Case Study 2

Housing In India In India, the term housing society refers to residential complexes that are consisting of buildings. A housing society in India is a cluster of house owners that reside in the same premises, apartments, or buildings forming relevant laws for smooth functioning of amenities and utilities provided for those who are living in the area.

Every building located in same premises must have a separate or single society. Most of the basic housing societies in India are formed in one federation. Whereas every housing society may run based on the charges or fees rated by the flat owners .

Issues to be considered for the Housing Design Density, mixed land use, (master layout) ground coverage, development controls, social pattern Use Urban systems, Services and their integration with the Project Requirements (derived from surveys) in all respects Issues in appropriate technology and costs Issues of hierarchy, identity of space, integration of community etc Detailing for the disabled and elderly Local architectural responses to climate, culture, traditional values, building elements

Zakhir Hussain Corperative Housing IMMEDIATE CONTEXT To the east of the site is an Sarai Julena which is a highly dense urban village. To the west, is Ishwar Nagar which consists of plotted housing. On the north boundary is the Maulana Muhhamad Ali Jauhar Marg which leads to NH-2. Across the road lies the New Friend’s Colony Community Centre. To the south is Sukhdev Vihar.

Sarai Julena

SITE Ishwar Nagar

BACKGROUND Client: Zakir Hussain Cooperative Society Year of completion: 1984 Architect: Raj Rewal History : Built for the Zakir Hussain Cooperative Society which consisted of mostly Muslims, it consisted of 204 apartment units and was a great testing ground for improved concepts later in other buildings such as high density housing for the Asian Games Village. It was started in 1979 but was only completed in 1984.

Some of the concepts explored through this housing: •Urban fabric •Clusters •Streets •Gateways •Inner courtyards

SITE ACCESS Entry/Exit and Circulation: There are six entries to the site. •1,2,3.4 are used as the vehicular entries to the site. •5 is used as pedestrian entry catering to the near bus stop at Sarai Julena. •6 is the service entry for the site which remains closed most of the time. Each gate is dedicated for a particular courtyard. Vehicular circulation is limited to individual courtyards for the purpose of parking. Apart from that, the major circulation is pedestrian. 5 6

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SITE ORGANISATION Orientation : The site is oriented east to west, casting shadows during day time to provide relief from the sun. North-South access prevailing direction for the types up to 3 floors and also for the East-West Towers Building. Massing and heights : Two 8 storey towers on either side of the site provide large units of 130-160 sq. metre. There are 8 types flats in the towers. Between them are 4 storey clusters of apartments around open areas for pedestrians or vehicles. These contain smaller apartments (50-100 sq. metres) of which there are 16 variations to meet the specific desires.

Climatologic measure East to west orientation of site, casting shadows during day time to provide relief from the sun.

SITE PLANNING Area : 10198 m² Ground coverage : 6981sqm Green Area: 1020 m² Parking Area: 960 m² Byelaws applicable at the time of construction (including EWS) Number of blocks : 24 Number of units : 204 Service available- water, sewage and electricity : there are bore-wells present on site plus overhead tanks. There are no generators at the society level, but there is a transformer. People and lifestyle : mostly a Muslim society.

TYPE A

TYPE B

TYPE C

TYPE D

Dwelling typologies •Two 8 storey towers were included as a means of providing large units of 130-160 sq. metre. •The two towers form poles at either end of the long site. • Between them are 4 storey clusters of apartments around open areas for pedestrians or vehicles. •These contain smaller apartments (50-100 sq.metres) of which there are 16 variations to meet the specific desires.

COMPOSITION OF ACCOMMODATION: There are 4 main types with many variations, merged together and placed symmetrically with respect to the two orthogonal principal axes. The type studied (A) spread over 8 floors and consists of the following environments: - Input - Living - Multipurpose - Veranda - Kitchen - Terrace - Environment Service - 3 Bedrooms - 2 or 3 bathrooms - Storage Access to the rooms are made through the central area of ​distribution that also houses the stairwell and lift the battery compartment.

Design principle-

the planning is such that there are cubic modules enclosing a green space on the rear side and parking area on the front side. There are two apartments at the ends of the site. The architect is famous for his cubic volumes in his designs. In this design of his, the influence of geometry can be seen in the patterns . Each cluster consists of apartments facing a central courtyard.

The whole community is surrounded by a green belt all along the periphery. There are open community spaces enclosed by four blocks of buildings. the opposite blocks are ushaped ( circulation-wise ) .

