Carta Italiana Del Restauro, 1987

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

IMTXM HL =>;6 IMTX =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLT IJ@YLTU UMIN MINÙ@ Ù@ ^ TLYX TLYXM\T M\TMIN MINÙ@ Ù@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Mrtïiucj = Cms ij`snhlrminj`ls l n`struiinj`ls, nopcïintm j lxpcïintmol`tl l`u`inmhms l` lc prlsl`tl hjiuol hji uol`tj `tj,, prltl` prltl`hl` hl` rl`jvm rl`jvmr, r, n`tlfrm n`tlfrmrr y sustm` sustm`inm inmcol col`tl `tl sustnt sustntunr unr cm –Imrtm –Imrtm ctm ctmcnm cnm`m `m hlc Tlstmurj‟ hl =>64. Îstms sl mpcnim` m tjhjs cjs jdgltjs hl tjhm îpjim y írlm fljfríenim qul rlvnstm` hl om`lrm snf`nenimtnvm n`tlrîs mrtïstnij, knstùrnij y l` fl`lrmc iucturmc. Ejrom` pmrtl hl tmc u`nvlrsj hl jdgltjs jdrms hl mrquntliturm y hl mfrlfminù` urdm`m, modnl`tls `mturmcls hl lsplinmc n`tlrîs m`trjpjcùfnij, em÷`nij ^ fljcùfnij, modnl`tls –ij`strunhjs‟, ijoj pmrquls, gmrhn`ls y pmnsmgls mfrmrnjs, n`struol`tjs tîi`nijs, inl`tïenijs y hl trmdmgj, cndrjs y hjiuol`tjs, tlstnoj`njs hl usjss y ijstuo usj ijstuodrls drls hl n`tlrîs n`tlrîs m`trjp m`trjpjcùf jcùfnij, nij, jdrms jdrms hl enf enfurm urminù inù` ` trn trnhno hnol`sn l`snj`m j`mc,c, jdrms jdrms hl enfurminù` pcm`m sjdrl iumcqunlr tnpj hl sjpjrtl (ourmc, hl pmplc, tlxtnc, cïf`lj, hl pnlhrm, oltícnij, ilríonij, vïtrlj, lti.). Xmc u`nvlrsj hl jdgltjs, l` frm` pmrtl, sl prlsl`tm tmodnî` ermfol`tmrnm ermfol `tmrnmol`tl ol`tl dmgj cm ejrom hl pnlzm mrquljcùfni mrquljcùfnim m y/j pmcljcùfnim pmcljcùfnim y pmclj`tjcùfnim pmclj`tjcùfnim mnscmhm l n`slrtm l` ij`tlxtjs oís mopcnjs. Lc u`nvlrsj hl jdgltjs mrrndm hlsirntj km lstmhj v lstí sjoltnhj, hlshl lc ojol`tj hl su `minonl`tj j hlc hlsiudrnonl`tj hl imhm u`j hl sus lclol`tjs, m cm miinù` hlfrmhm`tl hnsplrs hns plrsjrm jrm y/j hlstrui hlstruitjrm tjrm hl mij`tl mij`tlino inonl` nl`tjs tjs y prjilsjs prjilsjs eïs eïsnij nij-quï -quïoni onijs, js, fljcùf fljcùfnij nijss dnjcùfnijs v kuom`js. \` n`tlrîs ijf`jsintnvj eu`hmol`tmc hl tjhm cm kuom`nhmh km nopulstj, l nopj`l, jdstmiucnzmr  y ium`hj ol`js, erl`mr cm hlstruiinù`, hnsplrsnù` y hlfrmhminù` ij` tjhj tnpj hl rliursj ij`slrvmhjr, prlslrvm`hj cms ij`hninj`ls n`trï`slims, pmrm imhm jdgltj l` iulstnù`, cj oís pmrlinhms pjsndcl m cms jrnfn`mcls. Lc pmsj snfunl`tl ls, lvnhl`tlol`tl -l` ium`tj n`lvntmdcl y pjsndcl- lc hl tjomr olhnhms pmrm su olgjr ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù`. Lc prlsl`tl hjiuol`tj msuol, pjr cj tm`tj, lc `jodrl hl "Imrtm hl =>;6 hl cm Ij`slrvminù` y Tlstmurminù`‟.

Mrtïiucj 4 Cms hlen`ninj`ls hl cjs snf`nenimhjs hl cjs tîron`js hl usj oís erliul`tl l` cjs tlxtjs qul snful` sj` cjs snfunl`tls7

Ij`slrvminù`7  lc ij`gu`tj hl mituminj`ls hl prlvl`inù` y smcvmfumrhnm l`imon`mhms m mslfurmr u`m hurminù`, qul prltl`hl slr ncnontmhm, pmrm cm ij`enfurminù` omtlrnmc hlc jdgltj ij`snhlrmhj. Rrlvl`inù`7 lc ij`gu`tj hl mituminj`ls hl ij`slrvminù`, mc oís cmrfj pcmzj pjsndcl, ojtnvmhms pjr ij`jinonl`tjs prjsplitnvjs, sjdrl lc jdgltj ij`snhlrmhj y sjdrl cms ij`hninj`ls hl su ij`tlxtj modnl`tmc.

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

iumcqu qunl nlrr olhn olhnhm hm hl ij`s ij`slr lrvm vmin inù` ù` y pr prlvl lvl`i `inù nù` ` qu qul l `j no nopc pcnq nqul ul Ymcvmfumrhnm7 iumc n`tlrvl`inj`ls hnrlitms sjdrl lc jdgltj ij`snhlrmhj.

Tlstmurminù`7 iumcqunlr n`tlrvl`inù` qul, rlspltm`hj cjs prn`inpnjs hl cm ij`slrvminù` y sjdrl cm dmsl hl tjhj tnpj hl n`hmfminj`ls n`hmfminj`ls ijf`jsintnv ijf`jsintnvms ms prlvnms, sl hnrngm m rlstntunr  mc jdgltj, l` cjs cïontls hl cj pjsndcl, u`m rlcmtnvm clfndncnhmh y, hj`hl slm `lilsmrnj, lc usj. lc ij`gu`tjcjs hljdgltjs miinj`lshlrliurrl`tls l` cjsl` prjfrmoms hl n`tlrvl`inù`, Om`tl`nonl`tj l`imon`mhms m7 om`tl`lr n`tlrîs iucturmc ij`hninj`ls   ùptnoms hl n`tlfrnhmh y eu`inj`mcnhmh, lsplinmcol`tl hlspuîs hl qul kmym` suernhj n`tlrvl`inj`ls lxilpinj`mcls hl ij`slrvminù` y/j rlstmurminù`.

Mrtïiucj 9 Cms olhnhms hl ij`slrvminù` sl rlenlrl` `j sùcj m cm smcvmfumrhnm hlc jdgltj sn`fucmr y hlc ij`gu` ij` gu`tj tj hl jdgltjs jdgltjs ij`snhlrm ij`snhlrmhjs hjs snf`ne snf`nenim nimtnv tnvjs, js, sn`j tmodnî tmodnî` ` m cm hl cms ij`hninj ij`hninj`ls `ls hlc  ij`tlxtj modnl`tmc  modnl`tmc , sn  dnl` vlrnenimhj îstl ijoj knstùrnimol`tl plrtn`l`tl y emvjrmdcl, ym slm hlshl lc pu`tj hl vnstm eïsnij, ijoj hlshl lc hlc om`tl`nonl`tj jrhn`mrnj. Cms olhnhms hl rlstmurminù` qul n`tlrvnl`l` hnrlitmol`tl sjdrl cm jdrm pmrm hltl`lr, l` cj pjsndcl, hmýjs y hlfrmhminù` hldl` slr mituminj`ls qul rlspltl` cm ensj`joïm hlc jdgltj tmc ij ijoj oj km sn snhj hj trm` trm`so sontntnhm nhm m trmv trmvîs îs hl sus sus `m `mtur turmc mcls ls y jr jrnf nfn` n`mc mcls ls vl vlkïi kïiuc ucjs js omtl omtlrn rnmc mcls ls,, om`tl`nl`hj eíinc su cliturm. Ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` pulhl` `j hmrsl u`nhms y snouctí`lms, plrj sj` ijopclol`tmrnms y, l` tjhj imsj, u` prjfrmom hl rlstmurminù` `j pulhl prlsin`hnr hl u` mhliumhj prjfrmom hl smcvmfumrhnm, om`tl`nonl`tj y prlvl`inù`.

Mrtïiucj 8 Imhm Yuplrn`tl`hl`in Yuplrn`tl`hl`inm, m, N`stntutj N`stntutj u Jenin`m, Jenin`m, plrtl`linl`tl plrtl`linl`tl mc On`nstlrnj hl Dnl`ls Iucturmcls Iucturmcls y  Modnl`tmcls j m L`tls p÷dcnijs cjimcls, rlspj`smdcl l` omtlrnm hl ij`slrvminù` hlc pmtrnoj`nj knstùrnij-mrtïstnij y iucturmc ijopncmrí u` prjfrmom plrnùhnij lspliïenij hl cjs trmdmgjs hl ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù`, msï ijoj hl cms n`vlstnfminj`ls hlc sudsulcj y sudmiuítnims, qul hldlrí rlmcnzmrsl rlmcnzmrsl dnl` pjr iul`tm hlc Lstmhj j hl jtrjs L`tls j plrsj`ms. plrsj`ms. Xmc prjfrmom prjfrmom slrí mprjdmhj pjr lc On`nstlrnj hl Dnl`ls Iucturmcls y Modnl`tmcls, hl miulrhj ij` cm jpn`nù` hl cjs ijrrlspj`hnl`tls Ijontîs hl Ylitjr hlc Ij`slgj @minj`mc hl Dnl`ls Iucturmcls. L` lc íodntj hljdrms tmc prjfrmom, m ij`tn`uminù` hl cm prlsl`tminù` onsoj, iumcqunlr sjdrl cms rlelrnhmsyl` lc pírrmej =, hldlrí slr ncustrmhmhlc y gustnenimhm olhnm`tln`tlrvl`inù` u` n`ejrol tîi`nij hlc qul sl hlhuinrí`, mhloís hl cms vninsntuhls hl ij`slrvminù` hl cm jdrm, lc lstmhj mi mitu tumc mc hl cm onso onsom, m, cm `m `mtur turmc mclz lzm m hl cms cms n`tl n`tlrv rvl` l`in inj` j`ls ls `l `lil ilsm smrn rnms ms,, n` n`ic icus usj j pm pmrm rm lc ijrrlspj`hnl`tl y pjsndcl sm`lmonl`tj modnl`tmc, y cjs fmstjs `lilsmrnjs pmrm kmilrcls erl`tl. Hnikj n`ejrol slrí mprjdmhj pjr lc On`nstlrnj hl Dnl`ls Iucturmcls Modnl`tmcls, prlvnj pmrlilr  tm`tj l` cjs imsjs noprlvnstjs j huhjsjs, huhjsj s, ijoj l` mqulccjs prlvnstjs pjr cm cly- hl cjs Ijontîs hl Ylitjr ijrrlspj`hnl`tls ol`inj`mhjs oís mrrndm.

Mrtïiucj < L` rlcminù` ij` cjs en`ls hlsirntjs ij` m`tlrnjrnhmh, tjhm olhnhm ij`slrvmhjrm hldlrí slr  prjpjr prj pjrinj inj`mc `mc m cjs emitjr emitjrls ls modnl` modnl`tmc tmcls ls pjsntn pjsntnvjs vjs y `lfmtnv `lfmtnvjs, js, ijtnhn ijtnhnm`j m`jss j lstmin lstminj`mc j`mcls, ls, tl`nl`hj l` iul`tm sus imrmitlrls eïsnij-quïonijs, fljcùfnijs, dnjcùfnijs y kuom`js. L` ij`hninj`ls hl ij`tmon`minù` modnl`tmc frmvl, l` imsj hl qul `j ,sl pulhm pj`lr rlolhnj l` u` tnlopj rmzj`mdcl, ls jpjrtu`j rltnrmr sn` hlojrm cm jdrm j cms jdrms hl omyjr vmcjr y

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

snf`nenim snf`ne nimhj, hj, ijcjií ijcjií`hj `hjcms cms l` cufmr cufmr mhlium mhliumhj hj hj`hl hj`hl slm pjsndc pjsndcl l lstmdc lstmdclilr lilr ij`hni ij`hninj` nj`ls ls modnl`tmcls mprjpnmhms, hurmhlrms y pjsntnvms. Cm rlijol`hminù` snrvl tmodnî` pmrm cms jdrms iuym ijcjiminù` `j rlsuctmsl mhliumhmol`tl slfurm slf urm l` imsjs imsjs hl mij`tl mij`tlino inonl`t nl`tjs js `mturmc `mturmcls ls imtmst imtmstrùe rùenij nijss (tlrrl (tlrrlojt ojtjs, js, n`u`hm n`u`hminj inj`ls, `ls, hlrruodmonl`tjs). Hïfmsl cj onsoj pmrm cms jdrms lxilsnvmol`tl lxpulstms m rjdjs j hmýjs, msï ijoj pmrm cms jdrms fumrhmhms l` modnl`tls hj`hl sl mfjcpm` omsms n`ij`trjcmdcls hl vnsntm`tls.  M prjpùsntj hl cm mecul`inm hl vnsntm`tls, l` imhm imsj sl hldlrí hltlron`mr u`m l`trmhm oíxnom hl plrsj`ms l` rlcminù` m cm iudniminù` hlc lspminj, m cms imrmitlrïstnims hl cms suplreninls lxpulstms m cms vnsntms y m cms vmrnminj`ls lstminj`mcls y ijtnhnm`ms, icnoítnims y onirjicnoítnims. Cnopnlzms, Cnopnl zms, om`tl` om`tl`non nonl`tj l`tj hlc modnl` modnl`tl tl y icnomt icnomtnzm nzminù inù` ` hldlrí` hldlrí` slr lsirup lsirupucjs ucjsmol mol`tl `tl ij`trjcmhms y ij`trjcmdcls.

Mrtïiucj 5 L` rlcminù` m cms jplrminj`ls hl rlstmurminù` qul sl rlenlrl` m cm `mturmclzm omtlrnmc hl imhm u`m hl cms jdrms, sl hldl` rlikmzmr hlshl lc ojol`tj l` qul sl prjylitl cm prjpnm rlstmurminù`7 m) Mhninj`ls Mhni hl lstncj lstncjfríenijs j m`mcùfnims m`mcùfnims, , n`icusj n`icusqul j l` pulhm` ejroms snopcne sn`hnimr nopcnenimhms nimhms, mu`qul sl iul`tl ihldnù ul`tl ij` nj`ls hjiuol`tjs j pcístnijs iuíc ,eul j iùoj mpmrlilr lc msplitj hl cm jdrm tlron`mhm. Yl pjhrí` mhontnr cnontmhms lxilpinj`ls l` lc imopj hl cms rlstmurminj`ls mrquntlitù`nims, ium`hj cjs ijopclol`tjs m`mcùfnijs, sn dnl` rlhuinhjs m cj lsl`inmc, slm` `lilsmrnjs pmrm cm prjtliinù` lstítnim hl cm eídrnim, l` lsplinmc l` cms zj`ms sïsonims, y pmrm u` om`tl`nonl`tj oís slfurj hl cms pmrtls suplrvnvnl`tls. ^ lstj ls vícnhj tmodnî` pmrm mqulccjs lclol`tjs qul mslfurm` u` `jromc y lquncndrmhj hlscnzmonl`tj y hlsmfól hl cms mfums hl ccuvnm. d) Tlojin Tlojinj`ls j`ls j hloj hlojcni cninj` nj`ls ls qul jiuctl` jiuctl` lc pmsj pmsj hl cm jdrm m trmvîs hlc tnlop tnlopj, j, m ol`js ol` js qul sl trmtl trmtl hl cnontm cnontmhms hms mctlrm mctlrminj inj`ls `ls plrturdm plrturdmhjr hjrms ms j n`ij`fr n`ij`frul` ul`tls tls rlsplitj m cjs vmcjrls knstùrnijs hl cm jdrm j hl ijopclol`tjs hl lstncj qul cm emcsnenqul`. i) Mc Mctl tlrm rmin inj` j`ls ls j rloji rlojinj nj`l `lss hl cms  pítn`ms, snloprl qul `j sl kmym hlojstrmhj m`mcïtnimol`tl qul lstî` nrrlvlrsndclol`tl   ijoprjoltnhms pjr cm mctlrminù` hlc omtlrnmc suplreninmc. Cm ij`slrvminù` hl lstl ÷ctnoj pulhl slr, l` lelitj, eul`tl hl hlfrmhminù` pjstlrnjr, l` lsplinmc l` lc imsj hl suplreninls hl pnlhrms sucemtmhms lxpulstms mc mnrl cndrl.

Mrtïiucj 6 L` cj ij`ilr`nl`tl m cms jplrminj`ls hl rlstmurminù` qul melitm` m cm `mturmclzm omtlrnmc hl imhm u`m hl cms jdrms, sj` mhontnhms cms snfunl`tls jplrminj`ls y rln`tlfrminj`ls7 m) Mhninj`ls Mhninj`ls hl pmrtls pmrtls miilsjrn miilsjrnms ms l` eu`inù` eu`inù` lstítnim lstítnim y rln`tlf rln`tlfrminj` rminj`ls ls hl plqulýms plqulýms pm pmrt rtls ls vlrn vlrnenenim imhms hms knst knstùr ùrni nimo mol` l`tl tl,, omrim omrim`h `hj j hl ojhj ojhj icmrj icmrj mh mhni ninj nj`l `lss y, rln`tlfrminj`ls, mu`qul sn` lxilhlrsl l` cm slýmcnzminù` hl cms onsoms, m en` hl `j mctlrmr cm mroj`ïm hlc ij`tlxtj. L` tmcls imsjs sl pulhl mhjptmr tmodnî` u` omtlrnmc hnelrl`tl, sn dnl` irjoítnimol`tl mijrhl ij` lc ij`tlxtj, ij` tmc hl qul slm lc oís meï` ` y lvntmr ijopmt ijopmtndc ndcl, l, pjr sus imrmitl imr mitlrïs rïstni tnims ms eïs eïsnij nij-qu -quïon ïonims , ij` lc sjpjrtl. Lstj meï pjhrí ijopjrtmonl`tjs nrrlfucmrls, prjvjimhjs pjrims, n`inhl`inms tîronims hnvlrsms, m su vlz n`huinhms pjr jtrms7 lsplsjr, ojhj hl mpcniminù` y

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

ijopjsninù` hlc omtlrnmc. L` tjhj imsj, lstms n`slrinj`ls hldlrí` slr hnstn`fundcls m snopcl vnstm -mu`qul l` u`m vnsnù` mprjxnomhm- rliurrnl`hj m lcmdjrminj`ls hnelrl`tls hl cms knstùrnims, l` pmrtniucmr l` cjs pu`tjs hl u`nù` ij` cms pmrtls m`tnfums. En`mcol`tl, tmcls n`slrinj`ls hldlrí` lstmr omrimhms y elikmhms, hj`hl slm pjsndcl, plrj snloprl ij` cm hldnhm hnsirlinù`. d) Cn Cnop opnl nlzm zmss qu qul, l, l` cms cms pn`t pn`tur urms ms y, lsiuc lsiuctu turms rms pjcnir pjcnirjo jomh mhms ms,, `j hl hldl dl` ` mc mcim im`z `zmr  mr   gmoís m cjs pnfol`tjs hlc ijcjr, rlspltm`hj cm –pítn`m‟ y cjs pjsndcls dmr`nils m`tnfujs. Rmrm tjhms cms jtrms icmsls hl jdrms cms cnopnlzms `j hldlrí` cclfmr m cm suplre suplreninl ninl hls`uhm hls`uh m nj`ls, hlls, cm omtlrnm omtlrn mmcol`t hl l`tl cm qul ij`stm ` cms prjpnms jdrms. Rulhl` slr  plront plr ontnhms nhms lxilpi lxilpinj` lsplin lsplinmco l l`ij`stm` lc imsj ims j hl jdrms jdrms mrqunt mrquntlit litù`n ù`nims ims, , ium`hj lc om`tl`nonl`tj hl suplreninls hlfrmhmhms ij`stntuym u` plcnfrj pmrm cm ij`slrvminù` hl tjhj lc ij`tlxtj (vlr pírrmej 5 i)1 l` tmc imsj lc prjilhnonl`tj hldlrí slr hjiuol`tmhj mhliumhmol`tl. i) M`mstn M`mstncjs cjsns ns hjiuol hjiuol`tm `tmhm hm ij` slfurn slfurnhmh1 hmh1 rlijopj rlijopjsni sninù` nù` hl jdrms jdrms klikms trjzjs1 trjzjs1 snstlomtnzminù` hl jdrms ij` cmfu`ms, rlij`struyl`hj n`tlrstninjs hl pjim l`tnhmh ij` tîi`nim icmrmol`tl hnelrl`inmdcl m snopcl vnstm, j ij` zj`ms `lutrms ijcjimhms l` u` `nvlc hnelrl`tl mc hl cms pmrtls jrnfn`mcls1 j hlgm`hj m cm vnstm lc sjpjrtl jrn jrnfn` fn`mc mc l` tjhj tjhj imsj, imsj, `j n`tlfr n`tlfrm`h m`hj j gmoís gmoís lx `jvj `jvj zj`ms zj`ms ij` enfurminù enfurminù`, `, j n`slrtm`hj lclol`tjs hltlron`m`tls pmrm cm enfurmtnvnhmh hl cm jdrm. h) Ojhn Ojhnenenim imin inj` j`ls ls y `u `ulv lvms ms n`slr n`slrin inj` j`ls ls en`m en`mcncnhmh hmh ls lstít títni nim m y ij ij`s `slr lrvm vmhjr hjrm m hl cm lstruiturm n`tlr`m j hlc sustrmtj j sjpjrtl, ij` tmc hl qul, u`m vlz tlron`mhm cm jplrminù`, `j sl mprlinl l` lc msplitj `n cm mctlrminù` irjoítnim `n hl cm omtlrnm, qul pulhm slr plrindnhm l` cm suplreninl. ^ lstj, pjr supulstj, ijoj lxtrlom rmtnj hl u`m lxnfl`inm ij`slrvmhjrm nopjsndcl rlmcnzmr hl jtrj ojhj. L` lc imopj lsplinenij hl cm mrquntliturm, cm lxplrnl`inm hl cjs ÷ctnojs vln`tl mýjs km l`slýmhj m hlsij`enmr hl cms n`slrinj`ls jiuctms hl omtlrnmcls lsplinmcls ijoj lc milrj, lc kjronfù` prltl`smhj cms "ijsturms" mromhms l n`ylitmhms ij` mrfmr`msms hl ilol`tj j hl rlsn`ms, m imusm hl su impminhmh hl n`vmsnù`, pjim hurminù`, nrrlvlrsndncnhmh y rlcmtnvm lsimsm enmdncnhmh. Rjr tm`tj pmrlil` prlelrndcls -mu`qul pulhm` pmrlilr lxtrmýms m cm jdrm- olhnhms hl ij`sjcnhminù` hl tnpj trmhninj`mc (ij`trmeulrtls, tmpj`monl`tjs, imhl`ms, zu`ikjs) l` ium`tj eíincol`tl ij`trjcmdcls y sustntundcls. h) @ulvm @ulvm modnl`t modnl`tmin minù` ù` j snstlo snstlomtnz mtnzmin minù` ù` hl cm jdrm, ium ium`hj `hj ym `j lxnstm lxnstm j sl kmym hlstrunhj cm modnl`tminù` j cm snstlomtnzminù` trmhninj`mc j ium`hj cms ij`hninj`ls hl ij`slrvminù` lxngm` cm rlojinù` (vlr pírrmej ;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

L` cjs imsjs hl cnopnlzm hldlrí ij`slrvmrsl -m slr pjsndcl l` u` cufmr omrfn`mc hl cm zj`m n`tlrvl`nhm- u`m oulstrm hlc lstmhj m`tlrnjr m cm n`tlrvl`inù`, onl`trms qul l` lc imsj hl mýmhnhjs, cms pmrtls lcnon`mhms hldlrí` slr ij`slrvmhms y/j hjiuol`tmhms l` u` mriknvjhlpùsntj lsplinmc hl cjs jrfm`nsojs ijopltl`tls.

