CarreraSalazar Silvia M09S4PI
Short Description
CarreraSalazar_Silvia_M09S4PI...
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NOMBRE:
SILVIA CARRERA SALAZAR
Actividad integradora 9 . Construcción de la nación mexicana
Grupo: M09S4PI
FACILITADOR:
LUIS FRANCISCO SÁNCHEZ FONSECA
Fecha de entrega: 17 de febrero de 2018.
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1.Cristóbal Colón
Cristóbal Colón nació en Génova G énova en 1451. Fue hijo de Doménico Doméni co Colombo y Susana Fontanarrosa (tejedores). En su juventud fue marino mercante en el Mar Mediterráneo. En la década de 1476, navegando con los portugueses, Colón planeó llegar al Asia cruzando el Oceáno Atlántico. En 1492 logró la ayuda de la reina Isabel de España y firmó la Capitulación de Santa Fe, documento que le permitió emprender sus famosos viajes. En su primer viaje llegó a la isla Guanahaní (San Salvador), Cuba (Juana) y Santo Domingo (La Española). Retornó a España creyendo haber llegado a islas del continente asiático. En su segundo viaje exploró las Pequeñas Antillas, Puerto Rico y Jamaica; en el tercero descubrió Venezuela; en el cuarto conoció América Central. Murió en Valladolid en 1506, sin saber que era el
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.Cuauhtémoc
Cuauhtémoc ("Águila que desciende") nació en 1496. Fue el último Huey Tlatoani de los aztecas. Fue elegido en noviembre de 1520, cuando murió Cuitláhuac, en plena guerra contra los españoles. Inmediatamente, continuó con la organización del ejército mexica que debía hacer frente a la nueva arremetida de los hispanos, quienes se venían preparando en tierras de los tlaxcaltecas. En mayo de 1521, Hernán Cortés inició el sitio de Tenochtitlán con mil españoles y cerca de 100 mil indios aliados. Fueron tres meses de fieros combates en las aguas y puentes del lago Texcoco.
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Durante cuatro años Cuauhtémoc estuvo prisionero, y en varias ocasiones fue torturado (le quemaron pies y manos) para que confiese la ubicación de tesoros que habría mandado esconder antes que caiga Tenochtitlan. En 1525, cuando acompañaba a Hernán Cortés en la expedición a las Hibueras (Honduras), un indio llamado Mexicalcingo lo acusó de conspirar contra los españoles. Entonces Cortés mandó que lo ahorcaran. Recién en el cadalso aceptó convertirse al cristianismo, y fue bautizado con el nombre de Hernando de Alvarado Cuauhtémoc. Lo mataron el 28 de febrero de 1525, en Canitzán, en la región de Tabasco. .Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés nació en 1485 en Medellín de Extremadura, España. Sus padres fueron los hidalgos Martín Cortés y Catalina Pizarro. En su pueblo natal aprendió ap rendió a leer y escribir. escri bir. Aunque Hernán prefería ser soldado, por insistencia de sus padres ingresó a la Universidad de
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Al llegar a Santo Domingo, se puso al servicio de Diego de Velásquez y en 1511 lo acompañó en la conquista de Cuba. En 1518 Velásquez lo puso al mando de la expedición a la conquista de Yucatán (en México), pero sospechando una traición le revocó el encargo. Sin embargo, Hernán Cortés aceleró su partida y abandonó Cuba el 10 de febrero de 1519. Al llegar a Yucatán fundó su primera ciudad, Santa María de la Victoria. En tierras de los totonacas fundó la ciudad de Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. Aquí se proclamó Capitán General, para obedecer solo al Rey, y no a Velásquez. El 16 de agosto de 1519, Hernán Cortés empezó la expedición al interior de México con 400 españoles y 13 000 indígenas. A mitad de camino logró el apoyo de los tlaxcaltecas, implacables enemigos de los aztecas. Al enterarse de esto el emperador Moctezuma II ordenó algunos ataques contra los españoles, pero no pudo evitar que Hernán Cortes llegue a Tenochtitlan el 8 de noviembre de 1519. A los pocos días Moctezuma fue hecho prisionero. A mediados de 1520 los aztecas se sublevaron y lograron expulsar a los cristianos en la madrugada del 1 de julio de 1520 ("La Noche Triste"). En Tlaxcala, Hernán Cortés organizó el retorno y después de varios meses de cruentos combates logró conquistar Tenochtitlán y capturar al último Huey Tlatoani, Cuauhtémoc, el 13 de agosto de 1521. En 1529 viajó a España donde la Corona le otorgó el título de Marqués de Valle de Oaxaca. De regreso a México organizó nuevas expediciones a Tehuentepec, Baja California y Sinaloa. En 1540, volvió a España para gestionar nuevos títulos, pero tuvo que afrontar graves denuncias de sus enemigos. Lo acusaban de apoderarse de una parte
