb Q.B.M.S.G.K AMSGV[DB _9 Meídgsgs y Abeadusgñe. Abeadusgñe Hdbsmrgb Fk Vçrjgebs Pkokrkeagms @g`dgbhríogams

MEK^BQ Oganms omrjmabdñhgams Nbim fk Vrmtmjgketb

GEVPBF[AAGÑE

 

Kd prbaksb fk mtkeagñe fk keokrjkrêm ks dm ampmagfmf abestmetk kskeagmd quk nm amrmatkrgzmfb m dm keokrjkrm fksfk kd prgeagpgb fk dm prboksgñe. Abe dbs mýbs fganb prbaksb nm amj`gmfb y kvbduagbemfb y, m mfqugrgfb jmybr admrgfmf y abjprkesgñe. Sbr db tm Sbr tmet etb, b, dm ke keok okrj rjkr krêm êm ks ue prba prbaks ksb b fg fgeí eíjg jgab ab sg sgst stkj kjít ítga gab, b, getkrmatgvb, abe uem `msk tkñrgam, ks mrtk, ke kd quk geabrpbrm md gefgvgfub, omjgdg omj gdgm m y abjueg abjuegfmf fmf m prbaks prbaksbs bs vgtmdk vgtmdks/ s/ prb prbaks aksbs bs fk smd smduf uf rkm rkmdks dks b pbtkeagmdks, msê abjb dm abdm`brmagñe fk dbs fkjís getkhrmetks g etkhrmetks fkd kqugpb smegtmrgb ke dm sbduagñe fk dms rkspukstms ogsgbpmtbdñhgam ogsgbpmtbdñhgams. s. Ks pbr kddb quk kd prksketk trm`mib sk ddkvñ m am`b tkegkefb dm ogemdgfmf fk mpdgamr kd prbaksb fkd augfmfb fk keokrjkrêm abe uem pmagketk fk 08 mýbs fk kfmf quk gehrksñ md Nbspgtmd Fr. Kergquk Vkikrm fkd juegagpgb vmdkeagm, kfb. Amrm`b`b, abe ue Fgmhebstgab fk keokrjkrêm fk dgtgmsgs urgemrgm. Ke dm mpd mpdgam gamagñ agñe e fkd prb prbaks aksb b fk mtk mtkeag eagñe ñe fk keo keokrj krjkrê krêm m sk utgdgz utgdgzm m kd jbfkdb jbf kdb fk _gr _grhge hgegm gm Nkefk Nkefkrsb rsbe, e, prg prgjkr jkrb b rkm rkmdgz dgzmef mefb b ue uem m vmd vmdbrm brmagñ agñe e fk maukrf mau krfb b m dms =6 ekaksg ekaksgfm fmfks fks `ísga `ísgams, ms, pbs pbstkr tkrgbr gbrjke jketk tk sk ddk ddkhm hm uem abeadusgñe fk dms ekaksgfmfks y sk utgdgzm dm tmxbebjêm fk fgmheñstgabs fk keo keokrj krjkrê krêm m fk dm Ebr Ebrtn tn Mjkrga Mjkrgame me Eur Eursge sgeh h Fgmheb Fgmhebsgs sgs Mssba Mssbagmt gmtgñe gñe (EMEFM (EM EFM)< )< pmrm pmrm pbfkr pbfkr kstm`d kstm`dkak kakrr ue pdm pdme e fk aug augfmf fmfbs bs fks fksmrrb mrrbddm ddmefb efb matgvgfmfks pmrm prkvkegr, fgsjgeugr b abrrkhgr dbs prb`dkjms gfketgogamfbs, dm kikauagñe sk pbek ke maagñe dms getkrvkeagbeks pdmekmfms y ogemdjketk sk rkmdgzm dm kvmdumagñe pmrm fktkrjgemr sg sk mdamezmrbe dbs b`iktgvbs pdmekmfbs pmrm rkmdgzmr ue pdme fk mdtm.

B@IKVG_BQ

 

B`iktgvb Hkekrmd9  

Mpdgamr kd prbaksb fkd augfmfb nujmeb, `msmfb ke dm tkbrgzmetk fk

_grhgegm Nkefkrsbe m pmagketk okjkegeb D.P fk 08 mýbs fk kfmf, abe ue fg fgm mhe heñ ñst stga gab b

fk keok okrj rjkr krêm êm dgtg dgtgm msg sgss

urge urgemr mrgm gm qug ugk ke

sk keau auk ketrm etrm

nbspgtmdgzmfb ke kd skrvgagb fk Kjkrhkeagm fk mfudtbs Amjm 6.

B`iktgvbs Kspkaêogabs9 =. Kvmdumr Kvmdumr m dm pmag pmagketk ketk m trmv trmvçs çs fk dbs fmtbs fmtbs b`iktgvb b`iktgvbss y su`ik su`iktgvbs tgvbs.. 0. Obr brju judm dmrr db dbss Fgm gmhe heñs ñstgtgaabs fk keok eokrj rjkr krêm êm fk mau aukr krf fb m dbs prgbrgtmrgbs  fk smduf fktkatmfbs. prb`dkjms prgbrgtmrgbs prb`dkjms  1. Sdmegogamr Sdmegogamr dms ma maagbe agbeks ks fk keok keokrjkrêm rjkrêm qu quk k abetrg abetrg`uyme `uyme m sb sbduagb duagbemr  emr  b m fgsjgeugr dbs prb`dkjms fk smduf fktkatmfbs. 6. Kika Kikaut utmr mr dm dmss maag maagbe beks ks fk keok keokrj rjkr krêm êm pd pdme megog gogam amfm fms, s, mp mpdga dgame mefb fb dm tkbrgzmetk fk _grhgegm Nkefkrsbe. ;.

Kvmdumr dm kokatgvgfmf fk dms maagbeks fk Keokrjkrêm .

MEMVBJÊM FKD QGQVKJM PKEMD

 

Abes estgtgtu tugf gfb b pb pbrr fb fbss rg rgýb ýbek eks, s, fb fbss ur urçt çtkr krks ks,, dm vk vkigighm hm y dm ur urkt ktrm rm..   Ab Pgýbeks   Qbe fbs ñrhmebs jmagzbs, ueb fkrkanb y btrb btrb gzqugkrfb, gzqugkrfb, sgtumfbs sgtumfbs ke dm rkhgñe duj`mr, ueb m amfm dmfb fk dm abdujem vkrtk`rmd y mdhb pbr fkdmetk fk çstm. Qu tmjmýb ks fk == x 1 x ; aj, mprbxgjmfmjketk y su pksb bsagdm ketrk ==3 y =>3 hrmjbs. Ke obrjm fk nm`ganukdm kd rgýñe prksketm fbs `brfks, ueb kxtkreb y btrb getkreb ke kd quk sk dbamdgzm uem nkefgfurm aketrmd

fkebjgemfm

ngdgb

rkemd.

  Kd rgýñe fkrkanb kstí dghkrmjketk dghkrmjketk jís jís `mib `mib quk kd gzqugkrfb, gzqugkrfb, ym ym quk kd nêhmfb db fkspdmzm nmagm m`mib.  