Mrtïiucj > Lc usj hl `ulvjs prjilhnonl`tjs hl ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` y hl `ulvjs omtlrnmcls, rlsplitj cjs prjilhnonl`tjs y omtlrnmcls iuyj Iucturmcls usj lstí vnfl`tl y, l` tjhj mhontnhj, hldlrí slrm mutjrnzmhj pjr lc On`nstlrnj hl Dnl`ls y Modnl`tmcls, dmgjimsj, lc ij`ejrol y  gustnenimhj pmrlilr hlc N`stntutj Il`trmc hl Tlstmurminù`, m qunl` ijrrlspj`hlrí tmodnî` prjojvlr mituminj`ls l` lc On`nstlrnj pmrm hlsmij`slgmr omtlrnmcls y oîtjhjs jdsjcltjs, `jinvjs y, l` tjhj imsj, `j ij`trmstmhjs1 suflrnr `ulvjs oîtjhjs y lc usj hl `ulvms omtlrnmcls1 hlen`nr cms n`vlstnfminj`ls m cms qul sl hldm mtl`hlr ij` u` lqunpmonl`tj y ij` lsplinmcnstms hnstn`tjs mc lqunpmonl`tj y m cm pcm`tnccm hnspj`ndcls.

Mrtïiucj =2 Cms olhnhms mhjptmhms pmrm prlslrvmrcms jdrms hl cms miinj`ls ij`tmon`m`tls y hl cms vmrnminj`ls mtojseîrnims, tîronims l knfrjoîtrnims, rlelrnhms l` lc pírrmej =, hldlrí`, l` cjs cïontls hl cj pjsndcl, rlspltmr lc msplitj hl cm omtlrnm y lc ijcjr hl cms suplreninls y tjhm jtrm ij`hninù` qul imrmitlrnil, hl ojhj sustm`inmc y plrom`l`tl, cms prjpnms jdrms y lc ij`tlxtj modnl`tmc modnl` tmc l` lc qul rlsnhl`. rlsnhl`. L` tjhj imsj, tmcls olhnhms hldlrí` slr tjomhms (hl ejrom qul sl lvntl iumcqunlr huhm sjdrl cm îpjim l` qul km` snhj rlmcnzmhms.

Mrtïiucj == Cj Cjss oîtj oîtjhjs hjs ls lspli pliïe ïeni nijs js hl cjs cjs qul slrv slrvnr nrsl sl l` cm cmss mi mitu tumi minj nj`ls `ls hl ij ij`s `slr lrvmi vminù nù` ` y rlstmurminù`, sn`fucmrol`tl pmrm cjs il`trjs knstùrnijs, pmrm cjs oj`uol`tjs mrquntlitù`nijs, pmrm cjs mrquljcùfnijs y pmrm cm lgliuinù` hl cms lximvminj`ls msï ijoj pmrm cms jdrms hl pn`turm, lsiucturm y mrtls mpcnimhms, dnl`ls hlc cndrj y hl mriknvj, lstí` lsplinenimhjs l` cjs m`lxjs m cms prlsl`tls n`struiinj`ls, hl`jon`mhjs M, D, I, H, L, E.

Mrtïiucj =4 L` cjs imsjs l` cjs qul lxnstm huhm sjdrl cm mtrnduinù` hl cms ijopltl`inms tîi`nims y surgm` ij`ecnitjs l` lstl sl`tnhj, hlinhnrí lc On`nstlrnj hl Dnl`ls Iucturmcls y Modnl`tmcls, m cm vnstm hl cjs n`ejrols hl cjs suplrn`tl`hl`tls hl cjs N`stntutjs n`tlrlsmhjs, ij`suctmhj lc Ijontî ijopltl`tl hl Ylitjr hlc Ij`slgj @minj`mc hl Dnl`ls Iucturmcls.

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

M@L[J M N`struiinj`ls pmrm cm tutlcm hl cjs Il`trjs Knstùrnijs Cm n`hnvnhumcnzminù` hl u` –il`trj knstùrnij‟ ls pjsndcl sùcj m ij`hninù` hl qul sl u`nenqul dmgj lc ij`ilp ij`ilptj tj hl ij`g ij`gu`tj u`tj kmdntmd kmdntmdcl cl tm`tj cm inuhmh ijoj cm mchlm y hl sjdrll`tl`hlr l` cm pmcmdrm knstùrnij cm im`tnhmh pmrtniucmr hl snf`nenimhjs mitumcls y pjtl`inmcls qul sl mtrnduyl mc –il`trj‟. –il`tr j‟. L` jtrms pmcmdrms, pmcmdrms, u` "il`trj knstùrnij" knstùrnij" pulhl slr hlen`nhj hlen`nhj `nhj ijoj u` ij`gu`tj kmdntmdcl iuyj snf`nenimhj ls n`sustntundcl l` cm knstjrnm hl u` írlm iucturmc hl cm kuom`nhmh.

 Mnfuls-Ojrtls y Ym` Flonf`m`j, pjr lglopcj, pulhl` slr ij`snhlrmhjs oulstrms n`snf`ls hl il`trjs knstùrnijs. ^, sn` lodmrfj, cm knstjrnm lspliïenim hl jtrjs il`trjs, n`icusj hl cjs oís frm`hls, oulstrm qul l` ouikïsnojs imsjs lc ij`ilptj hl "il`trj knstùrnij‟ pulhl slr  nhl`tn nhl `tneni enimhj mhj ij` lc hl "il`trj "il`trj m`tnfuj‟ m`tnfuj‟ ij`stntun ij`stntunrr u` írlm írlm ÷`nim ÷`nim -lc írl írlm m knstùrnimknstùrnim-,, n`icusj frm`hï frm `hïsno snom m hl u`m inuhmh inuhmh qul sl hlsmrr hlsmrrjcc jccm m mcrlhl mcrlhlhjr, hjr, j tmodnî tmodnî` ` slf÷` slf÷` hltlro hltlron`m n`mhms hms hnrliinj`ls l` cms ejroms oís ojhlr`ms y m vlils tmodnî` l` cms oís imùtnims, turdm`hj y imsn jiuctm`hj cjs rmsfjs hl cms írlms qul ij`stntuïm` lc il`trj jrnfn`mrnj dmgj cm j`hm hl lxpm`snù` hl cm urdm`nzminù` ojhlr`m. Cm prnolrm tmrlm hl tutlcm, ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` mtmýl, puls, m cjs il`trjs y/j írlms knstùrnims suplrvnvnl`tls, mol`mzmhms `j sùcj pjr cms imcmonhmhls `mturmcls y cms prjhuinhms pj pjrr cj cjss kj kjod odrls rls,, sn`j sn`j tmodn tmodnî` î` pjr pjr lc hl hlsm smrr rrjc jccj cj ur urdm dm`j `j –s –smc mcvmg vmgl‟ l‟ y, ms msno nons nsoj oj,, pj pjrr cm n`hustrnmcnzminù` smcvmgl. Ylolgm`tl tmrlm, clgjs hl slr eíinc, nopcnim kjy cms ijopltl`inms l n`ninmtnvms mhon`nstrmtnvms oís vmrnmhms7 hl cms Tlfnj`ls1 hlc On`nstlrnj hl Dnl`ls Iucturmcls y  Modnl`tmcls1 hlc On`nstlrnj hl Jdrms R÷dcnims1 hlc On`nstlrnj hlc Olhnjmodnl`tl y m÷` jtrms.  M`tl cm emctm hl u`m cly qul jdcnful m cm ijjrhn`minù` hl tjhms cms n`stntuinj`ls p÷dcnims nopcni nop cnimhm mhmss l` cm cmdjr cmdjr hl tut tutlcm lcm,, ij`slr ij`slrvmi vminù` nù` y sm`lmo sm`lmonl` nl`tj tj (y ls muspni muspninmd nmdcl cl qul sl prjouc prj oucful ful prj`tj prj`tj y, prlinsm prlinsmol` ol`tl, tl, pjr n`ninm n`ninmtnv tnvm m hlc On`nst On`nstlrn lrnj j hl Dnl`ls Dnl`ls Iuctur Iucturmcl mclss y  Modnl`tmcls), sl pulhl` l`u`inmr mquï sùcj mcfu`js prn`inpnjs fl`lrmcls y mcfu`ms n`hniminj`ls hl hltmccl hl tîi`nim urdm`ïstnim.  Mc loprl`hlr u` prjylitj hl n`tlrvl`inù` l` u` il`trj knstùrnij hldl` slr mtl`tmol`tl vmcjrmhjs7 m) Cm `mturmc `mturmclzm lzm knstù knstùrni rnim m hlc ij`gu`t ij`gu`tj j jrnfn`mr jrnfn`mrnj. nj. d) Cms rmzj`ls rmzj`ls qul qul km` hltlron` hltlron`mhj mhj l` lc pmsmhj pmsmhj su suplrv suplrvnvl nvl`in `inm m j su hlsmpmrn hlsmpmrninù inù` ` pmrinmc, j n`icusj, su rlcmtnvm plrom`l`inm j ij`slrvminù`. i) Cms rmzj` rmzj`ls ls qul, qul, m ijrtj j m cmrfj pcmzj pcmzj,, mol`mzm` mol`mzm` su ij`sl ij`slrvm rvminù inù`, `, ym slm pjr cm cm tl`hl`inm mc mdm`hj`j, j m cm hlojcninù` sustntutnvm pmrm u`m utncnzminù` oís vl`tmgjsm hlc sulcj jhlhlhlslquncndrnj iumcqunlr lstruiturm. M îstms sl mýmhl` cms rmzj`ls pjsndcls sntuminj`ls knhrjfljcùfnij, hlrnvmhms lsl`inmcol`tl hl cm hl musl`inm hl u`m iucturm y hl u`m prmxns snstloítnim hlc usj hl cjs rliursjs `mturmcls `mtu rmcls y mrtneninmcls. L` cï` cï`lms lms fl`lrmc fl`lrmcls, ls, cms inriu`s inriu`stm` tm`inm inmss qul km` ij`trn ij`trndun dunhj hj m erl`mr erl`mr cm hlstrui hlstruiinù inù`, `, lc mdm`hj`j j cm rlstmurminù` smcvmgl hldl` slr n`hnvnhumc nzmhms y ccmomhms m ijjplrmr l` cm jdrm hl smcvmfumrhnm y sm`lmonl`tj hl u` il`trj knstùrnij. Rjr lstj, l` cm frm` omyjrïm hl cjs imsjs, ls pruhl`tl y jpjrtu`j u` lstuhnj mtl`tj y mrtniucmhj hl cms pjsndncnhmhls `mturmcls hl rlkmdncntminù` hl cms lstruiturms hl u` il`trj y hlc rlstmdclinonl`tj, l` ium`tj pjsndcl, hl sus msplitjs imrmitlrnzmhjrls, tm`tj l` cjs vjc÷ol`ls ijoj l` sus hnstrnduinj`ls y l` sus l` l`cm cmil ilss vn vnmrn mrnjs js,, msï msï ijoj ijoj l` lc ijcjr ijcjrnh nhj j hl imhm imhm lc lclo lol` l`tj tj y l` cm hl hlijr ijrmi minù nù` ` ur urdm` dm`m m su suplr plrvn vnvn vnl` l`tl. tl. L` hnik hnikj j lstu lstuhn hnj j hl hldl dlrí rí` ` slr hl hlsi simrt mrtmh mhms ms,, jd jdvn vnmo mol` l`tl tl,, cm cmss ej ejro roms ms hl rlkmdncntminù` qul kmfm` n`÷tnc cm jdrm hl sm`lmonl`tj y ij`slrvminù`. L`trl cjs prn`inpmcls n`struol`tjs hl rlmhliuminù` hl u` il`trj knstùrnij mc cufmr l` lc qul lstí udnimhj, sl ol`inj`m` cjs pcm`ls hl rllstruiturminù` y smcvmfumrhnm knhrjfljcùfnim, qul kmy, qulimsj ij`erj`tmr snstloítnimol`tl pcm`ls utncnzminù` pulhl mfrïijcm ejrlstmc1 tmodnî` l` lstl cm imrl`inm hl u`m iucturmij` y hlcjs u`m prmxnshlsnstloítnim slry plrguhninmc.

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

 Mhontnhj u` omrij slolgm`tl, rlcmtnvj m cm jrhl`minù` hlc tlrrntjrnj, ls lvnhl`tl qul l` cjm  pcm`ls hl rllstruiturminù` rllstruiturminù` urdm`ïstnim y hl smcvmfum smcvmfumrhnm rhnm  hl u` il`trj knstùrnij, m`tls qul

`mhm, hldlrí slr ij`snhlrmhj lc msplitj modnl`tmc l` sl`tnhj mopcnj1 u` il`trj on`÷siucj, dnl` ij`slrvmhj y dnl` mnscmhj, (pjr lglopcj, Oj`tlrnffnj`l), `lilsntm u` m`nccj hl írlms hl rlspltj, om`tl`nhj ij` iuctnvjs vlrhls l` u` rmhnj prjpjrinj`mhj m cm hnol`snù` hlc prjpnj il`trj, onl`trms qul írlms knstùrnims, ym l` vïms hl slr sjoltnhms m ij`struiinù` n`tl`snvm, hldl` lstmr sugltms m cnontminj`ls mprjpnmhms hl mcturms y vjc÷ol`ls. Ijoj ls jdvnj, cjs n`struol`tjs urdm`ïstnijs hldl`, l` tjhjs cjs imsjs intmhjs, n`tlrvl`nr jpjrtu`mol`tl y ij` m`tninpminù`, tl`nl`hj l` iul`tm qul, sn sl cclfm tmrhl, lc nopmitj hl ejroms hl urdm`nzminù` n`tl`snvm pulhllijcùfnij jprnonr, ijoj l` u`n`tjclrmdcl `uhj, cms zj`ms knstùrnims sjoltnî`hjcms n`icusj hlshl lc pu`tj hl vnstm m u` strlss hl vlkïiucjs. Rjr cj qul rlsplitm m imhm u`j hl cjs lclol`tjs, m trmvîs hl cjs iumcls sl mit÷m l` cm smcvmf smc vmfumrh umrhnm nm hlc jrfm`n jrfm`nsoj soj l` su ij`gu`t ij`gu`tj, j, sl hldl` hldl` tjomr tjomr l` ij`snh ij`snhlrmi lrminù` nù` tm`tj tm`tj cjs lclol` lcl ol`tjs tjs lhncni lhncninjs njs,, ijoj ijoj cjs lclol` lclol`tjs tjs qul ij`stn ij`stntuy tuyl` l` cjs lspmin lspminjs js lxtlrn lxtlrnjrls jrls (pmtnjs (pmtnjs,,  gmrhn`ls, lspminjs cndrls, lti.), jtrms lstruiturms snf`nenimtnvms (ourmccms, pulrtms, rjims, lti.), mhloís hl pjsndcls lclol`tjs `mturmcls qul mijopmým` mc ij`gu`tj imrmitlrnzí`hjcj hl ejro ejrom m oís oís j ol`js ol`js mil` mil`tum tumhms hms77 ij`t ij`tjr` jr`js js `mtu `mturm rmcl cls, s, iu iurs rsjs js hl mf mfum um,, sn`f sn`fuc ucmr mrnh nhmh mhls ls fljojrejcùfnims (ijoj cm Tjim hl Jrvnltj...), lti. Cjs lclol`tjs lhncninjs qul ejrom` pmrtl hl hnikj jrfm`nsoj sl ij`slrvmrí` `j sùcj l` sus msplitjs ejromcls -qul imcnenim` su lxprlsnù` mrquntlitù`nim j modnl`tmc-, sn`j tmodnî` l` sus imrmitlrls tnpjcùfnijs l` ium`tj lxprlsnù` hl eu`inj`ls qul km` imrmitlrnzmhj l` lc tnlopj lc usj hl cjs prjpnjs lclol`tjs. L` tjhj imsj, pmrm îstjs, snrvl` cms `jroms hlc M`lxj D.  M cms n`tlrvl`inj`ls hl rllstruitur rllstruiturminù` minù` urdm`ïstnim  sl pulhl mýmhnr cm rljfm` rljfm`nzminù` nzminù` vnmrnm. Lstm ij`inlr`l mc m`ícnsns y rlvnsnù` hl cms ij`lxnj`ls vnmrnms y hl cms ijrrnl`tls hl tríenij qul vuc`lrm` su lstruiturm, ij` lc en` prnojrhnmc hl rlhuinr cjs msplitjs pmtjcùfnijs y rlij`huinr lc usj hlc il`trj knstùrnij m eu`inj`ls ijopmtndcls ij` cms m`tnfums lstruiturms. Cm rlvnsnù` hl cm hlijrminù` hlijrminù` urdm`m ij`inlr`l m cms imccls, pcmzms y m tjhjs cjs lspminjs cndrls lxnstl` lxn stl`tls tls (pmtnj (pmtnjs, s, lspmin lspminjs js n`tlrn n`tlrnjrls jrls,, gmrhn` gmrhn`ls, ls, lti.). lti.). m En` hl lstmdcl lstmdclilr ilr u`m ij`lxn ij`lxnù` ù` kjojfî`lm l`trl cjs lhneninjs y cjs lspminjs lxtlrnjrls. Xmc rlvnsnù` ij`snhlrmrí tmodnî`, ijoj ym sl km n`hnimhj, cjs msplitjs irjoítnijs hl cjs lhneninjs hl cjs il`trjs knstùrnijs. Cjs prn`inpmcls tnpjs hl n`tlrvl`inù` l` lc l c íodntj lhncninj sj`7 =

Ym`lmonl`tj lstítnij l knfnî`nij hl cjs lhneninjs, l`imon`mhj mc om`tl`nonl`tj hl su

lstruiturm y m u` usj lquncndrmhj hl cm onsom1 tmc n`tlrvl`inù` sl rlmcnzmrí slf÷` cms tîi`ni tîi `nims, ms, cms ojhmcn ojhmcnhmhl hmhlss y cms mhvlrt mhvlrtl`in l`inms ms n`icun n`icunhms hms l` cms n`strui n`struiinj inj`ls `ls pmrm pmrm lg lgli liui uinù nù` ` hl cms cms rlst rlstmu murmi rminj nj`l `lss mrqun mrquntl tlit itù` ù`ni nims ms (v (vlr lr m` m`lx lxj j D) D).. L` ls lstl tl tnpj tnpj hl n`tlrv n`tlrvl`in l`inù` ù` ls hl pmrtni pmrtniucmr ucmr nopjrtm nopjrtm`in `inm m lc rlspltj rlspltj m cms iumcnh iumcnhmhl mhlss tnp tnpjcù jcùfni fnims, ms, ij`struitnvms y eu`inj`mcls hlc jrfm`nsoj, lvntm`hj mqulccms trm`sejrominj`ls qul mctlrl` sus imrmitlrls1 4

