Carpeta Pedagógica 2021 - PRIMARIA

 

 

 

 

Eldprldmth`l elg nls ahgms y lbomthvls `m nc m`uecehõg pmrucgc y eldl dcmstrl (c) `m zlgc rurcn `msmlsl `m dmolrcr mn prlemsl `m mgsmócgzc-cprmg`hzcom mg ncs cuncs, plgkl c `hsplshehõg mstm hdplrtcgtm `leudmgtl, qum elgthmgm nls `leudmgtls tèeghel pm`ckõkhels eldl nls nhgmcdhmgtls `m Zlnäthec m`uecthvc `mn smetlr, ahgms y lbomthvls `m nc M`uecehõg prhdcrhc smkÿg mn Eurräeunl Gcehlgcn `m nc MBR, @ER H. M. Ufu`cn y tmghmg`l tmghmg `l mg eumgtc nls nhgmcdhmgtls eurrheuncrms hgsthtuehlgcnms qum sm elgermtcg mg elfmrmgehc elg nls nhgmcdhmgtls `m plnäthec rmkhlgcn `mn Zrlymetl M`uecthvl Rmkhlgcn, rmncehlgc`ls rm ncehlgc`ls cn eurräeunl y nc ncblr `lemgtm, Zrlkrcdcehlgms eurrheuncrms cgucnms y `m ugh`c`, nls rmkhstrls `m cshstmgehc y mvcnucehõg, gmemscrhls pcrc acehnhtcr mn trcbcol elg nls mstu`hcgtms `m ceumr`l c sus gmemsh`c`ms m hgtmrmsms.

 

 

H. 

@CPLU ZMRULGCNMU @MN @LEMGPM?

 Cpmnnh`ls

y Gldbrms

 @GH

G¿  Mstc`l Ehvhn

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_cdlrc Ecefh Zcdmnc Dhnckrls  011;:25; Ulntmrc

 Amefc

`m Gcehdhmgtl/M`c`  Elrrml Mnmetrõghel

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30 `m letubrm 388: / 53 dhncg305J dhncg305Jfltdchn.eld fltdchn.eld

 Emnuncr

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803;002=3 Fgl. Qhetlrhgl Mnlrz

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Klhelmefmc M`uecehõg Zrhdcrhc. :000685 Purgl `hurgl H. M. 62323 Ufu`cn

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Emgtrl Zlbnc`l Ufu`cn Zrcethecgtm Zrcethe cgtm 5º C HQ  Zrhdcrhc 

G¿  Hgsthtuehõg Uupmrhlr Zm`ckõkhel Zm`ckõkhel  Mspmehcnh`c`  Eõ`hkl

Dl`uncr  Olrgc`c Ncblrcn  Emgtrl `m Prcbcol  Nukcr

`m Prcbcol  Ecrkl cetucn  Krc`l c ecrkl  Ehenl  Ghvmn

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H@MGPH@C@ HGUPHP]EHLGCN Qhshõg eldpcrth`c Umr ugc Mseumnc fudcgc, ermcthvc, hgenushvc, hgsphrc`lrc y eldprldmth`c9 qum brhg`c alrdcehõg,  pmrthgmgtm y `m ecnh`c`9 bcsc`c mg nc eunturc cg`hgc elg mgalqum hgtmreunturcn, cdbhmgtcn, `m mquh`c`, `m `mrmefls y elg vcnlrms pcrc su `mscrrlnnl crdõghel m hgtmkrcn elg smgth`l èthel. Mg sägtmshs? Umr rmelgleh`c plr kmgmrcr ug prmsmgtm y auturl dmolr mg bmgmahehl `m nls mstu`hcgtms y `m nc slehm`c`. Mseumnc Ufu`cn Eldl eldugh`c` `m cprmg`hzcom, ms nc prhdmrc y prhgehpcn hgstcgehc `m kmsthõg `mn shstmdc m`uecthvl `msemgtrcnhzc`l. Mg mnnc thmgm nukcr nc prmstcehõg `mn smrvhehl  pÿbnhel. 

 

 

Zrhgehphls Cxhlnõkhels. Ms mn dcrel `m rmamrmgehc qum mg tèrdhgls èthels hgtmgtc lrhmgtcr mn erhtmrhl `m ceehõg `m nls dhmdbrls qum elgalrdcg gumstrc lrkcghzcehõg mg rmncehõg elg sus `mbmrms fcehc nc slehm`c`. c. Rmspmtl c nc @hvmrsh`c`  b. Rmsplgscbhnh`c` e. Eldprldhsl `. Ellpmrcehõg m. Flgmsth`c` a. Plnmrcgehc k. @hsehpnhgc f. Cpmrturc

 

 

=.2.=.2 Augehlgms Ulg augehlgms `m nc Mseumnc Ufu`cn? c. Mncblrcr, cprlbcr, momeutcr y mvcnucr mn Zrlymetl M`uecthvl Hgsthtuehlgcn, Hgsthtuehlgcn, csä eldl mn pncg cgucn y gumstrl rmkncdmgtl hgtmrgl mg elgelr`cgehc elg su nägmc cxhlnõkhec y nls nhgmcdhmgtls `m plnäthec m`uecthvc  pmrthgmgtms.  b. Lrkcghzcr, elg`uehr y mvcnucr nls prlemsls `m kmsthõg hgsthtuehlgcn y pm`ckõkhec. e. @hvmrshahecr y eldpnmdmgtcr mn eurräeunl bãshel, rmcnhzcr ceehlgms tutlrhcnms y smnmeehlgcr nls nhbrls `m tmxtl y dctmrhcnms m`uecthvls. `. Ltlrkcr emrthahec`ls, `hpnldcs y tätunls smkÿg elrrmsplg`c. m. Zrlphehcr ug cdbhmgtm hgsthtuehlgcn acvlrcbnm cn `mscrrlnnl `mn mstu`hcgtm. a. Acehnhtcr prlkrcdcs `m cplyl c nls smrvhehls m`uecthvls `m ceumr`l c ncsaäshecs gmemsh`c`ms `m nls mstu`hcgtms, mg su elg`hehlgms y cdbhmgtcnms acvlrcbnms pcrc cprmg`hzcom. k. Alrduncr, momeutcr y mvcnucr mn prmsupumstl cgucn `m nc hgsthtuehõg. f. @hsmócr, momeutcr y mvcnucr prlymetls `m hgglvcehõg  pm`ckõkhec y `m kmsthõg, kmsthõg, mxpmrhdmgtcehõg m hgv hgvmsthkcehõg msthkcehõg m`uecthvc. h. Zrldlvmr mn `mscrrlnnl m`uecthvl, eunturcn y `mplrthvl `m su eldugh`c`9  o. Ellpmrcr mg ncs `hamrmgtms `hamrmgtms cethvh`c`ms m`uecthvcs m`uecthvcs `m nc eldugh`c`. i. Zcrthehpcr, elg mn Elgsmol M`uecthvl Hgsthtuehlgcn, mg nc mvcnucehõg pcrc mn hgkrmsl, csemgsl y pmrdcgmgehc `mn  pmrslgcn `lemgtm y c`dhghstrcthvl. c`dhghstrcthvl. Mstcs ceehlgms sm rmcnhzcrãg mg elgelr`cgehc elg ncs hgstcgehcs hgtmrdm`hcs `m kmsthõg, `m ceumr`l c nc glrdcthvh`c` glrdcthvh`c` mspmeäahec. Zrlymetl M`uecthvl Hgsthtuehlgcn (ZMH) Mseumnc Ufu`cn? G¿ 62323 Ermcdls ug prmsmgtm y auturl dmolr 2: n. @mscrrlnncr ceehlgms `m alrdcehõg y ecpcehtcehõg  pmrdcgmgtm

 

 

d. Rmg`hr eumgtcs cgucndmgtm `m su kmsthõg pm`ckõkhec, c`dhghstrcthvc y melgõdhec, cgtm nc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc. g. Cetucr eldl hgstcgehc c`dhghstrcthvc mg nls csugtls `m gumstrc eldpmtmgehc.

 

 

Zmrahn `lemgtm-mstu`hcgtm  ZEH , ❓  Elglem y pcrthehpc mg nc mncblrcehõg `mn ZMH, ZEH, ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓  ❓ 

ZEC y ]].@@.  Um eldprldmtm `hnhkmgtmdmgtm mg nc prlbnmdãthec `m su eldugh`c`.   @ldhgc nc dctmrhc qum mgsmóc, nls dètl`ls, tèeghecs y mstrctmkhcs `m cprmg`hzcom.  @ldhgc ncs Phes mg mn prlemsl `m MC `m sus mstu`hcgtms.   Ms lrhmgtc`lr y kuäc `m nls cprmg`hzcoms.   Aldmgtc mn mspärhtu eävhel-pctrhõthel.  Zcrthehpc mg ncs `hamrmgtms cethvh`c`ms pncghahec`cs mg nc H.M.   Ms cbhmrtl(c) cn ecdbhl.   Ms hgvmsthkc`lr (c) pmrdcgmgtm.   Um ecpcehtc, hgglvc m hdpnmdmgtc   elgstcgtmdmgtm. Ms eldprmgshvl(c), tlnmrcgtm, nä`mr, pugtucn y rmsplgscbnm.   Zrcethec nls vcnlrms èthels prm`hecg`l elg mn momdpnl.   Elc`yuvc c prmsmrvcr nc h`mgth`c` hgsthtuehlgcn, y Elgtrhbuymm `m dcgmrc prlcethvc mg nc dmolrc `mn Elgtrhbuy dm`hl cdbhmgtm. 

 

 

❓  Nä`mr.  ❓  Rmspmtulsl `m su prõohdl, bhmgms y mgtlrgl mselncr, mselncr, acdhnhcr y slehcn.  ❓  Ermcthvl(c), prlplshthvl(c) `hspumstl (c) c csudhr rmsplgscbnmdmgtm

su pcpmn slehcn.  ❓  @meh`h`l(c) cgtm nls rmtls `m nc slehm`c`.  ❓  Cethtu` plshthvc armgtm c su su eldprldhsl mmselncr selncr,, acdhnhcr l slehcn.  ❓  Cu`cems  ❓  Ulnh`crhls  ❓  Dmgtcnh`c` cbhmrtc.  ❓  Hg`ckc`lrms  ❓  Bumgls eldughec`lrms eldughec`lrm s    ❓  Zmgsc`lrms ❓  Zcrthehpcthvl.  ❓  Elgsehmgtm `m nc rmncehõg fldbrm gcturcnmzc.  ❓  Mdprmg`m`lr.  ❓  Flgmstl.  

 

 

ZRLZÕUHPLU @M NC M@]ECEHÕG BÃUHEC RMK]NCR CN 2:23  3  3.  @mscrrlnnl `m nc h`mgth`c` pmrslgcn, slehcn y eunturcn mg mn dcrel `m ugc slehm`c` `mdlerãthec, hgtmreunturcn y èthec mg mn Zmrÿ. 2.  @ldhghl `mn ecstmnncgl pcrc prldlvmr nc eldughecehõg mgtrm tl`ls nls pmrucgls.  

5. Zrmsmrvcr nc nmgkuc dctmrgc y prldlvmr su `mscrrlnnl y prãethec. hgtmrgcehlgcn.

0.  Elglehdhmgtl

`mn

hgknès

eldl

nmgkuc

=.  @mscrrlnnl `mn pmgscdhmgtl dctmdãthel y `m nc eunturc ehmgtäahec y tmeglnõkhec pcrc eldprmg`mr y cetucr mg mn dug`l. 1.  Eldprmgshõg y vcnlrcehõg `mn dm`hl kmlkrãahel, nc fhstlrhc, mn prmsmgtm y mn auturl `m nc fudcgh`c` dm`hcgtm mn `mscrrlnnl `mn pmgscdhmgtl eräthel. ;.  Eldprmgshõg `mn dm`hl gcturcn y su `hvmrsh`c`, csä eldl `mscrrlnnl `m ugc elgehmgehc cdbhmgtcn lrhmgtc`c c nc kmsthõg `m rhmskls y mn usl rcehlgcn `m nls rmeursls gcturcnms, mg mn dcrel `m ugc dl`mrgc ehu`c`cgäc. 6.  @mscrrlnnl `m nc ecpceh`c` prl`uethvc, hgglvc`lrc hg glvc`lrc y mdprmg`m`lrc9 eldl pcrtm `m nc elgstrueehõg `mn prlymetl `m vh`c `m tl`l ehu`c`cgl. 8.  @mscrrlnnl elrplrcn y elgsmrvcehõg `m nc scnu` aäshec y dmgtcn. dm gtcn. 3:.  @mscrrlnnl `m nc ermcthvh`c`, hgglvcehõg, cprmehcehõg y mxprmshõg c trcvès `m ncs crtms, ncs fudcgh`c`ms y ncs ehmgehcs. Pm eglnlkäcs `m nc Hgalrdcehõg y Eldughecehõg (PHE).   33. @ldhghl `m ncs Pmeglnlkäcs

 

 

@leudmgtls C`dhghstrcthvls

 

 

LBOMPHQL KMGMRCN   Lpthdhzcr mn smrvhehl m`uecthvl elg mstãg`crms eurrheuncrms rmcnms mg ug enhdc

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hgsthtuehlgcn h`õgml acvlrmehmg`l nc m`uecehõg `mn ghól y c`lnmsemgtm elg hgstrudmgtls y dl`mnls pm`ckõkhels celr`m c ncs mxhkmgehcs `mn elgtmxtl slehl-eunturcn `m gumstrc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc.

LBOMPHQLU MUZMEÄAHELU c) @hvmrshahecr, cetucnhzcr y mgrhqumemr nc eurrheuncr `m nc M`uecehõg Bãshec Rmkuncr `m ceumr`l c nls mstãg`crms `m gumstrc rmcnh`c` m`uecthvc. b) Zncghahecr, hdpnmdmgtcr, cpnhecr y mvcnucr nc elgermehõg eurrheuncr `m nc M`uecehõg Bãshec Rmkuncr mg nc H.M., bcsc`l mg ug `hckgõsthel rmcn y ÿghel pcrc gumstrc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc. e) Hgemgthvcr mn trcbcol mg mquhpl mg cethvh`c`ms eurrheuncrms y mxtrceurrheuncrms, mgtrm nls hgtmkrcgtms `m nc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc. `) Nlkrcr nc alrdcehõg hgtmkrcn `m nls mstu`hcgtms mg crdlgäc elg sus ecpceh`c`ms, gmemsh`c`ms, hgtmrmsms y csphrcehlgms, pcrc su hgtmkrcehõg mg nc slehm`c`. m) Zrlphehcr nc prãethec `m vcnlrms, mn `mscrrlnnl eräthel y mdlehlgcn mg mn mstu`hcgtm, pcrc dmolrcr su ghvmn cec`èdhel y sus rmncehlgms elg mn mgtlrgl. a) @mscrrlnncr mn mspärhtu ermcthvl y pcrthehpcthvl dm`hcgtm nc cpnhecehõg `m mstrctmkhcs `m cprmg`hzcom hgglvc`lrms. k) Mstcg`crhzcr dm`hls y dètl`ls `m mgsmócgzc cprmg`hzcom eldl dl`mnl ÿghel `m gumstrc H.M.

 

 

Mstcg`crhzcr tèeghecs, hgstrudmgtls `m mvcnucehõg `mn cprmg`hzcom pcrc emrthahecr nc ecnh`c` `m mgsmócgzc-cprmg`hzcom Ulg lbomthvls `m nc M`uecehõg Umeug`crhc? Nls lbomthvls `mn ghvmn `m M`uecehõg Zrhdcrhc slg nls shkuhmgtms? c) Rmelglemr cn ghól y ghóc eldl pmrslgc, suomtl `m `mrmefls y rmsplgscbhnh`c`ms, cemptcg`l sus `hamrmgehcs y elg dÿnthpnms plshbhnh`c`ms `m pcrthehpcr y cplrtcr elg prltcklghsdl ermehmgtm mg nls prlemsls slehcnms `m nc mseumnc y nc eldugh`c`. b) Qcnlrcr nc `hvmrsh`c` y nc mxpmrhmgehc slehleunturc slehleunturcn,n, camethvc y msphrhtucn `mn `mn ghól, y mgrhqumemrnc elg mn elglehdhmgtl `m nc eunturc ughvmrscn y `m nc rmcnh`c` dunthètghec, pnurhnhgkþm y duntheunturcn `mn pcäs. e) Hdpnmdmgtcr mstrctmkhcs pcrc mn `mscrrlnnl `mn pmgscdhmgtl nõkhel y dctmdãthel, nc eldughecehõg, nc smgshbhnh`c` y mxprmshõg crtästhec y nc psheldltrheh`c` `mn ghól, csä eldl pcrc mn nlkrl `m cprmg`hzcoms slbrm ehmgehcs, fudcgh`c`ms y tmeglnlkäcs. Hgenuym nc ecpceh`c` `m rmslnuehõg `m prlbnmdcs y `m gmklehcehõg, mn smgth`l `m mahecehc, mahehmgehc y caãg `m nlkrl, csä eldl mn alrtcnmehdhmgtl `mn cprmg`hzcom cutõgldl, acehnhtc`l plr dm`hls tmeglnõkhels. `) Alrtcnmemr nc cutlgldäc `mn ghól, mn shkghahec`l `m nc elgvhvmgehc elg ltrls, mn rmspmtl c ncs `hamrmgehcs y nc eldprmgshõg y vcnlrcehõg `m su cdbhmgtm acdhnhcr, eunturcn, slehcn y gcturcn, csä eldl mn smgth`l `m pmrtmgmgehc m) Hdpnmdmgtcr mstrctmkhcs `m c ctmgehõg tmgehõg `hvmrshahec`c mg augehõg `m nls rhtdls y ghvmnms `m cprmg`hzcom, nc pnurcnh`c` nhgkþästhec y eunturcn, qum mgrhqumzecg mn prlemsl m`uecthvl, alrtcnmehmg`l rmncehlgms `m ellpmrcehõg y elrrmsplgscbhnh`c` mgtrm mseumnc, acdhnhc y eldugh`c` pcrc dmolrcr dm olrcr nc m`uecehõg y nc ecnh`c` `m vh`c `m nls mstu`hcgtms.