Qg rkmdgzmjbs ue abrtk ke ue rgýñe ke sketgfb vkrtgamd, sk b`skrvmríe dms sghugketks pmrtks9

ABPVKYM PKEMD9 Ks dm pbragñe jís kxtkrem fkd jgsjb. Fk mspkatb uegobrjk. Vgkek mprbxgjmfmjketk = aj fk kspksbr y rbfkm dm jçfudm.

 

JÇF[DM PKEMD9 Ks dm pbragñe jís getkrem fkd rgýñe. Vgkek mspkatb kstrgmfb y kstí obrjmfm pbr pgríjgfks añegams fkebjgemfms Sgríjgfks fk Jmdpnghgb. Kd eùjkrb fk pgríjgfks bsagdm ketrk > y => ke amfm rgýñe. Dm `msk fk amfm pgríjgfk kstí brgketmfm nmagm kd kxtkrgbr y kd vçrtgak nmagm kd ngdgb rkemd. Ke kd vçrtgak fk dm jgsjm sk dbamdgzm dm pmpgdm rkemd.

  Kd ngdgb rkemd ks uem nkefgfurm nkefgfurm sgtumfm ke kd `brfk getkreb getkreb fkd rgýñe. M trmvçs fkd ngdgb rkemd pkektrme ke kd rgýñe dm mrtkrgm rkemd y ekrvgbs y smdke dm vkem rkemd y urçtkr.

  Dm zbem zbem fk dm abrtk abrtkzm zm rkemd rkemd sgtumf sgtumfm m ketrk ketrk amfm amfm fbs pgríj pgríjgfk gfkss sk fkeb fk ebjg jgem em ab abdu duje jem m fk @k @krtê rtêe. e. [e dñ dñ`u `udb db rk rkem emdd ks kstí tí ob obrj rjmf mfb b pb pbrr dm pgríjgfk rkemd y dm abrrkspbefgketk zbem fk abrtkzm quk dm rbfkm.

  Dms pgríjgfks pgríjgfks rkemdks sk sk ueke ueke pbr su kxtrkjb abevkxb ke dbs ddmjmfbs aídgaks jkebrks, quk sbe fk > m =3 pbr pgríjgfk, y quk m su vkz sk ueke pmrm obrjmr fk 0 m 1 aídgaks jmybrks. Dbs aídgaks jmybrks sk ueke ketrk sê pmrm obrjmr dm pkdvgs rkemd. Dm pkdvgs rkemd fkskj`bam ke kd urçtkr.   Dm uegfmf kstruaturmd y oueagbemd fkd rgýñe sk fkebjgem Ekorbem.  Ke amfm rgýñe nmy ketrk = y 1 jgddbeks fk ekorbems. Amfm ekorbem kstí obrjmfm pbr9

ABPSÙQA[DB PKEMD9  Abestgtugfb pbr kd Hdbjçrudb y dm Aípsudm fk @bwjme. Kd hdbjçrudb kstí obrjmfb m su vkz pbr uem tupgfm rkf fk ampgdmrks smehuêekbs kevukdtbs pbr uem jkj`rmem fkebjgemfm Aípsudm fk @bwjme. Ke kd getkrgbr fk ksm aípsudm ketrm uem mrtkrgbdm, fkebjgemfm mrtkrgbdm mokrketk y smdk btrm ddmjmfm mrtkrgbdm kokrketk. Dm Aípsudm fk

 

@bwjme ks uem jkj`rmem fk fb`dk nbim, quk sk gevmhgem sb`rk sê jgsjm pmrm mdbimr md hdbjçrudb, arkmefb ke su getkrgbr ue kspmagb, kd kspmagb fk @bwjme, fbefk sk rkabhk dm brgem ogdtrmfm fkd hdbjçrudb.

VÙ@[DB ABEVBPEKMFB SPB^GJMD (VAS)9   Ks dm abetgeumagñe fkd abrpùsaudb rkemd. Srksketm fbs zbems, uem sgtumfm ke dm abrtkzm rkemd, quk prksketm juanms sgeubsgfmfks mdrkfkfbr fkd abrpùsaudb rkemd, y btrm sgtumfm ke dm zbem jkfudmr fkd rgýñe, juanb jís rkatm quk dm prgjkrm. Dm pmrkf fkd VAS kstí obrjmfm pbr uem ampm fk açdudms kpgtkdgmdks mpbymfms sb`rk uem jkj`rmem `msmd.

obrj rjm m fk [. Kst stí í ob obrj rjm mfm pb pbrr uem pbra ragñ gñe e MQM FK NK MQM NKED EDK K9 Ke ob fksakefketk y fkdhmfm y uem pbragñe msakefketk quk ke dm prgjkrm pmrtk fkd trmykatb ks fkdhmfm jgketrms quk ke dm skhuefm ks hruksm.

VÙ@[DB ABEVBPEKMFB FGQVMD (VAF)9  Ks dm abetgeumagñe fkd Msm fk Nkedk.

VÙ@[DB ABDKAVBP (VA)9 Ks ue tu`b rkatb. Qk rkùeke ketrk sê pmrm fksmhumr ke dbs aídgaks fk dm pkdvgs rkemd.   Dm aípsudm fk @bwjme, @bwjme, VAS y VAF k kstíe stíe sgtumfbs ke dm abrtkzm rkemd.  Msm fk Nkedk y VA sk sgtùme sgtùme ke dm jçfudm rkemd.  

 

 

DMQ EKOPBEMQ9 Nmy ekorbems ekorbems quk quk baupme baupme ke kd rgýñe rgýñe uem pbsgagñ pbsgagñe e abrt rtggamd

jgketrms

btrms

sk

sgtùme

ke

pbsgagñ gñe e

yuxtmjkfudmr.

 

[rçtkrks   Qbe fbs dmrhbs dmrhbs tu`bs, tu`bs, ueb ueb gzqugkrfb gzqugkrfb y btrb fkrkanb, fkrkanb, quk abjuegame abjuegame pbr  su kxtrkjb supkrgbr abe dm pkdvgs rkemd y pbr su kxtrkjb geokrgbr abe dm vkighm urgemrgm. Vgkeke uem dbehgtuf mprbxgjmfm fk 13 aj.   Dm pmrkf pmrkf urktk urktkrmd rmd kstí kstí obrjmfm obrjmfm pbr pbr dms sghugk sghugketk etkss ampms9 ampms9 uem ampm ampm juabsm, quk tmpgzm getkremjketk dm duz fkd tu`b, uem ampm fk jùsaudb dgsb

y

uem

ampm

kxtkrem

b

mfvketgagm.

_kighm   Ks uem uem kspkagk kspkagk fk fk smab smab jkj`rmeb jkj`rmebsb sb quk quk matùm matùm abjb abjb rkskrvbrgb rkskrvbrgb fk brgem ketrk amfm fbs jgaagbeks. Qgtumfm fktrís fk dm sêeogsgs fkd pu`gs tgkek obrjm fk pkrm. Srksketm uem `msk meanm fk obrjm trgmehudmr, kd trêhbeb fk dgktmuf, ke auybs vçrtgaks supkrgbrks fkskj`bame dbs urçtkrks. Ke kd vçrtgak geokrgbr tgkek su abjgkezb dm urktrm.