Linear parking system Separate parking for each cluster Symmetric pattern as each entry takes the user into a courtyard or green space. Open space in between cluster of building use for gathering recreations place. No specific place for tot lots. Specific pedestrian entrance at northern gate while other gates are used for vehicles as well as for pedestrian. A specific gate at northern side is used as service entrance but mostly closed. Each apartment is facing courtyard or green space. The other amenities are available in the radius of 200 m.

Green spaces •Paved pathways •Space for gathering •Social interaction •Buffer space •Climatology taken into aspect

• Paved Parking space for each cluster • Linear parking system • Separate parking for each cluster in the middle of the clusters

The paved walkway dividing the building and the courtyard

Green space in the centre of the cluster

Parking space

ARANYA HOUSING INDORE VASTU SHILPA : B.V.DOSHI Noteworthy for its effort to integrate families within a range of poor to modest incomes.

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MAIN AIM : Large scale low cost housing for the poor LOCATION : 6km form Indore CAPACITY : 6500 dwellings in 85 hectares Master plan prepared by Vastu Shilpa (B V Doshi) foundation in 1983. Recipient of the Aga Khan award in 1995. Six sectors with each sector having approximately 7000-1200 occupants. Designed around a central spine which acts as the business district. ZONING The residences are distributed in six sectors. The commercial amenities are distributed along the central spine. The basic amenities like schools and community centres are spread at convenient distances.

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

DIAGONALLY RUNNING LANDSCAPE EWS OCCUPIE S THE CENTRAL PLACE.

THE WELL OFF FAMILIES OCCUPY THE PERIPHERY OF THE SECTOR AND CENTRAL SPINE.

COMMERCIAL COMMUNITY & RECREATIONAL AMENITIES ARE LOCATED ALONG THE CENTRAL SPINE.

CLUSTERS WITH COURTYARDS AT THE BACK OF THE HOUSES.

• PLANNING

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Ten houses with courtyards at the back forms a cluster. Clusters open into a street. Septic tanks are provided for a group of twenty houses. Internal streets and squares are paved. Open spaces are interlined to form a pedestrian network to connect the whole settlement. The formal street network draws the vehicular traffic outward to the perimeter road while pedestrian traffic on informal pathways and open space network flows in the opposite direction achieving clear and safe segregation of slow and fast moving traffic. Topography of the site was an important determinant in planning roads and other service networks to maximize use of gravity flow and minimize cut and fill of land. Introduction of open slot around service core combines twice as much toilets per manhole and cuts down pipe lengths to half, achieving economic efficiency without effecting its performance. The service slot has been integrated as design element helping break the continuous built mass and becoming useful play area for children with platform for neighborly activities.

OCCUPANTS AND SCHEMES •Variety of income groups. •Payment schemes and service options reflects the financial stability. •Houses ranging from one room shelters to relatively spacious houses. •EWS gets a concrete plinth, a service core and a room along with the plot. The ideological basis for planning Aranya has been the following Vitality : development to support socio physical aspirations of the community Image : built form to impart identity and inculcate a sense of belongingness amongst the inhabitants. Equity : to create equitable balanced community and satisfactory level of opportunities for all. Flexibility : to evolve a framework that absorbs with ease the progressive change and growth as a part of natural development process. MATERIALS •Brick, stone and concrete are locally available •Owners of plots are free to use any other material for construction.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS •To foster community feel and mutual interdependence, various income groups have been combined and arranged in concentric rings of plots. •Each dwelling has its own compound and territory which encourages social interaction and supports a way of life. •Dwellings are grouped to create small cluster spaces in a form of short streets or cul-de-sacs or open squares like mohallas of traditional towns. CLIMATOLOGY •Dwellings are oriented north-south and arranged as row houses so that minimum incident solar radiation will be absorbed by the walls. SPACES IN THE DEWLLINGS •An elaborate hierarchy of house extensions – spaces in front of the houses assume semi private to private character with spill over of domestic activities. These extensions offer variations in street form, integrates house with streets and become climatically and culturally important spaces for daily chores. •The dwellings are not only places of dwelling but also places for working. • A range of house based income generated activities are undertaken.

Is Aranya housing running successfully??

•No evidence of any NGO activity concerned with community participation. •No identifiable facility for credit and mortgage has been put in place to enable the slum dweller to secure his place. •No arrangement for providing gainful employment for the potential beneficiaries have been made. •The 80 demonstrated houses have been planned well with extreme caution and dedication but the rest of the 4200 plots are not being used. •15-20 % of the urban slum dwellers still own the plots while the rest of the plots have been resold at about ten times the original rate. •No consideration for the Muslim community . They sold their lands first due to insecurity and unsafe surroundings after the mosque was burnt down by the Hindu activists. •Does not satisfy the needs to be fulfilled by the other award winning projects in Indonesia.

KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS MUMBAI CHARLES CORREA

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