cARTAALIRANsEBATIANKARBONBIaddon2008

FLOW CHART OF REACTIONS BETWEEN ALKANE, ALKENE, ALCOHOL, CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ESTER

PETROLEUM Hot Alumina Cracking Reaction

ALKANE CnH2n + 2

Substitution reaction

ETHANE C2H6

Cl2 Sunlight /uv

C2H4 + H2  C2H6

 Name of carbon carbon compounds

C2H6 + Cl2  C2H5Cl + HCl Chloroethane CH3CH2Cl + HCl C2H4 + HCl  C2H5Cl

Starch/glucose

Yeast Fermentation

 position of of alkyl parent position of of suffix of alkyl group group chain functional group homologous series

1.  Neutralisation  Neutralisation reaction salt and water CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O 2. With active metals (Mg, Zn, Al)  salt + H2 gas 2 CH3COOH + Mg  (CH3COO)2Mg + H2

To differentiate alkane and alkene: Method Observation Add bromine Alkene water, Br 2 decolourise the brown colour of  bromine water. water. Alkane no visible change. Add acidified Alkene  potassium decolourise manganate(VII), the purple KMnO4 colour of KMnO4. Alkane no visible change.

3. With metallic carbonate  salt + CO2 + H2O HCl gas H2 C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2 CO 2 2 CH3COOH + CaCO 3  r.t.p  Nickel / platinum platinum (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O o 200 C ALCOHOL Hydration C2H4 + H2O  C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O + [O]  CH2OHCH2OH CnH2n + 1 reaction Oxidation Steam, Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 reaction Acidified C2H5OH + 2[O]  CH3COOH + H 2O Ethane-1,2-diol 300oC / 60 atm ETHENE ETHANOL CH2OHCH2OH KMnO4 C2H4 C2H5OH i) Acidified potassium dichromate( VI), K 2Cr 2O7 Ethanoic acid i) Aluminium oxide/hot porcelain CH3COOH ii) Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO 4 ALKENE ii) Concentrated H2SO4, 180oC CnH2n o Dehydration iii) Concentrated H 3PO4, 80 C Concentrated C2H4 + Cl2  CH2ClCH2Cl reaction Esterification C2H5OH  C2H4 + H2O H2SO4 Br 2 in reaction reflux C2H5OH + CH3COOH  CH3COOC2H5+ H2O Halogenation tetrachloromethane Addition 200oC, reaction ol merisa merisatio tio 1500 atm All carbon compound combust in excess Ethyl ethanoate oxygen to CO2 and H2O CH3COOC2H 5 1, 2-dibromoethane  poly(ethene)  poly(ethene) Alkene burns with more sooty flame Addition CH2BrCH2Br ( CH2CH2 )n than corresponding alkane due to  higher ESTER reaction % of carbon by mass. mass. CnH2n + 1COOCmH2m + 1 n C2H4  (CH2CH2)n Definition 1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain the elements Naming of Carbon compound (Prefix) Number of Isomer carbon and hydrogen only.  No. of Prefix Example Formula Isomers have different physical properties because properties  because they have different 2. Saturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have only single carbon molecular structural. However, isomers have the same chemical properties covalent bonds between bonds between all the carbon atoms in the molecules. 1C Meth CH4 Methane Methane  because they belong to the same homologou homologouss series. 3. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have at least one 2C Eth C2H5OH Ethanol Ethanol Homologo  No. of  No. of Structural formula carbon-carbon multiple bond in the molecule. 3C Prop C3H6 Propene Propene us Series carbon isomer 4. The  The  molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the 4C But C3H7COOH Butanoic Butanoic acid 4 2 actual numbers of atoms of each element present in one C-C-C-C ; C-C-C 5C Pent C5H12 Pentane Pentane Alkane Butane C molecule of the substance. 6C Hex C6H12 Hexene Hexene 5. The structural The structural formula of an organic compound is the chemical 5 3 C 7C Hept C7H15OH Heptanol Heptanol formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and covalent Pentane C-C-C-C-C ; C-C-C-C ; C-C-C 8C Oct C7H15COOH Octanoic Octanoic acid C  bonds between between atoms in a molecule of of the compound. compound. C 9C Non C9H20 Nonane Nonane 6. A  homologous is a family of organic compounds with the same 4 3 C=C-C-C ; C-C=C-C ; C=C-C 10C Dec C10H20 Decene Decene functional group and group and with similar chemical properties. properties. Alkene Butene C 7. A  functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that 6 characteristics of Homologous series 5 5 ; ; C=C-C-C-C C=C-C-C C=C-C-C determines the characteristic properties of an organic compound. (1) Members can be represented by a same general formula. Pentene C-C=C-C-C C C 8. Isomerism is the existence of two or more compounds that have (2) Members can be prepared using similar methods. 3 2 ; C-C-C C-C-C the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. (3) Members show a gradual change in their physical properties. Alcohol Propanol OH OH (4) Members have similar chemical properties. 9. Isomers are Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula C 4 4 ; ; C ; C-C-C-C C-C-C-C (5) Members have same functional group.  but different structural formulae. Each isomer has a different C-C-C OH OH C-C-C Butanol Hydrogenation reaction