[PKVPM9 Pkprksketm dm pmrtk ogemd fk dms vêms urgemrgms. Ke dm juikr dm urktrm ks juy abrtm (6 aj mprbxgjmfmjketk). Ke kd vmrñe jgfk uebs 03 aj mprbxgjmfmjketk mprbxgjmfmjketk..

Ke kd vmrñe nmy quk fgokrkeagmr trks skhjketbs, m sm`kr9 urktrm prbstítgam, urktrm

jkj`rmebsm

y

urktrm

amvkrebsm.

dm urktrm prbstítgam jgfk uebs 1 aj fk dbehgtuf, Mtrmvgksm kd kspksbr fk dm prñstmtm y ke kddm fkskj`bam dm prñstmtm y dbs fbs abefuatbs fkokrketks. dm urktrm jkj`rmebsm ks juy abrt rtm m (0,; aj), y prksketm ue kehrbsmjgketb fk og`rms jusaudmrks ksqukdçtgams quk abrrkspbefk md ksoêetkr kxtkreb. Fganb

ksoêetkr

kstí

abetrbdmfb

vbduetmrgmjketk.

dm ur urkt ktrm rm am amvk vkre rebs bsm m fg fgsa saur urrk rk ke kd ks kspk pksb sbrr fk fkdd jù jùsa saud udb b fk fkdd jg jgsj sjb b ebj`rk, jgfk uebs =; aj y tkrjgem ke kd jkmtb urgemrgb.

 

vkighm prksketm ue kehrbsmjgketb kehrbsmjgketb jusaudmr    Dm uegñe fk dm urktrm abe dm vkighm fkebjg fke bjgemf emfb b kso ksoêet êetkr kr urk urktrm trmdd get getkre kreb, b, obr obrjmf jmfb b pb pbrr og` og`rms rms jus jusaud audmrk mrkss fgspukstms ke nmaks kspgrmdks, agraudmrks y dbehgtufgemdks quk abestgtuyke kd jùsaudb fktrusbr fk dm vkighm.

_MQA[DMPGYMAGÑE FKD PGÝÑE9 Dm mrtkrgm rkemd, quk ks uem rmjm fk dm mbrtm m`fbjgemd, pkektrm ke kd rgýñe m trmvçs fkd ngdgb, rmjgogaíefbsk getkremjketk fk jmekrm quk kd rgýñe skm ueb fk dbs ñrhmebs jkibr  vmsaudmrgzmfbs.

  Dm mrtkrgm rkemd sk rmjgogam obrjmefb pkqukýms mrtkrgms getkrdb`udmrks quk ddkhme m dm zbem abrtgamd pmrm obrjmr dms mrtkrgms mrqukmfms quk sk sgtùme mdrkfkfbr fk dm `msk fk dms pgríjgfks. Fk dms mrtkrgms mrqukmfms emake dms mrtkrgbdms mokrketks quk ddkhme m dm aípsudm fk @bwjme pmrm fgvgfg fgv gfgrsk rsk ke su get getkrg krgbr br ke ue uem m tup tupgfm gfm rkf fk amp ampgdm gdmrks rks,, dbs ampgdmrk ampgdmrkss hdbjkrudmrks.

  Dbs ampgdmrks hdbjkrudmrks vukdvke m ousgbemrsk ousgbemrsk ketrk sê pmrm fmr fmr duhmr  duhmr  m dm mrtkrgbdm kokrketk quk m`mefbem dm aípsudm fk @bwjme y, m su vkz, fksmhume ke dms vkems Getkr tm`udmrks y çstms m su vkz ke dm vkem rkemd quk m`mefbem kd rgýñe pbr kd ngdgb rkemd. Dm vkem rkemd fkskj`bam ke dm vkem amvm geokrgbr.

  Kd oduib fk smehrk quk quk ddkhm ddkhm md rgýñe ks ks juy kdkvmfb, =.033 jg/jgeutb, db quk rkprksketm dm qugetm pmrtk fk smehrk quk `bj`km kd abrmzñe ke ue jgeutb.

  Fk kstm kstm jmek jmekrm rm dm smeh smehrk rk ks sbjkt sbjktgfm gfm ke ke kd rgýñe rgýñe m ue prbaks prbaksb b fk

 

fkpurmagñe fbefk sbe kdgjgemfbs tbfbs mqukddbs jktm`bdgtbs fk fkskanb y sustmeagms quk sk keauketrme ke kxaksb, pmrm jmetkekr msê kd kqugdg`rgb nbjkbstítgab.

OBPJMAGÑE FK DM BPGEM9 Dm nbjkbstmsgs abesgstk ke kd jmetke jme tkegjg gjgket ketb b abe abestm stmetk etk fkd jkf jkfgb gb get getkre kreb, b, sge jbf jbfgoga gogamag magñe ñe fk dbs pmríjktrbs `gbquêjgabs. Kstm oueagñe sk ddkvm m am`b hrmagms md rgýñe quk sk abjpbrtm abjb uem kstmagñe fkpurmfbrm fk dm smehrk quk mtrmvgksm dbs hdbjçrudbs rkemdks.   Dm obrjmagñe fk dm brgem fkogegtgvm fkogegtgvm quk quk prbfuak prbfuak kd kd mpmrmtb mpmrmtb kxarktbr kxarktbr ks kd rksudtmfb fk trks jkamegsjbs fgokrketks, m sm`kr9

Ogdtrmagñe hdbjkrudmr.

 

Pkm`sbragñe tu`udmr.

Qkarkagñe tu`udmr.

Ogdtrmagñe hdbjkrudmr. Dm smehrk quk mtrmvgksm dbs hdbjçrudbs ks sbjktgfm m ue prbaksb fk ogdtrmagñe, quk dm nmak pmsmr fksfk dm duz fk dbs ampgdmrks hdbjkrudmrks nmagm dm duz fk dm aíps aípsudm udm fk @bwjm @bwjme. e. Dm `mrrkr `mrrkrm m fk ogdtrmagñe ogdtrmagñe dm obrjm obrjme9 e9 kefbtkdgb fk dbs ampgdmrks hdbjkrudmrks, dm jkj`rmem `msmd y dm ampm fk açdudms kpgtkdgmdks (pbfbagtbs) fk dm aípsudm fk @bwjme. Eb tbfbs dbs abjpbeketks fk dm smehrk sbe ampmaks fk mtrmvksmr kstm `mrrkrm. Msê, ke abefgagbeks ebrjmdks, dms açdudms smehuêekms y dms jbdçaudms fk jkfgb y mdtb pksb jbdkaudmr eb sbe ogdtrmfms.