 

 

DCREL GLRDCPHQL S]M RMK]NC MN UHUPMDC M@]ECPHQL ZMR]CGL NC ELGUPHP]EHÕG ZLNÄPHEC. CRP. 35. Nc M`uecehõg thmgm eldl ahgcnh`c` mn `mscrrlnnl hgtmkrcn `m nc pmrslgc fudcgc. Mn Mstc`l rmelglem y kcrcgthzc nc nhbmrtc` `m mgsmócgzc. Nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc thmgmg mn `mbmr `m m`uecr c sus fhols y mn `mrmefl `m mselkmr nls emgtrls m`uecthvls y `m pcrthehpcr mg mn prlemsl m`uecthvl. CRP. 30. Nc M`uecehõg prldumvm mn elglehdhmgtl, mn cprmg`hzcom y nc prãethec `m ncs fudcgh`c`ms, nc ehmgehc, nc tèeghec, ncs crtms, nc m`uecehõg aäshec y mn `mplrtm. Zrmpcrc pcrc nc vh`c y mn trcbcol y aldmgtc nc slnh`crh`c`. Ms `mbmr `mn Mstc`l prldlvmr mn `mscrrlnnl ehmgtäahel y tmeglnõkhel `mn pcäs. Nc alrdcehõg èthec y eävhec y nc mgsmócgzc `m nc Elgsthtuehõg y `m nls `mrmefls fudcgls slg lbnhkctlrhls mg tl`l mn prlemsl m`uecthvl ehvhn y dhnhtcr…   CRP.3= . Mn prlamslrc`l mg nc mgsmócgzc lahehcn ms ecrrmrc pÿbnhec. Nc nmy mstcbnmem nls rmquhshtls pcrc `msmdpmócrsm `msmdpmó crsm eldl prlamslr l `hrmetlr `m ugc HM, csä eldl e ldl sus `mrmefls y lbnhkcehlgms. Mn mstc`l y nc slehm`c` sle hm`c` prleurcg su mvcnucehõg, ecpcehtcehõg, prlamshlgcnhzcehõg y prldlehõg pmrdcgmgtms. Mn m`uecg`l thmgm `mrmefl c ugc alrdcehõg qum rmspmtm su h`mgth`c`, csä eldl cn bumg trctl pshelnõkhel y aäshel. Pl`c pmrslgc thmgm mn `mrmefl `m prldlvmr y elg`uehr el g`uehr Hgsthtuehlgm Hgsthtuehlgmss M`uecthvcs y mn `m trcgsamrhr nc prlphm`c` prl phm`c` `m mstcs, elgalrdm c nmy. CRP. 31. Mn Mstc`l ellr`hgc nc plnäthec m`uecthvc. Alrdunc nls nhgmcdhmgtls kmgmrcnms `m nls pncgms `m mstu`hl csä eldl nls rmquhshtls däghdls `m nc lrkcghzcehõg `m ncs HM, supmrvhsc su eudpnhdhmgtl y nc ecnh`c` `m nc m`uecehõg. Ms `mbmr `mn Mstc`l `m csmkurcr qum gc`hm sm vmc hdpm`h`l `m rmehbhr m`uecehõg c`meuc`c plr rczõg `m su shtucehõg melgõdhec l `m nhdhtcehlgms dmgtcnms l aäshecs. a äshecs. Um `c prhlrh`c` c nc m`uecehõg mg nc cshkgcehõg `m nls rmeursls lr`hgcrhls `mn Zrmsupumstl `m nc Rmpÿbnhec.  

CRP.3;. Nc M`uecehõg Hghehcn, Zrhdcrhc y Umeug`crhc slg lbnhkctlrhcs . Mg ncs hgsthtuehlgms `mn Mstc`l nc m`uecehõg ms krctuhtc. Mn mstc`l kcrcgthzc nc mrrc`hecehõg `mn cgcnacbmthsd cgcnacbmthsdl l y prmsmrvc ncs `hamrmgtms `hamrmgtms dcghamstcehlgms dcghamstceh lgms eunturcnms y nhgkþästhecs `mn pcäs.

 

 

NMX KMGMRCN @M M@]ECEHÕG Gº 26:00 Crt. :2.- Elgemptl `m nc M`uecehõg? Nc m`uecehõg ms ug prlemsl `m cprmg`hzcom y mgsmócgzc qum sm `mscrrlnnc c nl ncrkl `m tl`c nc vh`c y qum elgtrhbuym c nc alrdcehõg hgtmkrcn `m ncs pmrslgcs, cn pnmgl `mscrrlnnl `m sus pltmgehcnh`c`ms, c nc ermcehõg `m eunturc, y cn `mscrrlnnl `m nc acdhnhc y `m nc eldugh`c` gcehlgcn, ncthglcdmrhecgc y dug`hcn. Um `mscrrlnnc mg hgsthtuehlgms m`uecthvcs y mg `hamrmgtms ãdbhtls `m nc slehm`c`. Crt. :5.- Nc M`uecehõg eldl @mrmefl ? Nc m`uecehõg ms ug `mrmefl aug`cdmgtcn `m nc pmrslgc y `m nc slehm`c`. Mn Mstc`l kcrcgthzc mn momrehehl `mn `mrmefl c ugc m`uecehõg hgtmkrcn y `m ecnh`c` pcrc tl`ls y nc ughvmrscnhzcehõg `m nc m`uecehõg bãshec. Nc slehm`c` thmgm nc rmsplgscbhnh`c` rmsplgscbhnh`c` `m elgtrhbuhr c nc m`uecehõg y mn `mrmefl c pcrthehpcr mg su `mscrrlnnl. Crt. :0.- Krctuh`c` `m nc M`uecehõg ? Nc m`uecehõg ms ug smrvhehl pÿbnhel9 eucg`l nl prlvmm mn Mstc`l ms krctuhtc mg tl`ls sus ghvmnms y dl`cnh`c`ms, `m ceumr`l elg nl mstcbnmeh`l mg nc Elgsthtuehõg Zlnäthec y mg nc prmsmgtm Nmy. Mg nc m`uecehõg hghehcn y prhdcrhc prhdcrhc sm eldpnmdm eldpnmdmgtc gtc lbnhkctlrhcdm lbnhkctlrhcdmgtm gtm elg prlkrcdcs `m cnhdmgtcehõg, cnhdmgtceh õg, scnu` y mgtrmkc `m dctmrhcnms. Crt. :=.- Nc Nhbmrtc` `m Mgsmócgzc? Nc nhbmrtc` `m mgsmócgzc mgsmócgzc ms rmelgleh`c y kcrcgthzc`c plr mn Mstc`l. Nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc, acdhnhc, l quhmgms fckcg sus vmems, thmgmg mn `mbmr `m m`uecr c sus fhols y mn `mrmefl c pcrthehpcr mg mn prlemsl m`uecthvl y c mnmkhr ncs hgsthtuehlgms mg qum èstls sm m`uecg, `m ceumr`l elg sus elgvheehlgms y ermmgehcs. Crt. :1.- Alrdcehõg Èthec y Eävhec? Nc alrdcehõg èthec y eävhec ms lbnhkctlrhc mg tl`l mn prlemsl m`uecthvl9 prmpcrc c nls m`uecg`ls pcrc eudpnhr sus lbnhkcehlgms pmrslgcnms, acdhnhcrms y pctrhõthecs y pcrc momremr sus `mbmrms y `mrmefls ehu`c`cgls. Nc mgsmócgzc `m nc Elgsthtuehõg Zlnäthec y `m nls `mrmefls fudcgls ms lbnhkctlrhc mg tl`cs ncs hgsthtuehlgms `mn shstmdc m`uecthvl pmrucgl, smcg ehvhnms, plnhehcnms l dhnhtcrms. Um hdpcrtm mg ecstmnncgl y mg nls `mdãs h`hldcs lahehcnms. Crt. :;.- Zrlymetl M`uecthvl Gcehlgcn? Mn Zrlymetl M`uecthvl Gcehlgcn ms mn elgougtl `m plnäthecs qum `cg mn dcrel mstrctèkhel c ncs `mehshlgms qum elg`uemg cn `mscrrlnnl `m nc m`uecehõg. Um elgstruym y `mscrrlnnc mg mn cetucr elgougtl `mn Mstc`l y `m nc slehm`c`, c trcvès `mn `hãnlkl gcehlgcn, `mn elgsmgsl y `m nc elgemrtcehõg plnäthec, c mametls `m kcrcgthzcr su vhkhncgehc. vh khncgehc. Uu alrduncehõg rmsplg`m c nc `hvmrsh`c` `mn pcäs. Crt. :6.- Zrhgehphls `m nc M`uecehõg? Nc m`uecehõg pmrucgc thmgm c nc pmrslgc eldl emgtrl y ckmgtm aug`cdmgtcn `mn prlemsl m`uecthvl. Um sustmgtc mg nls shkuhmgtms shkuhmgtms prhgehphls? Nc èthec, qum hgsphrc ugc m`uecehõg prldltlrc `m vcnlrms `m pcz, slnh`crh`c`, ousthehc, nhbmrtc`, flgmsth`c`, tlnmrcgehc, rmsplgscbhnh`c`, trcbcol, vmr`c` y pnmgl rmspmtl c ncs glrdcs `m elgvhvmgehc9 qum alrtcnmem nc elgehmgehc dlrcn hg`hvh`ucn y fcem plshbnm ugc slehm`c` bcsc`c mg mn momrehehl pmrdcgmgtm `m nc rmsplgscbhnh`c` ehu`c`cgc. Nc mquh`c`, qum kcrcgthzc c tl`ls hkucnms lplrtugh`c`ms `m ceemsl, pmrdcgmgehc y trctl mg ug shstmdc m`uecthvl `m ecnh`c`. Nc hgenushõg, qum hgelrplrc c ncs pmrslgcs elg `hsecpceh`c`, krupls slehcnms mxenuh`ls, dcrkhgc`ls y vungmrcbnms, mspmehcndmgtm mspmehcndmgtm mg mn ãdbhtl rurcn, shg `hsthgehõg `m mtghc, rmnhkhõg, smxl u ltrc ecusc e cusc `m `hserhdhgcehõg, elgtrhbuymg`l elgtrhbuymg`l csä c nc mnhdhgcehõg `m nc plbrmzc, nc mxenushõg y ncs `mshkucn`c`ms. Nc ecnh`c`, qum csmkurc elg`hehlgms c`meuc`cs pcrc ugc m`uecehõg hgtmkrcn, pmrthgmgtm, cbhmrtc, anmxhbnm y pmrdcgmgtm. Nc `mdlercehc, qum prldumvm mn rmspmtl hrrmstrhetl c nls `mrmefls fudcgls, nc nhbmrtc` `m elgehmgehc, pmgscdhmgtl y lphghõg, mn momrehehl pnmgl `m nc ehu`c`cgäc y mn rmelglehdhmgtl `m nc vlnugtc` plpuncr9 y qum elgtrhbuym c nc tlnmrcgehc dutuc mg ncs rmncehlgms mgtrm ncs pmrslgcs y mgtrm dcylräcs csä eldl mn alrtcnmehdhmgtl `mn mstc`l `m `mrmefl. Nc hgtmreunturcnh`c`, qum csudm eldl rhqumzc nc `hvmrsh`c` eunturcn, ètghec y nhgkþästhec `mn pcäs, y mgeumgtrc mg mn rmelglehdhmgtl y rmspmtl c ncs `hamrmgehcs, csä eldl mg mn dutul elglehdhmgtl y cethtu` `m cprmg`hzcom `mn ltrl sustmgtl, pcrc nc elgvhvmgehc crdõghec y mn hgtmrecdbhl mgtrm ncs `hvmrscs eunturcs `mn dug`l.  Nc elgehmgehc cdbhmgtcn eldl kcrcgtäc pcrc mn `msmgvlnvhdhmgtl, qum dlthvc mn rmspmtl, euh`c`l e uh`c`l y elgsmrvcehõg `mn mgtlrgl gcturcn l `m nc vh`c . Nc ermcthvh`c` y nc hgglvcehõg, qum prldumvmg nc prl`ueehõg `m gumvls elglehdhmgtls mg nls ecdpls `mn scbmr, mn crtm y nc eunturc. Crt. :8.- Ahgms `m nc M`uecehõg Zmrucgc?

 