Tl`jvminù` Tl`jvminù ` eu`inj`mc hl cjs jrfm`nsojs n`tlrnjrls, plrontnhm sùcmol`tl mccï hj`hl slm

n`hnspl`smdcl pmrm cjs en`ls l`imon`mhjs m om`tl`lr l` usj lc lhneninj. L` lstl tnpj hl n`tlrvl`inù` ls hl eu`hmol`tmc nopjrtm`inm lc rlspltj, l` cm olhnhm hl cj pjsndcl, m cms iumcnhmhls tnpjcùfnims y ij`struitnvms hl cjs lhneninjs, lvntm`hj eu`inj`ls qul hlejrol` lxilsnvmol`tl lc lquncndrnj tnpjcùfnij-ij`struitnvj (y tmodnî` lstítnij) hlc jrfm`nsoj. N`st N`struo ruol` l`tj tjss jp jplr lrmtn mtnvjs vjs hl cjs cjs tnpjs tnpjs hl n` n`tl tlrv rvl`i l`inù nù` ` mr mrrn rndm dm l` l`uo uolrm lrmhj hjss sj sj` ` lsl`inmcol`tl7 m) Rcm`ls Rcm`ls tlrrntj tlrrntjrnm rnmcls cls hl ijjrhn ijjrhn`mi `minù` nù` y, olgjrm olgjrm hl cjs rliursj rliursjss kïhrni kïhrnijs js fljcùfni fljcùfnijs js mf mfrï rïij ijcm cmss ej ejrl rlst stmc mcls ls l` rlcm rlcmin inù` ù` m cj cjss pcm` pcm`ls ls hl vnmd vnmdncncnh nhmh mh el elrr rrjv jvnm nmrn rnm m y mutjojvncïstnim, mhloís hl omrïtnom ecuvnmc y cmiustrl1 cmiu strl1 d) Rcm`ls tlrrntjr tlrrntjrnmcls nmcls hl ijjrhn` ijjrhn`minù` minù` urdm`ïstn urdm`ïstnim im pmrm n`tlfrmrs n`tlfrmrsl l l` cjs prlilhl`t prlilhl`tls1 ls1 i) Rcm`ls hl jrhl`minù jrhl`minù` ` prjvn`inmc, prjvn`inmc, qul qul hldlrí` hldlrí` l`iumhrmrsl l`iumhrmrsl l` cjs prlilhl prlilhl`tls1 `tls1 h) Rcm`ls hl hl jrhl`minù` jrhl`minù` fl`lrmc fl`lrmc (ou`ninpmcls (ou`ninpmcls)) qul rllstruiturl rllstruiturl` ` cms rlcminj`ls rlcminj`ls l`trl l`trl il`trj knstùrnij y tlrrntjrnj, l`trl Il`trj knstùrnij y inuhmh l` su ij`gu`tj1

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

l) Rc Rcm` m`ls ls pmri pmrinm nmcl clss rlcm rlcmtntnvj vjss m cm rlls rllstr trui uitu turm rmin inù` ù` hl hlcc il il`t `trj rj knst knstùr ùrni nij j l` su suss lclol`tjs oís snf`nenimtnvms1 e) pc pcm` m`ls ls hl lgli lgliuin uinù` ù` sli slitjr tjrnm nmc,c, lxtl` lxtl`sn snvj vjss m u` u`m m om`zm om`zm`m `m j m u` ij`gu ij`gu`t `tj j hl lclol`tjs rlmfrupmdcls jrfí`nimol`tl1 f) pcm`ls pcm`ls hl ijcjr ijcjr ij`trj ij`trjcmh cmhjs js mhliumhmo mhliumhmol`tl l`tl sjdrl sjdrl hmtjs hmtjs eïsnij-qu eïsnij-quïon ïonijs ijs mhloís mhloís hl mutj-ùptnijs y ij` u`m lxtl`sm n`struiinù` l` cm qul sl tl`fm l` iul`tm cm "trmhninù` irjoítnim‟ hl imhm il`trj knstùrnij, n`icusj olhnm`tl n`vlstnfminj`ls encjcùfnims, nij`jfríenims y hjiuol`tmcls.  M lstl`mturmc mpî`hnil hldlrïm kmdlr Yn` slfunhj u` trmtmonl`tj lsplinmc `mturmcls‟, hlc modnl`tl urdm`nzmhj, tm`tj ijoj ij`strunhj. lodmrfj, pmrm cms –dlcclzms cjs`j pmrquls y cms rlslrvms, cjs gmrhn`ls, m`lgjs j `j m cms inuhmhls y m cjs oj`uol`tjs knstùrnijs, `j sl km hlsmrrjccmhj m÷` cm hldnhm mtl`inù` hl ojhj jrfí`nij. Lc msu`tj rlqulrnrí, l` u` pcmzj, qul hlslmojs slm drlvl, u` hjiuol`tj lspliïenij. Dmstl hlinr mquï qul lc prjdclom lxtrlomhmol`tl ijopclgj y lstrlikmol`tl rlcminj`mhj ij` cjs tloms lijcùfnijs `j pulhl merj`tmrsl sn `j ls l` rlcminù` snstloítnim y l` ijcmdjrminù` ij` cjs On`nst On`nstlrn lrnjs js hl Mfrniu Mfrniuctur cturm m y Jdrms Jdrms R÷dcni R÷dcnims, ms, ij` lc hl Olhnjm Olhnjmodn odnl`t l`tl, l, ij` cms Emiuctmhls hl Inl`inms y, l` pmrtniucmr, ij` dnùcjfjs, djtí`nijs y flùcjfjs.

M@L[J D N`struiinj`ls pmrm prjilhlr l` cm ij`slrvminù`, om`tl`nonl`tj y rlstmurminù` hl cms jdrms hl n`tlrîs mrquntlitù`nij Ij`snhlrminj`ls prlcnon`mrls Cm Imrtm hlc Tlstmurj hl =>64, pmrm lc prjdclom lspliïenij hl cm rlstmurminù` mrquntlitù`nim, hlpl`hïm, l` frm` olhnhm, hl cjs irntlrnjs mhjptmhjs pmrm cm rlstmurminù` hl cjs jdgltjs hl mrtl prlhjon`m`tl prlhjon`m`tlol`tl ol`tl frmejpnitùrnijs, frmejpnitùrnijs, hj`hl cjs msplitjs msplitjs vnsumcls vnsumcls prlhjon`mdm` prlhjon`mdm` sjdrl cm lstruiturm. Mkjrm, sl qunlrl smtnsemilr cm `lilsnhmh hl u` lstmtutj pliucnmr pmrm cm rlstmurminù` mrquntlitù`nim, qul rlij`jzim m cjs lhneninjs oj`uol`tmcls y m cjs ij`tlxtjs modnl`tmcls imrmitlrïstnims lspliïenims l` ium`tj mc ijopjrtmonl`tj rlsplitj m cm mfrlsnù` hl cjs mfl`tls hl ij`tmon`minù`, m cjs mdusjs hl cjs usumrnjs, m cjs rnlsfjs sïsonijs. Cm tmrlm hl cm rlstmurminù` mrquntlitù`nim ls cm hl n`tlrprltmr u`m om`uemiturm knstùrnim, n`hnvn n`h nvnhum humcnz cnzm`hj m`hj cms mhninj mhninj`ls `ls y mctlrmi mctlrminj` nj`ls ls suernh suernhms, ms, prjpjri prjpjrinj` nj`í`h í`hjcl jcl u`m mhliumh mhliumhm m y ij`trjcmdcl olgjrm lstítnim ij` olhnjs ijopmtndcls y rlvlrsndcls (rln`tlfrminj`ls hl ourjs, lstrndjs, tnrm`tls `j jiuctms, lti.). Kmstm mkjrm, cm lxnfl`inm hl hnsnoucmr cjs olhnjs hl rleulrzj, pmrm `j mctlrmr lc msplitj y, lc imríitlr hl cjs lhneninjs, km gustnenimhj lc rliurrnr m tli`jc tli `jcjfï jfïms ms n``jvm n``jvmhjr hjrms ms qul plrontl plrontl` ` rlmcnzm rlmcnzmrr rle rleulr ulrzjs zjs n`vnsn n`vnsndcl dcls, s, plrj plrj fl`lrmc fl`lrmcol` ol`tl tl nrrlvlrsndcls, mctlrmhjrls, n`ijopmtndcls y pjij hurmhlrjs, ij`slrvm`hj hl klikj lc msplitj y `j cm lstruiturm hl cm eídrnim. Rjr jtrm pmrtl, lc usj hl cms tîi`nims trmhninj`mcls `j km snhj `u`im lxicunhj pjr cms Imrtms hl Tlstmurminù` prlilhl`tls (Imrtm Ntmcnm`m hl =>94, Imrtm hl Ul`linm hl =>58, Imrtm Ntmcnm`m hl Tlstmurminù` hl =>64). L` lelitj, îstms mcuhïm` mc usj hl tli`jcjfïms n``jvmhjrms sùcj l` cjs imsjs l` cjs iumcls cms trmhninj`mcls `j n`spnrmsl` ij`enm`zm y sl cnontmdm` m rlijol`hmr cm mhjpinù` hl prlimuinj`ls nhù`lms pmrm kmilr plrilptndcl cm n`tlrvl`inù` hl cj `ulvj l` cj vnlgj. Rlrj, m cm cuz hl u`m lxplrnl`inm oís omhurm, lc usj hl cms tîi`nims trmhninj`mcls sl hldl hld l ij`snh ij`snhlrmr lrmr mpcnimdc mpcnimdcl l `j sùcj sùcj m cms snopcls snopcls olg olgjrm jrms s hl cms ij`hninj`ls lstítnims, sn`j tmodnî` m ouikjs imsjs hl –pmtjcjfïm jrhn`mrnm‟, ijoj sl hnrí olgjr oís mhlcm`tl.

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

L` tjhj imsj, hlicmrmsl emvjrmdcl m cm rliuplrminù` hl cms tîi`nims trmhninj`mcls `j ls puls sueninl`tl pjrqul ls `lilsmrnj smdlrcms rlmcnzmr. Lc usj lxmflrmhj hl cms tîi`nims n``jvmhjrms l` cm ij`struiinù` ojhlr`m, l` fl`lrmc, y tmodnî` l` lc imopj hl cm rlstmurminù`, km jrnfn`mhj u` mdm`hj`j hlc smdlr kmilr trmhninj`mc, `j sùcj ij`snhlrmhj jdsjcltj, sn`j n`ijrrlitj j, sn` oís, lrrù`lj. Ls pjsndcl u`m rlvmcjrnzminù` hl mqulc smdlr kmilr sùcj sn, lstuhnmhj mtl`tmol`tl, pulhl slr hnvucfmhj l` cms lsiulcms y l` cm \`nvlrsnhmh m trmvîs hl u`m hnhíitnim lspliïenim.

Rcm`neniminù` hl cms jplrminj`ls hl ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` Cm prjfrmominù` prjfrmominù` y lgliuinù` lgliuinù` hl inicjs inicjs rlfucmrls hl om`tl`nonl`t om`tl`nonl`tj j y hl ij`trjc hlc lstmhj hl ij`slrvminù` hl u` oj`uol`tj mrquntlitù`nij sj` cm ÷`nim fmrm`tïm hl qul cm prlvl`inù` slm jpjrtu`m y mprjpnmhm m cm jdrm l` cj qul sl rlenlrl mc imríitlr hl cms n`tlrvl`inj`ls y m su erliul`inm. Lc prjilhnonl`tj msï n`hnimhj plrontnrí, hj`hl cm l`tnhmh hl cm n`tlrvl`inù` cj rlqunlrm, cm n`stntuinù` hl –im`tlrms=  plrom`l`tls‟ m lelitjs hl plreliinj`mr cms iumhrnccms, plrontnr su rlimodn rli modnj j ensnjc ensnjcùfn ùfnij, ij, ejromr ejromr lqunpjs lqunpjs hl mutî`tn mutî`tnijs ijs –ij`ji –ij`jilhj lhjrls‟ rls‟ hl cms oís rliù`hn rliù`hntms tms im imrmi rmitl tlrï rïst stni nims ms hl cm eídr eídrni nim m y hl su ijop ijopjrt jrtmo monl nl`tj `tj l` lc tr trm`s m`siu iurs rsj j hlc tnlo tnlopj pj.. Xmc prjilh prj ilhnon nonl`tj l`tj plrontn plrontnrí, rí, mhloís, mhloís, `jtmdc `jtmdcls ls mkjrrjs mkjrrjs en` en`m`i m`inlrj nlrjss y lvntmr lvntmrí, í, l` cj pjsndc pjsndcl, l, hlsmfrmhmdcls j lqunvjimhms n`tlrvl`inj`ls n``jvmhjrms j hl rlprnstn`j. L` cj qul ij`inlr`l m cm utncnzminù` hl cjs lhneninjs oj`uol`tmcls, sl hldl sudrmymr quî ejroms ij`trnduyl` m mslfurmr su suplrvnvl`inm. Msnonsoj, pmrm lstl en` mprjpnmhms cjs trmdmgjshlhlrlkmdncntminù` mhmptminù` hldlrí` cnontmrsl mc oï`noj rlspltm`hj, l` cj pjsndcl, cm n`hnvnhumcnhmh tnpjcùfnim y ij`struitnvm hl cm jdrm, ijoprl`hnhjs sus rlijrrnhjs n`tlrnjrls. @n`f÷` prjylitj hl ij`slrvminù` j rlstmurminù` pjhrí ij`snhlrmrsl nhù`lj pmrm pmsmr m cm emsl hl lgliuinù` sn `j lstí prlilhnhj, l` prnolr cufmr, hl u` lsplrmhj lstuhnj hl cm jdrm y hl su ij`tlxtj modnl`tmc, modnl`tmc, pmrm prlsupulstmr prlsupulstmr y en`m`inmr en`m`inmr hl ojhj lspliïenij. lspliïenij. Rmrtl n`tlfrm`tl n`tlfrm`tl hl lstl lstuhnj slrí` cms n`vlstnfminj`ls dndcnjfríenims nij`jfríenims, hl mriknvjs, lti., pmrm mhqunrnr mhqunr nr tjhjs cjs hmtjs knstùrnijs knstùrnijs pjsndcls, pjsndcls, mhloís hl n`vlstnfmin n`vlstnfminj`ls j`ls lxplrnol`tmcls lxplrnol`tmcls sjdrl cms prjpnlhmhls omtlrnmcls hl cm om`uemiturm. Ylrí `lilsmrnj l` tmc emsl ij`ilhlr cm oíxnom nopjrtm`inm m cm knstjrnm hl cms trm`sejrominj`ls omtlrnmcls hlc oj`uol`tj, rlimdm`hj, l` lsplinmc l` rlcminù` m sus hnelrl`tls rlkmdncntminj`ls, tjhms cms n`hniminj`ls pmrm ejroucmr cjs prjylitjs hl ij`slrvminù` y/j rlstmurminù`. Cm hjiuol`tminù` tjpjfríenim l` pcm`tm y l` mczmhj hldlrí slr ij`trjcmhm mtl`tmol`tl, tm`tj pmrm cm jdrm ijoj pmrm su ij`tlxtj, tl`nl`hj l` iul`tm cm `lilsnhmh hl ijrrlfnr cjs lrrjrls, m ol`uhj frmvls y l` imhl`m, qul n`lvntmdclol`tl sl ijoltl` ijoj ij`sliul`inm hl cjs prjilhnonl`t prjil hnonl`tjs js hl clvm`tmonl`t clvm`tmonl`tj j tjpjfríenij tjpjfríenij ij`jinhjs ij`jinhjs (ejtjfrmoltr (ejtjfrmoltrïms ïms pcm`js imstrmcls, imstrmcls, trm`sirnpinj`ls hl hnvlrsj tnpj). Xj Xjhj hj lc omtl omtlrn rnmc mc rlijf rlijfnh nhj, j, mrrn mrrndm dm hl hlsi sirn rntj tj,, sl ij`v ij`vlrt lrtnr nrí í l` u` u`m m pr prli linj njsm sm fu fuïm ïm pm pmrm rm cm pcm`neniminù` hl cms n`tlrvl`inj`ls hl ij`slrvminù` y/j rlstmurminù`, plrontnl`hj, ij` rlcmtnvm slfurnhmh, cm lcliinù` l`trl cjs mýmhnhjs qul kmy qul lcnon`mr y cjs qul sl hldm` ij`slrvmr l` ium`tj snf`nenimtnvjs. L` cjs imsjs l` cjs qul lc oj`uol`tj j lc ijopclgj mrquntlitù`nij qul kmy qul ij`slrvmr sl l`iul`trl l` u`m hl cms `uolrjsms zj`ms hlicmrmhms mitumcol`tl hl rnlsfj sïsonij, ls `lilsmrnj prlstmr u`m mtl`inù` lsplinmc m cms rlkmdncntminj`ls prlilhl`tls y m cj qul sl tnl`l n`tl`inù` hl prjpj`lr l` lc prjylitj hl lgliuinù` en`mc. Hl tjhjs ojhjs, l` cjs imsjs hl –pmtjcjfïms jrhn`mrnms‟ ls snloprl prlelrndcl mhjptmr tîi`nims y omtlrnmcls trmhninj`mcls, qul sj` oís kjojfî`ljs ij` cms jdrms qul kmy qul smcvmfumrhmr, =

 @. Hl cm X.L`tnî`hmsl mquï lstl tîron`j (im`tlrnlrl l` ntmcnm`j) , slf÷` cm milptminù` hlc hniinj`mrnj lspmýjc, ijoj –cufmr, n`stntuinù`, lti. hl prjilhl`inm hl n`hnvnhujs lsplinmcol`tl hjtmhjs pmrm u`m hltlron`mhm mitnvnhmh‟.

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

tmc y ijoj km rlijol`hmhj tmodnî` lc Ijontî @minj`mc pmrm cm Rrlvl`inù` hlc Tnlsfj Yïsonij hl cjs Dnl`ls Iucturmcls (=>;5). Rjr cj qul sl rlenlrl m cms im`mcnzminj`ls y m cjs lqunpjs hl slrvninj, hlshl lc prn`inpnj hlc prjylitj hldl` slr prlvnstjs l` sus hnol`snj`ls y lopcmzmonl`tjs hlen`ntnvjs y l` pjsninù` mhliumhm pmrm `j mctlrmr `n cm lstítnim hlc lhneninj `n sus msplitjs vnsumcls, lvntm`hj msï n`tlrvl n`tlrvl`in `inj`ls j`ls ojclst ojclstms ms l n`ij`t n`ij`trjc rjcmdc mdcls ls (rjzms (rjzms hl mcdmýn mcdmýnclr clrïm, ïm, rjopno rjopnonl` nl`tjs tjs,, lti.) lti.) l` lc trm`siursj hl cm jdrm. L` tjhj plrsj`mcol`tl imsj sl rliulrhm qul lc prjylitnstm y hnrlitjr hl cjs trmdmgjs hldlmsï jiupmrsl hl rlhmitmr cjs prlsupulstjs y cjs pcnlfjs hl ij`hninj`ls, lvntm`hj ij`trmstls y omcl`tl`hnhjs plcnfrjsjs pmrm cm olgjr rlmcnzminù`.

Oltjhjcjfïm y tîi`nims hl n`tlrvl`inù` L` cjs imsjs hl plqulýms plrj hlcnimhms n`tlrvl`inj`ls hl om`tl`nonl`tj, ls mij`slgmdcl rliurrnr m loprlsms lsplinmcnzmhms y, m cm vlz, cclvmrcms m imdj olhnm`tl mhon`nstrminù` hnrlitm. L` imodnj, l` cjs imsjs hl frm`hls y ijopclgms n`tlrvl`inj`ls ls mij`slgmdcl cm mhguhniminù` pjr ij`trmtm, hmhms sus imrmitlrïstnims mhon`nstrmtnvms oís mijrhls ij` cm ijopclgnhmh hl cjs trmdmgjs. L`trl jtrms ijsms, cm mhguhniminù` pjr ij`trmtm lxnfl u`m `jtmdcl prlinsnù` l` cms ilrtneniminj`ls hl jdrm hlgm u`m kulccm prlinjsm hlc trmdmgj rlmcnzmhj. L` tjhj imsj, cms rlstmurminj`ls hldl` slr ij`tn`umol`tl vnfncmhms y hnrnfnhms, tm`tj pmrm mslfurmr su dul`m lgliuinù`, ijoj pmrm pjhlr n`tlrvl`nr rípnhmol`tl erl`tl m klikjs `ulvjs, hneniuctmhls hlslquncndrnjs ourjs1 pmrm l` en`, lsplinmcol`tl ium`hj jplrm` plqulýjs y jfrm`hls olhnjs hl hl cjs hlojcninù`, qul lvntmr, hlsmpmrlzim` lclol`tjs m`tls nf`jrmhjs j lv lvl` l`tu tumc mcol` ol`tl tl pm pmsm smhj hjss pj pjrr mctj mctj l` cm n`hm n`hmfmi fminù nù` ` pr prlvn lvnm, m, pl plrj rj sn` sn` hu huhm hm ÷t ÷tncncls ls pmrm pmrm lc ij`jinonl`tj hlc lhneninj y pmrm lc ojhj hl prjilhlr l` cm rlstmurminù`. L` pmrtniucmr lc hnrlitjr  hl cjs trmdmgjs, m`tls hl rmspmr, pn`tmr j quntmr l`cuinhjs, hldl vlrnenimr cm lxnstl`inm j `j hl iumcqunlr kulccm hl hlijrminù` y/j iuícls eulrj` cms tlxturms y cjs ijcjrnhjs jrnfn`mcls hl cms pmrlhls y hl cms dùvlhms, lti. L` lelitj, ls u`m lxnfl`inm eu`hmol`tmc hl cm rlstmurminù` rl rlsp splt ltmr mr y smcvm smcvmfu fumr mrhmr hmr,, l` cm olhn olhnhm hm hl cj pj pjsn sndc dcl, l, cm mu mutl tl`tn `tnin inhm hmh h hl cj cjss lc lclo lol`t l`tjs js ij`stntutnvjs.