 

Kd ogdtrmfb ogdtrmfb hdbjk hdbjkrudmr rudmr kstí kstí abjpu abjpukstb kstb ouefm ouefmjketm jketmdjket djketk k pbr mhum, mhum,

kdka kd katr trbd bdgtgtbs bs y jb jbdç dçau audm dmss fk fg fgst stge getm tm em emtu turm rmdk dkzm zm,, pk pkrb rb fk `m `mib ib pk pksb sb jbdk jb dkau audm dmr, r, jm jmet etke kegk gkef efb b ue uem m ab abea eake ketr trma magñ gñe e sg sgjg jgdm dmrr m dm fk fkdd pd pdms msjm jm smehuêekb. Ke kd ogdtrmfb hdbjkrudmr mpkems kxgstke prbtkêems, fmfb quk su kdkvmfb pksb jbdkaudmr fgogaudtm quk mtrmvgkske dm `mrrkrm hdbjkrudmr.

  Kstm ogdtrmagñe sk prbfuak fk`gfb m dm prksgñe prksgñe kokatgvm fk ogdtrmagñe, quk quk ks dm oukrzm ektm quk pkrjgtk kd pmsb fk mhum y sbdutbs m trmvçs fk dm `mrrkrm fk ogdtrmagñe.

Dm Srksgñe kokatgvm fk ogdtrmagñe ks kd rksudtmfb fk9

 

Dm fgokrkeagm fk prksgbeks ketrk dm prksgñe ngfrbstítgam fk dm duz fk dbs ampgdmrks hdbjkrudmrks y dm prksgñe ngfrbstítgam fk dm duz fk dm aípsudm fk @bwjme. Kstm prksgñe omvbrkak dm smdgfm fk dbs dêqugfbs nmagm dm aípsudm fk @bwjme.

DM SPKQGÑE BEAÑVGAM FKD AMSGDMP HDBJKP[DMP9 Qk fk`k m dms prbtkêems fkd pdmsjm quk pbr su amrhm kdçatrgam fk supkrogagk sbe ampmaks fk mtrmkr y rktkekr mhum y sbdutbs fketrb fk dm duz ampgdmr. Kstm prksgñe kvgtm ke agkrtb hrmfb dm smdgfm fk ue jmybr vbdujke fk dêqugfbs nmagm dm aípsudm fk @bwjme.

  Dbs rgýbeks rgýbeks nujm nujmebs ebs ogdtrme ogdtrme md md fêm mprbxgj mprbxgjmfmj mfmjketk ketk =>3 =>3 dgtrbs dgtrbs y sge sge kj`mrhb sk kdgjgeme ke abefgagbeks ebrjmdks =,; G fk brgem.

PKM@QBPAGÑE V[@[DMP9 Ke abefgagbeks ebrjmdks kd rgýñe rkm`sbr`k kd

77%

fkd

mhum

y

fkd

sbfgb

ogdtrmfbs.

  Vmj`gçe rkm`sbr`k jbdçaudms gjpbrtmetks quk sbe mprbvkanmfms ke kd jktm`bdgsjb hkekrmd y quk pbr su `mib pksb jbdkaudmr sbe ogdtrmfms, tmd abjb baurrk abe dm hduabsm, kta. m) VAS9 Dm rkm`sbragñ rkm`sbragñe e sk rkmdgzm abe kd pmsb pmsb fk dêqugfbs dêqugfbs fksfk dm duz tu`udmr md kspmagb getkrstgagmd gejkfgmtb y fk mnê m dm smehrk (ampgdmrks).   Ke kstk kstk ormhjketb ormhjketb sk rkm`sbr` rkm`sbr`k k ketrk ketrk kd ?;-83% ?;-83% fkd fkd sbfgb sbfgb ogdtrmfb. ogdtrmfb. Dm Dm rkm` rk m`ssbr brag agñe ñe fk sb sbfg fgb b sk ma mabj bjpm pmým ým fk dm rk rkm` m`ssbr brag agñe ñe fk ad adbr brb b y `gamr`bemtb  

Qk

pmrm

rkm`sbr`k

jmetkekr dm

tbtmdgfmf

dm fk

dm

ekutrmdgfmf hduabsm

y

kdçatrgam. mm

ogdtrmfbs.

  Qk rkm`sbr`k kd ;3% ;3% fkd pbtmsgb pbtmsgb ogdtrmfb `gke pbr ue ue jkamegsjb jkamegsjb matgvb b

pmsgvb

abe

prkfbjgegb

fkd

skhuefb

jkamegsjb.

 

abeskauk kaukeagm eagm fk fk dm rkm`sb rkm`sbragñe ragñe fk dbs metk metkrgbrk rgbrks, s, sk prbfua prbfuak k   Abjb abes uem fgsjgeuagñe fk dm bsjbdmrgfmf fkd dêqugfb ogdtrmfb y mujketm dm fkd dêqugfb rkm`sbr`gfb md kspmagb getkrstgagmd. Qk arkm msê uem fgokrkeagm fk abeaketrmagñe ketrk mj`bs abjpmrtgjketbs quk omvbrkak dm rkm`sbragñe pmsgvm fkd mhum.   Vmj` Vmj`gçe gçe sk sk rkm`sbr` rkm`sbr`k k kd ;3% ;3% fk dm urkm ogdtrmf ogdtrmfm m pbr ue ue jkamegsjb jkamegsjb pmsgvb.

`) MQM FK NKEDK9 Ke dm rmjm fksakefketk fkd Msm sk rkm`sbr`k mhum y tmj`gçe sk prbfuak dm skarkagñe ektm fk urkm, quk pmsm fkd kspmagb getkrstgagmd m dm duz fkd Msm pmrm skr kdgjgemfm pbr dm brgem. Kd dêqugfb quk qukf qu kfm m ke dm du duzz fk fkdd Ms Msm m sk vu vukd kdvvk ng ngpk pkrt rtñe ñega gab b md pk pkrf rfkr kr kd mh mhum um y jmetkekr

dbs

sbdutbs.

  Ke dm pbra pbragñe gñe fkdh fkdhmfm mfm fk fk dm rmjm rmjm msakef msakefket ketk k fkd Msm Msm fk Nkedk Nkedk sk sk rkm` rk m`ssbr br`k `k sb sbfg fgb b y ad adbr brb b fk ob obrj rjm m pm pmsg sgvm vm,, fk fk`g `gfb fb md hr hrmf mfgk gket etk k fk abeaketrmagñe, quk ks jmybr ke kd Msm quk ke kd kspmagb getkrstgagmd. Md ogemd

fk

kstk

ormhjketb

kd

dêqugfb

ks

gsbtñegab.