  Alrdcr pmrslgcs ecpcems `m nlkrcr su rmcnhzcehõg èthec, hgtmnmetucn, crtästhec, eunturcn, camethvc, aäshec, msphrhtucn y rmnhkhlsc, prldlvhmg`l nc alrdcehõg y elgslnh`cehõg `m su h`mgth`c` y cutlmsthdc y su hgtmkrcehõg c`meuc`c y eräthec c nc slehm`c` pcrc mn momrehehl `m su ehu`c`cgäc mg crdlgäc elg su mgtlrgl, csä eldl mn `mscrrlnnl `m sus ecpceh`c`ms y fcbhnh`c`m fcbhnh`c`mss pcrc vhgeuncr su vh`c elg mn dug`l `mn trcbcol y pcrc carlgtcr nls hgemscgtms ecdbhls mg nc slehm`c` y mn elglehdhmgtl. Elgtrhbuhr c alrdcr ugc slehm`c` `mdlerãthec, slnh`crhc, oustc, hgenushvc, prõspmrc, tlnmrcgtm y alroc`lrc `m ugc eunturc `m pcz qum c ahrdm nc h`mgth`c` gcehlgcn sustmgtc`c mg nc `hvmrsh`c` eunturcn, ètghec y nhgkþästhec, supmrm nc plbrmzc m hdpunsm mn `mscrrlnnl slstmghbnm `mn pcäs y aldmgtm nc hgtmkrcehõg ncthglcdmrhecgc ncthglcdmrhecgc tmghmg`l tmghmg`l mg eumgtc nls rmtls `m u dug`l knlbcnhzc`l. Crt. 35.Ecnh`c` `m nc M`uecehõg? Ms mn ghvmn õpthdl `m alrdcehõg qum `mbmg cnecgzcr ncs pmrslgcs pcrc mgarmgtcr mgarmgtcr nls rmtls `mn `mscrrlnnl fudcgl, fudcgl, momremr su ehu`c`cgäc y elgthgucr el gthgucr cprmg`hmg`l `urcgtm tl`c nc vh`c. Nhgmcdhmgtls kmgmrcn kmgmrcnms ms `mn prlemsl m`uecthvl nc m`uecehõg pmrucgc mstcbnmeh`ls mg nc prmsmgtm Nmy.mg elgelr`cgehc elg nls prhgehphls y ahgms `m Eurräeunls bãshels, eldugms c tl`l mn pcäs crtheunc`ls mgtrm nls `hamrmgtms ghvmnms y dl`cnh`c`ms m`uecthvcs qum `mbmg smr `hvmrshahec`ls mg ncs hgstcgehcs rmkhlgcnms y nlecnms y mg nls emgtrls m`uecthvls, pcrc ctmg`mr c ncs pcrtheuncrms `m ec`c ãdbhtl. Hgvmrshõg däghdc plr mn cnudgl qum eldprmg`c nc ctmgehõg `m scnu`, cnhdmgtcehõg y prlvhshõg `m dctmrhcnms. Alrdcehõg hghehcn y pmrdcgmgtm qum kcrcgthzc h`lgmh`c` `m nls `lemgtms y cutlrh`c`ms m`uecthvcs. Ecrrmrc pÿbnhec `lemgtm y c`dhghstrcthvc mg tl`ls ls ghvmnms `mn shstmdc m`uecthvl, qum hgemgthvm mn `mscrrlnnl prlamshlgcn y mn bumg `msmdpmól ncblrcn. Hgarcmstrueturc, Hgarcmstruet urc, mquhpcdhmgtl, smrvhehls y dctmrhcnms m`uecthvls c`meuc`ls c ncs mxhkmgehcs tèeghel pm`ckõkhecs `m ec`c nukcr y c ncs qum pncgtmc mn dug`l elgtmdplrãgml. Hgvmsthkcehõg m hgglvcehõg m`uecthvcs. Lrkcghzcehõg hgsthtuehlgcn hgsthtuehlgcn y rmncehlgms fudcgcs crdlghlscs qum acvlrmemg mn prlemsl m`uecthvl. Crt. 28.- Mtcpcs `mn Uhstmdc M`uecthvl? Eldprmg`m ncs mtcpcs shkuhmgtms? M`uecehõg Bãshec.- Mstc `msthgc`c c acvlrmemr mn `mscrrlnnl hgtmkrcn `mn mstu`hcgtm, mn `mspnhmkum `m sus pltmgehcnh`c`ms y mn `mscrrlnnl `m ecpceh`c`ms, elglehdhmgtls, cethtu`ms, vcnlrms aug`cdmgtcnms qum nc pmrslgc `mbm plsmmr pcrc cetucr c`meuc`c y maheczdmgtm mg nls `hvmrsls ãdbhtls `m nc slehm`c`. Elg ug ecrãetmr hgenushvl cthmg`m ncs `mdcg`cs `m pmrslgcs elg gmemsh`c`ms m`uecthvcs mspmehcnms l elg `haheuntc`ms `m cprmg`hzcom. M`uecehõg Uupmrhlr.- Mstã `msthgc`l cn c hgvmsthkcehõg, ermcehõg y `haushõg `m elglehdhmgtls. Crt. 53.Lbomthvls `m nc M`uecehõg Bãshec? ✕  Alrdcr hgtmkrcndmgtm cn m`uecg`l mg nls cspmetls aäshel, camethvl y elkghthvl pcrc mn nlkrl `m su h`mgth`c` pmrslgcn y slehcn, momremr nc ehu`c`cgäc y `mscrrlnncr cethvh`c`m cethvh`c`mss ncblrcnms y melgõdhecs qum nm pmrdhtcg lrkcghzcr su prlymetl `m vh`c y elgtrhbuhr cn `mscrrlnnl `mn pcäs. ✕  @mscrrlnncr ecpceh`c`ms, vcnlrms y cethtu`ms qum pmrdhtcg cn m`uecg`l cprmg`mr c nl ncrkl `m tl`c nc vh`c. ✕  @mscrrlnncr cprmg`hzcoms mg nls ecdpls `m ncs ehmgehcs, ncs fudcgh`c`ms, nc tèeghec, nc eunturc, mn crtm, nc m`uecehõg aäshec y nls `mplrtms, csä eldl cqumnnls qum pmrdhtcg cn m`uecg`l ug bumg usl y usuaruetl `m ncs gumvcs tmeglnlkäcs. Crt. 55.- Eurräeunl `m nc M`uecehõg Bãshec? Mn eurräeunl `m nc M`uecehõg Bãshec ms cbhmrtl, anmxhbnm, hgtmkrc`lr y `hvmrshahec`l. Um sustmgtc mg nls prhgehphls y ahgms `m nc m`uecehõg pmrucgc. Mn Dhghstmrhl `m M`uecehõg ms rmsplgscbnm `m `hsmócr e eurräeunls urräeunls bãshels nc hgstcgehc rmkhlgcn y nlecn sm `hvmrshahecg c ahg `m rmsplg`mr c ncsnls ecrcetmrästhecs `m nlsgcehlgcnms. mstu`hcgtmsMg y `mn mgtlrgl9 mg msm dcrel, ec`c Hgsthtuehõg M`uecthvc elgstruym su prlpumstc eurrheuncr, qum thmgm vcnlr lahehcn. Crt. 50.- Ecrcetmrästhecs `mn eurräeunl ? Ms vcnlrcthvl mg tcgtl rmsplg`m cn `mscrrlnnl crdlghlsl m hgtmkrcn `mn mstu`hcgtm y c ermcr cethtu`ms plshthvcs `m elgvhvmgehc slehcn, `mdlercthzcehõg `m nc slehm`c` y momrehehl rmsplgscbnm `m nc ehu`c`cgäc. Ms shkghahecthvl  mg tcgtl tldc mg eumgtc ncs mxpmrhmgehcs y elglehdhmgtls prmvhls y ncs gmemsh`c`ms `m nls mstu`hcgtms. Mn prlemsl `m alrduncehõg `mn eurräeunl ms pcrthehpcthvl y sm elgstruym plr nc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc y ltrls cetlrms `m nc slehm`c`9 plr tcgtl, mstã cbhmrtl c mgrhqumemr pmrdcgmgt pmrdcgmgtmdmgtm mdmgtm y rmspmtc nc pnurcnh`c` dmtl`lnõkhec.

 

  Crt. 5=.- Eundhgcehõg `m nc M`uecehõg Bãshec? Nc eundhgcehõg scthsacetlrhc `m nc m`uecehõg bãshec, mg eucnquhmrc `m sus dl`cnh`c`ms y prlkrcdcs, `c `mrmefl cn `hpnldc `m mkrmsc`l elg dmgehõg mg ug ãrmc tèeghec qum fcbhnhtm cn mkrmsc`l pcrc hgsmrtcrsm mg mn dmrec`l ncblrcn y nl aceuntm pcrc ceem`mr c ugc hgsthtuehõg `m ghvmn supmrhlr. Crt. 51.- M`uecehõg Bãshec Rmkuncr? Ms nc dl`cnh`c` qum cbcrec nls ghvmnms `m M`uecehõg Hghehcn, Zrhdcrhc y Umeug`crhc. Mstã `hrhkh`c c nls ghóls y c`lnmsemgtms qum pcscg, lplrtugcdmgtm, plr mn prlemsl m`uecthvl `m ceumr`l elg su mvlnuehõg aäshec, camethvc y elkghthvc, `ms`m mn dldmgtl `m su gcehdhmgtl. Ghvmn `m M`uecehõg Zrhdcrhc ? Nc M`uecehõg Zrhdcrhc elgsthtuym mn tmremr, eucrtl y quhgtl ghvmn `m M`uecehõg Bãshec Rmkuncr y `urc smhs cóls. Phmgm eldl ahgcnh`c` m`uecr hgtmkrcndmgtm hgtmkrcndmgtm c ghóls. Zrldumvm nc eldughecehõg mg tl`cs ncs ãrmcs, mn dcgmol lpmrcehlgcn `mn elglehdhmgtl, `mscrrlnnl pmrslgcn, msphrhtucn, aäshel camethvl, slehcn, vlecehlgcn crtästhel, mn pmgscdhmgtl nõkhel, ncmnermcthvh`c`, nc c`quhshehõg `m ncs fcbhnh`c`ms gmemscrhcs pcrc mn `mspnhmkum `m sus pltmgehcnh`c`ms, csä eldl nc eldprmgshõg `m nls fmefls emrecgls c su cdbhmgtm gcturcn gcturcn y slehcn.

 

 

NMX G¿ 28800 ―  NMX  NMX @M RMALRDC DCKHUPMRHCN (2=.33.2:32) RMKNCDMGPL (@.U. G¿ ::0-2:35-M@) -:5.:=.2:35 ECZÄP]NL HH MN ZRLAMULR X NC ECRRMRC NC ECRRMRC ZßBNHEC DCKHUPMRHCN Crtäeunl 0. Mn prlamslr Mn prlamslr ms ug prlamshlgcn `m nc m`uecehõg,  m`uecehõg,  elg tätunl `m prlamslr l nhemgehc`l mg m`uecehõg, mg m`uecehõg, elg  elg ecnhahecehlgms y eldpmtmgehcs `mbh`cdmgtm emrthahec`cs qum, mg su ecnh`c` `mmnckmgtm aug`cdmgtcn `mn prlemsl prmstc ug smrvhehl pÿbnhel msmgehcn `hrhkh`l c elgermtcr `mrmefl `m nls mstu`hcgtms y `m m`uecthvl, nc eldugh`c` c ugc mgsmócgzc `m ecnh`c`, mquh`c` y pmrthgmgehc. Elc`yuvc elg nc acdhnhc, nc eldugh`c` y mn Mstc`l, c nc alrdcehõg hgtmkrcn `mn m`uecg`l, rczõg `m smr `m su momrehehl prlamshlgcn.

PÄP]NL PMREMRL @MBMRMU, @MRMEFLU, MUPÄD]NLU, UCGEHLGMU X PÈRDHGL @M NC ECRRMRC ECZÄP]NL QHHH @MBMRMU, @MRMEFLU X MUPÄD]NLU Crtäeunl 0:. @mbmrms Nls prlamslrms `mbmg? c) Eudpnhr mg alrdc mahecz mn prlemsl `m cprmg`hzcom `m nls mstu`hcgtms, rmcnhzcg`l elg rmsplgscbhnh`c` y mamethvh`c` nls prlemsls pm`ckõkhels, ncs cethvh`c`ms eurrheuncrms y ncs cethvh`c`ms `m kmsthõg `m nc augehõg `lemgtm, mg sus mtcpcs `m pncghahecehõg, trcbcol mg cunc y mvcnucehõg, `m ceumr`l cn `hsmól eurrheuncr gcehlgcn. b) Lrhmgtcr cn m`uecg`l elg rmspmtl c su nhbmrtc`, cutlgldäc, h`mgth`c`, ermcthvh`c` y pcrthehpcehõg9 y elgtrhbuhr elgtrhbuhr elg sus pc`rms y nc `hrmeehõg `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc c su alrdcehõg hgtmkrcn. Mvcnucr pmrdcgmgtmdmgtm mstm prlemsl y prlplgmr ncs ceehlgms elrrmsplg`hmgtms pcrc csmkurcr nls dmolrms rmsuntc`ls. e) Rmspmtcr nls `mrmefls `m nls mstu`hcgtms, csä eldl nls `m nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc. `) Zrmsmgtcrsm c ncs mvcnucehlgms dè`hecs y pshelnõkhecs eucg`l nl rmquhmrc nc cutlrh`c` eldpmtmgtm, elgalrdm c nls prlem`hdhmgtls qum mstcbnmzec mn rmkncdmgtl. m) Eudpnhr elg nc cshstmgehc y pugtucnh`c` qum mxhkm mn ecnmg`crhl mselncr y mn flrcrhl `m trcbcol. a) Cplrtcr mg nc alrduncehõg `mn prlymetl m`uecthvl hgsthtuehlgcn, csudhmg`l elg rmsplgscbhnh`c` ncs tcrmcs qum nms eldpmtcg. k) Zcrthehpcr, eucg`l smcg smnmeehlgc`ls, mg ncs cethvh`c`ms `m alrdcehõg mg smrvhehl qum sm `mscrrlnnmg mg hgsthtuehlgms l rm`ms m`uecthvcs, ]gh`c`ms `m Kmsthõg M`uecthvc Nlecn, @hrmeehlgms Rmkhlgcnms Rmkhlgcnms `m M`uecehõg l Dhghstmrhl `m M`uecehõg. f) Zrmsmgtcrsm c ncs mvcnucehlgms prmvhstcs mg nc Ecrrmrc Zÿbnhec Dckhstmrhcn y c ncs qum `mtmrdhgmg ncs cutlrh`c`ms `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc l ncs mgth`c`ms eldpmtm eldpmtmgtms. gtms. h) Momremr nc `lemgehc mg crdlgäc elg nls eldplrtcdhmgtls èthels y eävhels, shg rmcnhzcr ghgkÿg thpl `m `hserhdhgcehõg plr dlthvls `m lrhkmg, rczc, smxl, h`hldc, rmnhkhõg, lphghõg, elg`hehõg melgõdhec l `m eucnquhmr ltrc äg`lnm.  o) Elglemr, vcnlrcr y rmspmtcr ncs ncs eunturcs nlecnms, nlecnms, mg mn ãdbhtl ãdbhtl gcehlgcn, y nc nmgkuc nmgkuc lrhkhgcrhc. i) Elgtrhbuhr c nc cahrdcehõg y `mscrrlnnl eunturcn y ehu`c`cgl `m nls dhmdbrls `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc `m nc eldugh`c` nlecn y rmkhlgcn. n) Hgalrdcr c nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc slbrm mn `msmdpmól mselncr `m sus fhols y `hcnlkcr elg mnnls slbrm nls lbomthvls m`uecthvls y nc mstrctmkhc pm`ckõkhec, msthduncg`l su eldprldhsl elg mn prlemsl `m cprmg`hzcom. d) Euh`cr, fcemr usl õpthdl y rmg`hr eumgtcs `m nls bhmgms c su ecrkl qum pmrtmgmzecg c nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc. g) Csmkurcr qum sus cethvh`c`ms prlamshlgcnms sm aug`cdmgtmg mg mn rmspmtl dutul, nc prãethec `m nls `mrmefls fudcgls, nc Elgsthtuehõg Zlnäthec `mn Zmrÿ, nc slnh`crh`c`, nc tlnmrcgehc y mn `mscrrlnnl `m ugc eunturc `m pcz y `mdlerãthec. ó) Elc`yuvcr cn trcbcol mg mquhpl `m nls prlamslrms `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc y, sh aumrc mn ecsl, `m ncs hgstcgehcs `m kmsthõg m`uecthvc `msemgtrcnhzc`c. l) Zcrthehpcr mg nls shstmdcs tutlrhcnms qum `mscrrlnnm nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc. p) Ltrls qum sm `msprmg`cg `m nc prmsmgtm nmy l `m ltrcs glrdcs mspmeäahecs `m nc dctmrhc.

 

 

Crtäeunl 03. @mrmefls Nls prlamslrms thmgmg `mrmefl c? c) @mscrrlnncrsm prlamshlgcndmgtm prlamshlgcndmgtm mg mn dcrel `m nc Ecrrmrc Zÿbnhec Dckhstmrhcn y slbrm nc bcsm `mn dèrhtl, shg `hserhdhgcehõg plr dlthvl `m lrhkmg, rczc, smxl, h`hldc, rmnhkhõg, lphghõg, elg`hehõg melgõdhec l `m eucnquhmr ltrc äg`lnm qum ctmgtm elgtrc nls `mrmefls `m nc pmrslgc. b) Zmrehbhr lplrtugcdmgtm nc rmdugmrcehõg ägtmkrc dmgsucn elrrmsplg`hmgtm c su msecnc dckhstmrhcn. e) Rmehbhr ncs cshkgcehlgms y nls hgemgthvls dlgmtcrhls l gl dlgmtcrhls qum sm mstcbnmemg mg nc prmsmgtm Nmy. `) Mstcbhnh`c` ncblrcn suomtc c ncs elg`hehlgms qum mstcbnmem nc prmsmgtm Nmy. m) Umr mvcnuc`ls `m dcgmrc trcgspcrmgtm, elglemr nls rmsuntc`ls `m su mvcnucehõg pmrslgcn, slnhehtcr su rmvhshõg y tmgmr ceemsl c su fhstlrhcn `m vh`c prlamshlgcn rmkhstrc`l mg mn msecncaõg. a) Cutlgldäc prlamshlgcn mg mn eudpnhdhmgtl `m ncs tcrmcs pm`ckõkhecs qum nms eldpmtm, nc dhsdc qum mstã supm`htc`c c qum sm momrzc `mgtrl `mn prlymetl m`uecthvl momeutc`l plr nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc y c qum sm rmspmtm nc glrdcthvh`c` vhkmgtm. k) Bmgmahehls `mn Zrlkrcdc `m Alrdcehõg y Ecpcehtcehõg Zmrdcgmgtm y `m ltrls prlkrcdcs `m ecrãetmr eunturcn y slehcn aldmgtc`ls plr mn Mstc`l. f) Nhemgehcs, pmrdhsls, `mstcqums, rmcshkgcehlgms y pmrdutcs, `m ceumr`l c nl mstcbnmeh`l mg nc prmsmgtm Nmy y su rmkncdmgtl. h) Qcecehlgms.  o) Umkurh`c` slehcn, `m ceumr`l c nmy. nmy. i) Nhbrm cslehcehõg y shg`hecnhzcehõg. n) Rmelglehdhmgtl `m lahehl `m su thmdpl `m smrvhehls mamethvls. d) Rmelglehdhmgtl `mn thmdpl `m smrvhehls hghgtmrrudph`ls plr dlthvls `m rmprmsmgtcehõg rmprmsmgtcehõg plnäthec y shg`hecn, smkÿg mn ecsl. g) Elg`hehlgms `m trcbcol qum kcrcgthemg ecnh`c` mg mn prlemsl `m mgsmócgzc y cprmg`hzcom, y ug mahehmgtm eudpnhdhmgtl eudpnhdhmgtl `m sus augehlgms `mgtrl `m nls cnecgems `m nc prmsmgtm Nmy. l) Rmhgkrmscr cn smrvhehl sh gl fubhmrm cnecgzc`l nc m`c` oubhnctlrhc lbnhkctlrhc y gl mxhstc hdpm`hdmgtl hdpm`hdm gtl nmkcn. p) Rmelglehdhmgtl, plr pcrtm `mn Mstc`l, nc eldugh`c` y nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc, `m sus dèrhtls mg nc ncblr m`uecthvc. q) Zmrehbhr subsh`hl plr nutl y smpmnhl, `m ceumr`l c nl mstcbnmeh`l mg nc prmsmgtm Nmy. r) Zmrehbhr ugc eldpmgscehõg plr thmdpl `m smrvhehls. s) Klzcr `mn ehgeumgtc plr ehmgtl `m `mseumgtl mg ncs tcrhacs pcrc mspmetãeunls eunturcnms.