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4.Miguel Hidalgo
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga nació en Guanajuato el 8 de mayo de 1753. Sus padres fueron español Cristóbal Hidalgo y Costilla y la criolla Ana María Gallaga. Estudió en el colegio San Nicolás de Michoacán. A los 17 años se convirtió en maestro de Filosofía y Teología. Fue un destacado difusor de ideas de la Ilustración. En 1778 se ordenó Sacerdote y en 1788 se convirtió en rector de su Alma Mater. Cuando Napoleón Bonaparte invadió España en 1808, Miguel Hidalgo se unió a los movimientos patriotas que trabajaban por la independencia de México. En la madrugada del 16 de setiembre de 1810, lanzó el famoso "Grito de Dolores" arengando al pueblo a tomar las armas y luchar contra los españoles que apoyaban al Rey usurpador José Bonaparte, hermano de Napoléon.
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realistas lograron recuperar posiciones y vencieron a los patriotas en la Batalla de Puente de Calderón (17 de enero de 1811). Junto a sus principales oficiales, Hidalgo fue capturado cuando escapaba a los Estados Unidos. Murió fusilado en Chihuahua el 30 de julio de 1811.
José María Morelos
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En 1810 se incorporó a las filas de Miguel Hidalgo, quien lo nombró jefe de los insurgentes del sur de México, y le encargó tomar importantes ciudades del oeste del país, especialmente Acapulco. Después de la muerte de Hidalgo (1811), Morelos conquistó la mayor parte del sur y centro del país. En 1812, logró tomar la estratégica ciudad de Oaxaca. También organizó el Congreso de Anáhuac, el mismo que en 1814 aprobó la primera Constitución de México (La Constitución de Apatzingán), que tuvo carácter liberal republicano. Sin embargo, los criollos le negaron ayuda, y apoyaron la restauración absolutista del rey Fernando VII y la sanguinaria represión del virrey Félix María Calleja. Tras varios reveses militares, José María Morelos fue capturado en noviembre de 1815. Fue condenado por herejía y traición, Murió fusilado el 22 de diciembre de 1815.
.Vicente Guerrero
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Vicente Guerrero Saldaña nació el 10 de agosto de 1782 en Tixtla, en el actual Estado de Guerrero, México. Sus padres fueron el arriero Juan Pedro Guerrero y doña María Guadalupe Saldaña. Su educación estuvo a cargo de profesores particulares, gracias a la relativa prosperidad de su familia. En 1810, cuando estalló la Guerra de Independencia de México,Guerrero se unió a las tropas de José María Morelos y luchó contra los españoles en las batallas de Isúcar (victoria en 1812) y Pururán (derrota en 1814). Cuando a fines de 1815 murió Morelos, Guerrero continuó luchando en las regiones del sur de México. Tuvo algunas victorias como en la batalla de Cerro de Barrabás (1818), pero sufrió una grave derrota en la batalla de Agua Zarca (1819). Los realistas ofrecieron indultarlo e incorporarlo al ejército realista con el rango de general, pero Guerrero rechazó la oferta respondiendo que "la patria es primero". Se mantuvo rebelde en el Estado que hoy lleva su apellido. Fue perseguido por el general Agustín de Iturbide, quien al no poder derrotarlo le ofreció un pacto unir sus fuerzas y proclamar la Independencia de Nueva España (México). El 24 de febrero de 1821 firmaron el "Plan de Iguala", en el cual declararon la independencia mexicana. Sus tropas unidas ingresaron a Ciudad de México el 27 de setiembre del mismo año. Vicente Guerrero en un inicio apoyó a Agustín de Iturbide como primer
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importante fue el decreto de abolición de la esclavitud del 15 de setiembre de 1829.
Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín de Iturbide nació Morelia el 27 de septiembre de 1783. Sus padres fueron Joaquín de Iturbide y Josefa de Aramburú. Siguió la
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los Tratados de Córdoba con Juan O'Donojú, donde se proclamó el nacimiento del Imperio Mexicano. En mayo de 1822, Iturbide fue proclamado Emperador de México con el nombre de Agustín I. Pero en diciembre se le sublevaron Antonio López de Santa Anna y Guadalupe Victoria. En marzo de 1823, Iturbide renunció y marchó al exilio en Europa, pero al año siguiente regresó a México. Desembarcó en Tamaulipas, pero sus enemigos lo capturaron y fusilaron en Padilla el 19 de julio de 1824
Guadalupe Victoria
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En 1812 se sumó a las fuerzas insurgentes de Hermenegildo Galeana y cambió su nombre por el de Guadalupe Victoria, pues se encomendó a la Virgen morena y luchó por la victoria de la causa insurgente. Destacó durante la toma de Oaxaca y se unió a la tropa de Nicolás Bravo en Veracruz. Se dedicó a controlar el paso del puente del Rey, por el que se hizo famoso debido a sus exitosos asaltos a convoyes militares. Por ello fue ascendido a coronel y se encargó de la campaña de Veracruz. Defendió los puertos pue rtos de Nautla y Boquillas de Piedras, aunque aun que los realistas consiguieron recuperarlos más tarde. Victoria inició una estrategia de guerra de guerrillas con ataques breves pero fulminantes. Además organizó un gobierno en el territorio que dominaba, fijó impuestos para el sostenimiento de la guerra, nombró jueces y las condiciones para la creación de una fuerza marítima. Logró asediar y aislar las ciudades de Córdoba, Orizaba y Jalapa.
Porfirio Díaz
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Porfirio Díaz Mori nació en Oaxaca el 15 de setiembre de 1830. Sus padres fueron José Faustino Díaz y Petrona Mori. Estudió Leyes en el Instituto de Ciencias y Artes de la misma ciudad. En lugar de ejercer su carrera, en 1854 se incorporó a las fuerzas de Juan N. Álvarez que lograron derrocar al presidente Antonio López de Santa Ana. Destacó en la Guerra de la Reforma (1858-1860), derrotando a los conservadores en varias batallas. En 1861 se convirtió en diputado por Oaxaca. Durante la invasión francesa en México (1861-1867) Porfirio Díaz sobresalió en las batallas de Puebla (1862), Miahuatlán (1866) y Carbonera (1866), contribuyendo notablemente a la victoria final del presidente Benito Juárez. En 1867 y 1871 fue candidato presidencial, pero en ambas ocasiones fue derrotado por Benito Juárez. El 8 de noviembre de 1871 inició
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Emiliano Zapata
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En Morelos se mantuvo rebelde, hasta que en 1919 el coronel carrancista Jesús Guajardo, le hizo creer que se uniría a su causa, y lo invitó a reunirse en la hacienda de Chinameca. El 10 de abril de 1919 Emiliano Zapata asistió al encuentro y fue asesinado a balazos Miguel Hidalgo Viva la independencia!, independencia !, ¡viva la América!, ¡muera el mal gobierno! go bierno! Patriota mexicano conocido también con el sobrenombre de El cura Hidalgo; considerado como el padre de la patria mexicana e iniciador de la lucha por la Independencia de México. Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor nació en la hacienda de Corralejo, cerca de Pénjamo, Guanajuato, el 8 de mayo de 1753. Hijo segundo de don Cristóbal Hidalgo y Costilla, administrador de la hacienda de San Diego Corralejo, y de doña Ana María Gallaga
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Ignacio Allende Nació en San Miguel el grande que hoy es conocido como San Miguel de Allende en su honor. Un año antes de que comenzara la independencia comenzó a participar con José Miguel Domínguez y su esposa Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez en ese proyecto. En un principio él motivó a Juan Aldama para que encabezara la lucha, pero por diversos factores tuvo que acceder a que fuera Miguel Hidalgo quien comenzara el movimiento. Participó en la toma de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas, la Batalla del Monte de las Cruces, la Toma de Valladolid, de Guanajuato y de Puente de Calderón hasta que igual que al cura, Allende también fue apresado y fusilado en 1811. Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