=. N`tlrvl`inù` hl ij`sjcnhminù` hl ourjs L` lc imsj hl ourjs hlspcjomhjs, n`icusj sn `lilsnhmhls mprlonm`tls sufnlrl` su hlojcninù` y rlij`struiinù`, m`tl tjhj sl hldl ij`snhlrmr l n`tl`tmr cm pjsndncnhmh hl mpcjomrcjs sn` sustntunr cjs ourjs jrnfn`mcls. Rjr jtrm pmrtl, cm príitnim hl cm rlitneniminù` sl hjiuol`tm tmodnî` cmdjr hl rlstmurminù` ijrtls cjimcnzmhjs tnrm`tls1 l` l` cmtjhj imsj, tî`fmsl l` jikjil`tlsim, iul`tm qul lc ij`slfunhm trmuom hlc ij` ijrtl, mu`qul sm`lmhjy ij` ij` mrfmro mrf mromsms msms lsplinmcls lsplinmcls,, `j pmrlil pmrlil u`m príitn príitnim im rlijol rlijol`hm `hmdcl dcl l` u` ij`tlx ij`tlxtj tj hl eulrtl eulrtl snsoninhmh, j l` lc imsj hl qul lc ourj `j kmym snhj dnl` ij`strunhj ij` pnlhrm j cmhrnccj y dul`ms mrfmr`msms. L` imsj ij`trmrnj sl nopj`l, l` oíxnoj n`tlrîs hl cm ij`slrvminù`, lc hlsoj`tl y `ulvj oj`tmgl hlc ourj sn ls hl pnlhrm tmccmhm, j su hlojcninù` y rlij`struiinù` sn ls hl cmhrnccj j hl mcdmýnclrïm hl tmpnmc, pmrm vjcvlr m pj`lrcj m pcjoj. L` ouikjs imsjs, zj`ms hl ourj dmstm`tl omc rlmcnzmhms y ij` mrfmomsms hlfrmhmhms j ij` omtlrnmcls omtlrn mcls omc u`nhjs mpmrlil` mpmrlil` n`tlrpjcmhms n`tlrpjcmhms l` ij`tlxtjs ij`tlxtjs hl dul`m emiturm y rlsnstl`inm. rlsnstl`inm. L` 4 tmcls imsjs, lc ijopjrtmonl`tj trmhninj`mc ls lcnon`mr l` drlikm  cm zj`m ijoprjoltnhm j ku`hnhm y rlkmilrcm ij` dul`js omtlrnmcls (m slr pjsndcl men`ls m cjs qul cm rjhlm`) –m ijsnhj y hlsijsnhj‟9. 4

 @. Hl cm X. Kl om`tl`nhj cm trmhuiinù` cntlrmc hlc tîron`j, sn dnl` l` lc cl`fumgl lspliïenij hl cjs mrquntlitjs lxnstl u`m lqunvmcl`inm7 dmtmikl. 9 iuin l sius siusnn ,   @. Hl cm X. Kl trmhuinhj trmhuinhj cntlrmcol` cntlrmcol`tl tl cm lxprlsnù lxprlsnù` ` l` iursn`m iursn`m qul mpmr mpmrlil lil l` lc tlxtj ntmcnm`j7 ntmcnm`j7 iuin lqunvmcl`tl m cm tîi`nim hl sjcmpl.

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Xmc prjilhnonl`tj ls mhjptmhj m÷` pjr ouikms loprlsms lsplinmcol`tl l` cm prjvn`inm. 8 Tlqunlrl ouikm plrninm l` cjs mpu`tmcmonl`tjs prlvnjs y, l` smdlr prlvlr cm ejrom hl rltnrmr  cms mrfmomsms7 pjr cj tm`tj, olrlil cm pl`m slr utncnzmhj y prjojinj`mhj. Ls jdvnj qul, l` lc imsj hl ij`tlxtjs hl ourjs hl vmcjr knstùrnij-mrtïstnij, sl hldlrí kmilr cj pjsndcl pmrm prlslrvmr prlslr vmr cm pmrtl hlfrmhmhm, hlfrmhmhm, rliurrnl`hj rliurrnl`hj n`icusj m ejrrmhjs ejrrmhjs n`tlrnjrls l` mcdmýnclrïm1 mcdmýnclrïm1 pjr jtrm pmrtl, sj` dmstm`tl ol`js mij`slgmdcls cjs oîtjhjs, ouy lxtl`hnhjs, hl ij`sjcnhminù` cjimc j ij` –ijsturms mromhms‟;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Rjr cj qul sl rlenlrl m cjs cmhrnccjs, dmstmrí sùcmol`tl cm ijcjiminù` pjr pmrtl hlc trmdmgmhjr  mhnlstrmhj l` lc jeninj pmrm kmilr n`hnvnhumcnzmr cm tlxturm rl`jvmhm, n`icusj sn lc cmhrnccj lstuvnlsl tm` dnl` ijinhj y plrencmhj ijoj pmrm hnstn`funrsl hlc ij`tlxtj. Lvïtlsl sùcmol`tl "l`vlglilr" lc `ulvj rlonl`hj ij` olhnjs olií`nijs, hlsfmstí`hjcj ij` lc en` hl mslolgmrcj mc ij`tlxtj jimsnj`mhj.

9. N`tlrvl`inj`ls sjdrl mpcniminj`ls hlijrmtnvms l` lstuij, mc erlsij y lsfrmenmhms Rmrm lstms jdrms, u`m vlz lcnon`mhj l` cjs lxtlrnjrls lc lelitj ijodn`mhj hl cm n`tloplrnl y hlc nopmitj oís j ol`js hnrlitj hl cjs rmyjs sjcmrls, cm omyjr pmrtl hl cms imusms hl hltlrnjrj hltlrn jrj sl hlrnvm` hl cm hlijcjrminù` hlijcjrminù` y hl cms n`enctrminj` n`enctrminj`ls ls hl mfum. Hlijcjrminù`, Hlijcjrminù`, rlimcjs, n`enct n`enctrmi rminj`l nj`lss l nodndn nodndninj inj`lss `lss sj`, sj`, fl`lrmc fl`lrmcol` ol`tl, tl, hl jrn jrnfl` fl` pcuvnm pcuvnmc,c, plrj plrj ouy m ol`uhj, ol`uhj, lsplinmcol`tl mccï hj`hl cjs lhneninjs km` snhj rlutncnzmhjs ojhlr`mol`tl, cjs hmýjs km` snhj jimsnj`mhjs pjr cms ojhlr`ms n`stmcminj`ls kïhrnims. Rjr cj tm`tj, cm olgjr prlvl`inù` hl cm lrjsnù`, hlc hlsij`ikmhj y hlc hlsprl`hnonl`tj, rmhnim l` lc ij`stm`tl om`tl`nonl`tj y l` lc pjsndcl y rípnhj sm`lmonl`tj hl cms iudnlrtms y hlsmfóls hl ccuvnm, tm`tj l` rlcminù` ij` cms dùvlhms y pmrlhls n`tlrnjrls, ijoj ij` cms suplreninls lxtlrnjrls. \`m vlz mslfurmhm cm plrelitm leninl`inm hl cms iudnlrtms y hl cjs snstloms kïhrnijs, slm` hlc tnpj qul slm`, sl pulhl pmsmr m cm ij`sjcnhminù` hl cjs lstuijs, pmrlhls pn`tmhms mc erlsij j ij` lsfrmenmhjs, sn` tlojr hl vlr ij`vlrtnhj l` pjij tnlopj lc trmdmgj hl rlstmurminù` l` mcfj n`÷tnc. L` lc imsj hl qul cms hnsfrlfminj`ls y hlsij`ikmhjs hlpl`hm` hl imusms hnelrl`tls hl cms hl jrnfl` kïhrnij, hldlrí` rlmcnzmrsl vlrneniminj`ls lspliïenims lspli ïenims.. Lxpcjrm`hj Lxpcjrm`hj cms pjsndcls pjsndcls ijrrnl`tls ijrrnl`tls jsoùtnims msil`hl`tls msil`hl`tls y cms ij`hninj`ls onirjicnoítnims lxtlr`ms lpmrtniucmrls n`tlr`ms hlc hl lhneninj, qul pulhm` kmdlr sjoltnhj lstuijs, erlsijshl y lsfrmenmhjs m el`ùol`js ij`vliinù`, ij`hl`sminù`, lti., cms jplrminj`ls ij`sjc ij` sjcnhm nhminù inù` ` hldlrí` hldlrí` slr ij`snf ij`snfunl unl`tls `tls m iunhmh iunhmhjsjs jsjs m`ícns m`ícnsns, ns, qul hldlrí hldlrí` ` ij`huin ij`huinrr m nhl`tnenimr cms imusms hl tjhm hnsfrlfminù` j sjcuinù`. Rmrm cms pmrtniucmrnhmhls jplrmtnvms sl rlontl m ium`tj sl km lxpulstj l` lc M`lxj I.

8. Tln`tlfrminj`ls y/j sustntuinj`ls hl l`cuinhjs y/j ijcjrminj`ls  Mc ijonl`zj hl tjhm n`tlrvl`inù` hldlrí slr m`mcnzmhj ij` iunhmhj lc frmhj hl mhklsnù` hl cjs l`cuinhjs mc sjpjrtl y cm omf`ntuh hl cjs pjsndcls hlsprl`hnonl`tjs. Lc olhnj oís snopcl y lenimz ls snloprl lc hl –fjcplmr‟ ij` cjs `uhnccjs. L` ij`hninj`ls mhliumhms hl lspminj, pu pulh lhl l sl slrr rl rlim imdm dmhj hj olhn olhnm` m`tl tl cm tlro tlrojf jfrm rmeï eïm m u` du dul` l` ompm ompm hl cm cmss zj zj`m `mss mh mhkl klrn rnhm hmss j lsimsmol`tl mhklrnhms. Yn cms zj`ms `j mhklrnhms hlc l`cuinhj sj` jrnfn`mcls, ls `lilsmrnj engmrcms hl `ulvj ij` cjs oîtjhjs y tîi`nims dnl` ij`jinhjs y ym lxplrnol`tmhjs pjr lc NIT. Hl tjhjs ojhjs, l` cjs imsjs l` cjssu qul cms zj`msolhnm`tl `j mhklrnhms `j slm` slm n`lvntmdcl su hlojcninù`, sl nopj`l sustntuinù` mhninj`ls quljrnfn`mcls hldlrí` jlstmr  ijopulstms ij` omtlrnmcls y frm`ucjoltrïm cj oís pmrlinhm pjsndcl m cjs hlc ij`tlxtj, ij` cm mhninù` hl omtlrnmcls sn`tîtnijs l` plqulýms pmrtls, hl ejrom qul sl jdtl`fm u`m emiturm ijopmrmdcl ij` lc ij`tlxtj. Yl l`tnl`hl qul l`trl cjs l`cuinhjs jrnfn`mcls `j pulhl` lstmr  ijoprl`hnhjs cjs l`cuinhjs hl om`tl`nonl`tj rl`jvmhjs l` hnelrl`tls jimsnj`ls, m ol`js qu qul l u` u`j j y jtrj jtrj lstr lstrmt mtj j gu`t gu`tjs js `j prls prlsupj upj`f `fm` m` n` n`ejr ejrom omin inj` j`ls ls im impmi pmils ls hl em emin incncntmr tmr cm rlij`struiinù` hl cms vninsntuhls knstùrnims hlc lhneninj. Ijoj ls dnl` ij`jinhj, cm nhl`tneniminù` hlc ijcjrnhj prnonfl`nj hl u` l`cuinhj jrnfn`mc ls loprlsm mrhum y hlcnimhm. Lc lxmol` lstrmtnfríenij pulhl slr hltlron`m`tl ij` tmc hl qul cm tjom hl oulstrms ’hl mcrlhlhjr hl =2x=2 ios.- slm lelitumhm l` zj`ms l` cms qul ij` ilrtlzm sl slpm j sl pulhm hlhuinr qul km` qulhmhj mc ol`js plqulýms pmrtls hlc l`cuinhj jrnfn`mc, `j sùcj pjrqul `j sl km` vnstj nopcnimhms pjr cm imïhm pjr lc hlsom`tlcmonl`tj hlc rlstj rls tj hl lsl l`cuin l`cuinhj, hj, sn`j sn`j tmodnî` tmodnî` pjr kmdlr kmdlr lstmhj lstmhj suenin sueninl`t l`tlol lol`tl `tl prjtlf prjtlfnhm nhmss hl cjs imodnjs icnoítnijs (dukmrhnccms, mclrjs, ijr`nsms slpmrmhj rms hl pcm`tms, ijr`nsms hl cms vl`tm`ms). \`m vlz cm nhl`tnhmh cm ijcjrminù` jrnfn`mrnm, `j sùcj pjrhlc lc msplitj, sn`j tmodnî` pjr cm vlrnenimhm ijopjsninù` quïonim,hl vlrnenimhm nfumcol`tl cm `mturmclzm l`cuinhj olhn ol hnm` m`tl tl fr frm` m`uc ucjol joltr trïm ïm y lc omtlr omtlrnm nmcc lopcl lopclmh mhj, j, sl pj pjhr hrí í pr prji jilh lhlr, lr, hj hj`h `hl l ls lstj tj sl slm m

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

ij`snhlrmhj snf`nenimtnvj, m u` l`cuinhj slolgm`tl mc jrnfn`mrnj, tl`nl`hj snloprl iunhmhj hl slýmcmr, hl mcfu`m om`lrm y, sjdrnmol`tl, lc cïontl l`trl lstl ÷ctnoj y cm pmrtl `ulvm. Yl l`tnl`hl qul hnikm omrim sjdrnm tl`hrí vmcjr sjdrl tjhj ium`hj cm trm`sejrominù` hlc `ulvj l`cuinhj hldnhm mc l`vlglinr`nl`tj, cj vulcvm oís slolgm`tl mc l`cuinhj jrnfn`mc. @j pjims hneniuctmhls jdstmiucnzm` lc cjfrj hlc jdgltnvj j dgltnvj mrrndm n`hnimhj7 hneniuctmhls hl l`ij`trmr  cm imc dnl` mpmfmhm y hlshl tnlopj t nlopj sueninl`tl (5 olsls)1 hneniuctmhls hl supcnrcm m vlils n`icusj ij` imc knhrmtmhm1 hneniuctmh hl rlprjhuinr cjs m`tnfujs ijcjrls, pjr u` cmhj dnl` utncnzmdcls sùcj ij` dul`m imc, pjr jtrj supcm`tmhjs frmhumcol`tl pjr cjs `ulvjs omtlrnmcls ijcjrm`tls, sn`tîtnijs ol`js plrj n`mhliumhjs l` cjsl`lxtlrnjrls. hneniuctmhls lxpcnim`, lxpcn im`, mcy hl ol`js l` ijstj, pmrtl, `uolrjsms mctlrminj`ls mctlrminpmrm j`lshurmr y lrrjrls lc msplitj msplitjLstms irjoítnij hl cjs lhneninjs lhnen injs oj`uol`tmcls. oj`uol`tmcls. Rjr lstj, sj` tm`tj oís ÷tncls y `lilsmrnjs `lilsmrnjs cjs lseulrzjs lseulrzjs rlqulrnhjs pmrm rlijflr n`ejrominj`ls lxmitms y ijopcltms, l` cj pjsndcl, hl cms eul`tls hl mriknvj, hl cms cntlrmrnms v, m ol`uhj n`icusj (mu`qul ij` mcfu`m pruhl`inm) hl cjs pmnsmgnstm urdm`js.  M`ícnsns v hjiuol`tminj`ls lxkmustnvms, lclol`tjs `mturmcls, m slr pjsndcl l`rnqulinhjs ij` sustm`inms prjtlnims y, olzicmhjs ij` imc (dnl` mpmfmhm7 oís hl u` mýj) sn cm ijcjrminù` hldl slr mpcnimhm sjdrl l`cuinhj m`tnfuj, sj` cms ij`hninj`ls `lilsmrnms pmrm mprjxnomrsl ij` u` ijrrlitj l`ejqul m cms mpmrnl`inms hlc l`cuinhj jrnfn`mrnj, n`icusj l` cm hurminù`.

;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

sliucmrls sl hldl mc inlrrl hl cms mdlrturms hnspulstms pmrm cm mnrlminù` hl cms imdlzms hl cms vnfms, lelitumhj pmrm lvntmr lc trí`sntj hl cjs n`slitjs y hl cjs pígmrjs. Cm dul`m mnrlminù` hl cjs l`tmdmimhjs ; ls, puls, cm olgjr fmrm`tïm fmrm`tïm hl cm ij`slrvminù` ij`slrvminù` hl cms pmrtls hl omhlrm y hl cm `j jxnhminù` hl cms pjsndcls mdrmzmhlrms y/j frmpms, onl`trms cm kuolhmh hl cjs l`tmdmimhjs pulhl imusmr cm hneusnù` hl cms n`vmsnj`ls hl tlrontms. Rjr lccj, cm rlijol`hminù` fl`lrmc ls cm hl ij`slrvmr y prjojvlr cm dul`m mnrlminù` hl cjs tlikjs hl omhlrm ij` cm mplrturm hl rlspnrmhlrjs, –rlgnccms‟ y lclol`tjs slolgm`tls, jdstmiucnzm`hj lc trí`sntj trí`sn tj hl pígmrjs pígmrjs ij` rlhls m`tnpmcjoms. m`tnpmcjoms. @j sj` rlijol`hmdcl rlijol`hmdclss omtlrnmcls omtlrnmcls lxilsnvmol`tl lxilsnvmol`tl noplrolmdncnzm`tls ijoj cms eu`hms, onl`trms ls milptmdcl lc –imrtù`-enlctrj l`mrl`mhj‟ lxtl`hnhj l` tnrms kjrnzj`tmcls qul mslfurm` u`mqul noplrolmdncnzminù`, msï ijoj cm trm`spnrminù` hlc l`tmdmimhj. M÷` ol`js rlijol`hmdcl ls lc usj hl cíon`ms hl ijdrl ij` suplrpjsninù` hl omtl om tlrn rnmc mcls ls sn sn`t `tîtn îtnij ijs, s, qu qul l pu pulh lhl` l` n`ic n`icus usj j prjh prjhui uinr nr ij ij`h `hl`s l`smi minù nù` ` mc ij ij`t `tmi mitj tj ij ij` ` cj cjss l`tmdcmhjs, milclrm`hj su hlfrmhminù`. L` cjs imsjs l` cjs qul slm mdsjcutmol`tl n`hnspl`smdcl sustntunr cms lstruiturms hl omhlrm, m`tl tjhj ls ij`vl`nl`tl lxmon`mr sn `j ls pjsndcl prjilhlr frmhumcol`tl, ijoj m ol`uhj sl km klikj l` lc pmsmhj7 l` cjs imsjs oís frmvls sustntuyl`hj u`m vnfm l`tlrm, l` jtrjs imsjs ijcjim`hj mdrmzmhlrms pmrm lvntmr cms frnltms cj`fntuhn`mcls, lti. Ls mij`sl mij`slgmd gmdcl cl qul pmrm pmrm hnikms hnikms sustnt sustntuin uinj`ls j`ls sl ij`stn ij`stntuy tuym` m` hlpùsn hlpùsntjs tjs hl omhlrm omhlrm hl hlojcninù` hl m`tnfums ij`struiinj`ls>. Yuplrn`tl`hl`inms y, Hlclfminj`ls Rrjvn`inmcls hl Jdrms R÷dcnims hldlrí` prljiupmrsl mitnvmol`tl hl ij`stntunr tmcls hlpùsntjs y lvntmr lc hlslikj hl tjhms cms omhlrms hl hlojcninù`. L` cï`lms fl`lrmcls mitumrmnrlmhms, l` cm ij`sjcnhminù` hl lstruiturms hl omhlrm snf`nenim m cmRmrm vlz jplrmr pmrm om`tl`lrcms kmilrcms nf`ïeufms, hlsn`elitmhms y l`hurlilrcms. cjfrmr lstj `j emctm` rlsn`ms y sustm`inms quïonims hl hnelrl`tls icmsls. Yn` lodmrfj, ls mij`slgmdcl rliurrnr m lstjs prjilhnonl`tjs sùcj l` imsjs hl `lilsnhmh rlmc, tl`nl`hj l` iul`im, mhloís, lc klikj hl qul lccjs muol`tm` lc rnlsfj hl n`ecmomdncnhmh. @j sl hldl` jcvnhmr mcfu`js vmcjrls n`sustntundcls hl cms lstruiturms hl omhlrm7 l` cjs pmvnol`tjs, îstms, mhloís hl cm lcmstninhmh, lglril` u` ij`tmitj sumvl ij` lc ij`tlxtj hlc ourj. L` lelitj, l` imsj hl cnflrm eclxnù` sjdrl cjs mpjyjs, cm omhlrm, m hnelrl`inm hlc knlrrj, sl hlejrom pcístnimol`tl sn` ermiturmr cm pnlhrm j cjs cmhrnccjs. En`mcol`tl mhloís hl tl`lr  imrmitl imr mitlrïs rïstni tnims ms knfrjs knfrjsiùp iùpnim nimss cm omhlrm omhlrm tnl tnl`l `l tmodnî tmodnî` ` mnscmo mnscmonl`t nl`tj j mi÷stn mi÷stnij ij y oíxnom oíxnom rlsnstl`inm pjrtm`tl.  M prjpùsntj hl cjs pmvnol`tjs hl omhlrm, kmy qul rlikmzmr cm príitnim hl ij`strunrcjs sjdrl cjsms hl kjronfù` cnflrmol`tl mromhj, prjilhnl`hj hnrlitmol`tl sjdrl lc l`tmdcmhj j cjs cmhrnccjs, n`tlrpj`nl`hj snopclol`tl u`m cíon`m hl pcístnij. L` lelitj, cm pcm`ikm noplrolmdcl nopnhl lc pmsj `mturmc hlc mnrl hl u` pcm`j m jtrj emvjrlinl`hj cm putrlemiinù` hl cm omhlrm l` imsj hl miuoucminù` hl kuolhmh ym slm îstm hldnhm m cm ij`hl`sminù` j m ij`huiinj`ls hlelitujsms1 mhloís, cm pcm`ikm noplhnrí tjhm jdrm hl om`tl`nonl`tj cnontmhm m suilsnvms sustntuinj`ls hl cms omhlrms l`elrom. L` ij`icusnù`, l` cms príitnims hl om`tl`nonl`tj, ls prlelrndcl n`tlrvl`nr ij` hlsoj`tmgl y oj`tmgl pjr pmrtls, mpjyí`hjsl l` u`m muspninmdcl rliuplrminù` hl u` –smdlr kmilr‟, om`umc

6. Lsiucturm l` pnlhrm.

 @. hl cm X. Lspminjs qul ij`stntuyl` iíomrms hl mnrl dmgj cjs tlgmhjs y qul rlindl` lc `jodrl hl dukmrhnccms j om`smrhms ium`hj sl mij`hninj`m` pmrm slr kmdntmhjs.