Crtäeunl 02. Zrmdhls y mstädunls Mn Dhghstmrhl `m M`uecehõg y nls klbhmrgls rmkhlgcnms y klbhmrgls nlecnms, smkÿg elrrmsplg`c, dm`hcgtm rmslnuehõg `m nc cutlrh`c` eldpmtmgtm, rmelglemg mn slbrmscnhmgtm momrehehl momrehehl `m ` m nc augehõg `lemgtm l `hrmethvc c trcvès `m? c) Dmgehõg flglräahec elg mn ltlrkcdhmgtl `m ncs Zcndcs Dckhstmrhcnms y ltrls rmelglehdhmgtls shdhncrms. b) Ckrc`mehdhmgtls, amnhehtcehlgms y elg`melrcehlgms dm`hcgtm rmslnuehõg `hrmetlrcn rmkhlgcn, dhghstmrhcn l suprmdc. e) Qhcoms `m mstu`hl, bmecs y pcscgtäcs cn hgtmrhlr `mn pcäs l cn mxtmrhlr. `) Ltrcs ceehlgms qum `mtmrdhgm nc cutlrh`c` elrrmsplg`hmgtm.

 

 

ECZÄP]NL HV UCGEHLGMU Crtäeunl 05. Ucgehlgms Nls prlamslrms qum sm `msmdpmócg `msmdpmócg mg ncs ãrmcs smócnc`cs mg mn crtäeunl 32 `m nc prmsmgtm Nmy, qum trcgskrm`cg nls prhgehphls, `mbmrms, lbnhkcehlgms y prlfhbhehlgms, hgeurrmg mg rmsplgscbhnh`c` c`dhghstrcthvc y slg pcshbnms `m scgehlgms smkÿg nc krcvm`c` `m nc acntc y nc omrcrquäc `mn smrvh`lr l augehlgcrhl9 ncs qum sm cpnhecg elg lbsmrvcgehc `m ncs kcrcgtäcs elgsthtuehlgcnms `mn `mbh`l prlemsl. Ncs scgehlgms slg? c) Cdlgmstcehõg mserhtc. b) Uuspmgshõg mg mn ecrkl fcstc plr trmhgtc (5:) `äcs shg klem `m rmdugmrcehlgms. e) Emsm tmdplrcn mg mn ecrkl shg klem `m rmdugmrcehlgms `ms`m trmhgtc y `äcs fcstc `lem (32) dmsms. `) @msthtuehõg `mn smrvhehl. Ncs scgehlgms hg`hec`cs mg nls nhtmrcnms e) y `) sm cpnhecg prmvhl prlemsl c`dhghstrcthvl `hsehpnhgcrhl, euyc `urcehõg gl smrã dcylr `m eucrmgtc y ehgel (0=) `äcs fãbhnms hdprlrrlkcbnms, elgtc`ls c pcrthr `m nc hgstcurcehõg `mn prlemsl. Ncs scgehlgms smócnc`cs gl mxhdmg `m ncs rmsplgscbhnh`c`ms ehvhnms y pmgcnms c qum fubhmrc nukcr, csä eldl `m nls mametls qum `m mnncs sm `mrhvmg cgtm ncs cutlrh`c`ms rmspmethvcs. Crtäeunl 00. Dm`h`cs prmvmgthvcs Mn `hrmetlr `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc smpcrc prmvmgthvcdmgtm cn prlamslr y `c eumgtc cn @hrmetlr `m nc ]gh`c` `m Kmsthõg M`uecthvc Nlecn (]KMN) elrrmsplg`hmgtm, eucg`l mxhstc ugc `mgugehc c`dhghstrcthvc l ou`hehcn elgtrc mstm, plr nls prmsugtls `mnhtls `m vhlncehõg elgtrc nc nhbmrtc` smxucn, flsthkcdhmgtl flsthkcdhmg tl smxucn mg ckrcvhl `m ug mstu`hcgtm, cplnlkäc `mn tmrrlrhsdl, `mnhtls `m tmrrlrhsdl y sus alrdcs ckrcvc`cs, `mnhtls `m elrrupehõg `m augehlgcrhls, `mnhtls `m trãahel hnäehtl `m `rlkcs9 csä eldl plr hgeurrhr mg cetls `m vhlnmgehc qum ctmgtmg elgtrc nls `mrmefls aug`cdmgtcnms `m nc pmrslgc y elgtrc mn pctrhdlghl, qum hdph`mg mn glrdcn augehlgcdhmgtl augehlgcdhmgtl `m nls smrvhehls pÿbnhels. Nc smpcrcehõg prmvmgthvc elgenuym cn tèrdhgl `mn prlemsl c`dhghstrcthvl c`dhghstrcthvl l ou`hehcn elrrmsplg`hmgtm. elrrmsplg`hmgtm. Crtäeunl 0=. Ecnhahecehõg y krcvm`c` `m nc acntc Ms ctrhbuehõg `mn thtuncr qum elrrmsplg`c, ecnhahecr nc acntc l hgarceehõg ctmg`hmg`l nc gcturcnmzc `m nc ceehõg u ldhshõg, csä eldl nc krcvm`c` `m ncs dhsdcs, mg mn dcrel `m ncs glrdcs vhkmgtms. Crtäeunl 01. Cdlgmstcehõg mserhtc Mn hgeudpnhdhmgtl hgeudpnhdhmgtl `m nls prhgehphls, `mbmrms, lbnhkcehlgms y prlfhbhehlgms mg mn momrehehl `m nc augehõg `lemgtm, `mbh`cdmgtm `mbh`cdmgtm eldprlbc`l y ecnhahec`l eldl nmvm, ms pcshbnm `m cdlgmstcehõg mserhtc. Nc scgehõg ms hdpumstc plr nc cutlrh`c` hgdm`hctc supmrhlr, prmvhl `msecrkl `mn prmsugtl rmsplgscbnm, smkÿg elrrmsplg`c. Crtäeunl 0;. Uuspmgshõg Eucg`l mn hgeudpnhdhmgtl `m nls prhgehphls, `mbmrms, lbnhkcehlgms y prlfhbhehlgms mg mn momrehehl `m nc augehõg `lemgtm, `mbh`cdmgtm eldprlbc`l, gl pum`c smr ecnhahec`l eldl nmvm plr ncs ehreugstcgehcs `m nc ceehõg u ldhshõg, smrã pcshbnm `m suspmgshõg mg mn ecrkl fcstc plr trmhgtc (5:) `äcs shg klem `m rmdugmrcehlgms. Cshdhsdl, mn prlamslr qum hgeurrm mg ugc acntc l hgarceehõg, fcbhmg`l sh`l scgehlgc`l prmvhcdmgtm prmvhcdmgtm mg `ls (2) lecshlgms elg cdlgmstcehõg mserhtc, ms pcshbnm `m suspmgshõg. Nc scgehõg ms hdpumstc plr nc cutlrh`c` hgdm`hctc supmrhlr, prmvhl `msecrkl `mn prmsugtl rmsplgscbnm, smkÿg elrrmsplg`c. Crtäeunl 06. Emsm tmdplrcn Ulg ecuscnms `m emsm tmdplrcn mg mn ecrkl, nc trcgskrmshõg plr ceehõg u ldhshõg, `m nls prhgehphls, `mbmrms, lbnhkcehlgms y prlfhbhehlgms mg mn momrehehl `m nc augehõg `lemgtm, elgsh`mrc`ls eldl krcvm. Pcdbhèg sm elgsh`mrcg acntcs l hgarceehlgms krcvms, pcshbnms `m emsm tmdplrcn, ncs shkuhmgtms? c) Ecuscr pmrouhehl cn mstu`hcgtm y/l c nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc. b) Momeutcr, prldlvmr l mgeubrhr, `mgtrl l aumrc `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc, cetls `m vhlnmgehc aäshec, `m ecnudghc, hgourhc l `hacdcehõg, mg ckrcvhl `m eucnquhmr dhmdbrl `m nc eldugh`c` el dugh`c` m`uecthvc. e) Rmcnhzcr cethvh`c`ms eldmrehcnms l nuercthvcs, mg bmgmahehl prlphl l `m tmremrls, cprlvmefcg`l mn ecrkl l nc augehõg qum sm thmgm `mgtrl `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc, elg mxempehõg `m ncs cethvh`c`ms qum tmgkcg lbomthvls cec`èdhels. `) Rmcnhzcr mg su emgtrl `m trcbcol cethvh`c`ms comgcs cn eudpnhdhmgtl `m sus augehlgms `m prlamslr l `hrmethvl, shg nc elrrmsplg`hmgtm cutlrhzcehõg. m) Cbcg`lgcr mn ecrkl hgousthahec`cdmgtm. hgousthahec`cdmgtm. a) Hgtmrrudphr u lplgmrsm `mnhbmrc`cdmgtm cn glrdcn `mscrrlnnl `mn smrvhehl m`uecthvl. k) Rmcnhzcr mg su emgtrl `m trcbcol cethvh`c`ms `m prlsmnhthsdl plnäthel pcrth`crhl mg acvlr `m pcrth`ls plnäthels, dlvhdhmgtls, dlvhdhmgtls, cnhcgzcs l `hrhkmgehcs plnäthecs gcehlgcnms, rmkhlgcnms l dughehpcnms. dughehpcnms.

 

  f) Ltrcs qum sm mstcbnmemg mg ncs `hsplshehlgms nmkcnms pmrthg pmrthgmgtms. mgtms. Cshdhsdl, mn prlamslr qum hgeurrm mg ugc acntc l hgarceehõg, fcbhmg`l sh`l scgehlgc`l prmvhcdmgtm mg `ls (2) lecshlgms elg suspmgshõg, ms pcshbnm `m emsm tmdplrcn. Mg mn ecsl `m nls prlamslrms qum prmstcg smrvhehls mg ncs hgsthtuehlgms hgsthtuehlgms m`uecthvcs, qum hgeurrcg mg m g ncs acntcs smócnc`cs mg nls nhtmrcnms c) y b), hghehc`l mn prlemsl hgvmsthkctlrhl prmvhl cn prlemsl c`dhghstrcthvl `hsehpnhgcrhl y mg tcgtl mstls gl elgenuycg, mn prlamslr ms rmthrc`l `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc. Mn emsm tmdplrcn ms hdpumstl plr mn thtuncr `m nc ]gh`c` `m Kmsthõg M`uecthvc Nlecn, @hrmeehõg Rmkhlgcn `m M`uecehõg y `mn Dhghstmrhl `m M`uecehõg, smkÿg elrrmsplg`c. Crtäeunl 08. @msthtuehõg Ulg ecuscnms `m `msthtuehõg, nc trcgskrmshõg plr ceehõg u ldhshõg `m nls prhgehphls, `mbmrms, lbnhkcehlgms y prlfhbhehlgms mg mn momrehehl `m nc augehõg `lemgtm, elgsh`mrc`l eldl duy krcvm. Pcdbhèg sm elgsh`mrcg acntcs l hgarceehlgms duy krcvms, pcshbnms `m `msthtuehõg, c) Gl prmsmgtcrsm c nc mvcnucehõg `m `msmdpmól `lemgtm shg ecusc ousthahec`c. ncs shkuhmgtms? b) Fcbmr sh`l elg`mgc`l plr `mnhtl `lnlsl. e) Fcbmr sh`l elg`mgc`l plr `mnhtl elgtrc nc nhbmrtc` smxucn, cplnlkäc `mn tmrrlrhsdl l `mnhtl `m tmrrlrhsdl y sus alrdcs ckrcvc`cs. `) Hgeurrhr mg cetls `m vhlnmgehc l ecuscr krcvm pmrouhehl elgtrc nls `mrmefls aug`cdmgtcnms `m nls mstu`hcgtmss y ltrls dhmdbrls `m nc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc y/l hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc, csä eldl hdpm`hr mstu`hcgtm mn glrdcn augehlgcdhmgtl augehlgcdhmgtl `m nls smrvhehls pÿbnhels. m) Dcntrctcr aäshec l pshelnõkhecdmgtm cn mstu`hcgtm ecuscg`l `cól krcvm. a) Rmcnhzcr elg`uetcs `m flsthkcdhmgtl smxucn y cetls qum ctmgtmg elgtrc nc hgtmkrh`c`, hg`mdgh`c` y nhbmrtc` smxucn thphahec`ls eldl `mnhtls mg mn Eõ`hkl Zmgcn. k) Elgeurrhr cn emgtrl `m trcbcol mg mstc`l `m mbrhm`c` l bcol nls mametls `m cnkugc `rlkc. f) Hg`uehr c nls cnudgls c pcrthehpcr mg dcrefcs `m ecrãetmr plnäthel. h) Hgeurrhr mg rmhgeh`mgehc nc hgcshstmgehc hgousthahec`c cn emgtrl `m trcbcol plr dãs `m trms (5) `äcs elgsmeuthvls l ehgel (=) `hselgthguls mg ug pmräl`l `m `ls (2) dmsms. Cshdhsdl, mn prlamslr qum hgeurrm mg ugc acntc l hgarceehõg, fcbhmg`l sh`l scgehlgc`l prmvhcdmgtm mg `ls (2) lecshlgms elg emsm tmdplrcn, ms pcshbnm `m `msthtuehõg. Mg mn ecsl `m nls mg prlamslrms qum`), prmstcg mg ncs hgsthtuehlgms hgsthtuehlgm m`uecthvcs, qum hgeurrcg mg m g ncs acntcs smócnc`cs nls nhtmrcnms m), a), smrvhehls k) y f), hghehc`l mn prlemsls hgvmsthkctlrhl prmvhl cn prlemsl c`dhghstrcthvl `hsehpnhgcrhl y mg tcgtl mstls gl elgenuycg, mn prlamslr ms rmthrc`l `m nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc. Nc `msthtuehõg ms hdpumstc plr mn thtuncr `m nc ]gh`c` `m Kmsthõg M`uecthvc Nlecn, @hrmeehõg Rmkhlgcn `m M`uecehõg y `mn Dhghstmrhl `m M`uecehõg, smkÿg s mkÿg elrrmsplg`c. Crtäeunl =:. Rmkhstrl `m ncs scgehlgms Ncs scgehlgms c`dhghstrcthvcs eldl elsc `meh`h`c y ncs smgtmgehcs ou`hehcnms elg cutlrh`c` cutlr h`c` `m elsc  ouzkc`c cpnhec`cs cn prlamslr slg rmkhstrc`cs mg mg mn Msecncaõg Dckhstmrhcn. Nc scgehõg c`dhghstrcthvc sm eldughec c nc Cutlrh`c` Gcehlgcn `mn Umrvhehl Ehvhn, pcrc qum mstc smc hgenuh`c mg mn Rmkhstrl Gcehlgcn `m Ucgehlgms `m @msthtuehõg y @msph`l l mn qum fckc sus vmems. Crtäeunl =3. Mnhdhgcehõg `m cgltcehlgms `m scgehõg mg mn Msecncaõg Dckhstmrhcn Mn prlamslr scgehlgc`l c`dhghstrcthvcdmgtm, elgalrdm c nls nhtmrcnms c) y b) `mn crtäeunl 05 `m nc prmsmgtm Nmy, pum`m slnhehtcr nc mnhdhgcehõg `m cgltcehõg `m scgehõg mg mn Msecncaõg Dckhstmrhcn, numkl `m trcgseurrh`l ug cól `m fcbmr eudpnh`l elg nc scgehõg cpnhec`c plr acntc `hsehpnhgcrhc. Mg mn ecsl `mn prlamslr scgehlgc`l `m elgalrdh`c` elg mn nhtmrcn e) `mn ehtc`l crtäeunl, `mbm fcbmr trcgseurrh`l `ls cóls `mnelg`uetc eudpnhdhmgtl `m nc hgalrdm scgehõg.acvlrcbnm Mg cdbls sm rmquhmrm, fcbmr lbsmrvc`l bumgc y lbtmgh`l `msupumstls su `msmdpmól ncblrcn.c`mdãs, Crtäeunl =2. Hgfcbhnhtcehõg Nc hgfcbhnhtcehõg hdph`m cn smrvh`lr momremr augehõg `lemgtm pÿbnhec `urcgtm ug `mtmrdhgc`l ncpsl, plr fcbmr sh`l scgehlgc`l eldl elgsmeumgehc `m nc eldhshõg `m ugc acntc krcvm mg mn momrehehl `m su augehõg pÿbnhec l mg su vh`c prhvc`c, qum nl fcem `msdmrmem`lr `mn momrehehl `lemgtm pÿbnhel, tcnms eldl? c) Ncs scgehlgms c`dhghstrcthvcs `m suspmgshõg y emsm tmdplrcn hdpnhecg nc hgfcbhnhtcehõg `mn momrehehl `m nc augehõg `lemgtm fcstc mn tèrdhgl `m nc scgehõg. b) Nc scgehõg `m `msthtuehõg hdpnhec nc hgfcbhnhtcehõg pcrc mn `msmdpmól `m augehõg pÿbnhec bcol eucnquhmr alrdc l dl`cnh`c`, plr ug pmräl`l gl dmglr `m ehgel (=) cóls. e) Zlr rmslnuehõg ou`hehcn ahrdm qum `hsplgm nc hgfcbhnhtcehõg elgalrdm cn crtäeunl 51 `mn Eõ`hkl Zmgcn, mn prlamslr qum`c hgfcbhnhtc`l, smkÿg nls tèrdhgls `m nc smgtmgehc. `) Mn prlamshlgcn `m nc m`uecehõg elg`mgc`l plr `mnhtl `m tmrrlrhsdl l sus alrdcs ckrcvc`cs, `mnhtl elgtrc nc nhbmrtc` smxucn, `mnhtl `m elrrupehõg `m augehlgcrhl y `m trãahel hnäehtl `m `rlkcs, qum`c hdpm`h`l `m hgkrmscr cn smrvhehl pÿbnhel mg mn Umetlr M`uecehõg.  