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Juan Aldama de los héroes de la primer parte de la lucha. Gracias al aviso de Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez el grito tuvo que ser adelantado y él estuvo presente al momento en que Hidalgo dio inicio al movimiento insurgente. A partir de ese momento, participó con Allende en las primeras luchas. Tras su muerte en junio de 1811 su cabeza junto a las de Allende, Mariano Jiménez y Miguel Hidalgo fueron exhibidas en la Alhóndiga de Granaditas como ejemplo para quienes quisieran unirse a la causa. Finalizada la independencia sus restos fueron enterrados en el altar de
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diciembre de 1820 y principios de 1821 se enfrentó a las fuerzas realistas de Agustín de Iturbide superándolo estratégicamente. Ante esto Iturbide decidió unir fuerzas con él, y a través del Plan de Iguala formaron el Ejército Trigarante, finalizando así lucha de Independencia.
Agustín de Iturbide De movimientos complejos, parece que Iturbide siempre buscó estar en el equipo ganador. Cuando la lucha comenzó, reprobó el actuar de Miguel Hidalgo y se unió a las filas del ejército realista para terminar la
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Primera Intervención de Francia La relación entre México y Francia eran amistosas, hasta aquel entonces, pues las autoridades mexicanas les dieron facilidades a los Francés para establecerse en territorio nacional, a través del convenio nombrado como “Declaraciones Provisionales”. Con él Francia
reconoció a México en 1830. Entre 1831 y 1832 se establecen acuerdos comerciales con los cuales se les daba un mejor trato como “nación favorecida”.
El problema fue cuando México presentó inestabilidad política, lo cual
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Intervenciones Extranjeras con Estados Unidos (1846 –1848) Las intervenciones de Estados Unidos a México surgen a raíz de la ambición de Estados Unidos por adquirir más territorio. Donde el primer paso fue la creación de la República de Texas separándose del estado mexicano de Coahuila. Cuando México logró su independencia, Estados Unidos envió a Joel Robert Poinsett como representante para firmar un tratado de límites llamado Tratado de Velasco. Velasco. El tratado de Velasco fue firmado por el Presidente de México, Antonio López de Santa Anna, quien se
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Intervenciones con España (Enero de 1822) El gobierno iturbidista descubre una conspiración contrarrevolucionaria,encabezada por los generales españoles José Dávila y Francisco Lemaur; son apresados y en juiciados trescientos ochenta españoles. 12 de septiembre de mil ochocientos veintinueve. Tras un ataque a la urbe de Tampico, las fuerzas españolas acantonadas en ese puerto se rinden; firman la capitulación los generales Antonio López de Santa Anna y Manuel Mier y Terán Intervenciones de Inglaterra en México
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Características del Porfiriato
Políticas, económicas y sociales Liberalismo-positivismo
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El programa liberal sobre tendencia de la tierra colaboro con mucho a su incremento. Presidencialismo centralista
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Francisco Ignacio Madero González Empresario agrícola y político coahuilense (1873-1913). Fue elegido presidente de México tras el triunfo de la revolución de 1910. Fue
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Movimiento Emiliano Zapata Artículo principal: Emiliano Zapata Cadáver de Zapata
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