  Ke dm pbragñe hruksm fk dm rmjm msakefketk msakefketk fkd Msm Msm sk rkm`sbr`k pbr  trmespbrtk matgvb adbrb md quk mabjpmýme sbfgb y pbtmsgb. Kd dêqugfb tu`udmr

sk

vukdvk

ngpbtñegab.

a) VAF9 Nmy ue getkramj`gb fk sbfgb pbr pbtmsgb. Kd sbfgb ks rkm`sbr`gfb y kd pbtmsgb skarktmfb fksfk kd kspmagb getkrstgagmd m dm duz fkd VAF. Kstk jkamegsjb fk getkramj`gb kstí abetrbdmfb pbr dm maagñe fk dm nbrjbem ddmjmfm mdfbstkrbem. Kd pmsb fkd sbfgb md kspmagb getkrstgagmd sk mabjpmým fkdd pm fk pmsb sb fk ad adbr brb. b. Kd dêdêqu qugf gfb b rk rksu sudtdtme metk tk sg sghu huk k sg sgke kefb fb ng ngpb pbtñ tñeg egab ab.. f) VA9 Ke kstk skhjketb tgkek duhmr dm rkhudmagñe fkogegtgvm fkd mhum m omvbr fk hrmfgketk. Kd kpgtkdgb fkd tù`udb ks gjpkrjkm`dk md mhum y pmrm quk

db

skm

ekaksgtm

fk

dm

maagñe

nbrjbemd.

  Qk rkm`sbr` rkm`sbr`k k mhum nmagm kd kd kspmagb kspmagb getkrst getkrstgagmd gagmd pbr pbr jkamegsj jkamegsjb b matgvb matgvb quk ks abetrbdmfb pbr dm nbrjbem metgfgurçtgam (MFN). Kd dêqugfb d êqugfb fkd tù`udb

 

abdkatbr

sk

vukdvk

ngpkrtñegab.

Qk rkm`sbr`k ketrk kd ?3-83% fk dm urkm.

MADMPMJGKEVB PKEMD9 Kd rgýñe matùm abjb uem kstmagñe fkpurmfbrm rktgrmefb fk dm smehrk hrme ametgfmf fk jktm`bdgtbs y sustmeagms tñxgams prbfuagfbs

ke

kd

jktm`bdgsjb

hkekrmd

fkd

brhmegsjb.

  Kd madmrmj madmrmjgketb gketb ke çd pkrjg pkrjgtk tk vmdbrmr vmdbrmr kstm kstm ampma ampmagfmf gfmf rkemd. rkemd. Jgfk dm dm ampmagfmf fk dbs rgýbeks pmrm kdgjgemr uem sustmeagm fkd pdmsjm. Qk pukfk fkogegr abjb kd vbdujke fk pdmsjm quk pbr dm maagñe fkpurmfbrm fk dbs rgýbeks qukfm dg`rk fk ksm sustmeagm ke dm uegfmf fk tgkjpb.   Ke abefga abefgagbek gbekss ebrjmdks ebrjmdks kd prbaksb prbaksb fk obrjmagñ obrjmagñe e fk dm dm brgem brgem ke sus sus trks omsks fk ogdtrmagñe, rkm`sbragñe y skarkagñe myufm m jmetkekr kd kqugdg`rgb ngfrbkdkatrbdêtgab y íagfb `msk fk dm smehrk. Kd madmrmjgketb rkemd pkrjgtk vmdbrmr kd `uke oueagbemjgketb fkd rgýñe.

 

 

 

A[MFPB OGQGSMVBDBHGAB OGQGSMVBDBHGAB

Aumfrb Ogsgbpmtbdñhgab Abeakptb

Ktgbdbhêm

Qêetbjms y sghebs

Dm dgtgmsgs

[em fgsjgeuagñe

urgemrgm,

fkd vbdujke

tmj`gçe

urgemrgb.

fkebjgemfm

 

urbdgtgmsgs b

[e gea gearkj rkjket ketb b ke

ekorbdgtgmsgs ks

dm

uem keokrjkfmf

urgemrgm sustmeagms

amusmfm pbr dm

quêjgams

prkskeagm fk

gjpgfke

dgtgmsgs b

fgsb fg sbdu duag agñe ñe fk dm dmss êbs.

pgkfrms ke kd

smdks quk abetgkek

getkrgbr fk dbs

dm brgem

rgýbeks b fk

DGVGMQGQ [PGEMPGM

Nkjmturgm (smehrk ke dm brgem). Abdbr

kxarkagñe mebrjmd fk dm fk brgem. Ogk`rk.

quk

Ksamdbor 

dm

Eíuskm s y vñjgtbs.

dms vêms

Fbdbr ke dm zbem

urgemrgms

duj`mr duj `mr (dmtkr (dmtkrmd) md)

(urçtkrks,

b m`fbjgemd

vkighm). Dbs aídaudbs rkemdks sk abjpbeke fk fgokrketks sustmeagms, sgkefb dbs fk Bxmdmtb aídagab y Íagfb Ùrgab dbs jís orkauketks (73%).

Kxmjke fk dm`brmtbrgb

VVB (trmtmjgketb)

Abjpdgamagbek s

Pmfgbhrmoêms

 Metgkspmsjñfgabs Gesuogagkeagm

sgjpdks.

.

[rbhr [rbhrmo moêm êmss

ab abe e  Bpgíakbs.

abetrmstk.

jkpkrgfgem

Kabhrmoêms.

jbrogem

[rb VMA. Nkjmtbdbhêm abjpdktm.

Pkemd Mhufm. b Gesuogagkeagm Pkem Pk emdd Ar Arñe ñega gam m m dmrhb pdmzb.

 

O[EFMJKEVBQ VKÑPGABQ FKD A[GFMFB FK KEOKPJKPÊM _GPHGEGM NKEFKPQBE  

_grhgegm Nkefkrsbe emagñ ke =>78 ke Lmesms (Jgssburg). Qk hrmfuñ

ke =70= =70= y sk ks kspk pkag agmd mdgz gzñ ñ abjb abjb keok keokrj rjkr krm m fb fbak aket etk. k. Ks Kstm tm tkñr tkñrga gam m fk keokrjkrêm geabrpbrñ dbs prgeagpgbs ogsgbdñhgabs y psgabpmtbdñhgabs m su abeakptb fk keokrjkrêm.

Dbs kdkjketbs jís gjpbrtmetks fk su tkbrêm sbe9 

Dm keokrjkrm msgstk m dbs pmagketks ke dms matgvgfmfks kskeagmdks pmrm jmetkekr dm smduf, rkaupkrmrsk fk dm keokrjkfmf, b mdamezmr  dm jukrtk ke pmz.



Getrbfuak y/b fksmrrbddm kd argtkrgb fk gefkpkefkeagm fkd pmagketk ke dm vmdbrmagñe fk dm smduf.



Gfketgogam =6 ekaksgfmfks nujmems `ísgams quk abjpbeke "dbs augf au gfmf mfbs bs keok keokrj rjkr krbs bs‚, ‚, ksok ksokrm rmss ke dm dmss qu quk k sk fk fksm smrrb rrbddddme me db dbss augfmfbs.



Qk b`sk `skrv rvm m uem sgj gjgdgdgtgtuf uf ketrk etrk dm dmss ekak aksg sgfm fmf fks pbr pbr kddddm m keujkrmfms y dm ksamdm fk ekaksgfmfks fk Jmsdbw. Dms sgktk ekaksgfmfks prgjkrms kstíe rkdmagbemfms abe dm Ogsgbdbhêm, fk dm batm ba tmvm vm m dm eb ebvk vkem em rk rkdm dmag agbe bemf mfm m ab abe e dm sk skhu hurg rgfm fmf, f, dm fç fçag agjm jm rkdmagbemfm abe dm prbpgm kstgjm, dm uefçagjm rkdmagbemfm abe dm pkrtkekeagm y fksfk dm fbak m dm amtbrak rkdmagbemfms abe dm mutbrrkmdgzmagñe.