 

 

LRKCGHKRCDC LRKCGHKRCD C HGUPHP]EHLGCN

 

 

@leudmgtls Pèeghel Zm`ckõkhels

 

 

Zrlbnmdãthec Zm`ckõkhec Hgsthtuehlgcn

CGÃNHUHU AL@C

 

 

 

 

DCPRH_ @M MQCN]CEHÕG @M QCNLRMU HGUPHP]EHLGCNMU  

ECNMG@CRH_CEHÕG ECNMG@CRH_C EHÕG @MN CÓL MUELNCR 2:3;

ELDZRLDHULU @M KMUPHÕG MUELNCR

 

 

 

 

ZNCG @M MUP]@HLU @MN GHQMN ZRHDCRHC (ULZLRPM ZM@CKLKHEL) GHQMN ZRHDCRHC

 

 

MUPRCPMKHCU DMPL@LNÕKHECU @M CZNHECEHÕG MG MN C]NC Alrduncehõg `m nhgmcdhmgtls nhgmcdhmgtls kmgmrcnms c ghvmn hgsthtuehlgcn y `m cunc? ❑  Nc Dmtl`lnlkäc c cpnhecr mg cdbls ghvmnms mg mn prmsmgtm cól nmethvl ms nc CEPHQC. ❑  Ermcehõg `m ug enhdc camethvl mg mn cunc, qum acvlrmzec ncs rmncehlgms hgtmrpmrslgcnms `m rmehprleh`c` y rmspmtl dutul pcrc elg sus prlamslrms y sus pcrms? ✕  Ncs tèeghecs `m trcbcol krupcn. ✕  Mdpnmcr ncs tèeghecs `m slehl `rcdc. ❑  Nc pcrthehpcehõg cethvc elgsehmgtm m hgtmgehlgcn `m nls mstu`hcgtms mg mn prlemsl `m elgstrueehõg `m sus cprmg`hzcoms? ✕  Hgarcmstruetu Hgarcmstrueturc rc hgenuh`c `mgtrl `mn dctmrhcn `m cprmg`hzcom, uthnhzcg`l ncs pcrm`ms, mn pcthl, nls bcóls, pcrc ermcr hdãkmgms qum rmprmsmgtcg elgtmgh`ls `m cprmg`hzcoms mg ncs `hvmrscs ãrmcs. ✕  Ermcehõg `m nc rc`hl mselncr hgtmrgc, pcrc qum nls cnudgls mstcbnmzecg ugc eldughecehõg pmrdcgmgtm pmrdcgmgtm mg nc hgsthtuehõg m`uecthvc. ❑  Nc prldlehõg pmrdcgmgtm mg nls m`uecg`ls, `m cethvh`c`ms `m rmanmxhõg slbrm mn prlemsl `m c`quhshehõg `m sus prlphls cprmg`hzcoms(dmtc cprmg`hzcoms(dmtc elkghehõg) y `m nc gmemsh`c` `m `mscrrlnncr nc ecpceh`c` `m ouzkcr y vcnlrcr nc ecnh`c` `m nls cprmg`hzcoms qum rmcnhzc? ✕  Zrmpcrcr cn cnudgl pcrc qum pum`c mdhthr ug ouhehl eräthel, rmsplgscbnm y elgstruethvl qum rmvcnlrm nl qum fcem. ✕  Zcrthr `m ncs fcbhnh`c`ms eldughecthvcs y `m rczlgcdhmgtl nõkhel. ✕  Pcnnmrms `m ermcehõg nhtmrcrhc. ✕  Elgeursls hgtmrsmeehlgms? rczlgcdhmgtl rczlgcdhmgtl nõkhel, vmrbcn, com`rmz, autb autbln, ln, võnmy, `cgzcs, mte. ✕  Zcrthehpcehõg cethvc y pmrdcgmgtm mg ncs Ecdpcócs `m Dlvhnhzcehõg `m nls cprmg`hzcoms `mn DM@-]KMN-HM? AMGEXP, Oumkls Anlrcnms, Lnhdphc`cs, mte. `m Dctmdãthecs y Eldughecehõg, mte.

 

 

NHGMCDHMGPLU @M MQCN]CEHÕG @M NLU CZRMG@H_COMU Pmghmg`l mg eumgtc nls nhgmcdhmgtls `m mvcnucehõg pncgtmc`ls mg nc Zrlpumstc Zm`ckõkhec `m gumstrl ZMH, nc mvcnucehõg sm rmcnhzcrc plr erhtmrhls m hg`hec`lrms9 tldcg`l mg eumgtc ugc mvcnucehõg alrdcthvc m hgalrdcthvc9 `mscrrlnncg`l elgstcgtmdmgtm nc rmtrlcnhdmgtcehõg, mvcnucg`l cethtu`ms y eldplrtcdhmgtls prlphcdmgtm `mahgh`ls. Csä dhsdl nc mvcnucehõg m vcnucehõg smrã tmghmg`l mg eumgtc sus ecrcetmrästhecs, thpls y uthnhzcg` uthnhzcg`l l tèeghecs m hgstrudmgtls `m mvcnucehõg pmrthgmgtms cn ãrmc eurrheuncr y cn ghvmn. Nc msecnc `m ecnhahecehõg `m nls cprmg`hzcoms mg nc MBR smkÿg ghvmnms ms nc shkuhmgtm? 

Ghvmn  M`uecthvl Phpl Msecncs `m  `m Ecnhahecehõg  Ecnhahecehõg 

M`uecehõg Zrhdcrhc Nhtmrcn y @mserhpthvc

@mserhpehõg 

C@ Nlkrl `mstcec`l

Eucg`l mn mstu`hcgtm mvh`mgehc mn nlkrl `m nls cprmg`hzcoms prmvhstls, `mdlstrcg`l hgenusl ug dcgmol slnvmgtm y duy scthsacetlrhl mg tl`cs ncs tcrmcs prlpumstcs.

C Nlkrl prmvhstl

Eucg`l mn mstu`hcgtm mvh`mgehc mn nlkrl `m nls cprmg`hzcoms prmvhstls mg mn thmdpl prlkrcdc`l.

B Mg prlemsl

Eucg`l mn mstu`hcgtm mstã mg ecdhgl `m nlkrcr nls cprmg`hzcoms prmvhstls, pcrc nl eucn rmquhmrm celdpcócdhmgtl `urcgtm ug thmdpl rczlgcbnm pcrc nlkrcrnl. Eucg`l mn mstu`hcgtm mstã mdpmzcg`l c `mscrrlnncr nls cprmg`hzcoms prmvhstls l mvh`mgehc `haheuntc`ms pcrc mn `mscrrlnnl `m èstls y gmemshtc dcylr thmdpl `m celdpcócdhmgtl m hgtmrvmgehõg `mn `lemgtm `m ceumr`l elg su rhtdl y msthnl `m cprmg`hzcom

E Mg hghehl

 

 

FLRCRHL @M ENCUMU @MN @LEMGPM FLRCRHL @M ENCUMU Flrcs

Nugms

Dcrtms

;? 5:  ―  6?5:

Dctmdãthec

Zncg nmetlr

6 ?5: -8?3=

dctmdãthec

Dctmdãthec

8? 3=- 3:?::

Rlbõthec

Dctmdãthec

3:?::- 3:?0=

Rlbõthec

Zmrslgcn slehcn

3:?0= -33?3= 33? 3= -32?::

33? ::- 32?0=

R Ehmgehc y tmeglnlkäc Ehmgehc y

M

Dhèrelnms M`uecehõg Rmnhkhlsc Ehmgehc y tmeglnlkäc

Oumvms

Qhmrgms

Eldughecehõg Eldughecehõg Dctmdãthec

Zmrslgcn slehcn

Dctmdãthec

Dctmdãthec

Hgknès

Dctmdãthec

Ehmgehc y tmeglnlkäc

Hgknès

E

R

M

L

Zmrslgcn slehcn Eldughecehõg Crtm y Eunturc

Eldughecehõg Eldughecehõg Crtm y Eunturc

tmeglnlkäc

Rcz. Dctmdãthel M`uecehõg aäshec M`uecehõg

32?0= -3?5:

M`uecehõg Rmnhkhlsc

Eldughecehõg Zmrslgcn slehcn

Rcz. vmrbcn Aäshec.

 

 

ECNMG@CRHL EÄQHEL MUELNCR 2:2: Ncs encsms mg ncs mseumncs pÿbnhecs `m Zmrÿ hghehcg mn 30 `m dcrzl, c elgthgucehõg dlstrcdls mg ecnmg`crhl eävhel mselncr `m Zmrÿ pcrc mn 2:31

:6 - @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nc Duomr 3= - @äc Dug`hcn `m nls @mrmefls `mn Elgsudh`lr 23 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `mn Uäg`rldm `m @lwg

DCR_L

CBRHN

23 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nc Mnhdhgcehõg `m nc @hserhdhgcehõg @hserh dhgcehõg Rcehcn (RQD Gº ::5-2:31 Dhgm`u) 22 ― @äc Dug`hcn `mn Ckuc 20 ― @äc `m nc Nuefc elgtrc nc Pubmreunlshs 26 ― Gcehdhmgtl `m Dcrhl Qcrkcs Nnlsc 28 ― Nc Flrc `mn Zncgmtc :3 ― @äc `m nc M`uecehõg :2 ― Dug`hcn `mn Nhbrl Hgacgthn y Ouvmghn :2 ― Dug`hcn `mn Cuthsdl :; ― @äc Dug`hcn `m nc Ucnu` hghehl `m nc smdcgc `m nc scnu` :6 - Cghvmrscrhl `mn Ucerhahehl Fmrlhel `m Zm`rl Qhnec Cpczc 2`l. @ldhgkl  ― @äc `mn Ghól Zmrucgl 32 ― Gcehdhmgtl `mn Hgec Kcrehncsl `m Nc Qmkc 30 ― @äc `m ncs Cdèrhecs 3= - Cghvmrscrhl `mn acnnmehdhmgtl `m Eèscr Qcnnmol 31 - Cghvmrscrhl `mn acnnmehdhmgtl `m Olsè Ecrnls Dcrhãtmkuh 22 ― @äc `m nc Phmrrc 25 - @äc `mn H`hldc Ecstmnncgl 25 ― @äc Dug`hcn `mn Nhbrl y `mn @mrmefl @ mrmefl `m Cutlr :3 ― @äc `mn Prcbcol :2 - Cghvmrscrhl `mn Eldbctm `mn @ls `m Dcyl 2`l. @ldhgkl  ― @äc `m nc Dc`rm :6 ― @äc Dug`hcn `m nc Eruz Rloc 33 - Cghvmrscrhl `m nc ceehõg fmrlhec `m Dcräc Zcrc`l `m Bmnnh`l 32 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn pcrc nc Mrrc`hecehõg `mn Prcbcol Hgacgthn

DCXL

3; ― @äc Dug`hcn `m ncs tmnmeldughecehlgms 36 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nls Dusmls 36 - Ucerhahehl fmrlhel `m Pÿpce Cdcru HH y Dhecmnc Bcsth`cs 2= ― @äc `m nc M`uecehõg Hghehcn 2; ― @äc `m nc Hgtmkrcehõg Cg`hgc 2; ― @äc `mn H`hldc Gcthvl 5: ― @äc Gcehlgcn `m nc Zcpc 53 ― @äc Dug`hcn `mn gl Audc`lr

 

 

O]GHL

O]NHL

CKLUPL

UMPHMDBRM

LEP]BRM

:0 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nls Ghóls Qäethdcs Hglemgtms `m nc Ckrmshõg :0 ― @äc `m nc eunturc Carlpmrucgc (RQD Gº ::5-2:31 Dhgm`u) := ― @äc Dug`hcn `mn Dm`hl Cdbhmgtm :; - @äc `m nc Bcg`mrc, Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Bctcnnc `m Crhec C rhec y @äc `mn Fèrlm Arcgehsel Blnlkgmsh 32 ― @äc `mn Zrõemr Plrhbhl Rl`räkumz `m Dmg`lzc 5mr. @ldhgkl ― @äc `mn Zc`rm 3= ― @äc `m nc Ecgehõg Cg`hgc 20 - @äc `m nc Ahmstc `m Ucg Oucg Bcuthstc-Cghvmrscrhl `m nc eldugh`c`. 20 ― @äc `mn Ecdpmshgl 21 - @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nc Zrmsmrvcehõg `m nls Blsqums Prlphecnms 21 ― @äc `m nc Nuefc Elgtrc mn Prãahel Hnäehtl y mn ]sl Hg`mbh`l `m @rlkcs 28 ― @äc `mn Ucerhahehl `mn Dãrthr Olsè Lncyc Bcncg`rc :1 ― @äc `mn Dcmstrl :8 ― @äc `m ncs Bctcnncs `m Zuecrc, Dcrecvcnnm y Elgempehõg 3: ― Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Bctcnnc `m Fucdcefuel 33 ― @äc Dug`hcn `m nc Zlbncehõg 23 - Acnnmehdhmgtl `mn phgtlr Uèrvunl Kuthèrrmz 25 ― @äc `mn fèrlm ecphtãg ACZ Olsè Cbmncr`l Suhólgms 26 ― @äc `m nc Zrlencdcehõg `m nc Hg`mpmg`mgehc `mn Z :1 - Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Bctcnnc `m Ougäg :8 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m ncs Zlbncehlgms Hg`äkmgcs 3; ― Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Dumrtm `mn Kmgmrcn `lg Olsè `m Ucg Dcrtäg 22 ― @äc Dug`hcn `mn Alnenlr 2; ― @äc `m nc @mamgsc Gcehlgcn 26 ― Rmhgelrplrcehõg `m Pcegc cn smgl `m nc Zctrhc 5: ― @äc `m Ucgtc Rlsc `m Nhdc 53 ― @äc `mn Dcrhsecn Rcdõg Ecsthnnc :3 ― Umdcgc `m nc M`uecehõg Qhcn :; ― @äc `m nls @mrmefls Eävhels `m nc Duomr :6 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nc Cnacbmthzcehõg 2`l. `ldhgkl ― @äc `m nc Acdhnhc 31 ― @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn pcrc nc Zrltmeehõg `m nc Ecpc `m Lzlgl 23 - @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nc Zcz 25 ― @äc `m nc Zrhdcvmrc, `m nc Ouvmgtu` 2; ― @äc Dug`hcn `mn Purhsdl :3 - Umdcgc `mn Ghól := ― Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Ceehõg Fmrlhec `m @cghmn Cneh`ms Ecrrhõg :6 ― @äc `m nc M`uecehõg Aäshec y mn @mplrtm :6 ― @äc `mn Eldbctm `m Cgkcdls 32 ― @mseubrhdhmgtl `m Cdèrhec 32 ― @äc `m nls Zumbnls Lrhkhgcrhls y `mn @hãnlkl Hgtmreunturcn (RQD Gº ::5-2:31 ::5 -2:31 Dhgm`u) 3= - @äc Hgtmrgcehlgcn `m nc Rm`ueehõg `m nls @mscstrms 31 ― @äc Gcehlgcn `m nc Zmrslgc elg @hsecpceh`c` 31 ― @äc Dug`hcn `m nc Cnhdmgtcehõg 53 ― @äc `m nc Ecgehõg Erhlnnc

 

 

:3 ― Umdcgc Gcehlgcn Alrmstcn :0 ― Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Rmvlnuehõg `m Pÿpce Cdcru HH GLQHMDBRM 3: ― @äc `m nc Bhbnhltmec Mselncr 2: ― @äc `m nc @mencrcehõg ]ghvmrscn `m nls @mrmefls `mn Ghól :3 - @äc Dug`hcn `m nc Nuefc elgtrc mn UH@C :5 ― @äc `m nc Cblnhehõg `m nc Msencvhtu` (RQD Gº ::5-2:31 Dhgm`u) :1 ― Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Zrlvhgehc `m Plecefm @HEHMDBRM :8 ― Cghvmrscrhl `m nc Bctcnnc `m Cyceuefl 3: - @mencrcehõg ]ghvmrscn `m nls @mrmefls Fudcgls 2= ― Gcehdhmgtl `m Omsÿs

 

 

CEPHQH@C@MU @MN ECNMG@CRHL ELD]GCN 2:2: AMEFCU 31.:5 2;.:5 31.:0 2¿ `ldhgkl `m dcyl 2:-2= `m oughl 5mr. @ldhgkl `m  oughl 3=.:; 25.:8 25.:8 3;.32 23.32.2:23

AMUPHQH@C@MU ☿ 

B]MG HGHEHL @MN CÓL MUELNCR ☿  H OLRGC@C @M RMANMVHLG ZM@CKLKHEC ☿  VNH CGHQMRUCRHL H.M.Z. Gº :015-UCG O]CG @M ZLRLGKL ☿  @ÄC @M NC DC@RM

☿ 

CGHQMRUCRHL @M NC ELD]GH@C@ @M UCG O]CG @M ZLRLGKL ☿  @HC @MN ZC@RM ☿  ☿ 

☿ 

ZRHDMR @HC @MN NLKRL

CGHQMRUCRHL @M NC HMZUD Gº :015 „K]UPCQL RHQMRC RHQMRC— 

AMUPHQH@C@ ZRHDCQMRCN ☿  HH @HC @MN NLKRL @M CZRMG@H_COMU ☿  ENC]U]RC @MN CÓL MUELNCR

 

 

UHD]NCERLU MUELNCRMU GCEHLGCNMU

 

 

2:2: UHD]NCERL 

AMEFC 

UM ELGDMDLRC MG MN DCREL?  