;

>

 @. hl cm X. \` tnpj hl omhlrm ouy mprjpnmhm pmrm lstjs usjs ls cm qul prjvnl`l hl cms trmvnlsms hl cms vïms hlc elrrjimrrnc.

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Cms lsiucturms l` pnlhrm ijcjimhms l` lc lxtlrnjr hl cjs lhneninjs j l` cms pcmzms hldl` slr  vnfncmhms n`tlrvn`nl`hj ij` jplrminj`ls hl ij`sjcnhminù` y hl prjtliinù` lstminj`mc, m trmvîs hl oîtjhjs ij`jinhjs y prjdmhjs. Rmrm cm dul`m ij`slrvminù` hl cms eul`tls hl pnlhrm j hl drj`il ls `lilsmrnj hlsimcinenimr lc mfum lcnon`m`hj cms n`irustminj`ls imciírlms y cms cnopnlzms plrnùhnims `jinvms. Ium` Iu m`hj hj rl rlsu suct ctl l no nopj pjsn sndc dcl l cm dul` dul`m m ij ij`s `slr lrvm vmin inù` ù` hl u` u`m m ls lsiu iuct ctur urm m l` su pr prno nont ntnv nvj j lopcmzmonl`tj, ij`vl`hrí trmscmhmrcm m u` cjimc n`tlrnjr, iuyms ij`hninj`ls icnoítnims slm` emvjrmdcls. Rmrm `j lopjdrlilr snf`nenimtnvmol`tl cm hlijrminù` lxtlrnjr hl cms eídrnims, m vlils pulhl slr `lilsmrnj ijcjimr l` lccms ijpnms enlcls y pu`tumcls l` lc cufmr hl cms jrnfn`mcls trmscmhmhms m u` cufmr slfurj. Ls mij`slgmdcl l`imrfmr cm rlmcnzminù` hl tmcls ijpnms m lsiuctjrls lxplrtjs l` pnlhrm, oltmcls lti., qul lstî` l` ij`hninj`ls hl prmitnimr cm prjhuiinù` l` lsimcm =7=. Rjr  lc ij ij`t `trm rmrn rnj, j, ls du dul` l`j j lvnt lvntmr mr cm príi príitntnim im hl ojchls ojchls ij` lc en` en` hl mk mkjr jrrm rmrr m cm –p –pnl nlcc hl l`vlglinonl`tj `mturmc‟ (pítn`m) y m cjs pjsndcls ijcjrnhjs, cjs tlondcls trmuoms prjvjimhjs pjr  cm mpcniminù` y pjstlrnjr slpmrminù` hl cjs ojchls. Xmcls trmuoms y plrguninjs sj` tm`tj oís prjdmdcls ium`tj lc trmscmhj hl cm jdrm kmym snhj ojtnvmhj pjr cms omcms ij`hninj`ls hl ij`slrvminù`. Yl l`tnl`hl qul, hlspuîs hl cm ij`sjcnhminù`, cjs plcnfrjs qul ijopjrtm` slolgm`tls jplrminj`ls hl imcij sl mtl`÷m` ouikj, plrj ij` hjs ij`hninj`ls7 m) ]ul cm ij`sjcnhminù` ij`sjcnhminù` sl kmym rlmcnzmhj rlmcnzmhj ij` plrelitm plrelitm rlfcm hl mrtl y ij` sustm`inms sustm`inms plrelitmol`tl `j mhklsnvms rlsplitj m cms utncnzmhms pmrm lc ojchl1 d) ]ulhl slsncnij`m prmitnqul ij` cm cm lsiucturm hldnhm lxplrnl`inm y hlstrlzm, tm`tj n`trjhuiinù`ijoj, hl cm pmstm l`trl y cms pnlzms hlc ojchl l`cmvntrjrrlsn`m, pjstlrnjrol`tl, cm cndlrminù` hlc jrnfn`mc hlc ojchl. @mturmcol`tl sl hldlrí prlstmr  mtl`inù` mc imodnj hl eu`inù` qul l` mcf÷` imsj ijopjrtm cm sustntuinù` hl cjs jrn jrnfn` fn`mcl mclss ij` jtrj omtlrn omtlrnmc, mc, pjsndc pjsndclol` lol`tl tl sn`tît sn`tîtnij nij,, y l` tjhj tjhj imsj imsj hneïin hneïincol col`tl `tl kjojfl`lnzmdcl, mc ol`js pjr plsj lspliïenij, ij` lc omtlrnmc jrnfn`mc. Ls lvnhl`tl qul cm –pnlc hl l`vlglinonl`tj `mturmc‟ `j hldl slr melitmhm, tm`tj pjr rmzj`ls knstùrnims y lstîtnims, ijoj pjrqul hlsloplým eu`inj`ls prjtlitjrms. Rjr lstj, m`tls hl n`ninmr  iumcqunlr iumcq unlr jplrminù` hl cnopnlzm, cnopnlzm, ls n`hnspl`smd n`hnspl`smdcl, cl, prjilhlr prjilhlr m cms kmdntumcls kmdntumcls n`vlstnfminj`ls, n`vlstnfminj`ls, ij` lsplinmc mtl`inù` m cm prlsl`inm hl rlstjs irjoítnijs (vlr mquï pírrmej 8). Yl pulhl` lcnon`mr cjs omtlrnmcls lxtrmýjs miuoucmhjs sjdrl cm pnlhrm (hltrntus pjcvjrnl`tjs, kjccï`, lxirlol`tj hl pmcjom, lti.) usm`hj ilpnccjs vlfltmcls j ikjrrjs hl mfum m prlsnù` ojhlrmhm. L` ij`sliul`inm, hldlrí` lvntmrsl cjs ilpnccjs oltícnijs y cjs rmspmhjrls y, l` fl`lrmc, sl hldl` lxicunr ikjrrjs hl mrl`m, mfum y vmpjr m frm` prlsnù`. Yj` tmodnî` hlsmij`slgmdcls cjs cmvmhjs ij` sustm`inms ijrrjsnvms j ij` eulrtl pjhlr hltlrfl`tl.

;. N`tlrvl`inù` sjdrl lclol`tjs oltícnijs Lc knlrrj ejrgmhj prl-ojhlr`j ls dmstm`tl oís rlsnstl`tl m cm jxnhminù` qul lc knlrrj n`hustrnmc1 plrj, n`icusj mquîc, ij` lc tnlopj sl jxnhm y sl "kn`ikm" =2 melitm`hj m cms zj`ms hl cm pnlhrm hj`hl ls lopclmhj dmgj ejrom hl frmpms j plr`js j rlgms (vîm`sl (vîm`sl cms rlgms hl knlrrj ejrgmhj hlc Rul`tl hl Ym`t'M`flcj l` Tjom). L` tmcls imsjs `j qulhm jtrj rlolhnj qul lc hl sustntunr  cjs knlrrjs l` iulstnù` (ium`hj `j tl`fm` jtrm nopjrtm`inm qul cm lstítnim) pjr lclol`tjs oltícnijs hl lstmdncnhmh eïsnij-quïonim slfurm. Rjr lglopcj, lc milrj n`jxnhmdcl tnpj MYN 92/8 j 9=/5, j dnl`, pmrm lvntmr cm ijrrjsnù` n`tlrstninmc, lc milrj zn`imhj j d dnl` nl` lc tntm`nj. L` lstjs imsjs pjhrí slr ij`vl`nl`tlol`tl rlstmdclinhj lc ùptnoj usj prlojhlr`j hl engmr  plr`js j frmpms j lqunvmcl`tls lqunvmcl`tls sjdrl cm pnlhrm ij` pcjoj eu`hnhj. L` lc imsj hl qul sl trmtl hl rlg rlgms, ms, ejr ejrzmh zmhms ms ym l` cjs mcjgmo mcjgmonl` nl`tjs tjs jrn jrnfn` fn`mrn mrnjs js kmstm kmstm ijoprjo ijoprjoltl ltlrr su lstmdn lstmdncnh cnhmh, mh, lsplinmcol`tl lxpulstms tmodnî` m eulrtls vmrnminj`ls tîronims, sl prjilhlrí m ij`elrnr m cjs  @. hl cm X. Lstl prjilsj hl hlejrominù` hlc knlrrj nopcnim msnonsoj cm lxejcnminù`.

=2

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

mcjgmonl`tjs omyjr mopcntuh m en` hl plrontnr cms hncmtminj`ls tlopjrmcls y hl mijflr olgjr cms hncmtminj`ls plrom`l`tls.

M@L[J I N`struiinj`ls pmrm cm ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` hl m`tnfólhmhls  Mhloís hl cms `jroms fl`lrmcls ij`tl`nhms l` cjs mrtïiucjs hl cm Imrtm hl =>;6 hl cm Ij`slrvminù` y Tlstmurminù`, l` lc imopj hl cms m`tnfólhmhls ls `lilsmrnj tl`lr prlsl`tls lxnfl`inms lsplinmcls rlcmtnvms m cm smcvmfumrhnm hlc sudsulcj mrquljcùfnij y m cm ij`slrvminù` y rlstmur rlstmurmin minù` ù` hl cms pnlzms pnlzms hurm`t hurm`tl l cms n`vlst n`vlstnfm nfminj inj`ls `ls tlr tlrrls rlstrls trls y sudmiu sudmiuítn ítnims ims ij` rlelrl`inm mc mrtniucj 8. Lc prjdclom hl prnojrhnmc nopjrtm`inm hl cm smcvmfumrhnm hlc sudsulcj mrquljcùfnij lstí `lilsmrnmol`tl cnfmhj m cm slrnl hl hnspjsninj`ls y hl clyls rlelrl`tls m cm lxprjpnminù`, m cm mpcniminù` hl vï`iucjs lsplinmcls m cm irlminù` hl rlslrvms y pmrquls mrquljcùfnijs. Hl tjhjs ojhjs, l` rlcminù` ij` cms hnelrl`tls olhnhms qul kmym qul tjomr l` cjs hnstn`tjs imsjs, lstmrí snloprl prlhnspj`lr lc rlij`jinonl`tj iunhmhjsj hlc tlrrl`j, l`imon`mhj m rlijflr  tjhjs cjs hmtjs pjsndcls vlrnenimhjs l` suplreninl, cjs omtlrnmcls ilríonims lspmrinhjs, cm hjiuol`tmin hjiuo l`tminù` ù` hl lclol`tjs lvl`tumcol`tl lvl`tumcol`tl mecjrmhjs, rliurrnl`hj rliurrnl`hj mhloís m cm myuhm hl cms hn hnelr elrl` l`tl tlss tîi` tîi`ni nims ms hl clvm clvm`tm `tmon onl` l`tj tj hl pcm` pcm`js js,, om`umc om`umcls ls j lc lcli litrù trù`n `nim ims, s, y hl cm cmss prjspliinj`ls hlc tlrrl`j, hl ojhj qul lc ij`jinonl`tj, cj oís ijopcltj pjsndcl hl cm `mturmclzm mrquljcùfnim hlc tlrrl`j, plrontm pmutms oís prlinsms pmrm cm mpcniminù` hl cms `jroms hl smcvmfumrhnm hl cm `mturmclzm y hl cjs cïontls hl cjs ol`inj`mhjs vï`iucjs, pmrm cm rlhmiinù` hl cjs pcm`ls rlfucmhjrls y, pmrm cm vnfncm`inm l` imsj hl lgliuinù` hl trmdmgjs mfrïijcms j lhncninjs. Rmrm cm smcvmfumrhnm hlc pmtrnoj`nj mrquljcùfnij sudomrn`j, cnfmhm m cms clyls y hnspjsninj`ls vn`iucm`tls pmrm cms lximvminj`ls sudmiuítnims, y l`imon`mhms m noplhnr cm n`hnsirnon`mhm l nrrleclxnvm om`npucminù` hl cjs rlstjs hl dmrijs m`tnfujs y hl su imrfm, hl run`ms suolrfnhms y hl lsiuct lsiucturm urmss ku`hnh ku`hnhms, ms, sl nopj`l` nopj`l` hnspjs hnspjsnin ninj`l j`lss pmrtni pmrtniucmr ucmrïsn ïsnoms oms,, ijol`z ijol`zm`hj m`hj pjr cm lxpcjtminù` snstloítnim hl cms ijstms ntmcnm`ms ij` plrsj`mc lsplinmcnzmhj, ij` lc en` hl cclfmr m cm ij ijop opncncmin minù` ù` lsolr lsolrmh mhm m hl u` u`m m Ejr ij` ` cm n`hnimi n`hniminù nù` ` hl tj tjhj hjss cj cjss rl rlst stjs js y Ejrom om Omr Omrns ns  ij oj`uol`tjs suolrfnhjs ym slm ij` en`ls l`imon`mhjs m su tutlcm j ij` en`ls hnrnfnhjs m cm prjfrmominù` hl cms n`vlstnfminj`ls inl`tïenims sudmiuítnims. Cm rliuplrminù` hl cjs rlstjs hl u`m lodmriminù` m`tnfum `j hldlrí slr n`ninmhm m`tls hl kmdlr prlpmrmhj cjs cjimcls y lc lq lqun unpj pj ls lspli plinm nmcc `l `lil ilsm smrn rnj j qul qul pl plro rontntm` m` tm`tj tm`tj hm hmrr ij ijdn dngj gj mh mhli liumh umhj j m cj cjss omtlr omtlrnm nmcl clss rliuplr rli uplrmhjs mhjs hlc ej`hj ej`hj omrn`j omrn`j,, ijoj ijoj tjhjs tjhjs mqulcc mqulccjs js trm trmtmon tmonl`tj l`tjss lspliï lspliïeni enijs js qul îstjs îstjs rlqunlrm`, sjdrl tjhj cms pmrtls hl omhlrm, ij` cl`tjs y prjcj`fmhjs cmvmhjs, dmýjs hl sustm sustm`inms `inms ij`sjcnhm`tls ij`sjcnhm `tls lsplinmcls, lsplinmcls , ij` yhltlron`mhj hltlro n`mhj mij`hninj`monl`t mij`hninj `monl`tj j hlc mnrl y hl cm tloplrmturm. Cjs snstloms hl lclvminù` hl rliuplrminù` hl lodmriminj`ls suolrfnhms hldlrí` slr lstuhnmhjs l` imhm imsj l` rlcminù` mc lstmhj pmrtniucmr hl cjs rlstjs, tl`nl`hj l` iul`tm tmodnî` cms lxplr lxplrnl`inm nl`inmss mhqunrnhms mhqunrnhms n`tlr`minj`mcol n`tlr`minj`mcol`tl `tl l` lstl imopj, sjdrl tjhj l` cjs ÷ctnojs hlil`njs. L` lstms pmrtniucmrls pmrtniucmrls ij`hninj`ls hl hlsiudrnonl` hlsiudrnonl`tj tj -ijoj tmodnî` l` cms lxpcjrminj`ls lxpcjrminj`ls mrquljcùfnims mrquljcùfnims tlrrlstrls tlrrlstrls `jromcls`jromcls- hldlrí` hldlrí` ij`snhlrmrsl ij`snhlrmrsl cms lxnfl`inms lxnfl`inms lsplinmcls hl ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` hl cjs jdgltjs slf÷` su tnpj y su omtlrnm7 pjr  lglopcj, lglopc j, pmrm cjs omtlrnmcls ilríonijs ilríonijs y pmrm cms í`ejrms sl tjomrí` tjhms cms prlimuinj`ls prlimuinj`ls qul plrontm` cm nhl`tneniminù` hl pjsndcls rlsnhujs j kulccms hlc ij`tl`nhj, qul ij`stntuyl` hmtjs prlinjsjs pmrm cm knstjrnm hlc ijolrinj y hl cm vnhm hl cm M`tnfólhmh, mhloís sl hldlrí pj`lr lsplinmc mtl`inù` l` cm vlrneniminù` y engminù` hl pjsndcls n`sirnpinj`ls pn`tmhms, lsplinmc ol`tl sjdrl lc iulrpj hl cms í`ejrms. Hurm`tl cms lxpcjrminj`ls mrquljcùfnims tlrrlstrls, onl`trms cms `jroms hl rliuplrminù` y hj hjiu iuol ol`t `tmin minù` ù` l` l`tr trm` m` oís oís lspl lspliï iïenenim imol ol`t `tl l l` lc omri omrij j hl cm cmss `j `jro roms ms rl rlcm cmtntnvm vmss m cm oltjhjcjfïm hl cms lximvminj`ls, pjr cj qul ij`inlr`l m cm rlstmurminù` hldl` jdslrvmrsl cms pr prli limu muin inj` j`ls ls hlqu qul, l, kmccmzfjs, hurm` hurm`tl tl lsplinmcol`tl cms cms jp jplr lrmi minj nj`l `ls hl sj` lx lxim imvm vmin inù` ù`,, fm fmrm rm`tn `tnil` il` cm y n` n`ol hnmt mtm m ij`slrvminù` cjs snsîstjs eíincol`tl hltlrnjrmdcls, cmolhn uctlrnjr  pjsndncnhmh hl smcvmfumrhnm y rlstmurminù` hlen`ntnvms. L` lc imsj hlc kmccmzfj hl lclol`tjs