Dms ekaksgfmfks nujmems `ísgams skhùe Nkefkrsbe, sbe9 =. Pkspgrm Pkspgrmrr abe ebrjm ebrjmdgf dgfmf. mf. 0. Abjkr Abjkr y ` `k`k k`krr mfkau mfkaumfm mfmjke jketk. tk. 1. Kdgjge Kdgjgemr mr dbs fk fkska skanbs nbs f fkd kd brh brhmeg megsjb sjb..

 

6. Jbvgjgketb Jbvgjgketb y jmet jmetkegjg kegjgketb ketb fk fk uem pbsturm pbsturm mf mfkaum kaumfm. fm. ;. Fksa Fksame mesm smrr y fbrj fbrjgr. gr. ?. Qkdkaa Qkdkaagbe gbemr mr vks vkstgj tgjket ketm m mfkaumf mfkaumfm. m. 8. Jmetke Jmetkekr kr dm tkjpk tkjpkrmt rmturm urm abrp abrpbrm brmd.d. >. Jmetke Jmetkekr kr dm dm nghgk nghgkek ek aabrp brpbrm brmd.d. 7. Kvgtmr Kvgtmr dbs dbs p pkdg kdghrb hrbss fk fkdd ketbr ketbreb. eb. =3.Abjuegamrsk abe btrbs, kxprksmr kjbagbeks, ekaksgfmfks, jgkfbs u bpgegbeks. ==.Kikrakr audtb m Fgbs, mabrfk abe dm rkdghgñe. =0.Vrm`mimr =0. Vrm`mimr fk obrjm quk pkrjgtm sketgrsk rkmdgzmfb. =1.Smrtgagpmr ke tbfms dms obrjms fk rkarkmagñe y bagb. =6.Kstufgmr, fksau`rgr b smtgsomakr dm aurgbsgfmf quk abefuak m ue fksmrrbddb ebrjmd fk dm smduf. Fkogegagñe fk Nkefkrsbe fk dbs aumtrb abeakptbs `ísgabs fkd

Jktmpmrmfghjm fk keokrjkrêm9 

Skrsbem9 Gefgvgfub quk rkqugkrk msgstkeagm pmrm mdamezmr smduf k gefkpkefkeagm b uem jukrtk ke pmz, dm pkrsbem y dm omjgdgm sbe vgstms abjb uem. Dm pkrsbem ks uem uegfmf uegfmf abrpbr abrpbrmd/ md/oês oêsgam gam y jketmd jketmd,, quk kstí kstí abestg abestgtug tugfm fm pbr abjpbe abjpbeket ketks ks `gbdñhgabs, psgabdñhgabs, sbagbdñhgabs y kspgrgtumdks. Dm jketk y kd aukrpb sbe geskpmrm`dks. Kd pmagketk y su omjgdgm sbe abesgfkrmfbs abjb uem uegfmf. Vmetb kd gefgvgfub smeb b kd keokrjb menkdm kd kstmfb fk gefkpkefkeagm. Vgkek uem skrgk fk ekaksgfmfks `ísgams pmrm dm supkrvgvkeagm. Ekaksgtm oukrzm, fkskbs,



abebagjgketbs pmrm rkmdgzmr dms matgvgfmfks ekaksmrgms pmrm uem vgfm smem. Geaduy uyk k rkdm rkdmag agbek bekss abe abe dm prbpg prbpgm m om omjg jgdgdgm, m, ms msêê jg jgsj sjb b ge gead aduy uyk k dm dmss Ketbre Ketb reb9 b9 Gead rkspbesm`gdgfmfks fk dm abjuegfmf fk prbvkkr augfmfbs.



Qmduf9 Dm amdgfmf fk dm smduf, jís quk dm vgfm ke sê jgsjm, ks ksk jmrhke fk vghbr oêsgab y jketmd, db quk pkrjgtk m uem pkrsbem trm`mimr abe dm jíxgjm kokatgvgfmf y mdamezmr su egvkd pbtkeagmd jís mdtb fk smtgsomaagñe ke dm vgfm. Abesgfkrm dm smduf ke tçrjgebs fk nm`gdgfmf fkd pmagketk pmrm rkmdgzmr sge myufm dbs amtbrak abjpbeketks fk dbs augfmfbs fk Keokrjkrêm. Kqugpmrm smduf abe gefkpkefkeagm.



Dmss keok keokrj rjkr krms ms tgke tgkeke ke ue uem m ou ouea eagñ gñe e ùe ùega gam, m, mu mueq equk uk ab abjpm jpmrt rtm m Keokrjkrêm9 Dm mdhuems abe btrbs prboksgbemdks. Dm sbagkfmf qugkrk y kspkrm ue skrvgagb admrb y ùegab fk dm keokrjkrm y egehùe btrb trm`mimfbr fk`k pbfkr b qukrkr prbpbragñe.

 

Pkpù`dgam @bdgvmrgmem Fk _kekzukdm Jgegstkrgb Fkd Sbfkr Sbpudmr Smrm Dm Fkokesm [egvkrsgfmf Emagbemd Kxpkrgjketmd Sbdgtçaegam Fk Dm Oukrzm Mrjmfm Emagbemd @bdgvmrgmem [.E.K.O.M. Eùadkb Amrm`b`b ‑ Gsm`kdgam

PK_GQVM FK KEOKPJKPGM

G.-FMVBQ FKJBHPMOGABQ9 Nbspgtmd9 Fr. Kergquk Vkikrm 

Qkrvgagb9 Kjkrhkeagm fk mfudtbs

Ebj`rk Fkd Smagketk9 D.P  Kfmf9 08 mýbs  Qkxb9 okjkegem Qmdm9 A¶ 6  Amjm9 =0/36/=771 

Kstmf Kstmfb b Agvgd9 Agvgd9 Qbdtkrm

Okanm fk emagjgketb9

Duhmr fk emagjg Duhmr emagjgket ketb9 b9 _mdkeagm kfb. Amrm`b`b Fgrkaagñe9 [r`. Dbs `uamrks amsm =8. Pkdghgñe9 amtñdgam  Baupmagñe9 fkd nbhmr  Hrmfb Fk Gestruaagñe9 `mangddkrmtb  GG.-JBVG_B FK DM ABEQ[DVM9 fbdbr m`fbjgemd, ogk`rk fk 17a. GGG.-KEOKPJKFMF MAV[MD9 dgtgmsgs urgemrgm G_.-FGMHEBQVGAB JKFGAB9 dgtgmsgs urgemrgm. _.-FMVBQ Q[@IKVG_BQ9 _mdbrmagñe fk dbs pmtrbeks oueagbemdks fk smduf  Smtrbeks mdtkrmfbs9      