ZRHDMRL  UMK]G@L  PMREMRL 

25 @M CBRHN  53 @M DCXL  33 @M O]NHL 

E]CRPL 

35 @M LEP]BRM 

S]HGPL 

22 @M GLQHMDBRM 

@HC D]G@HCN @M NC PHMRRC  @HC D]G@HCN UHG PCBCEL X NC ULNH@CRH@C@  @HC D]G@HCN @M NC ZLBNCEHLG X ZLBNCDHMGPL @MN PMRRHPLRHL  @HC HGPMRGCEHLGCN ZCRC NC RM@]EEHLG @M @MUCUPRMU  @HC D]G@HCN @MN RMEHENCOM X @MN CHRM NHDZHL 

 

 

GLDHGC @M DCPRHE]NC @M MUP]@HCGPMU  KRC@L? 5º UMEEHLG? C P]RGL?Dcócgc Gº  EL@HKL/@GH 

CZMNNH@LU X GLDBRMU 

:3 :2 :5

  ;;122255   633:3=66  

BMEMRRC EFLRLEL, Crlsdcg Dcrhgghl 

:0 := :1 :; :6 :8 3: 33 32 35 30 3= 31

6:6:==3: ;;863:10

BRHLGMU ECBCGHNNCU, Krmhsy Pcnfäc   ECBRMRC F]CPCX, Cgkfmny @cycgc 

3; 36 38 2: 23

63221051

   ;;68:301   ;;;;0616   ;6:581:8   15;61611   ;610:=:0   ;;;2825;   123=1660   ;;;=261=   6:8805=2   123=1661   63331106   63:=302;   8:31051=   63:=300;   ;;865680   ;;6603=:  

CNECGPCRC ECRDLGC, Dcräc Qhlnmtc   C_CÓMRL F]CDCG, @hndmr Xlmn 

ECBRMRC DM@HGC, Xlsmnyg Ucrcä   EFÃQM_ CPCNCXC, Ufmync Gheln  EFHNÕG UCNC_CR, Icrhgc Imny  @ÄC_ KCNNCR@L, Xcgmtf Dcrhsln   ANLRMU @ÄC_, Csfnmy Crmnhs  KLGKLKC OCRC, Ihcrc Nuehcgc   F]CDCG ULNCGL, @mysh.  HGACGPM @ÃQHNC, Dcyrc Xcsu  DHGEFÃG ECOC, Rutf Mnhzcbmtf   DHGEFCG DCGPHNNC, Umkug`l Umkug`l Rl`rhkl  RCDHRM_ ER]_C@L, _crchn Dm`cnht  UCNC_CR BRHLGMU, @cyrl Cg`h  UCGEFM_ DCNEC, Brcycg M`hnbmrtl   QCNMRC FMGRHS]M_, Fmrnhg`c  XGLÓÃG BCRRCGPMU, Nhssmtf @ãdcrhs  _CDLRC CRHCU, @mgghs Ucgtfhckl  

M@C@  UMVL  :6  :6  :6 

A D D

:6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :8  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6  :6 

A A A A A A A A A A A D A D D A A D

HH.MM. @M ZRLEM@MGEHC  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn  H.M. Ufu`cn 

 

 

E]C@RL MUPC@ÄUPHEL @M DCPRÄE]NC KRC@L @M MUP]@HLU?5º

M@C@MU 

UMEEHÕG? C

 UMVL  AMDMGHGL 

 U]BPLPCN  DCUE]NHGL 

:1. CÓLU  :;. CÓLU  :6. CÓLU  :8. CÓLU 

3   0 :3

:1

2: :3

3:. CÓLU  33.CÓLU   U]BPLPCN  PLPCN 3=  KMGMRCN   \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ………………………………………

Zrlamslr(c)

:1

23 

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   Qº Bº ELLR.ZM@CKLKHEL 

 

 

LRKCGH_CEHÕG @M RMUZLGUCBHNH@C@MU @MN KRC@L  (Alrdctl sukmrh`l- c`cptcr c nc rmcnh`c` `mn cunc)

KR]ZLU @M RMUZLGUCBHNH@C@ 

A]GEHLG 

BRHKC@HMRMU X ZLNHEHCU MUELNCRMU. 

Elncblrcr mg nc alrdcehõg y dcgtmgmr mn lr`mg mg mn cunc y nc Hgsthtuehõg.

KMUPHÕG @M RHMUKL 

Rmsplgscbnms `m nc smócnhzcehõg `mn cunc, mvceucehõg y cuxhnhl mg ecsl `m `mscstrms.

DCPMRHCNMU M@]ECPHQLU 

Rmsplgscbnms `m nc rmempehõg euh`c`l, `hstrhbuehõg y rmelol `m dctmrhcnms. ]sl c`meuc`l `m nc

MELMAHEHMGEHC 

RMNCEHLGMU F]DCGCU 

BRHKC@C MELNÕKHEC. 

QHKHC @M UCN]@ l eruz rloc 

BHBNHLPMEC MUELNCR 

mgmrkäc mnèetrhec…… 

Rmsplgscbnm `m pubnhecr, rmelr`cr y amstmocr nls eudpnmcóls, rmelkmr elnmetcs pcrc cplycr c nls eldpcómrls. Rmsplgscbnms `mn euh`c`l `m ncs cèrmcs vmr`ms y nc nhdphmzc `mn cunc, y `m nls `mdãs mspcehls `m nc Hgsthtuehõg. Rmsplgscbnm `m rmvhscr mn csml pmrslgcn, scecr y kucr`cr nls ÿthnms `m csml y vhkhncr nc prãethec `mn ncvc`l `m dcgls. Rmsplgscbnm `m nc lrkcghzcehõg, euh`c`l , `hstrhbuehõg y crrmknl pmrdcgmgtm `m nc bhbnhltmec `m cunc

 CN]DGLU RMZLGUCBNMU 

 Umócnhzcehõg(Elr`õg Qmr`m)?  Mvceucehõg(Elnlr Rlol)?  Zrhdmrls Cuxhnhls(Elr`õg Bncgel)? 

 

 

@MZLRPMU 

Mgecrkc`l `m lrkcghzcr mn mquhpl `mn cunc l pcrthehpcgtms pcrc cethvh`c`ms `mplrthvcs.

 

 

DHU GLRDCU @M ELGQHQMGEHC C GHQMN @MN KRC@L H. 

ZRMUMGPCEHLG.

Mn prmsmgtm Rln `m Eldprldhsl Eldprldhsl cgucn `mn cunc glrdc nc lrkcghzcehõg y augehlgms `mn `lemgtm, cnudgls y pc`rms `mn …….. Krc`l, smeehõg „…….—, `mn ghvmn ZRHDCRHC, mg mn

cspmetl c`dhghstrcthvl y tèeghel-pm`ckõkhel.

HH. 

ELDZRLDHUL @MN ZRLAMULR

c.  Hgkrmscrè c nc HM ms c ncs ;?5: c.d. mg pugtl9 mg ecsl `m turgl c nc ;.2: c.d. b.  Elgtrhbuhrè mg nc alrdcehõg hgtmkrcn `m dhs cnudgls. e.  Dlthvcrè c nls ghóls y ghócs mn cdlr plr mn mstu`hl, nc `hsehpnhgc y mn rmspmtl. `.  Ulnuehlgcrè nls prlbnmdcs qum prmsmgtmg nls cnudgls mg mn prlemsl `m cprmg`hzcom. m.  Elc`yuvcrè elg nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc mg nc m`uecehõg `m nls ghóls y ghócs.

HHH.  ELDZRLDHULU @M NLU M@]ECG@LU. ➢ 

Hgkrmscrmdls c nc HM c ncs ;?3= c.d. mg pugtl. Cshsthrmdls elrrmetcdmgtm ughalrdc`ls y bhmg csmc`ls ➢  Rmspmtcrmd Rmspmtcrmdls ls c gumstrls eldpcómrls, prlamslrms, y `mdãs trcbcoc`lrms. ➢ 

➢  ➢  ➢ 

➢ 

➢ 

➢ 

➢ 

➢ 

➢ 

➢ 

➢  ➢ 

Zcrthehpcrmdls mg alrdc yrmsplgscbnm mg cunc-HM. ncs cethvh`c`ms m`uecthvcs `mn elnmkhl Euh`crmdls nls dctmrhcnms dlbhnhcrhls `mn Mvhtcrmdls fcemr `mslr`mg mg flrcs `m encsms y pcrthehpcrmdls mg mn `mscrrlnnl `m nc encsm Rmspmtcrmdls Rmspmtcrmd ls ncs h`mcs y lphghlgms `m nls `mdãs Rmspmtcrmdls Rmspmtcrmd ls y lbm`memrmdls lbm`memrmdls c nls Zlnheäcs Mselncrms y Brhkc`hmrms `mn `mn cunc. Mg flrcs `m rmerml ghgkÿg cnudgl `mbmdls qum`crgls y oukcr mg mn cunc. Ucnu`crmdls, plghèg`lgls plghèg`lgls `m phm, eucg`l hgkrmsc ugc pmrslgc cn cunc. Zcrthehpcrmdls mg ncs emnmbrcehlgms `mn Ecnmg`crhl eävhel Mselncr y Eldugcn. Zl`rmdls oukcr, oukcr, fcbncr, elrrmr y dcghamstcr dcghamstcr ltrcs hgquhmtu`ms hgquhmtu`ms shg nnmkcr nnmkcr c nc hg`hsehpnhgc. Mgtrmkcrmdls, tl`l lbomtl mgelgtrc`l mg mn scnõg, c su rmspmethvl `umól l shgl c nc prlamslrc. Alrrcrmdls y mthqumtcrmdls elgvmghmgtmdmgtm gumstrls ÿthnms mselncrms pcrc mvhtcr su `mtmrhlrl. Ucn`rmdls elrrmetcdmgtm elrrmetcdmgtm c nc flrc `mn rmerml l scnh`c.

HQ.  ELDZRLDHULU @M NLU ZC@RMU @M ACDHNHC   Mgvhcrmdls c gumstrls fhol (c) csmc`l (c) y elg sus ÿthnms mselncrms eldpnmtls.   Ceu`hrmdls c ncs ehtcs qum fckc nc prlamslrc y/l Eldhtè `m cunc.   Gl hgtmrrudphrmdls ncs flrcs `m encsm, mselkhmg`l ltrls hgtmrvcnls pcrc `hcnlkcr elg nc

• •

•

prlamslrc.   Elgtrhbuhrmdl Elgtrhbuhrmdlss y vmncrmdls plr nc cdbhmgtcehõg `mn cunc cunc mg ellr`hgcehõg elg nc prlamslrc.   Cyu`crmdls c gumstrl ghól (c) mg ecsc armgtm c ncs tcrmcs y cshkgcehlgms shg nnmkcr c rmcnhzcr su trcbcol.

•

•

Q.  MUPHD]NLU X UCGEHLGMU

Nls cnudgls qum `mstcqumg mg mn eudpnhdhmgtl `mn eldprldhsl csudh`l sm fcrãg dmrmem`lrms c? c)  Dmgehõg flgrlsc b)  @hpnldc `m flglr e)  Ltrls qum nc `hrmeehõg y/l Eldhtè `m Cunc, mstcbnmzecg. Nls cnudgls qum hgeudpncg mn prmsmgtm eldprldhsl smrãg smrãg cermm`lrms cermm`lrms c? c)  Cdlgmstcehõg vmrbcn

 

  b)  Cdlgmstcehõg mserhtc c nls pc`rms l cpl`mrc`ls. e)  Eldughecehõg mserhtc c nc @hrmeehõg (hgalrdm `m acntcs). `)  Umpcrcehõg tmdplrcn `mn cunc. m)  Umpcrcehõg `mahghthvc `mn pncgtmn u ltrls qum mstcbnmzecg mg nc Cscdbnmc `m Cunc.

@HUZLUHEHLGMU AHGCNMU? ☿ 

Nls csugtls gl elgtmdpnc`ls smrãg cbsumntls plr nc Cscdbnmc `m Cunc, y eldmgzcrã c rmkhr cn `äc shkuhmgtm `m su cprlbcehõg plr nc Cscdbnmc `m Cunc.

 

 

CEPC @M ELGUPHP]EHÕG @MN ELDHPÈ @M C]NC Mg nc Hgsthtuehõg M`uecthvc gº :015 „Kustcvl Rhvmrc Rhvmrc—, ourhs`heehõg `mn `hstrhtl `m ]efhzc, c nls……… `äc `mn dms `m ………. `mn 2:3;, shmg`l c flrcs………… p.d, mg mn cunc `mn `m n ……….. krc`l „……..— `m M`uecehõg ZRHDCRHC ,sm rmughmrlg nls pc`rms

`m acdhnhc `mn cunc hg`hec`c, bcol nc elgvlectlrhc y csmslrcdhmgtl `m nc Zrla………………………., elg nc

ahgcnh`c` `m mnmkhr mn Elgsmol @hrmethvl `mn Eldhtè `m Cunc, y elgtcg`l mn quõrud rmkncdmgtcrhl, prlem`hõ c mnmkhr elg nc gumvc ougtc, rmecymg`l sm nc rmsplgscbhnh`c` mg nls shkuhmgtms pc`rms `m acdhnhc? ZRMUH@MGPM ? @GH G¿………………………….  UMERMPCRHL ? @GH G¿………………………….  PMULRMRL ? @GH G¿………………………….  QLECN ? @GH G¿………………………….  Nls ancdcgtms hgtmkrcgtms `mn Elgsmol @hrmethvl `m Cunc prmstcrlg mn ourcdmgtl `m msthnl, eldprldmthèg`lsm c trcbcocr dmolrc `mn cunc y mg bmgmahehl `m nls ghóls (cs). Uhmg`l ncs …… p.d., p.d., sm nmvcgtõ nc smshõg smshõg y ahrdcrlg c elgthgucehõg

nls cshstmgtms. G¿ :3 :2 :5 :0 := :1 :; :6 :8 3: 33 32 35 30 3= 31 3; 36 38 2: 23

AHRDCU @M NLU ZC@RMU @M ACDHNHC CZMNNH@LU X GLDBRMU

@.G.H

AHRDC

 

 

CEPC @M ELGUPHP]EHLG @MN ELDHPÈ @MN C]NC @M MUP]@HCGPMU Mg nc Hgsthtuehõg M`uecthvc Gº :015 „Kustcvl Rhvmrc Rhvmrc— `m scg Oucg `m Zlrlgkl, c nls……………….`mn dms `m Cbrhn `mn 2:3 ;, shmg`l c flrcs,………….. p.d, mg mn cunc --------- `m M`uecehõg ZRHDCRHC, sm rmughmrlg nls cnudgls `mn ………… krc`l, smeehõg ……. , bcol nc elgvlectlrhc y `hrmeehõg `mn Zrla…………………………………., elg nc ahgcnh`c`

`m mnmkhr mn Elgsmol @hrmethvl `mn Eldhtè `m Cunc, euyls hgtmkrcgtms aumrlg mnmkh`ls rmecymg`l nc rmsplgscbhnh`c` mg nls shkuhmgtms cnudgls? ZRMUH@MGPM

?

UMERMPCRHL PMULRMRL ?? QLECN ? Nls ancdcgtms hgtmkrcgtms `mn Elgsmol @hrmethvl `m Cunc prmstcrlg mn ourcdmgtl `m msthnl, eldprldmthèg`lsm c trcbcocr mg bmgmahehl `m su cunc? Elg nl qum tmrdhgl mn cetl, ahrdcg`l c elgthgucehõg nls cshstmgtms. AHRDCU @M NLU MUP]@HCGPMU G¿ CZMNNH@LU X GLDBRMU @.G.H AHRDC :3 :2 :5 :0 := :1 :; :6 :8 3: 33 32 35 30 3= 31 3; 36 38 2: 23

 

 

ERLGLKRCDC @M C]NC @HRMEPLR Zrla. KMRDCG QHKL QCN@HQHM_L

ELDHPÈ @M C]NC Zrmsh`mgtm?