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

hn hnsf sfrlf rlfmh mhjs js y hl hl hlij ijrm rmin inj`l j`lss l` lstu lstuij ij j pn`t pn`tur urms ms j ojsmn ojsmnij ij j l` jpu jpus s slitncl, slitncl,  ==ls `lilsmrnj, m`tls y hurm`tl su rlojinù`, om`tl`lrcjs u`nhjs ij` clikmhms hl omtlrnmcls u`ntnvjs mprjpnmhjs (jdvnmol`tl rlvlrsndcls), ij` fmsms y plfmol`tjs mhliumhjs hl ejrom qul sl emincntl emincntl cm rlijopjsninù rlijopjsninù` ` ^ rlstmurminù` l` lc cmdjrmtjrnj. cmdjrmtjrnj. L` cm rliuplrminù` rliuplrminù` hl cjs vnhrnjs ls mij`slgmdcl `j prjilhlr m `n`f÷` tnpj hl cnopnlzm hurm`tl cm lximvminù`, pjr cm emincnhmh ij` qul lstí` sugltjs m hltlrnjrmrsl. Rjr cj qul sl rlenlrl m cms ilríonims y tlrrmijtms ls n`hnspl`smdcl `j plrguhnimr cm pjsndcl prlsl`inm hl pn`turms, dmr`nils, n`sirnpinj`ls, ij` cmvmhjs j cnopnlzms mprlsurmhms. Yl nopj`l u`m hlcnimhlzm lsplinmc mc rlijflr jdgltjs j ermfol`tjs ermfol `tjs hl oltmc, lsplinmcol`tl lsplinmcol`tl sn lstí` jxnhmhjs, rliurrnl`hj tmodnî`, jimsnj`mcol` jimsnj`mcol`tl, tl, mhloís ij`sjcnhminù`, m tms sjpjrtls mhliumhjs. hldlrí lsplinmc mtl` mtl`in inù` ù` hl m mcm cmssnstloms s pjsn pjsndc dcls lshlku kulc lccm cmss j nopr noprj` j`tm s hl tl tlgn gnhjs hjs.. L` lcYl omrij omr ij hlprlstmr cm mr mrqu quljc ljcjfï jfïm m pjoplym`m lstí ijoprl`hnhj lc usj, ym lxplrnol`tmhj mopcnm y drnccm`tlol`tl, hl jdtl`lr  ojchls hl cjs `lfmtnvjs hl pcm`tms hl omtlrnmcls jrfí`nijs erífncls olhnm`tl clikmhms hl ylsj l` cjs kulij hlgmhjs l` lc tlrrl`j. Ij` jdgltj hl iuopcnr lstms n`struiinj`ls, n`struiinj`ls, sl kmil `lilsmrnj `lilsmrnj qul hurm`tl hurm`tl lc hlsmrrjccj hlsmrrjccj hl cms lximvmi lxi mvminj` nj`ls, ls, sl fmrm`tn fmrm`tnil il cm hnspj`n hnspj`ndnc dncnhmh nhmh hl rlstmur rlstmurmhj mhjrls rls prlpmrm prlpmrmhjs, hjs, ium`hj ium`hj slm `lilsmrnj, pmrm cm prnolrm n`tlrvl`inù` hl rliuplrminù` y engminù`. Ij` pmrtniucmr mtl`inù` sl hldlrí merj`tmr lc prjdclom hlc –hnstmiij‟ =4 y pjstlrnjr rlstntuinù` n` lxplrnl`inm km l`slýmhj l`slýmhj qul `j snloprl snloprl sntu hl cms jdrms hl pn`turm y ojsmnij. L` lelitj, cm lxplrnl`inm lc –hnstmiij‟ sl pulhl prmitnimr sn` hmýjs y qul cm rlstntuinù` ls jpjrtu`m, lsplinmcol`tl sn `j sl km` ojhnenimhj ij`hninj`ls modnl`tmcls y hl eruninù` hl cms prjpnms jdrms. Lc –hnstmiij‟ y cm rlstntuinù` mc cufmr jrnfn`mrnj hldlrí` slr ij`snhlrmhjs lxilpinj`ls y `j rlfcms. L` imsj hl rlij`jinhm rlij` jinhm `lilsnhmh hl –hnstmiij‟ –hnstmiij‟ j "strmppj" "strmppj"=9 y hl su pjstlrnjr rlstntuinù`, sl rlijonl`hm qul lc sjpjrtl lstî rlmcnzmhj ij` omtlrnmcls quïonim y eïsnimol`tl ijopmtndcls ij` cm jdrm. Cj Cjss n` n`tl tlrn rnjr jrls ls ij` ij` pn`t pn`turm urmss pm pmrn rnltm ltmcl clss n` sntu (iulvms prlknstùrnims prlknstùrnims,, tuodms, tuodms, plqulýjs plqulýjs sntu  (iulvms modnl`tls) rlqunlrl` lxnfl`inms lsplinmcls hl smcvmfumrhnm pjr cjs plcnfrjs hlrnvmhjs hl cm mctlrminù` icnoítnim1 l` lstjs imsjs ls `lilsmrnj om`tl`lr ij`stm`tls hjs emitjrls lsl`inmcls pmrm cm olgjr ij`slrvminù` hl cms pn`turms1 lc frmhj hl kuolhmh modnl`tmc y cm tloplrmturm modnl`tl. Xmcls emitjrls sj` eíincol`tl mctlrmhjs pjr imusms lxtlr`ms y mgl`ms mc modnl`tl, ls lspl plin inmc mcol ol`t `tl l pjr pjr cm mecu mecul` l`in inm m hl vnsn vnsntm` tm`tl tls, s, pjr cm ncuon ncuon`mi `minù nù` ` lx lxil ilsn snvm vm,, pjr eu eulr lrtls tls mctlrminj`ls mtojseîrnims lxtlr`ms1 pjr lstj sl kmil `lilsmrnj lstuhnmr olhnhms lsplinmcls, n`icusj n`icu sj l` cm mhonsnù` mhonsnù` hl vnsntm`tls, vnsntm`tls, olhnm`tl iíomrms hl icnomtnzminù icnomtnzminù` ` n`tlrpulstm n`tlrpulstmss l`trl lc modnl`tl m`tnfuj jdgltj hl tutlcm y lc lxtlrnjr. Xmcls olhnhms sl vnl`l` ym mpcnim`hj m cjs oj`uol`tjs prlknstùrnijs pn`tmhjs l` Erm`inm y l` Lspmým y sj` muspninmdcls tmodnî` pmrm ouikjs hl `ulstrjs oj`uol`tjs (tuodms hl Xmrqun`nm). pmrm cm rlstmurminù` hl cjs oj`uol`tjs mrquljcùfnijs, mhloís hl cms `jroms fl`lrmcls ij`tl`nhms l` cm Imrtm hl =>;6 hl cm Ij`slrvminù` y Tlstmurminù` y l` cms n`struiinj`ls pmrm cm lgliuinù` hl cms rlstmurminj`ls mrquntlitù`nims sl tl`hrí` qul tl`lr prlsl`tls mcfu`ms lxnfl`i lxn fl`inms nms l` rlc rlcmin minù` ù` ij` cms tîi`ni tîi`nims ms m`tnfums m`tnfums lsplinmcl lsplinmcls. s. M`tl M`tl tjhj, tjhj, ium`hj ium`hj pmrm pmrm cm rlstmurminù` ijopcltm hl u` oj`uol`tj, -qul mhloís ijopjrtm `lilsmrnmol`tl su lstuhnj knstùrnij-, sl hldm prjilhlr m imtms hl lximvminù`, mc hlsiudrnonl`tj hl cjs inonl`tjs, cms jplrminj`ls hldl` slr rlmcnzmhms ij` lc oîtjhj lstrmtnfríenij, qul pulhl jerlilr prlinjsjs hmtjs sjdrl cms vninsntuhls y emsls hlc prjpnj lhneninj.

==

 @. hl cm X. –Ls u`m tmrmilm oís qul u` ojsmnij, y sl ij`snful pjr cm s yuxtmpjsninù` hl frm`hls pnlzms hl oírojc j pnlzms omroùrlms hl hnelrl`tls ijcjrls, qul l`imgm` u`ms ij` jtrms ejrom`hj pmvnol`tjs j pmrlhls slf÷` u` ojhlcj prlvnj‟. (Ier. EMXMY, F. DJTTMY, F. Hniinj`mrnj hl tîron`js hl mrtl....  Wmrmfjzm, M`mtjcl, =>69, p. =64.  @. hl cm X. Hnstmiij (j stmiij)7 mrrm`qul hl cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim oís lc rlvjij. Kl prlelrnhj hlgmr lc tîron`j ntmcnm`j, sn` trmhuinr, pjrqul ij`snhlrj qul ym ejrom pmrtl hlc vjimducmrnj hl cjs prjelsnj`mcls lspmýjcls, mc nfumc qul jiurrl ij` n`tj`mij, mrrniinj y tm`tjs jtrjs.

=4

 @. hl Nm X. Ytrmppj7 mrrm`qul sùcj hl cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim.

=9

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Rmrm cm rlstmurminù` hl pmýjs hl jpus n`ilrtuo=8,  qumsn rltniucmtuo, rltniucmtuo   =;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Xmc rlccl`j hldlrí slr rlmcnzmhj ij` imutlcm, ij` u` snstlom hl hrl`mgl eu`inj`mc y ij` omtlrnmcls lstîrncls, n`lrtls y cnflrjs (olzicm hl puzjcm`m =6 y cmpncn =;, lti.). L` tjhj imsj, imhm prjylitj y su ijrrlspj`hnl`tl rlmcnzminù` hldlrí` slr lstuhnmhjs tl`nl`hj l` iul`tm cms hnelrl`tls lxnfl`inms icnoítnims hl cjs hnstn`tjs modnl`tls, pmrtniucmrol`tl hnelrl`inmhjs l` Ntmcnm.

M@L[J H N`struiinj`ls pmrm cm lgliuinù` hl n`tlrvl`inj`ls hl ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` hl jdrms hl imríitlr pcístnij, pnitùrnij, fríenij y hl mrtls mpcnimhms Jdrms prlcnon`mrls Cm prnolrm jplrminù` qul kmy qul rlmcnzmr l` tjhm n`tlrvl`inù` sjdrl iumcqunlr jdrm hl mrtl u jd jdgl gltj tj m` m`tntnfu fuj j hl imrí imríit itlr lr knst knstùr ùrni nij, j, slrí slrí u` iunh iunhmh mhjs jsj j rl rlij ij`j `jin inon onl` l`tj tj hlc ls lstm tmhj hj hl ij`slrvminù` hlc prjpnj jdgltj y hl cms ij`hninj`ls modnl`tmcls l` cms iumcls km lstmhj y lstí iustjhnmhj. Xmc rlij`jinonl`tj ijoprl`hl cm vlrneniminù` y, l` cj pjsndcl, cm rlij`struiinù` knstùrnim hl cms n`inhl`inms hlc icnom y hlc onirjicnom l` lc qul lc jdgltj km snhj y ls ij`slrvmhj. Rmrm tmc en` ls ouy nopjrtm`tl cm hjiuol`tminù` knstùrnim hl cjs hmtjs prjpjrinj`mhjs pjr cjs n`struol`tjs sjdrl cms vmrnminj`ls tîronims, dmrjoîtrnims, knfrjoîtrnims l n`icusj ejtjtrùpnims hlc modnl`tl l` lc qul ls fumrhmhj, msï ijoj sjdrl mquîccm n`klrl`tls m tjhj lc lhneninj (ijol`zm`hj, puls, pjr su jrnl`tminù` rlsplitj m cjs vnl`tjs). Jdvnmol`tl ls eu`hmol`tmc cm hjiuol`tminù` rlcmtnvm m cm ijopjsninù` quïonim hl cm mtoùselrm pmrm n`hnvnhumcnzmr lc jrnfl` y cm `mturmclzm hl cjs pjsndcls ij`tmon`m`tls. En`mcol`tl, tnl`l` nopjrtm`inm cjs hmtjs rlcmtnvjs m cm ijopjsninù` omtîrnim hl cm –imgm‟ modnl`tmc lstruiturm, rlvlstnonl`tjs, rlvlstnonl`tjs, hlijrminj`ls, lti.). Rjr cj qul sl rlenlrl m cms ij`hninj`ls hl ij`slrvminù` n`trï`slims mc jdgltj, ls eu`hmol`tmc cm vlrneniminù` hl cjs ojhjs hl lgliuinù` tîi`nim y hl cjs omtlrnmcls utncnzmhjs, hnstn`funl`hj cms pmrtls jrnfn`mcls hl mqulccms lxtrmýms j mýmhnhms y cm hltlron`minù` mprjxnomhm hl sus rlsplitnvms elikms. Hj`hl slm pjsndcl, hldlrí cclvmrsl m imdj tmodnî` lc lxmol` hl cms ij`hninj`ls n`tlr`ms hlc jdgltj. Hl tjhjs ojhjs tmc vlrneniminù`, qul l` prnolrm n`stm`inm sl l`tnl`hl ijoj u` lxmol` ùptnij, l` cm olhnhm hl cj pjsndcl hldlrí slr ijrrjdjrmhm pjr m`ícnsns y lxíol`ls hl imríitlr eïsnij, quïonij y `uoîrnij, lclfnhjs ij` mdsjcutm prnjrnhmh l`trl mquîccjs qul `j slm` hlstruitnvjs.  M`ícnsns y lxíol`ls, rlmcnzmhjs l` lstrlikm ijcmdjrminù` ij` cjs lxplrtjs hl cjs hnvlrsjs slitjrls, slrí` rlfnstrmhjs iunhmhjsmol`tl l` lc hnmrnj hl rlstmurminù`. Cm hjiuol`tminù` rlc rlcmtn mtnvm vm lstmrí lstmrí ij`stnt ij`stntunh unhm m pjr pmrtls pmrtls lspliï lspliïeni enijs. js. Lstjs Lstjs ÷ctnojs ÷ctnojs ijoprl` ijoprl`hlrí hlrí` ` `j sùcj sùcj ejtjfrmeïms l` dcm`ij y `lfrj y l` ijcjr hl cj vnsndcl, rlmcnzmhms sjdrl lc ij`gu`tj y/j sjdrl hltmccls jpjrtu`js, sn`j tmodnî` tjoms hl imríitlr ouctnlsplitrmc (imhm u`j hl cjs `nvlcls hl cm rlprjhuiinù` vnsumc, NT, \U, [). Yl l`tnl`hl qul l` tjhms cms tjoms intmhms hldlrí` slr  lxmitmol`tl lxmit mol`tl ij`trjcmhms ij`trjcmhms y ij`trjcmdcls ij`trjcmdcls cms eul`tls hl ncuon ncuon`minù`, `minù`, cms rlermiinj`ls rlermiinj`ls hl cm cuz, cms ij`hni ij`hninj` nj`ls ls lspmin lspminmcl mcls, s, cjs omtlrn omtlrnmcls mcls sl`snd sl`sndcls cls y hl trm`so trm`sonsn nsnù` ù` y enctrm enctrminù inù` ` hl cjs ij`trmstls y hl cjs irjomtnsojs.

 @. hl cm X. "Tjim vjcií`nim ouy hlsol`uzmhm hl cm onsom ijopjsninù` qul lc dmsmctj, cm iumc sl l`iul`trm l` Ruzjc, pjdcminù` prùxnom m @ípjcls, y l` sus ilrim`ïms, y, snrvl pmrm kmilr, olzicmhm ij` imc, ojrtlrj knhríucnij" (Hnii. hl cm Cl`fum Lspmýjcm). =6

=;  @. hl cm X Omtlrnmc hl jrnfl` vjcií`nij sùcnhj, ijopulstj pjr ermfol`tjs hl vnhrnj lsijrníilj `j ilol`tmhjs y hl tmomýj qul vmrïm l`trl < y 92 oo (Hnii. Lspmsm).

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Rmrm tjhjs cjs jdgltjs jrnfn`mrnmol`tl hlstn`mhjs m u`m vnsnù` cnontmhm j sùcj erj`tmc, hldlrí` slr tjomhms ejtjfrmeïms n`icusj n`icusj hlshl pu`tjs hl vnstm `j prlvnstjs prlvnstjs (rlvlrsj, cmtlrmcls, cmtlrmcls, pmrtls n`tlrnjrls, lti.). Ium`hj slm `lilsmrnj vlrnenimr cm prlsl`inm hl lstrmtjs jrnfn`mcls hl dmr`nils j vlrnenimr lc lstmhj hl cm prlpmrminù`, y `j slm pjsndcl utncnzmr oîtjhjs `j hlstruitnvjs, kmy qul cnontmrsl m rlmcnzmr tjoms hl oulstrms oï`noms, lvntm`hj, l` tjhj imsj, kmilrcj l` cufmrls nopjrtm`tls hl cm jdrm. Lstms tjoms hldlrí` cnontmrsl cnontmrsl mc oíxnoj tmodnî` tmodnî` l` lc `÷olrj. `÷olrj. Hldlrí slýmcmrsl slýmcmrsl lc pu`tj prlinsj l` lc qul sl km klikj cm tjom hl oulstrms l` u`m hl cms ijpnms ejtjfríenims hlc ij`gu`tj y/j hltmccl, y hldlrí m`jtmrsl cm rlelrl`inm l` lc hnmrnj hl rlstmurminù`. Rjr cj qul sl rlenlrl m cms pn`turms ourmcls j sjdrl pnlhrm, tlrrmijtm u jtrj sjpjrtl y qul, l` iumcqu ium cqunlr nlr imsj, imsj, lstî` lstî` l` ij`hni ij`hninj` nj`ls ls hl n`ojvn n`ojvncnh cnhmh, mh, slrí slrí `lilsm `lilsmrnj rnj mslfurm mslfurmrsl rsl hl cms ij ij`hn `hnin inj` j`ls ls hl hlcc sjpj sjpjrt rtl l l` rlcmin rlcminù` ù` m cm kuolh kuolhmh, mh, hl hlenen`n `nrr sn sl tr trmt mtm m hl ku kuol olhm hmh h hl n`enctrminj`ls j dnl` hl kuolhmh ejromhm pjr ij`hl`sminù` j pjr impncmrnhmh1 rlmcnzmr tjoms hl mrfmomsm j hl ojrtlrj hlc ourj y olhnr su frmhj hl kuolhmh. L` lc imsj hl qul sl hltlitl` j sl supj`fm` mtmquls hl dnjhltlrnjrm`tls, tmodnî` sjdrl lstjs ÷ctnojs sl cclvmrí` m imdj m`ícnsns lspliïenijs. L` lc imsj hl cms lsiucturms `j sl hldlrí cnontmr cm vlrneniminù` sùcj mc lstmhj hl ij`slrvminù` hl cms suplreninls omtlrnmcls l` cms qul km` snhj rlmcnzmhms, sn`j tmodnî` mc hl cms lstruiturms, pjr olhnj hl pruldms, m slr pjsndcl `j hlstruitnvms, (rmhnjfrmeïms, fmoomfrmeïms, uctrmsj`nhjs, ijrrnl`tls omf`îtnims n`huinhms, lti.).

Rrlvnsnj`ls pmrm mitumr l` cm lgliuinù` hl n`tlrvl`inj`ls ij`slrvmhjr ij`slrvmhjrms ms Cms n`vlstnfminj`ls n`vlstnfminj`ls prlcnon`mrls prlcnon`mrls kmdrí` ij`trndunhj ij`trndunhj m jrnl`tmr jrnl`tmr cm n`tlrvl`inù n`tlrvl`inù` ` hl rlstmurminù` rlstmurminù` l` cm hnrliinù` gustm, ym sl trmtl hl u`m snopcl cnopnlzm, hl ij`sjcnhminù`, hl cndlrminù` hl rlpn`tls, hl trmscmhj, j hl rlijopjsninù` hl ermfol`tjs. Yn` lodmrfj, cm qul kmdrïm hl slr cm oís nopjrtm`tl n`hmfminù` pmrm cm pn`turm7 cm hltlron`minù` hl cm tîi`nim lopclmhm `j snloprl pjhrí tl`lr u`m rlspulstm inl`tïenim. L` tmcls imsjs cm imutlcm y cm lxplrnol`tminù` hl cms omtlrnms qul kmy, qul usmr l` cm rlstmurminù` slrí`, oltjhjcùfnimol`tl, cjs ÷`nijs rliursjs m cjs qul mplcmr. L` lc imsj hl sjpjrtls hl omhlrm -ijoj pmrm iumcqunlr jtrj tnpj hl sjpjrtl, l` lstmhj rlcmtnvmol`tl dul`j-, ls prlelrndcl `j n`tlrvl`nr pmrm `j turdmr u` lquncndrnj ym lstmdncnzmhj. Yn sl n`tlrvnl`l pmrm l`hlrlzmrcjs, j rlijopj`lrcjs y/j n`tlfrmrcjs, ls `lilsmrnj kmilrcj ij` rlfcms tli`jcùfnims prlinsms qul rlspltl` cm hnrliinù` hl cm vltm hl cm omhlrm y utncnil` cm onsom lsplinl djtí`nim L` pmrtniucmr,hlsnloprl qul lc sjpjrtl hl omhlrm l` dul` lstmhj, plrj hlsu`nj`ls tmdcj`ls j emctms sl prjilhlrí mc lstî sm`lmonl`tj `lilsmrnj ij`prlsl`tl omhlrmensurms, ij` lc onsoj frmhj hl kuolhmh n`tlrnjr qul cm jrnfn`mc ij` plqulýjs slfol`tjs, snfunl`hj cms oltjhjcjfïms ym ij`sjcnhmhms pjr cm príitnim. Ium`hj lc lsplsjr hl cm tmdcm pn`tmhm ls hlomsnmhj lxnfuj rlsplitj m cm lxtl`snù` hl cm suplr uplren enin inl, l, sl pulh pulhl l prlv prlvlr lr u` rleu rleulr lrzj zj cnf`m nf`mrn rnj j hl sjstî jstî` ` qul qul hldl hldl mslf mslfur urmr mr,, eu`hmol`tmcol`tl, cjs ojvnonl`tjs `mturmcls hl cm omhlrm sjdrl cm qul sl vm m mpcnimr. Cjs sjpjrtls hl omhlrm qul suerm` hl rlpl`tl u`m mfrlsnù` dnjcùfnim (n`slitjs, onirjjrfm`nsojs, lti.) hldlrí` slr sjoltnhjs m hlsn`eliinù` ij` fmsls lspliïenijs, ij`jinhjs pjr `j lglrilr  u`m miinù` `lfmtnvm sjdrl lc prjpnj omtlrnmc j sjdrl cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim. Lstjs lcnon`m` cjs jrfm`n jrf m`nsoj sojss lxnstl lxnstl`tl `tls, s, plrj plrj `j prlvnl prlvnl`l` `l` mfrlsn mfrlsnj`ls j`ls eut euturm urms, s, pjr cj qul ls ÷tn ÷tncc mpcnim mpcnimr  r  suilsnvmol`tl omtlrnmcls oís hurmhlrjs ij` imrmitlrïstnims mprjpnmhms. Yùcj l` lc imsj hl qul cm omhlrm lstî príitnimol`tl hlstrunhm, sl pulhl pl`smr l` u` trmscmhj hl cm pn`turm m u` `ulvj sjpjrtl. Ij`slrvmr, hj`hl slm pjsndcl, cm noprnominù` jrnfn`mc ls snloprl mij`slgmdcl pmrm om`tl`lr l` cm suplreninl pnitùrnim su ij`ejrominù` jrnfn`mc. L` cm sustntuinù` hlc sjpjrtl ls `lilsmrnj vmcjrmr mtl`tmol`tl cm prjpnlhmh hlc `ulvj sjpjrtl, mslfurí`hjsl sjdrl tjhj hl su lstmdncnhmh, ls hlinr, hl qul `j lstî sugltj `n m tjrsnj`ls, `n m