=.- fbdbr m`fbjgemd 0.- ngpkrtkrjgm 1.- fbdbr  6.- Qukýb mdtkrmfb

_G.-QGHEBQ _GVMDKQ9

 

V/M9 =33/83jjnh Pkspgrmagñe9 0= x¶ Vkjpkrmturm9 17A Sudsb9 83 x¶ _GG.-VPMVMJGKEVB _GG.-VPMVMJ GKEVB MAV[MD9

 Metgkspmsjñfgabs..  Metgkspmsjñfgabs  Bpgíakbs. Jkpkrgfgem b jbrogem _GGG.-K^MJKEKQ _GGG.-K^MJ KEKQ FK DM@BPMVBPGB

Pmfgbhrmoêms sgjpdks [rbhrmoêms abe abetrmstk Kabhrmoêms [rb VMA Nkjmtbdbhêm abjpdktm

G^.-K^MJKE OGQGAB9 Hkekrmd9 pgkd amdgketk md tmatb y fksngfrmtmfm. Amrm bvmdmfm, sge dksgbeks, abe omagk ru`gauefm. sgjçtrgabsfk y nuefgfbs. abe su tm`gquk emsmd aketrmfm,Bibs sge prkskeagm dksgbeks yEmrgz obsmspkrogdmfm emsmdks rkskams. Dm`gbs sgjçtrgabs, amrebsbs, fksngfrmtmfbs, sge dksgbeks. Bêfbs sgjçtrgabs abe mskb pkrtgeketk.

Qkhjketmrgb9   Am`kzm y aukddb9  am`kzm ebrjb akoídgam eb prksketm tu tujb jbrm rmag agbe beks ks eg dk dksg sgbe beks ks.. Au Aukd kddb db abrt abrtñ, ñ, jñ jñvg vgd,d, eb ebrj rjmd md md tmat tmatb, b, sg sge e prkskeagm fk geodmjmagñe fk hmehdgbs, sge dksgbeks.   Vñrmx amrfgbrrkspgrmtbrgb9 amrfgbrrkspgrmtbrgb9 tñrmx sgjçtrgab ebrjb kdístgab y ebrjb kxpmesg`dk. Ke mj`bs amjpbs pudjbemrks, rkspgrmagñe 0= x¶.  

M`fbjke9 prkskeagm fk rugfbs ngfrbmçrkbs, fbdbr m dm pmdpmagñe

ke zbem obsm gdgmam gzqugkrfm.   Hkegtmdks9 eb kxpdbrmfbs.   Jgkj`rbs supkrgbrks k geokrgbrks9 jgkj`rbs supkrgbrks jñvgdks, sge dksgbeks ke dbs jgsjbs y fk obrjm sgjçtrgam ke su dbehgtuf, sk mprkagm uýms mskmfms. Jgkj`rbs geokrgbrks sgjktrêm, jbvgdgfmf, sge prkskeagm fk dksgbeks oêsgams, nghgkek mprkagm`dk.

 

Ekurbdñhgabs9 abesagketk y brgketmfb ke dbs trks pdmebs.

 

Hdmshbw9 =;/=;

 

Smrks armekmdks mdtkrmfbs9 eb mdtkrmfb.

^.-FGMHEBQVGAB FK KEOKPJKPGM

=.- fbdbr md jgsgbemr P/m geodmjmagñe urgemrgm skauefmrgb m geokaagñe

 

0.- ngpkrtkrjgm P/m geokaagñe urgemrgm kvgfkeagmfb abe ogk`rk m 17a sukýb ýb mdtkrm mdtkrmfb fb rkdma rkdmagbe gbemf mfb b abe abe fbdbr fbdbr m`f m`fbjg bjgemd emd kv kvgfk gfkeag eagmf mfb b abe 6.-  suk grrgtm`gdgfmf

A[MFPB MEMDGVGAB

Stk9.D.P Qkxb9 okjkegem Kfmf9 08 mýbs Qmdm9 A ¶ Qkr9 Kjkrhkeagm fk mfudtbs  mfudtbs  Okanm9 3?/3;/0303 FMVBQ FMVBQ SMVPBE Q[@IKVG_BQ B@IKVG_BQ MDVKPMFB rkogkrk tkehb juanb fbdbr

Smagketk D.P okjkegem fk 08

ke kd kstñjmhb, y nk prksketmfb ogk`rk fk 17a

mýbs abesagketk y brgketmfb ke dbs trks pdmebs.  Mpmrgkeagm nghgçegam, abe omagk ru`gauefm, Qk b`skrvm fksngfrmtmagñe ke dm pgkd.  M`fbjke fbdbrbsb md tmatb.

Abhebsagtgvb Skrakptumd

Qghebs _gtmdks V/M =33/83jjnh Pksp 0= x¶ Vkjp 17 ¹A Sudsb 83 x¶

SDME FK A[GFMFBQ

Stk9 D.P  Qkxb9 okjkegem Kfmf9 08 mýbs

Amjm9 6  FGMHEBQVGAB FK KEOKPJKPGM 0.-  ngpkrtkrjgm P/m geokaagñe urgemrgm kvgfke kvg fkeagm agmfb fb abe ogk`rk m 17a

 

Qkr9 Kjkrhkeagm fk mfudtbs  3?/3;/0303 VKBPGYMEV K _GPHGEGM

Qmdm9 A ¶

Amjm9 6 

Okanm9

F^ FK KEOKPJKPGM

APGVKPGB FK K_MD[MAGBE

MAAGBEKQ FK KEOKPJKPGM

K_MD[MAGBE

Ngpkrtkrjgm P/m P/m geok geokaa aagñ gñe e urgemrgm kvgfkeagmfb abe og ogk` k`rrk m 17a

Aujpdgfms dms maagbeks fk keokrjkrêm m dbs 13¶ sk kvgfkeagmrm fgsjgeuagñe fk dm tkjpkrmturm fk 17³A m 18³A

*Pkdmagñe tkrmpçutgam Keo./Stk. *Pkmdgzmrdk jkfgbs oêsgabs *Abdbamrdk vkstgjketm orksam *Amtmtkrgzmrdk vêm pkrgoçrgam *Kxtrmkrdk jukstrms fk smehrk pmrm kx. Fk dm`brmtbrgb *Mfjgegstrmrdk =.333a fk Qbd. 36; m 13htsx¶ *Mfjgegstrmrdk =mjp. Fk Ebvmdagem G_ A/?nrs B.J *Abetrbdmrdk dm tkjpkrmturm A/6nrs Geobrjmrdk dm gjpbrtmeagm fk jmetkekr vkstgjketm orksam y dgvgmem

Aujpdgfms dms maagbeks fk keokrjkrêm m dbs 13¶ sk kvgfkeagb fgsjgeuagñe fk dm tkjpkrmturm fk 17³A m 18³A

NKEFKPQB E 8 Jmetkekr dm tkjpkrmturm abrpbrmd.