ZRLAMULR (c)?

ZRLAMUHLGCNMU M HGUPHP]EHLGMU CAHGMU

MUP]@HCGPMU

MS]HZLU @M

MS]HZLU @M

PRCBCOL

CZRMG@H_COM

 

 

ZNCG CG]CN @M C]NC 2:2:  H.  @CPLU HGALRDCPHQLU?  ]gh`c` `m Kmsthõg M`uecthvc ? Plecefm. Hgsthtuehõg M`uecthvc ? :015 „Kustcvl Rhvmrc Rhvmrc—  Ghvmn, Ehenl, Krc`l, Umeehõg, Purgl ? Zrhdcrhc -Dcócgc Nukcr, `hstrhtl, prlvhgehc ? Ucg Oucg `m Zlrlgkl- ]efhzc ― Plecefm. Plecefm. Zrlamslr rmsplgscbnm ? Zrla?.…………………………………………...   HH.  O]UPHAHECEHÕG? Nc ceehõg `mn cunc thmgm qum smr eldpcrth`c y pcrc mnnl sm rmquhmrm hg`u`cbnmdmgtm nc pcrthehpcehõg `m nls cetlrms qum mg mnnc hgtmrvhmgmg, prlplghmg`l y momeutcg`l ceehlgms pcrc ermcr ug cdbhmgtm ckrc`cbnm qum fckc prlphehl brhg`cr ug m`uecehõg `m ecnh`c` `ms`m mn cunc, mg tcn smgth`l prmsmgtcdls c nc `hrmeehõg y eldugh`c` m`uecthvc `m mstc nlecnh`c` mn prmsmgtm pncg qum rmanmoc nc vhshõg y dhshõg `m gumstrl qumfcemr m`uecthvl y alrdcthvl mg mn prmsmgtm cól nmethvl. HHH.  LBOMPHQLU? ❑  Zrmpcrcr mn cdbhmgtm `m trcbcol pcrc mn `mscrrlnnl `m nc ncblr m`uecthvc. ❑  Zncghahecr ncs ncblrms pm`ckõkhecs, c`dhghstrcthvcs c`dhghstrcthvcs y sl slehcnms ehcnms c rmcnhzcr `urcgtm mn cól mselncr 2:31. HQ. CUZMEPL ZM@CKLKHEL? ❑  Cshsthr c eursls `m cetucnhzcehõg `lemgtm. ❑  Momeutcr mg alrdc `hcrhc ncs ]gh`c`ms @h`ãethecs prlkrcdc`cs (]].CC., ZC. DCM) ❑  Zrmpcrcr mn cdbhmgtm `m trcbcol pcrc mn `mscrrlnnl `m nc ncblr m`uecthvc. ❑  Rmvhscr `hcrhcdmgtm ncs cethvh`c`ms y/l tcrmcs `m nls mselncrms `mn cunc. ❑  Mvcnucr pmrdcgmgtmdmgtm pmrdcgmgtmdmgtm nls cprmg`hzcoms y eldplrtcdhmgtls eldplrtcdhmgtls `m nls m`uecg`ls. Q.  CUZMEPL C@DHGHUPRCPHQL? ❑  Rcthahecr nc dcträeunc y tmgmr `mbh`cdmgtm lr`mgc`l nls `leudmgtls `m mselncrh`c` `m nls mstu`hcgtms (gõdhgc (gõdhgc y ahefcs `m dcträeunc) ❑  Zrmpcrcr mn cdbhmgtm `m trcbcol pcrc mn `mscrrlnnl `m nc ncblr m`uecthvc. ❑  Mncblrcr y dcgtmgmr cetucnhzc`ls nls `leudmgtls `m kmsthõg pm`ckõkhec y c`dhghstrcthvc? Rmkhstrls `m cshstmgehc y mvcnucehõg. ❑  Zncghahecr nc mgtrmkc lplrtugc `m ncs Blnmtcs `m Gltcs `m nls mstu`hcgtms c nls Zc`rms `m Acdhnhc `mn cunc. ❑  Mncblrcr mn rmkncdmgtl hgtmrgl, rln `m rmsplgscbhnh`c`ms y euc`rl `m `hstrhbuehõg `mn thmdpl (flrcrhl) y `cr c elglemr c nc @hrmeehõg y ZZ.AA. ❑  Mncblrcr, momeutcr momeutcr y mvcnucr mn ZCP 2:31, elg nls ZZ.AA. y mstu`hcgtms c trcvès `m ncs cscdbnmcs `m nls Eldhtès `m Cunc. QH. CUZMEPL ULEHCN? ❑  Zrlphehcr cethvh`c`ms `m slehcnhzcehõg y elgarctmrgh`c` elgarctmrgh`c` elg HH.MM. elnhg`cgtms c trcvès `m vhshtcs `m mstu`hl, mxeurshlgms c nukcrms turästhels, Hgsthtuehlgms hdplrtcgtms `m nc prlvhgehc. ❑  Zcrthehpcr y rmcnhzcr ecdpcócs `m nhdphmzc c ghvmn hgsthtuehlgcn y/l eldugcn. ❑  Aldmgtcr ceehlgms `m `mamgsc ehvhn, smkurh`c` vhcn, mte. ❑  Zrlphehcr y pcrthehpcr cethvcdmgtm mg ncs amsthvh`c`ms eävhecs mselncrms prlkrcdc`cs c ghvmn hgsthtuehlgcn. ❑  Aldmgtcr nc prãethec `m `mplrtms y rmermcehõg c ghvmn mstu`hcgthn y pc`rms `m acdhnhc. ❑  Zrlphehcr ncs rmughlgms elg nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc? rmg`hehõg `m eumgtcs, `äcs `m nlkrls, mte. QHH. CUZMEPL CUZMEPL DCPMRHCN? ❑  C`meucr mn dlbhnhcrhl `mn cunc y phgtc`l `mn scnõg. ❑  Hdpnmdm Hdpnmdmgtcr gtcr nls smetlrms `m cprmg`hzcom. ❑  Zrlphehcr nc pcrthehpcehõg `m nls ZZ.AA, mstu`hcgtms mg nc mncblrcehõg `m dctmrhcnms m`uecthvls. m`uecthvls. ❑  Kmsthlgcr nc c`quhshehõg `m dm`hls cu`hlvhsucnms. cu`hlvhsucnms. Phes, mstcgtms y tmxtls pcrc nc bhb nhltmec `mn cunc. ❑  Hdpnmdmgtcr mn ãrmc `m crtm y m`uecehõg aäshec pcrc nc prãethec mxhtlsc mg mvmgtls crtästhels, eunturcnms y `mplrthvcs c ghvmn hgsthtuehlgcn, eldugcn, `hstrhtcn, prlvhgehcn y rmkhlgcn.

 

 

QHHH.  ERLGLKRCDC @M CEPHQH@C@MU? LR@

CEPHQH@C@MU

:3

Zrmpcrcehõg `mn cdbhmgtm `m trcbcol pcrc mn `mscrrlnnl `m nc ncblr m`uecthvc Rcthahecehõg y cetucnhzcehõg `m nls `leudmgtls `m mselncrh`c` `m nls m`uecg`ls. Cshsthr c eursls `m cetucnhzcehõg `lemgtm

C :2 :5 :0 := :1 :; :6 :8 3: 33 32 35 30 3=

D

O

DMUMU O C U

L

G

@

Zrmpcrcehõg y Momeuehõg `m ncs ]gh`c`ms @h`ãethecs.(]].CC @h`ãethecs.(]].CC., ., ZC. DCM) Mvcnucehõg `m nls cprmg`hzcoms y eldplrtcdhmgtl Lrkcghzcehõg `m Eldhtè `m Cunc Lrkcghzcehõg `m rmsplgscbhnh`c`ms Emnmbrcehõg `mn Ecnmg`crhl Eävhel Mselncr y eldugcn Rmughõg elg nls pc`rms `m acdhnhc Mgtrmkc `m ncs blnmtcs `m gltcs Rmcnhzcehõg `m ecdpcócs `m nhdphmzc Zcrthehpcehõg mg cethvh`c`ms `mplrthvcs, vhshtcs y pcsmls, mxeurshlgms. Rmughlgms tèeghel-pm`ckõkhecs c ghvmn KHCs-RM@. C`quhshehõg `m dm`hls m`uecthvls Encusurc `mn cól mselncr

HV.  RME]RULU?

F]DCGLU? Zmrslgcn @hrmethvl, `lemgtm, ZZ.AA. y mstu`hcgtms. PMEGHELU? @EG `m nc MBR 2::8-2:31, @ER 2:3:, ]].@@., Rmkhstrl `m Mvcnucehõg y Cshstmgehc, DD.MM c`meuc`ls, mte. ❑  MELGLDHELU ? @mn Eldhtè `m Cunc, @hrmeehõg, `lgcehlgms mte.

❑ 

❑ 

V.  MQCN]CEHLG? ❑ 

Elgtrln pmrhõ`hel `mn `mscrrlnnl `mn pncg y mvcnucehõg ahgcn `m nls lbomthvls nlkrc`ls, `haheuntc`ms y sukmrmgehcs qum smrãg rmg`h`cs cn Eldhtè `m Cunc y @hrmeehõg `mn pncgtmn mg alrdc trhdmstrcn. Ucg Oucg `m Zlrlgkl, dcrzl `mn 2: ….

Q¿ B¿ @hrmeehõg

Zrla. ……………………………… 

 

 

ERLGLKRCDC ERLGLKRCD C @M RM]GHLGMU ELG NLU ZC@RMU @M ACDHNHC  DMUMU  DCR_L 

CBRHN 

DCXL 

O]GHL 

O]NHL 

CKLUPL 

UMPHMDBRM 

LEP]BRM 

GLQHMDBRM 

@HEHMDBRM 

AMEFCU  CE]MR@LU PLDC@LU 

-  -  -  -  --   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  --   -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - 

G¿ @M CUHUPMG PMU 

LBUMRQCEHLGMU 

 

  Gltc?

 

•

 

•

FCEMR NNMKCR C NC ELLR@HGCEHLG ZM@CKLKHEC RMUZMEPHQC RMUZMEPHQC ELG NCU AMEFCU @MN ERLGLKRCDC. NNMQCR MUPM RMKHUPRL @M CE]MR@LU.

 

 

ZNCG CG]CN @M P]PLRÄC H. @CPLU HGALRDCPHQLU?  ]gh`c` `m Kmsthõg M`uecthvc? Plecefm.  Hgsthtuehõg M`uecthvc ? :015 „Kustcvl Rhvmrc Rhvmrc—  Ghvmn, Ehenl, Krc`l, Umeehõg, Purgl ?Zrhdcrhc-, ………..-Dcócgc  Nukcr, `hstrhtl, prlvhgehc? Ucg Oucg `m Zlrlgkl-]efhzc  ―  Plecefm.  Plecefm. Zrlamslr rmsplgscbnm ? Zrla. …………………………... 

c.  b.  e.  `.  m. 

HH.  O]UPHAHECEHÕG?

Nc tutlräc eldl smrvhehl `m celdpcócdhmgtl pmrdcgmgtm hdpnhec pltmgehcr ugc m`uecehõg dãs pmrslgcnhzc`c plshbnm y qum tmgkc mg eumgtc ncs gmemsh`c`ms `m nls `m nls cnudgls `mn ghvmn hg`hvh`ucn y krupcn. Nc tutlräc eldl augehõg lrhmgtc`lrc rmscntc nls cspmetls `m nc m`uecehõg qum acvlrmem nc c`quhshehõg `m cprmg`hzcoms augehlgcnms augehlgcnms elgmetc`ls elg mn mgtlrgl, `m dl`l qum nc m`uecehõg smc „M`uecehõg pcrc nc vh`c—.

HHH.  AHGMU?

HQ. 

Acvlrmemr nc m`uecehõg hgtmkrcn `mn cnudgl eldl pmrslgc. ❑  Zltmgehcr ugc m`uecehõg dãs pmrslgcnhzc`c plshbnm y qum tmgkc mg eumgtc ncs gmemsh`c`ms `m ec`c cnudgl. ❑  Dcgtmgmr nc ellpmrcehõg m`uecthvc elg nls `lemgtms, ncs acdhnhcs y ckmgtms m`uecthvls. Zcrc cnecgzcr mstls ahgms elgtcdls elg nc pcrthehpcehõg `m? Mn `lemgtm tutlr. Nc augehõg lrhmgtc`lrc `m ec`c ugl `m nls `lemgtms. Nc cetucehõg ellr`hgc`c elg nls `mdãs `lemgtms. `lemgtms. Nc ellpmrcehõg `m nls pc`rms. Nc ellpmrcehõg `m ltrls ckmgtms m`uecthvls.

Lbomthvls kmgmrcnms?  ✕  Elgtrhbuhr c nc hg`hvh`ucnhzcehõg `m nc m`uecehõg, acehnhtcg`l ugc rmspumstc m`uecthvc ✕  ✕ 

✕  ✕  ✕ 

✕ 

✕ 

Q. 

❑ 

coustc`c c ncs gmemsh`c`ms pcrtheuncrms `m nls cnudgls. Elgtrhbuhr cn ecrãetmr hgtmkrcn `m nc m`uecehõg acvlrmehmg`l mn `mscrrlnnl `m tl`ls nls cspmetls `m nc pmrslgc? elkghthvls, camethvls y slehcnms. Acvlrmemr nc c`quhshehõg `m cprmg`hzcoms augehlgcnms rmncehlgc`ls rmncehlgc`ls elg mn dm`hl y nc scnu`. Acvlrmemr mg mn m`uecg`l nc tldc `m `mehshlgms rmspmetl cn auturl cec`èdhel y prlamshlgcn. Zrmvmghr `haheuntc`ms `haheuntc`ms `m cprmg`hzcom, cgthehpãg`lsm c mnncs y mvhtcg`l mg nl plshbnm mn arcecsl, nc `msmrehõg y nc hgc`cptcehõg mselncr. Lbsmrvcr m h`mgthahecr nls prlbnmdcs mdlehlgcnms, slehcnms `m cprmg`hzcom, trcstlrgls `m scnu` dmgtcn l aäshec, busecg`l slnuehlgms c`meuc`cs l `mrhvcg`l mn ecsl pcrc ugc ctmgehõg mspmehcnhzc`c. Zltmgehcr l `mamg`mr nls `mrmefls `m nls ghóls y c`lnmsemgtms. Elgtrhbuhr c nc rmncehõg m hgtmrceehõg mgtrm nls hgtmkrcgtms h gtmkrcgtms `m nc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc? prlamslrc`l, cnudgc`l cnudgc`l y acdhnhc, csä eldl mgtrm nc eldugh`c` m`uecthvc y mn mgtlrgl slehcn.

Ceehõg Putlrhcn plr Ãrmcs?

Nc ceehõg tutlrhcn ms ug prlemsl pmrdcgmgtm, hgtmrpmrslgcn, elnmethvl y ellpmrcthvl qum hdpnhec ugc smrhm `m augehlgms y ceehlgms lrhmgtc`cs c nc ctmgehõg `m gmemsh`c`ms `m `mscrrlnnl pmrslgcn hgtmkrcn, `m `msmdpmól cec`èdhel, lrhmgtcehõg vlecehlgcn `mscrrlnnl slehcn y prldlehõg y `mamgsc `m nls `mrmefls `m nc ghómz, c`lnmsemgehc.

c.   Ãrmc Cec`èdhec y vlecehlgcn?

Lbsmrvc nc mvlnuehõg `m ec`c cnudgl mg ncs ãrmcs cec`èdhecs y cyu`c c supmrcr ncs `haheuntc`ms mg mn rmg`hdhmgtl mselncr. Ncs cethvh`c`ms qum sm `mscrrlnncg thmgmg ug ecrãetmr m`uecthvl y mstãg lrhmgtc`cs cn `mseubrhdhmgtl y cn `mscrrlnnl `m fcbhnh`c`ms, rmncehlgãg`lncs elg ncs auturcs mxhkmgehcs cec`èdhecs y prlamshlgcnms, pcrc qum mn cnudgl tldm sus prlphcs `mehshlgms vlecehlgcnms `m dcgmrc nhbrm y rmsplgscbnm. r msplgscbnm.

b.   Ãrmc `m Zrldlehõg `m Ucnu` Hgtmkrcn ? 

Mstãg lrhmgtc`cs c nc prldlehõg `m msthnls `m vh`c scnu`cbnms y `m cutl euh`c`l. Zrldumvm mn `mscrrlnnl `m fcbhnh`c`ms y `mstrmzcs, csä eldl cethtu`ms y vcnlrms, pcrc mgarmgtcr shtucehlgms `m rhmskl pcrc nc scnu`.

 

 

e.   Ãrmc Zmrslgcn Ulehcn?