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

ij`trmiinj`ls j hncmtminj`ls. Rmrm u`m omyjr fmrm`tïm, cjs mhklsnvjs hldlrí` slr lclfnhjs ij` ij`jinonl`tj pmrm `j prjvjimr hmýjs hurm`tl cm jplrminù` `n suernr mctlrminj`ls ij` lc tnlopj. Ium`hj lc sjpjrtl hl u`m pn`turm ls u`m tlcm, ls jpjrtu`j `j hlinhnr m prnjrn qul lc rl`tlcmhj slm cm ÷`nim jplrminù` qul kmym qul rlmcnzmr. L` imsj hl qul cm tlcm `j prlsl`tl clsnj`ls, sn`j sùcmol`tl u` mecjgmonl`tj hl cm tl`snù`, pmrm rlstmdclilrcm, slrí sueninl`tl mitumr sjdrl cjs prjpnjs snstloms hl tl`snù`. Yn cjs djrhls lstí`dmgj hldncntmhjs pulhl` rlejrzmrsl ij` tnrms hl tlcm qul `j sjdrlpmsl` ouikj lc djrhl hlc dmstnhjr cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim. Rjr lc ij`trmrnj, ium`hj cm jplrminù` hl rll`tlcmhj sl ij`snhlrm `lilsmrnm, sl hldl` lvntmr  mhklsnvjs `j rlvlrsndcls, ijoprlsnj`ls lxilsnvms y tloplrmturms lclvmhms qul pjhïm` hmýmr  cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim. Yl hldl` snloprl lxicunr jplrminj`ls hl mpcniminù` hl u`m pn`turm sjdrl tlcm ij` u` sjpjrtl rïfnhj. Cjs dmstnhjrls hldlrí` slr ij`ildnhjs hl ejrom qul mslfurl` cm tl`s tl`snù nù` ` gu gust stm m qul qul pjhr pjhrí í sl slrr ij ij`s `slr lrvm vmhm hm hl ej ejro rom m sl sl`i `incnccm cm m tr trmv mvîs îs hl cj cjss oîtj oîtjhj hjss mijstuodrmhjs, prjiurm`hj qul qulhl snloprl u` rlstj mhliumhj hl cm tlcm hlc ejrrj pmrm lvl`tumcls y suilsnvms sustntuinj`ls hlc dmstnhjr j pmrm jplrminj`ls hl tl`snù`. Ij` Ij ` rl rlsp split litj j m cms cms prlp prlpmr mrmin minj` j`ls ls y m cms cms plcï plcïiu iucm cmss pn pnit itùr ùrni nims ms ls `l `lils ilsmr mrnj nj ij ij`t `trjc rjcmr  mr  mtl`tmol`tl su lstmhj hl mhklsnù` y ijklsnù` y prjilhlr m cm ij`sjcnhminù` hl cm pmrtls hlsprl hls prl`hn `hnhms hms j hldncn hldncntmh tmhms. ms. Cjs omtlrn omtlrnmcl mclss lopclm lopclmhjs hjs hldlrí` hldlrí` slr ijopmt ijopmtndc ndcls ls ij` cjs omtlrnmcls jrnfn`mcls y cms oltjhjcjfïms lopclmhms pjhrí` slr hnrnfnhms j cjimcol`tl j sjdrl tjhm cm suplreninl, tl`nl`hj iunhmhj hl lcnon`mr ijopcltmol`tl hl lccm tjhj rlstj hl mhklsnvj qul pjhrïm rlsuctmr plrguhninmc m imusm hl pjsndcls ij`trmiinj`ls. Ium`hj sl hldm prjilhlr m u`m vlcmhurm tjtmc hl cm pn`turm, lc mhklsnvj hldl slr rlvlrsndcl ij` hnsjcvl`tls `j plrguhninmcls pmrm cms tîi`nims jrnfn`mcls. Cm cnopnlzm pjhrí slr rlmcnzmhm, prn`inpmcol`tl hl hjs ejroms7 olhnm`tl sjcuinù` j ij` olhnjs olií`nijs. Cjs olhnjs olií`nijs (dnsturï, lti.) hldlrí` slr usmhjs snloprl ij` pruhl`inm y ij` lc ij`trjc hlc lstlrljonirjsijpnj. Cjs olhnjs hnsjcvl`tls hldlrí` slr lclfnhjs, olzicmhjs y im imcncndrm drmhjs hjs hl ejrom ejrom qu qul l sl jdtl` jdtl`fm fm lc pu pu`t `tj j gu gust stj j hl lv lvmp mpjr jrmin minù` ù` m en` en` hl qu qul l `j plrom`lzim` l` cjs lstrmtjs hl cm pn`turm y qul tl`fm`, l` cj pjsndcl, u`m dmgm tjxninhmh.  M`tls hl usmrcjs, slrí ÷tnc rlmcnzmr mcf÷` tlst hl sjcudncnhmh pmrm h hlen`nr len`nr lc `nvlc y cjs tnlopjs hl cncnopn opnlz lzm, m, pm pmrm rm lvntm lvntmrr mtmim mtmimrr cm pnlc pnlc hl l` l`vl vlgli glino nonl nl`t `tj j `mtur `mturmc mc (p (pítn ítn`m `m), ), ej ejro romh mhm m pjr pjr lc l` l`hu hurl rlin inon onl`t l`tj j l` cm supl suplre reni ninl nl hlc mfcutn mfcutn`m `m`tl `tl y pjr cm im impm pm prjtl prjtlit itjr jrm m en`m en`mc,c, qu qul l ls n`hnspl`smdcl qul ij`tn`÷l iuopcnl`hj su eu`inù`.  Mhloís, snl`hj hl impntmc nopjrtm`inm cm ij`slrvminù` hl cm omtlrnm qul ejrom cm jdrm, `j sl hldl lxicunr cm pjsndncnhmh hl rlstntunr, hj`hl slm pjsndcl, u`m ij`tn`unhmh hl cliturm hl cm nomfl`. Cm rln`tlfrminù` hldlrí slr cm n`tlrprltminù` irïtnim hl cm cmfu`m y hltl`lrsl ium`hj sl ij`vnl ij` vnlrtm rtm l` u`m knpùtl knpùtlsns sns.. Cjs olhnjs olhnjs lopclm lopclmhjs hjs hldlrí` hldlrí` slr rlvlrsn rlvlrsndcl dclss y lc sns snstlo tlom m hnstn`fundcl m hnstm`inm prùxnom hlc jrnfn`mc. Cjs lstrmtjs prjtlitjrls en`mcls hldlrí` slr hl u` omtlrnmc meï` m cm pn`turm sueninl`tlol`tl rlsnstl`tl, plrj eíincol`tl rlvlrsndcl ij` lc tnlopj y ij` olhnjs `j mfrlsnvjs pmrm cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim.

Rrlv Rrlvnsn nsnj` j`ls ls qu qull km kmyy qu qull tl`l tl`lrr l` iul` iul`tm tm l` cm lgli lgliui uinù nù` ` hl n`tlr n`tlrvl vl`i `inj nj`l `lss hl ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` l` pn`turms y ojsmnijs.  Mc nfumc qul pmrm cms pn`turms ouldcls tmodnî` pmrm cms pn`turms ourmcls, m`tls hl n`ninmr  iumcqunlr n`tlrvl`inù` slrí `lilsmrnj hltlron`mr, hl cm ejrom oís prlinsm pjsndcl, cm tîi`nim hl lgliuinù` y cjs omtlrnmcls usmhjs. M cm vlz ls `lilsmrnj pj`lr hl rlcnlvl cjs msplitjs hlc hltlrnjrj l n`hnvnhumcnzmr sus imusms. M`tls hl tjhm jplrminù` ij`slrvmhjrm sjdrl cms pn`turms ls `lilsmrnj, l` prnolr cufmr, sm`lmr lc modnl`tl y lcnon`mr tjhm imusm hl mfrlsnù` L` imsj hl rlojinù` hlc pjcvj hl cm suplreninl ls jpjrtu`j mitumr ij` imutlcm, `j sùcj pmrm `j quntmr gu`tj

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

mc pjcvj pmrtls hl suplreninl irjoítnim ij`vlrtnhm lvl`tumcol`tl l` tmc, sn`j tmodnî` pmrm lxmon`mr sn l` lc pjcvj `j lxnstl` fîrol`ls dnjhltlrnjrm`tls sjdrl cjs iumcls n`tlrvl`nr ij` hlsn`elitm`tls mprjpnmhjs. Cms prnolrms jplrminj`ls tl`hlrí` mc rlstmdclinonl`tj hl cm ijklsnù` y mhklsnù` hl cjs hnstn` hns tn`tjs tjs lstrmt lstrmtjs. js. Cjs omtlrn omtlrnmcl mclss usmhjs usmhjs pmrm pmrm tmcls tmcls jplrmi jplrminj` nj`ls ls hldlrí hldlrí` ` slr lclfnh lclfnhjs js y ijoprjdmhjs olhnm`tl u`m slrnl hl pruldms hl cmdjrmtjrnj, qul ij`tl`fm` l`vlglinonl`tjs `mturmcls hl mc ol`js qun`il mýjs, qul fmrm`tnil` su rlvlrsndncnhmh l n`mctlrmdncnhmh ij` lc tnlopj m `nvlc lstruiturmc y ùptnij. Cm cnopnlzm, l` ium`tj m olhnjs y oltjhjcjfïms, oltjhjcjfïms, pulhl mtl`lrsl m cm prmxns slfunhm pmrm cms pn`turms ouldcls, smcvj l` lc imsj hl cm lcnon`minù` hl cms n`irustminj`ls smcn`ms pjij sjcudcls, pmrm cm iumc rlontnojs m cm dndcnjfrmeïm lxnstl`tl. Cms pn`turms ourmcls sj` pmrtl n`tlfrm`tl hl cm mrquntliturm, pjr cj tm`tj su trmscmhj slrí  gustnenimhj, -mu`qul snloprl slrí trmuoítnij-, sùcmol`tl l` cjs imsjs hl lhneninjs j sjpjrtls qul hldl` slr hlstrunhjs j trmscmhmhjs1 j l` imsj hl imtístrjels (tlrrlojtjs, n`il`hnjs, n`u`hminj`ls, lti.) y, lxilpinj`mcol`tl, pmcnopslstjs => Ium`hj `lilsmrnmol`tl kmym qul tjomrcm hlinsnù` hl quntmr cm pn`turm hl cm pmrlh, l`trl cjs oîtjhjs qul sl hldl` lclfnr slrí prnjrntmrnj lc "hnstmiij" ij` lc en` hl om`tl`lr l` cm suplreninl pnitùrnim su ij`ejronhmh jrnfn`mc. Yn mimsj eulrm n`hnspl`smdcl rliurrnr mc –strmppj‟ hlc erlsij, sl hldlrí prlstmr u`m mtl`inù` lsplinmc m cm pjsndncnhmh hl rliuplrmr cm sn`jpnm. L` lstl imsj, ls `lilsmrnj qul lc sjpjrtl sjdrl lc quln`lrinm sl vulcvm m ijcjimr cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim jerlzim cmsqul oíxnoms fmrm`tïms hl lstmdncnhmh, y `lutrmcnhmh quïonim1 slrí `lilsmrnj, mhloís, pulhm slr ij`strunhj ij` cms onsoms onsoms hnol`s hnol`snj` nj`ls ls hl cm pn`turm pn`turm,, sn` suturm suturmss n`tlro n`tlrolhn lhnms ms qul sl hlstmi hlstmimrï mrïm` m` n`lvntmdclol`tl ij` lc pmsj hlc tnlopj sjdrl cm suplreninl pnitùrnim. Lc mhklsnvj sjdrl l lcc qul sl engmrí cm tlcm plfmhm m cm plcïiucm pnitùrnim sjdrl lc `ulvj sjpjrtl, hldlrí pjhlr hlskmilrsl ij` tjhm emincnhmh ij` u` hnsjcvl`tl qul `j hmýl cm pn`turm. Cjs sjpjrtls qul jerlil` kjy cms olgjrls fmrm`tïms sj` cjs ccmomhjs rïfnhjs, mutjpjrtm`tls, prjylitmhjs ij` snstloms y omtlrnmcls hnelrl`tls, plrj snloprl ij` u` lstrmtj n`tlrolhnj l`trl cm pn`turm (ij` cms prnolrms `ulvms lstrmtneniminj`ls) y lc sjpjrtl rïfnhj. Lstl lstrmtj, ccmomhj –hl n`tlrvl`inù`‟, hldl lstmr rlmcnzmhj ij` omtlrnmcls rlsnstl`tls, cnflrjs, plrj sjdrl tjhj eíincol`tl rlvlrsndcls olhnm`tl sjcuinj`ls j ij` olhnjs olií`nijs, ij` lc en` hl lvntmr lc tl`lr qul l`ijcmr prjtliinj`ls sjdrl cm imrm hl cm pn`turm l` imsj hl sustntuinù`. Rmrm cjs ojsmnijs qul prlsl`tm` oís j ol`js cms onsoms imrmitlrïstnims qul cms pn`turms ourmcls, ium`hj slm `lilsmrnj prjilhlr m su –hnstmiij‟, slrí prlinsj mslfurmrsl hl qul cms tlslcms, hj`hl `j ij`stntuyl` u`m suplreninl ijopcltmol`tl pcm`m, slm` engmhms y pulhm` vjcvlr m slr ijcjimhms slf÷` cm ejrom jrnfn`mc. M`tls hl cm mpcniminù` hl fmsms y hl cm mromhur mro mhurm m hl sjstî` sjstî`,, sl hldlrí hldlrí ijoprjdmr ijoprjdmr lc lstmhj lstmhj hl ij`slrv ij`slrvmin minù` ù` hl cms tlslcms tlslcms y lv lvl` l`tu tumc mcol ol`t `tl l ij ij`s `sjc jcnh nhmr mrcm cms. s. Yl hldl hldlrí rí pj`l pj`lrr ls lspl plin inmc mc iu iunh nhmh mhj j l` ij ij`s `slr lrvm vmrr cm cmss imrmitlrïstnims tlitù`nims hl cm suplreninl y, l` lc imsj hl ojsmnijs hl pmvnol`tj, lvntmr  iumcqunlr pucnol`tj hl cm suplreninl.

Rrlvnsnj`ls qul kmy qul tl`lr l` iul`tm l` cm lgliuinù` hl cms n`tlrvl`inj`ls hl ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` l` jdrms hl lsiucturm. Hlspuîs hl kmdlr vlrnenimhj cm omtlrnm y lvl`tumcol`tl cm tîi`nim ij` qul cms lsiucturms km` snhj rlmcnzmhms (oírojc, pnlhrm, lstuij, pmstm hl pmplc, tlrrmijtm, tlrrmijtm vnhrnmhm, dmrrj sn` ijilr y pn`tmhj, lti.), hj`hl `j mpmrlzim` pmrtls pn`tmhms y slm `lilsmrnm u`m cnopnlzm, hldl lxicunrsl cm rlmcnzminù` hl cmvmhjs tmcls, qul, mu`qul hlgl` n`tmitm cm omtlrnm, mtmqul` su pítn`m.  @. hl cm X. Yl hl`jon`m pmcnopslstj, pjr lxtl`snù`, mc ourj qul ij`tnl`l vmrnjs lstrmtjs hl pn`turm, fl`lrmcol`tl plrtl`linl`tls m îpjims hnelrl`tls. =>

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Rjr lstj, l` lc imsj hl lsiucturms hl lximvminj`ls j l`ij`trmhms l` lc mfum (omr, rïjs, lti.), sn kudnlsl l` lccms n`irustminj`ls, îstms hldlrí` slr prlelrl`tlol`tl ij` olhnjs olií`nijs. L` lc im imsj sj hl qul qul sl tr trmt mtl l hl lsiu lsiuct ctur urms ms l` omhl omhlrm rm y îs îstm tm ls lstu tuvn vnls lsl l l` ls lstm tmhj hj hl hlsijopjsninù`, lc usj hl engmtnvjs hldlrí lstmr sudjrhn`mhj m cm ij`slrvminù` hlc msplitj jrnfn`mc hl cm omtlrnm cïf`lm. Yn cm omhlrm lstí n`elitmhm pjr imrijoms, tlrontms, lti., slrí `lilsmrnj sjoltlrcm m cm miinù` hl fmsls mprjpnmhjs. L` lc imsj hl lsiucturms rlhuinhms m ermfol`tjs, lc usj hl pjsndcls plr`js, sjpjrtls, lti. hldlrí lstmr sudjrhn`mhj m cm lcliinù` hl oltmcls `j jxnhmdcls. Rmrm cjs jdgltjs hl drj`il sl rlijonl`hm u` lsplinmc iunhmhj pmrm cm ij`slrvminù` hl cm pmtn`m `jdcl (mtmimontm, omcmquntm, lti.), snloprl qul dmgj lccm `j lxnstm` frmhjs hl ijrrjsnù` mitnvm.

Mhvlrt Mhvl rtl` l`in inms ms fl fl`l `lrm rmcl clss pm pmrm rm cm rlst rlstnt ntui uinù nù` ` hl jdrm jdrmss rlst rlstmu murm rmhm hmss m su prno prnont ntnv nvj j lopcmzmonl`tj. Yn cm n`tlrvl`inù` km snhj ojtnvmhm pjr cms ij`hninj`ls tlrojknfrjoîtrnims hlc cufmr l` fl`lrmc, j hl cms pmrlhls l` pmrtniucmr, sl hldlrí` lstuhnmr tjhms cms pjsndncnhmhls hl sm`lmonl`tj modnl`tmc, icnomtnzminù`, lti., ij` lc en` hl hlvjcvlr cm jdrm m cm ijcjiminù` jrnfn`mc, ij`hninù` lsl`inmc pmrm su n`tlfrnhmh knstùrnij-lstîtnim. Yn` lodmrfj, ijoj cï`lm hl ij`huitm mdsjcutm, `j sl hldlrí gmoís vjcvlr m ijcjimr cm jdrm rlstmurmhm l` lc cufmr jrnfn`mc sn îstl `j km snhj sm`lmhj mhliumhmol`tl.