QBMSGK mfudtbs  Stk9 D.P Qkrvgagb9 kjkrhkeagm fk mfudtbs 

Qmdm9 A ¶

Amjm9 6 

Okanm9 3?/3;/0303

Q

Smagketk rkogkrk tkehb juanb fbdbr ke kd kstñjmhb, y nk prksketmfb ogk`rk fk 17a

B

Smagketk D.P okjkegem fk 08 mýbs abesagketk y brgketmfb ke dbs trks pdmebs.  Mpmrgkeagm nghgçegam, atmatb. be omagk ru`gauefm, Qk b`skrvm b`skrvm fksngfrmtmag fksngfrmtmagñe ñe ke dm pgkd.  M`fbjke fbdbrbsb fbdbrbs b md abe Qghebs _gtmdks V/M =33/83jjnh Pksp 0= x¶ Vkjp 17 ¹A Sudsb 83 x¶

M

Ngpkrtkrjgm P/m geokaagñe urgemrgm kvgfkeagmfb abe ogk`rk m 17a

S/G

*Pkdmagñe tkrmpçutgam Keo./Stk. *Pkmdgzmrdk jkfgbs oêsgabs *Abdbamrdk vkstgjketm orksam

 

*Amtmtkrgzmrdk vêm pkrgoçrgam *Kxtrmkrdk jukstrms fk smehrk pmrm kx. Fk dm`brmtbrgb *Mfjgegstrmrdk =.333a fk Qbd. 36; m 13htsx¶ *Mfjgegstrmrdk =mjp. Fk Ebvmdagem G_ A/?nrs B.J *Abetrbdmrdk dm tkjpkrmturm A/6nrs

K

Geobrjmrdk dm gjpbrtmeagm fk jmetkekr vkstgjketm orksam y dgvgmem  Aujpdgfms dms maagbeks fk keokrjkrêm m dbs 13¶ sk kvgfkeagb fgsjgeuagñe fk dm tkjpkrmturm fk 17³A m 18³A

ABEAD[QGÑE

Dukhb fk dm audjgemagñe fk kstk kstufgb fk amsb adêegab, sk nm ddkhmfb m dm abeadusgñe fk quk kd Srbaksb fkd Augfmfb fk Keokrjkrêm abestgtuyk uem nkrrmjgketm `ísgam y prgjbrfgmd ke dm dm`br abtgfgmem fkd pkrsbemd fk keokrj keo krjkrê krêm, m, fk`gfb fk`gfb m quk quk jkfgme jkfgmetk tk kst kstm m jkt jktbfb bfbdbh dbhêm êm fk trm trm`mi `mib b abe pmsb pm sbss rk rkdm dmag agbe bemf mfbs bs,, kd pr prbo boks ksgb gbem emdd ge getk tkrm rmat atùm ùm ab abe e kd pmag pmagke ketk tk pm pmrm rm abeskhugr dbs fmtbs ekaksmrgbs pmrm dm obrjudmagñe fk fgmheñstgabs fk keokrjkrêm quk fme m abebakr dms ekaksgfmfks quk fk`ke smtgsomakrsk ke kd usumrgb. Am`k rksmdtmr quk pmrm dm mpdgamagñe fk kstk prbaksb ks ekaksmrgb jmetkekr ue kdkvmfb hrmfb fk getkrmaagñe abe kd usumrgb, y, abe kd omjgdgmr fkd jgsjb, abjb ouk kd amsb fk kstk kstufgb. urbdgtgtgm gmsg sgss ks ue uem m Ks gjp gjpbrt brtmet metk k rkabeb rkabebakr akr quk dm dgt dgtgms gmsgs gs urg urgemr emrgm gm  b urbd keokrj keo krjkfm kfmf f amr amrmat matkrg krgzmf zmfm m pbr dm mpmrga mpmrgagñe gñe fk aí aídau daudbs dbs ke kd mpm mpmrmt rmtb b

 

urgemrgb supkrgbr. Dm jmegokstmagñe jís orkauketk fk kstm pmtbdbhêm ks kd añdgab ekorêtgab.

HDBQMPGB FK VÇPJGEBQ

JMDSGHNG9 Dbs tu`bs b tù`udbs fk Jmdpghng (ke rkokrkeagm m Jmrakddb Jmdpghng) sbe ue sgstkjm kxarktbr y bsjbrkhudmfbr prksketk ke geskatbs, jgrgípbfbs, mríaegfbs y tmrfêhrmfbs.

BQAGDM9 ks ue vkr`b getrmesgtgvb quk fksghem kd tgpb fk jbvgjgketb fbefk ue aukrpb sk `mdmeakm, ke vmgvçe, fk ue kxtrkjb md btrb, pmsmefb sgkjprk pbr kd jgsjb puetb jkfgb, m dm jmekrm fk ue pçefudb.

@BXJME9 Dm aípsudm fk @bwjme ks dm uegfmf rkemd rkemd ke  ke obrjm fk hdmefk nukam ke dm quk sk rkmdgzm kd ogdtrmfb fk dms sustmeagms quk sk vme m kxarkt kxa rktmr. mr. Kstí Kstí dba dbamdg mdgzmf zmfm m md prg prgeag eagpgb pgb fkd fkd abjpb abjpbeke eketk tk tu`udmr  fk ue uem m ekorbem ke kd rgýñe rgýñe fk  fk dbs jmjêokrbs. Keakrrmfb fketrb fk dm aípsudm fk @bwjme sk keauketrm kd hdbjçrudb. hdbjçrudb.

 

MPVKPGBDM9 [em mrtkrgbdm ks ue vmsb smehuêekb fk pkqukým fgjkesgñe, quk rksudtm fk rmjgogamagbeks fk dms mrtkrgms y dg`krm dm smehrk nmagm dbs ampgdmrks.

 W[^VMJKF[DMP9 Eko Ekorbe rbem m obr obrjmf jmfm m pbr hdb hdbjçr jçrudb udbss fk dba dbamdg mdgzma zmagñe gñe yuxtmjkfudmr, fk tmjmýb hrmefk y pbab eujkrbsm (prbpbragñe fk =98 rkspkatb m dms ekorbems abrtgamdks), quk fm emagjgketb m vmsbs rkatbs y msms fk Nkedk dmrhms, quk ddkhme nmstm dm pmpgdm rkemd.

FKVP[QBP9 Kd jùsaudb fktrusbr ks dm ampm fk jùsaudb dgsb quk obrjm pmrtk fk dm pmrkf fk dm vkighm urgemrgm. Qu abetrmaagñe prbvbam dm jgaagñe, ks fkagr dm kxpudsgñe fk dm brgem md kxtkrgbr m trmvçs fk dm urktrm.

 

PKOKPKAGMQ @G@DGBHPMOGAMQ @G@DGBHPMOGAMQ

 Síhgem wk`9 nttps9//ks.j.wglgpkfgm.brh/wglg/_%A1%M=dvudmRgdkbakamd  Síhgem wk`9 nttps9//agjm.mkjps.ks/agjm/fbantjd/ot/;;1=8/OVR;;1=8.ntjd  Síhgem wk`9 nttps9//www.kaurkf.au/OdbrmR`matkrgmem

MEK^BQ

OMDVM OGANM OMPJMABDBHGAM9

 

OMDVM DM NBIM FK VPMVMJGKEVB