Busec cyu`c cn cnudgl(c) nc elgstrueehõg y mn `mscrrlnnl `m su h`mgth`c` pmrslgcn, acvlrmehmg`l mn prlemsl `m hg`hvh`ucnhzcehõg y elgslnh`cehõg `m su cutlgldäc. Cshdhsdl, mstã `hrhkh`c c ctmg`mr ncs gmemsh`c`ms mamethvcs `m cemptcehõg y rmelglehdhmgtl `m sä dhsdl y `m nls `mdãs, dlthvãg`lnls c nc mncblrcehõg `m su prlymetl `m vh`c.  Ncs cethvh`c`ms mstãg `hrhkh`cs c prldlvmr mn vcnlr `m nc cyu`c dutuc, mn momrehehl `m nls `mrmefls y `mbmrms `mn ghól(c) y `mn c`lnmsemgtm y nc pcrthehpcehõg `mdlerãthec pcrc nc alrdcehõg `m ehu`c`cgls rmsplgscbnms.

QH. 

@mscrrlnnl `m ãrmcs, Lbomthvl kmgmrcn, mspmeäahel y cethvh`c`ms?

c.   Ãrmc Cec`èdhec y vlecehlgcn? LBO. LBO. KMGMRCN  MUZMEÄAHEL  ➢ 

Elgtrhbuhr c nc c`quhshehõg `m tèeghecs, fcbhnh`c`ms, `mstrmzcs y fãbhtls qum pmrdhtcg mn `mscrrlnnl cec`èdhel `mn m`uecg`l y mn dmolr cprlvmefcdhmgtl `m ncs

➢ 

Zrldlvmr mn cprmg`hzcom `m nc tèeghec `m cgãnhshs `m elgtmgh`l.

 

   

➢ 

lplrtugh`c`ms m`uecthvcs.

 

Zrldlvmr tèeghecs alrdcehõg

`m `m

fãbhtls trcbcol.

`m

 

 

CEPHQH@C@MU 

Zrldumvmg nc prãethec `m nc nmeturc y vcg h`mgthahecg `l h`mcs prhgehpcnms mg pmqumóls tmxtls. Zrldlvmr nls fãbhtls `m mstu`hl y `hgãdhec `m krupls pcrc dmolrcr mn cprmg`hzcom. Um acdhnhcrhzcg elg nc h`mgthahecehõg `m pmrslgcoms, nukcrms, amefcs, ecusc, mametl mg nls tmxtls qum nmm. Rmcnhzcg momrehehls `m eldprmgshõg nmetlrc Lrkcghzc`l su thmdpl mg ecsc, `m`hecg nl qum elrrmsplg`m pcrc su mstu`hl. Fcem ugc `mserhpehõg `m nl shkghahec `hvmrthrsm y

eudpnhr elg su lbnhkcehõg, nc `mehshõg dãs cprlphc`c y mdphmzctldcg`l plr nl prhdmrl qum `mbm fcemr.   Elglemr y vcnlrcr cethvh`c`ms ncblrcrnms `m su Eld.   Acetlrms qum hgtmrvhmgmg mg nc mnmeehõg vlecehlgcn (cspmetl pshelnõkhel-cec`èdhel). pshelnõkhel-cec`èdhel).   Qcnlrcr mn trcbcol eldl dm`hl `m rmcnhzcehõg pmrslgcn, acdhnhcr y slehcn.

b.   Ãrmc `m Zrldlehõg `m Ucnu` Hgtmkrcn? LBO. LBO. KMGMRCN  CEPHQH@C@MU  MUZMEÄAHEL  ➢ Zrldlvmr

y `mscrrlnncr smrvhehls `msthgc`ls c elgsmrvcr y dmolr nc scnu` y cspmetls `m bhmgmstcr `mn m`uecg`l elg rmeursls `m nc eldugh`c` y nls prlvmghmgtms `m ltrls smetlrms.

➢ 

Fcbhtucr cn m`uecg`l c nc prãethec `m nc fhkhmgm pmrslgcn mg nc prmsmrvcehõg `mn dm`hl cdbhmgtm.

 

 

   

Elglemr y rmcnhzcr prãethecs slbrm prhdmrls cuxhnhls. @hcnlkcr slbrm nc cnhdmgtcehõg c`meuc`c pcrc mn dcgtmghdhmgtl dcgtmghdh mgtl `m nc scnu`.

Glehõg `m scnu`, mgamrdm`c`ms y prmvmgehõg. Zcrthehpcg `m ceehlgms `m nhdphmzc, ecdpcócs lrkcghzc`cs mg nc HM. eldugh`c`, mstcbnmemg qum vhvhr nhdphls y lr`mgc`ls ms duy bmgmahehlsl.   Elgenuymg qum nc suehm`c` ms plrtc`lrc `m dÿnthpnms mgamrdm`c`ms y nc acntc `m fhkhmgm elgnnmvc c mstcr dcn `m scnu`.   Zcrthehpcg `m eldpcrscs mncblrcg`l ecrtmnms, cahefms y pmkcg mg nukcrms vhshbnms hg`hecehlgms slbrm ncs glrdcs `m nhdphmzc mg mn cunc, mseumnc.

 

 

e.   Ãrmc Zmrslgcn Ulehcn? LBO. KMGMRCN  LBO. MUZMEÄAHEL  ➢ 

Zrldlvmr mn eunthvl `m vcnlrms èthel slehcn qum aldmgtcg su alrdcehõg pmrslgcn y slehcn.

➢ 

Zrcethecr eldplrtcdhmgtl s y cethtu`ms plshthvcs qum eldprldmtcg nc vmrceh`c` y nc flgrc`mz.

➢ 

➢ 

Alrtcnmemr nc cethvh`c` eävhec eldugcn lrhmgtc`c c nlkrcr nc elgehmgehc m h`mgth`c` gcehlgcn y cqumnnc gcehlgcn pcrc mn momrehehl `m nc vh`c `mdlerãthec.

➢ 

@cr cn m`uecg`l hgalrdcehõg c`meuc`c y suahehmgtm qum nm pmrdhtc ug elgl ehdhmgtl `m su lrhkmg y `mscrrlnnl pshelbhlnõkhel `cg`l rms pumstcs c ncs prmkugtcs m hgquhmtu`ms prlphcs `m su m`c`.

Msthduncr nc ecpceh`c` `m rmspmtcr ncs glrdcs y eudpnhr rmsplgscbnmdmgt m elg mn lr`mg mstcbnmeh`l. ➢  Zrldlvmr mg nls m`uecg`ls mn eunthvl `m cethtu`ms eävhel, eldugcn, pctrhõthel y `mdlerãthel.

➢ 

H`mgthahecr ncs prhgehpcnms ecrcetmrästhecs `m nc c`lnmsemgehc, rmelglehmg`l sus rcskls `m `mscrrlnnl.

CEPHQH@C@MU   

@cg nmeturc cn rmkncdmgtl hgtmrgl `mn cunc y cgcnhzcg cspmetls hdplrtcgtms c sus `mbmrms y `mrmefls eldl hgtmkrcgtms `m nc H.M.   C trcvès `mn `hãnlkl sm hg`hec `m nc hdplrtcgehc h dplrtcgehc qum thmgm mxprmscr nc vmr`c` y ncs elgsmeumgehcs `m prlpcncr dmgthrcs, elg momdpnls qum pmrdhtcg nc rmanmxhõg `mn cnudgl y lptmg plr mn ecdhgl ecdhgl y prãethec prãethec `m nc nc vmr`c`. vmr`c`. (Alrdcehõg `m fãbhtls èthels) 

y alrtcnmemr nc cutlmsthdc y csmrthvh`c`   Msthduncr `m nls m`uecg`ls.   Cshsthr mg alrdc pugtucn, mvhtcg`l tcr`cgzcs mg  

alrdc kmgmrcn. Zrcethecr mn lr`mg mg ec`c trcbcol y alrdcehõg c rmcnhzcrsm.

 

Zcrthehpcg mg ncs emnmbrcehlgms `mn ecnmg`crhl eävhel eldugcn.   Dcghahmstcg sus cethtu`ms eräthecs `m dcgmrc plshthvc slbrm nls `mbmrms y `mrmefls qum csudmg eldl mstu`hcgtms.   Rmncehlgms hgtmrpmrslgcnms? krupls `m pmrtmgmgehc pmrtmgmg ehc (acdhnhcrms y/l slehcnms).

   

Lbsmrvcg nc rmprl`ueehõg fudcgc. H`mgthahecgmn vh`ml sus `mmtcpcs `m `mscrrlnnl, ecrcetmrästhecs y dcghamstcehlgms dcghamstcehlgms prhgehpcnms.   C`lptcg cethtu`ms `m rmspmtl plr nc duomr, eucg`l trctcg `hvmrsls tmdcs.

 

  QHH. 

Erlglkrcdc `m Ceehlgms? CEEHLGMU C RMCNH_CRUM  c. 

ERLGLKRCDC  D  C  D  O  O  C  U  L  G  @ 

Elg nls Zc`rms `m Acdhnhc? ➢ 

Zrldlvmr mn augehlgcdhmgtl `m ugc mseumnc `m pc`rms. (rlnms, pctmrgh`c` rmsplgscbnm, elgsudl `m `rlkcs…)    ➢ Rmughlgms pmrdcgmgtms elg nls pc`rms pcrc lrhmgtcr su pcrthehpcehõg mg nc m`uecehõg `m sus fhols  

b.  Elg nls Mstu`hcgtms? ➢  Ãrmc Cec`èdhec y vlecehlgcn?  

         

➢ 

Ãrmc `m Ucnu` Hgtmkrcn?   

 

 

     

➢ 

   

 

 

HV. 

Elglemr y rmcnhzcr prãethecs slbrm prhdmrls cuxhnhls. @hcnlkcr slbrm nc cnhdmgtcehõg c`meuc`c pcrc mn dcgtmghdhmgtl dcgtmghdhm gtl `m nc scnu`. Glehõg `m nc scnu`, mgamrdm`c`ms y prmvmgehõg. Momeutcr ecdpcócs slbrm scnu` buecn, mnhdhgcehõg `m pcrãshtls, mte. Momeuehõg `m ecdpcócs `m nhdphmzc cdbhmgtcn? Mrrc`hecehõg `m bcsurcnms, dcnmzcs y rmalrmstcehõg. Zcrthehpcg `m eldpcrscs mncblrcg`l ecrtmnms, cahefms y pmkcg mg nukcrms vhshbnms hg`hecehlgms slbrm ncs glrdcs `m nhdphmzc mg mn cunc, mseumnc.

Ãrmc Zmrslgcn Ulehcn?

 

QHHH. 

@msmdpmól y rmg`hdhmgtl cec`èdhel. Fãbhtls y dètl`ls `m mstu`hls pcrc dmolrcr cprmg`hzcoms. Zrldlvmr nc `hgãdhec `m krupls eldl alrdc `m trcbcol `mn cprmg`hzcom. Elglemr y vcnlrcr ncs cethvh`c`ms ncblrcrnms `m su eldugh`c`. Acetlrms qum hgtmrvhmgmg mg nc mnmeehõg vlecehlgcn (cspmetls pshelnõkhels y cec`èdhels). Qcnlrcr mn trcbcol eldl dm`hl `m rmcnhzcehõg pmrslgcn, acdhnhcr y slehcn.

Msthduncr y alrtcnmemr nc cutlmsthdc y csmrthvh`c` `m nls m`uecg`ls. Zrldlvmr nc elgehmgehc melnõkhec `m nls mstu`hcgtms. Alrdcehõg `m fãbhtls plshthvls mg mn m`uecg`l? nhdphmzc y csml, rmsplgscbhnh`c`, `mnhec`mz, pugtucnh`c`, `hsehpnhgc, rmspmtl, lr`mg, mte. @mscrrlnnl mvlnuthvl? mtcpcs `mn `mscrrlnnl, ecrcetmrästhecs y dcghamstcehlgms aäshecs y pshelnõkhecs. Rmncehlgms hgtmrpmrslgcnms? krupls `m pmrtmgmgehc (acdhnhcrms y/l slehcnms). 

Dmtl`lnlkäc? ➢ 

Pcnnmrms, `hgãdhec `m krupls, mxplshehlgms, `hãnlkls, mgtrmvhstcs, `mbctms, vh`mls, vhshtc c nukcrms.

Rmeursls?  c.  Fudcgls? Putlr, @hrmetlr, mstu`hcgtms, pc`rms `m acdhnhc, prlamshlgcnms `m scnu`,

psheõnlkls.

b.  Dctmrhcnms ? Zhzcrrc, thzcs, dltc, ecrtunhgcs, pcpmn blg`, buniy, pnudlgms, pcpmnltms, ehgtc `m Dcsihgktcpm, smpcrctcs, mte.   e.  Ahgcgehmrls? Rmeursls `m Hgsthtuehõg, CZCAC, Eldhtè `m Cunc, `lgcehlgms, mte.  

 

 

V. 

Mvcnucehõg? Umrã mg alrdc pmrdcgmgtm, hgalrdcg`l mg alrdc trhdmstrcn `hehmdbrm nls nlkrls, `haheuntc`ms y sukmrmgehcs. Ucg Oucg `m Zlrlgkl, dcrzl `mn 2:…  Qº Bº @hrmetlr

Zrla. `m Cunc.

 

 

RMNCEHÕG @M LGLDÃUPHELU G¿ 

CZMNNH@LU X GLDBRMU 

@ÄC 

:3

CNECGPCRC ECRDLGC, Dcräc Qhlnmtc   36 

:2

C_CÓMRL F]CDCG, @hndmr Xlmn  BMEMRRC EFLRLEL, Crlsdcg Dcrhgghl 

:8 

:0 :=

BRHLGMU ECBCGHNNCU, Krmhsy Pcnfäc 

38 

ECBRMRC F]CPCX, Cgkfmny @cycgc 

28 

:1

ECBRMRC DM@HGC, Xlsmnyg Ucrcä  

38 

:;

EFÃQM_ CPCNCXC, Ufmync Gheln 

5: 

:6

EFHNÕG UCNC_CR, Icrhgc Imny 

25 

:8

@ÄC_ KCNNCR@L, Xcgmtf Dcrhsln  

:0 

3:

ANLRMU @ÄC_, Csfnmy Crmnhs 

3= 

33

KLGKLKC OCRC, Ihcrc Nuehcgc 

38 

32

F]CDCG ULNCGL, @mysh. 

:6 

35

HGACGPM @ÃQHNC, Dcyrc Xcsu 

38 

30 3=

:0  :6 

31

DHGEFÃG ECOC, Rutf Mnhzcbmtf   DHGEFCG DCGPHNNC, Umkug`l Rl`rhkl  RCDHRM_ ER]_C@L, _crchn Dm`cnht  

3;

UCNC_CR BRHLGMU, @cyrl Cg`h  

28 

36

UCGEFM_ DCNEC, Brcycg M`hnbmrtl 

:8 

38

QCNMRC FMGRHS]M_, Fmrnhg`c M`htf 

2; 

2:

XGLÓÃG BCRRCGPMU, Nhssmtf @ãdcrhs  := 

23

_CDLRC CRHCU, @mgghs Ucgtfhckl 

:5

32 

2; 

36 

DMUMU  M  A  D  C  D  O  O  C  U  L  G  @ 

 

 

RMKHUPRL CGME@ÕPHEL  CN]DGL/C? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\  \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   Amefc? \\/\\/\\   Nukcr `m Lbsmrvcehõg? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   Fmefl Lbsmrvc`l (hgeh`mgtm)  \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\    \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\    \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\    \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Dc`rm l Zc`rm `m Acdhnhc

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Zrlamslr(c)

CN]DGL/C? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   Amefc? \\/\\/\\   Nukcr `m Lbsmrvcehõg? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   Fmefl Lbsmrvc`l (hgeh`mgtm)  \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\    \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\    \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\   \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\    \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Dc`rm l Zc`rm `m Acdhnhc

DM@H@CU PLDC@CU ZLR NC (MN) @LEMGPM? 

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Zrlamslr(c)

DM@H@CU PLDC@CU ZLR NC (MN) @LEMGPM? 

 

 

E]C@RL @M PCNMGPLU G¿  Lr`. 

23

CZMNNH@LU X GLDBRMU 

S]M NM CKRC@C FCEMR 

S]M NM @MUCKRC@C  

FCBHNH@C@ S]M @LDHGC 

LBUMRQCEHLGMU  

 

 

HGQMGPCRHL @MN C]NC ECGPH@C@

MGUMRMU

ELG@HEHLGMU B R D

LBUMRQCEHLGMU

 

 

RMKHUPRL @M CPMGEHLG X/L QHUHPCU @M ZC@RMU @M ACDHNHC CZMNNH@LU X GLDBRMU 

AMEFC 

DLPHQL 

AHRDC 

 

 

Cgmxcr c nc ecrpmtc?   ZEC `mn ãrmc y cunc c ecrkl.

•

  ]].CC.

•

  UCU.

•

  Rmkhstrl Cuxhnhcr `m Cshstmgehc.   Rmkhstrl Cuxhnhcr `m Mvcnucehõg.

•

•

  Zrumbc `m Mgtrc`c.

•

  Hgstrudmgtls `m Mvcnucehõg.

•

  Ahefc `m usl `m ncs PHE.

•

  Zncgms `m trcbcol `m nc eldhshõg y/l Eldhtè qum hgtmkrc.

•