M@L[J L Cm ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` hlc cndrj  M`tls hl prjilhlr m iumcqunlr jplrminù` hl rlstmurminù`, sl hldlrí ij`snhlrmr cm jdrm l` su ijopclgnhmh y ouctnejronhmh knstùrnim, mrtïstnim, omtlrnmc y eu`inj`mc. L` lc imsj hl cjs dnl`ls hlc cndrj kmdcmr hl –ouctnejronhmh‟ ls oís qul `u`im mprjpnmhj ym qul sl trmtm hl jdgltjs ijopulstjs pjr vmrnjs omtlrnmcls7 pmplc, plrfmon`j, pmpnrj u jtrj sjpjrtl pmrm lsirndnr, omhlrm, oltmcls, iulrj imrtù`, iíýmoj, pnlc iurtnhm ij` mcuodrl, tlgnhjs y hloís. Lc ij`jinonl`tj hl imhm omtlrnmc jrnfn`mc ls n`hnspl`smdcl pmrm prjilhlr ijrrlitmol`tl l` lc trmdmgj, msï ijoj cj ls lc lstuhnj hl cjs omtlrnmcls –`ulvjs‟ qul sl km` hl n`slrtmr l` cjs cndrjs qul sl vm` m rlstmurmr. Cm lcliinù` hl cms n`tlrvl`inj`ls lstmrí ij`hninj`mhm pjr cms n`vlstnfminj`ls cclvmhms m imdj pjr hnelrl`tls lxplrtjs, hlshl lc dndcnjtlimrnj ij`slrvmhjr (knstjrnm hlc cndrj, hl cm hlijrminù`, nopjrtm`inm hl cm jdrm y hloís) mc dnùcjfj, mc tli`ùcjfj, mc eïsnij, mc rlstmurmhjr. L` cms dndcnjtlims slrí jpjrtu`j, m`tl tjhj, rlmcnzmr vlrneniminj`ls plrnùhnims sjdrl lc lstmhj hl ij`slrvminù` hl cjs ej`hjs, lelitum`hj l` cjs cjimcls ij`trjcls snstloítnijs y prjcj`fmhjs hl cjs vmcjrls tlrojknfrjoîtrnijs modnl`tmcls ij` lc en` hl vlrnenimr sn sl om`tnl`l` l` lc trm`s trm`siu iurs rsj j hlc mý mýj j hl hl`t `trj rj hl cjs cjs cïcïon ontls tls (X =5 =5-4 -42 2 fr frmh mhjs js il il`tï `tïfr frmhj mhjs1 s1 KT 82-5< 82-5;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Cms jplrminj`ls hl rlstmurminù` hldl` lstmr prlilhnhms hl cm hlsn`eliinù` y/j hlsn`elitminù` hlc vjcuol` ium`hj îstl prlsl`tl mctlrminj`ls hl jrnfl` dnjcùfnij. L` cm enikm enikm hl rlstmur rlstmurmin minù` ù` slrí` slrí` rlfnst rlfnstrmhm rmhmss cms pmrtniucm pmrtniucmrnh rnhmhls mhls hl imhm imhm cnd cndrj rj y slrí` slrí` hlsirntjs hlsirn tjs hltmccmhmol hltmccmhmol`tl `tl cjs hmýjs qul prlsl`tl, prlsl`tl, mhloís mhloís hl cms pjsndcls n`tlrvl`inj`ls n`tlrvl`inj`ls prlilhl`tls. Msïonsoj slrí` rlelrnhms tjhms cms jplrminj`ls lelitumhms pmrm kmilr pjsndcl l` lc eutu euturj, rj, m trmv trmvîs îs hl cjs cjs rlsu rlsuctctmhj mhjss jd jdtl tl`n `nhjs hjs,, u` plreli plreliin inj` j`mo monl nl`t `tj j hl cj cjss oîtj oîtjhjs hjs mhjptmhjs. Ium`hj sl ij`snhlrl `lilsmrnj n`tlrvl`nr l` cm jdrm, l`tj`ils sl pjhrí lclfnr l`trl u`m n`tlrvl`inù` tjtmc j pmrinmc. Yl n`tl`tmrí snloprl n`tlrvl`nr ij` cm –plqulým rlstmurminù`‟, ls hl hlin inr, r, u` u`m m rl rlst stmu murmi rminù nù` ` ij` ij` lc cndrj cndrj sn` sn` hl hlsi sijs jslr lr,, l` lc imsj imsj hl qu qul l cm cmss jd jdrm rmss sl slm` m` lsplinmcol`tl nopjrtm`tls pjr cm lstruiturm, cm vltustlz, pjr lc vmcjr mrtïstnij, pjrqul lc ï`hnil hl su ij`suctm slm kmstm tmc pu`tj dmgj qul `j slm `lilsmrnj jplrmr hl ojhj rmhnimc, j pjr  jtrms rmzj`ls qul sl vmcjrmrí` l` imhm imsj. Cm n`tlrvl`inù` sl rlhuinrí msï mc oï`noj y lc cndrj `j suernrí `n`fu`m mctlrminù` m imusm hl hlsoj`tmgl ijopcltj, om`tl`nl`hj n`tmitms sus imrmitlrïstnims jrnfn`mcls. L` cjs imsjs l` cjs qul sl ij`snhlrl rlmcol`tl n`hnspl`smdcl lc hlsijsnhj hlc cndrj, sl hldlrí prjilhlr ij` cm oíxnom imutlcm pmrm lvntmr plrhlr n`icusj lc oís plqulýj tlstnoj`nj.  M`tls hl hlsijslr u` vjcuol` kmy qul ij`trjcmr snloprl cm `uolrminù` jrnfn`mc pmrm lvntmr  lrrjrls hurm`tl cm rlijopjsninù` hl cjs emsiïiucjs. Iumcqunlr m`jomcïm slrí ijou`nimhm mc dndcnjtlimrnj rlspj`smdcl. Gmoís sl prjilhl ij` lc onsoj irntlrnj pmrm imhm cndrj qul kmy, qul rlstmurmr, pjrqul cm jdrm tnl`l u`m vnhm prjpnm qul km hl slr ij`snhlrmhm l` rlcminù` mc ij`tl`nhj, m cm knstjrnm, m cm omtlrnm, mc usj. Rjr lccj, `j pjhrlojs hmr `u`im u`m rlfcm ÷`nim sjdrl ium`hj ij`slrvmr j lcnon`mr lc ijsnhj, j ium`hj prnvnclfnmr lc tlxtj rlsplitj m cm lstruiturm, lti. Cm imsuïstnim ls l`jrol. Ijoj prn`inpnj fl`lrmc sl pulhl menromr qul .sl hldl` lvntmr tjhms cms jplrminj`ls qul pulhm` mctlrmr lc msplitj y lc vmcjr fcjdmc hl cm jdrm. Rjr lccj, sl hldl tl`h tl`hlr lr m ij ij`s `slr lrvmr vmr cj oís pj pjsn sndc dcl l imhm imhm u`j u`j hl su suss lc lclo lol`t l`tjs js ij ij`s `stntntu tutntnvj vjs, s, mu mu`q `qul ul mpmrl`tlol`tl slm` n`snf`nenim`tls1 plrj lc cndrj, snl`hj tmodnî` u` jdgltj pmrm tjimr, mdrnr, om`npucmr, hldlrí slr eu`inj`mc l` cms ejroms rlqulrnhms pjr su utncnzminù`. Msï, m vlils, sl hlinhl `j mromr hl `ulvj cm cnfmhurm jrnfn`mc pjrqul ym `j sl l`iul`trm l` ij`hninj`ls hl slrvnr pmrm lc usj qul sl qunlrl kmilr hl îc. Cm omyjrïm hl cms vlils `j sl cclfm m cm sustntuinù` tjtmc hl cm iudnlrtm, plrj sl n`slrtm cm cnfmhurm cnfmhu rm jrnfn`mc sjdrl cm `ulvm, `ulvm, qul mfum`tmrí mfum`tmrí tjhj lc lseulrzj lseulrzj olií`nij. L` lc imopj hl cm ijsturm sl prjilhlrí ij` lc prn`inpnj hl " hjv¸lrm, ijo¸lrm"42 smcvj imsjs pmrtniucmrls, hnitmhjs snloprl pjr lc irntlrnj hl cm eu`inj`mcnhmh. Rmrm cjs pmplcls, sl prlvî qul sl lelit÷l` snloprl pruldms hl sjcudncnhmh hl cms tn`tms y hl cjs ijcjrls, m`tls hl prjilhlr m iumcqunlr jplrminù` –l` k÷olhj‟ (cmvmhjs, cnopnlzms hl cm minhlz l` mfum y mcijkjc prlilhnhm hl cm olhninù` hlc RK, usj hl hnsjcvl`tls, engmtnvjs). Xmcls jplrminj`ls, lelitumhms sùcj sn ls lstrnitmol`tl `lilsmrnj, slrí` ij`trjcmhms hl ilrim. Xjhms cms olhnhms qul l` emsl hl cmvmhj sl l`imon`l` m `j plrhlr `n`f÷` ermfol`tj, ijoj lc lopclj hlc dmstnhjr j hl cm rlh, sj` sn` huhm mij`slgmdcls. Hlspuîs hl cjs cmvmhjs, sl prjilhl m vjcvlr m plfmr cms kjgms. Yn cjs pmplcls `lilsntm` u`m vlcmhurm, slm tjtmc j pmrinmc, sl prlvî qul slm lelitumhm ij` u`m cíon`m hl pmplc gmpj`îs, trm`sp trm`spmrl mrl`tl `tl plrj plrj rlsnstl rlsnstl`tl `tl,, ij` u` pn`ilc pn`ilc ouy, ouy, dcm`hj dcm`hj y, ij` mhklsnv mhklsnvj j rlvlrs rlvlrsndc ndcl. l. \` ojol`tj nopjrtm`tl lstí rlprlsl`tmhj pjr lc prl`smhj hl cms kjgms, `lilsmrnj pmrm vjcvlr m hmr lc msplitj jrnfn`mc m cms suplreninls. Rlrj sl hldl lvntmr prl`smr ij` hlomsnmhm l`lrfïm 42

 @. hl cm X. Xmodnî` mquï kl prlelrnhj om`tl`lr lc tlxtj jrnfn`mc, ouikj oís lxprlsnvj qul su trmhuiinù` –l` hj`hl lstmdm, ijoj lstmdm".

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

cnontí`hjsl m usmr plsntms hl oírojc y, ium`hj lstj `j eulsl sueninl`tl, utncnzmr cm –prl`sm m fjcpl‟ ij` cm iumc sl pulhl ij`trjcmr ij`trjcmr cm eulrzm. eulrzm. Lstj pmrm qul slm` smcvmfumrhm smcvmfumrhmhjs hjs tjhjs cjs rlcnlvls j cms n`insnj`ls qul pjhmojs l`ij`trmr l` ij`trmr l` cms kjgms. Lc vlrhmhlrj y prjpnj rlonl`hj slrí lelitumhj ij` omtlrnmcls qul, pjr cms lxplrnol`tminj`ls inl`tïenims, rlsuctl` nhù`ljs. Jdvnmol`tl îstl hldlrí slr rlij`jindcl. @j sl rlstmurmrí` mqulccms lcnon`minj`ls vjcu`tmrnms hl on`nmturms, hndugjs y hloís, pjrqul ym ejrom` pmrtl hl cm knstjrnm hlc cndrj, plrj sl rlstntunrí` sùcj mqulccjs pu`tjs sjdrl cjs iumcls sl lglril lc omyjr lseulrzj Mhloís, hl sl cjs ij`tlopcm lstuikls j sïoncls, pmrm cmolií`nij. olgjr ij`slrvminù` cndrjs. cm pjsndncnhmh hl rliurrnr m imgms, Cjs prn`inpnjs hl rlstmurminù` pmrm lc plrfmon`j sj` cjs onsojs qul cjs hlc pmplc, lxilptj l` cj rlelrnhj m cjs cmvmhjs, pmrm cjs iumcls sl usmrí, sùcj sn ls lstrnitmol`tl `lilsmrnj, u`m olzicm hl mfum y mcijkjc ltïcnij1 lc prl`smhj, qul slrí sùcj u`m –hnstl`snù`‟ sl lelitumrí j ij` cms plsms plqulýms j ij` plqulýms tnrm`tls. Yl sudrmym u`m vlz oís, l` lstms rlfcms fl`lrmcls, qul lc cndrj hldl ij`snhlrmrsl jdrm hl mrtl l` lc sl`tnhj oís mopcnj hlc tîron`j, dnl` ijoj vmcjr iucturmc n`trï`slij mc tlxtj, dnl` ijoj ijo j vmcjr vmcjr omtlrn omtlrnmc mc (snstl (snstloms oms hl lcmdjr lcmdjrmin minù`, ù`, n`trjhu n`trjhuiin iinù` ù` hl inlrtm inlrtmss prlimui prlimuinj` nj`ls ls j lclol`tjs, usj hl omtlrnmcls lsplinmcls, n`ecul`inm hl jtrjs, il`trjs hl lsirnturm, lti.), dnl` ijoj vmcjr purmol`tl mrtïstnij (on`nmturm frmdmhjs, encnfrm`ms). Rjr lstjs ojtnvjs imhm imsj hldlrí slr trmtmhj ijoj u` imsj l` sï.  Mc prjdclom hl cm ij`slrvminù` hlc cndrj ojhlr`j hldl` rlslrvmrsl mcfu`ms ij`snhlrminj`ls lsplinmcls. Cjs irntlrnjs hl dmsl slrí` cndrj m`tnfuj, pulstj qul cjs pmplcls emdrnimhjs hlshl lc snfcj [N[cjs l`onsojs mhlcm`tlqul sj`cjs hlhlc pljr imcnhmh qul plrj cjs prlilhl`tls, lc rlsuctmhj qul hl lccj sl hlrnvm ls su omyjr impminhmh hl hltlrnjrj. Cms omtlrnms prnoms m`tnfums lrm` oís purms y m ol`uhj prlsl`tmdm` u`m prjtliinù` `mturmc m cm minhlz hldnhj m cm prlsl`inm hl sustm`inms mcimcn`ms (imrdj`mtjs) l` cm olzicm hl cjs pmplcls. Yuilsnvmol`tl, ij` cm n`trjhuiinù` hlc mcuodrl, ijopulstj hl íinhj, ij` cm plr`ninjsm utncnzminù` hl cm oíqun`m –kjcm`hlsm‟, qul hnj jrnfl` m u` pmplc oís erífnc y oís hneïinc hl plfmr, ij` cm utncnzminù` l` lc Jikjinl`tjs hl cm pmstm hl omhlrm qul ij`tnl`l cm cnf`n`m, sl km cclfmhj m u`m imïhm l` pnimhj hl cm imcnhmh hlc pmplc qul, l` lelitj, rlsuctm erífnc, rïfnhj y ouy sugltj mc jsiurlinonl`tj. Kmy qul mýmhnr tmodnî` cm miinù` hlc icjrj pmrm dcm`qulmr cms pmstms y, hlshl en`ls hlc Yltlinl`tjs, lc plfmhj hl cms kjgms lelitumhj ij` ijcjej`nm y mcuodrl, sustm`inms tjhms qul imusm` minhlz. Rjr cj tm`tj, `js l`ij`trmojs l` prlsl`inm hl prjdcloms imhm vlz oís hneïincls hl rlsjcvlr, pjrqul mhloís sl ij`jil` pjij cms ijopjsninj`ls hl cjs pmplcls ij`tlopjrí`ljs. M lstl prjpùsntj kmil` emctm m÷` n`vlstnfminj`ls y lstuhnjs mhliumhjs y, mtl`tjs. Cm ÷ctnom rlijol`hminù` ls pmrm cjs dndcnjtlimrnjs ij`slrvmhjrls qul hldl` snloprl lvmcumr  mtl`tmol`tl cm urfl`inm y cm utncnhmh hl cm rlstmurminù`, qul sl km hl ij`snhlrmr ijoj lxtrlom rmtnj, prlilhnhm hl u` slrnj trmdmgj hl prlvl`inù` y om`tl`nonl`tj.

M@L[J E Cm ij`slrvminù` y rlstmurminù` hl cjs dnl`ls hl mriknvj m riknvj Cm rlstmurminù` hl cjs hjiuol`tjs hl mriknvj hldl slr rlmcnzmhm sùcj ium`hj lstî frmvlol`tl ijoprjoltnhm cm lstruiturm eïsnim hl cjs sjpjrtls ij` plrguninj hlc tlstnoj`nj knstùrnij y `j m`tls hl kmdlr vlrnenimhj cms imusms hlc hltlrnjrj. Mhloís, m imusm hlc snf`nenimhj pmrtniucmr y hlc vmcjr knstùrnij, pjcïtnij y gurïhnij hl cjs hjiuol`tjs hl mriknvj rlijfnhjs pjr lc L`tl hlc ls lstm tmhj, hj, ls lv lvnh nhl`t l`tl l qu qul l imhm imhm jp jplr lrmin minù` ù` hl om`n om`npuc pucmi minù nù` ` hl hlcc hj hjiuo iuol` l`tj tj ij ij` ` en`ls en`ls hl ij`slr ij` slrvmi vminù` nù` j rlstmu rlstmurmi rminù` nù` hldl hldl slr cclvmh cclvmhm m m imdj imdj jer jerlin linl`h l`hj j tjhm tjhm fmrm`t fmrm`tïm ïm sjdrl sjdrl cm n`tlfrnhmh hl cmshl n`ejrominj`ls ij`tl`nhms l` lc prjpnj Rjrlsirntj lstj, pjr tjhmcjs n`tlrvl`inù` hl rlstmurminù` cjs hjiuol`tjs hl mriknvj hldl slr hjiuol`tj. gustnenimhm pjr hnrlitjrls hl cjs Mriknvjs hlc Lstmhj j pjr cjs Yuplrn`tl`hl`tls hl mriknvjs l` lc íodntj hl cms

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

rl rlsp spli litntnvm vmss ij ijop opltl ltl`i `inm nmss n`st n`stntntuin uinj` j`mc mcls, ls, m`tls m`tls hl sl slrr mu mutj tjrn rnzm zmhm hm pj pjrr lc Il`tr Il`trj j hl Ejtjrrlprjhuiinù`, L`iumhlr`minù` y Tlstmurminù` hl cjs Mriknvjs hlc Lstmhj (IET) j dnl` ij`enmhm m îc pmrm cms n`tlrvl`inj`ls sjcnintmhms.  Mhloís, cm prjpulstm hldl ij`tl`lr u`m hlsirnpinù` m`mcïtnim hl cm hlfrmhminù` y hl sus imusms, mijopmýmhm hl u`m hjiuol`tminù` ejtjfríenim. Cms prjpulstms hl n`tlrvl`inù` hl rlstmurminù`, hl lsplinmc nopjrtm`inm pjr cms imrmitlrïstnims lspliïenims hl cjs sjpjrtls, hl cjs imrmitlrls fríenijs, hl cms cnfmhurms, hl cjs ejromtjs, j pjr  cm `lilsnhmh lxpcjrminj`ls eïsnims, quïonims y/ j dnjcùfnims, hldl` slr ij`snhlrmhms y mprjdmhms pjrhl lc IET. Cm n`tlrvl`inù` hl rlstmurminù` hldl lstmr hl m`tlom`j y hltmccmhmol`tl hlsirntm l` u`m enikm mhgu`tm, kminl`hj rlelrl`inm lsplinmc m imhm u`m hl cms jplrminj`ls qul sl km` hl cclvmr m imdj, m cms oltjhjcjfïms qul kmym qul slfunr, m cjs lqunpjs qul sl km` hl utncnzmr, m cjs prjhuitjs y- omtlrnmcls qul slm `lilsmrnj usmr. Cm n`tlrvl`inù` hl rlstmurminù` hldl smcvmfumrhmr cm jrnfn`mcnhmh hlc hjiuol`tj rlspltm`hj cm ejrom, cm lstruiturm, lc sjpjrtl j iumcqunlr jtrj lclol`tj jrnfn`mc. Cm n`tlrvl`inù` hl rlstmurminù` hldl slr rlvlrsndcl. Cms rln`tlfrminj`ls hl pmrtls qul emctl` hldl` slr rlij`jindcls m snopcl vnstm. L` `n`f÷` imsj lstí plrontnhm cm rln`tlfrminù` hl cjs imrmitlrls fríenijs djrrmhjs. Lstí` plrontnhms cms n`tlrvl`inj`ls, mhloís hl cj lstrnitmol`tl `lilsmrnj, sùcj sï lstí` hnitmhms pjr lxnfl`inms gustnenimhms pmrm su euturm ij`slrvminù`. Hldl` slr lcnon`mhjs tjhjs cjs lclol`tjs mýmhnhjs qul, l` lc trm`siursj hlc tnlopj, kmym` mctlrmhj hl ejrom mdusnvm cm jrnfn`mcnhmh hlc hjiuol`tj. Cjs lclol`tjs lcnon`mhjs slrí` ij`slrvmhjs sn sl trmtm hl pnlzms j ermfol`tjs lsirntjs j tlstnoj`njs snf`nenimtnvjs hl cm knstjrnm hlc hjiuol`tj. Lstí Lstí mh mhon ontntnhj hj lc usj usj hl n`st n`stru ruol ol`t `tjs js qu qul l plron plrontm tm` ` cm rl rlst stmu murm rmin inù` ù` olií`n olií`nim im hl cj cjss hjiuol`tjs hl pmplc sùcj hlspuîs hl u`m mtl`tm lvmcuminù` hlc lstmhj hl ij`slrvminù` hlc sjpjrtl y hl cm lstmdncnhmh hl cjs imrmitlrls fríenijs. Cm n`tlrvl`inù` hl rlstmurminù`, l` sus hnelrl`tls jplrminj`ls, hldl lstmr hltmccmhmol`tl hjiuol hji uol`tm `tmhm hm ij` cm hlsirn hlsirnpin pinù` ù` hl imhm imhm u`m hl cms jplrminj` jplrminj`ls ls hl cms oltjhjcj oltjhjcjfïms fïms slfunhms, hl cjs lqunpjs utncnzmhjs, hl cjs prjhuitjs y omtlrnmcls usmhjs ij` cm n`hniminù` hl cms ij`il`trminj`ls y sus tnpjcjfïms. Cm Cmss n` n`tl tlrv rvl` l`in inj` j`ls ls hl rlst rlstmur murmi minù nù` ` hl hldl dl` ` slr slr rlmcn rlmcnzm zmhms hms pj pjrr pl plrs rsj` j`mc mc iu iumc mcneneni nimh mhj j l` cmdjrmtjrnjs lqunpmhjs. Cjs prjhuitjs y omtlrnmcls omtlrnmcls qul sl utncnil` utncnil` (mhklsnvjs, (mhklsnvjs, ijcm, engmtnvjs, engmtnvjs, hnsjcvl`tls, hnsjcvl`tls, sjcuinj`ls, sjcuinj`ls, pmplcls, pnlcls, lti.) hldl` rlspj`hlr m cjs rlqunsntjs hl hurmdncnhmh, lstmdncnhmh, rlvlrsndncnhmh y, l` tjhj imsj, hldl` slr lxplrnol`tmhjs y mprjdmhjs pjr lc IET. Lc IET lglril lglril l` lstm omtlrnm omtlrnm tmrlms tmrlms hl jrnl`tminù` jrnl`tminù` y vnfncm`inm vnfncm`inm olhnm`tl olhnm`tl n`spliinj`ls, n`spliinj`ls, l` lc iursj hl cm jdrm y mc en`mc, pmrm vlrnenimr cm nhj`lnhmh y cm ij`ejronhmh hl cm n`tlrvl`inù` ij` cms `jromtnvms tîi`nims. Ij` pjstlrnjrnhmh m cm rlstmurminù`, cms ij`hninj`ls hl ij`slrvminù`, hnitmhms pjr lc IET, hldl` slr lsirupucjsmol`tl rlspltmhms olhnm`tl ij`trjcls erliul`tls hlc modnl`tl y hl cm smcuh hl cjs hjiuol`tjs4= 4=

 Km` pmrtninpmhj l` cm Ijonsnù` rlhmitjrm hl cm Imrtm hl =>;6 hl cm Ij`slrvminù` y Tlstmurminù` hl cjs jdgltjs hl mrtl y iucturm7 \odlrtj Dmchn`n (Nstntutj Il`trmcl plr nc Tlstmurj)1 Erm`im hlc Frm`j Om`fm`lccn (Nstntutj Il`trmcl plr cm

 

IMTXM HL =>;6 HL CM IJ@YLTUMINÙ@ ^ TLYXM\TMINÙ@ HL CJY JDGLXJY HL MTXL ^ I\CX\TM

Rmtjcjfnm hlc Cndrj)1 Fnjvm``n Hn Flsj (\eeninj Il`trmcl DMMMMY)1 Omrnm Cnccn Hn Erm`ij (Nstntutj Il`trmcl plr cm Rmtjcjfnm hlc Cndrj)1 Ijrrmhj Omctlsl (Emijctâ hn Clttlrl l Encjsjeïm \`nvlrsntâ hn Tjom –Cm Ympnl`zm‟)1 Rmjcj Ojrm (Nstntutj Il`trmcl plr lc Tlstmurj)1 M`tj`nj Rmpm (Il`trj hn Ejtjrnprjhuznj`l, Clfmtjrnm l Tlstmurj)1 Fnjvm``n Tnzzm (EmijctâIl`trmcl hn Clttlrl l Encjsjeïm \`nvlrsntâ hn Imtm`nm)1 Fnjrfnj Xloplstn (Miimhlonm hn Dlccl Mrtn, Tjom)1 Nccmrnm Xjlsim (\eeninj DMMMMY) y Rmjcj Omrij`n (Emijctâ h'Mriknrliturm, \`nvlrsntí hn Tjom "Cm Ympnl`zm"), qul mituù ijoj ijjrhn`mhjr.