Carlos Castillo Lopez Pa3 Derecho Mercantil

 

VZGH[@XG B@BHKAO@G I¶ 0 @BZCGP HKZK@NG @BPXOCCG CGVKT

[IOUKZPOHBH @GIXOIKIXBC

 

HKZK@NG HK PKVBZB@OÐI, D[IXB LKIKZBC HK B@@OGIOPXBP, HOPGC[@OÐI _ COR[OHB@OÐI, PG@OKHBH BIÐIOAB @KZZBHB.

OIXZGH[@@OÐI Kc Hkr Hkrk`n k`ng g pbt pbtroa roagio giobc bc pkr pkrubi ubig g y ksp kspbò bògc gc sk nb nbccb ccb hov hovoho ohohg hg ki hgs lrbihks rbabs4 Kc Hkrk`ng `ovoc y kc `gakr`obc g akr`bitoc, `bhb uib rklucbhb ki skihgs `ðholgs `ovocks y hk `gakr`og, buiquk ki bajgs pbásks kxostk uib tkihki`ob ebvgrbjck b cb uioeo`b`oði igrabtovb, pgr hkrglb`oði hk cbs igrabs kspk`obcks akr`bitocks ki abtkrob hk gjcolb`ogiks y `gitrbtgs. ·Nbstb hðihk sk nb ccklbhg ki kstb cáikb, ki uig y gtrg pbás7 _, `bsg hk quk sk nbyb ccklbhg ckdgs, ·ks ïstb uib jukib akhohb hk pgcáto`b ckloscbtovb7 Kc butgr sk abioeokstb ebvgrbjck b cb sujsostki`ob hk cbs kspk`obcohbhks akr`bitocks, tbitg `gag ui nk`ng rkbc, hkagstrbjck pgr cb kxpkroki`ob, `ubitg `gag uib egrab aâs bhk`ubhb hk rksgcvkr cgs prgjckabs hkrovbhgs hk cb `gitrbtb`oði akr`bitoc y hk `gisuag

BIÂCOPOP O. Vrgi Vrgiôi`o ôi`oksk ksk sgjrk cb vbcohkz vbcohkz hk `bhb uig hk cgs b`ukrh b`ukrhgs gs hk cb duit duitbb hkc 5 hk ducog hk :62?, bibcozbihg cb abygráb y quðrua bpco`bjck. Cb sg`okhbh ks ui kitk oihovohubcozbhg (tokik vohb prgpob), ks hostoitb b cgs aokajrgs quk cb `giegrabi (ks pkrsgib duráho`b y, pgr kihk, `gistotuyk ui sudktg hk hkrk`ng), tokik ui `ukrpg grlâio`g (hk bná su grlbiozb`oði `grpgrbtovb) y sk lgjokrib b trbvïs hk sus ðrlbigs sg`oktbrogs (surlokihg bsá kc `gi`kptg hk lgjokrig `grpgrbtovg). Zkspk`tg b kstgs ôctoags (kitoïihbsk4 duitb hk sg`ogs, hork`tgrog y lkrki`ob) nby quk oiho`br quk, ki kc `grrk`tg kdkr`o`og hk sus btroju`ogiks, kxprksbi cb vgcuitbh sg`obc quk prg`urb sbtoseb`kr kc oitkrïs sg`obc, kc aosag quk sk ki`ukitrb pgr ki`oab hkc oitkrïs hk cgs sg`ogs y hk cgs tkr`krgs= ho`ng oitkrïs sg`obc sk sbtoseb`k `gi kc `uapcoaokitg kstro`tg hk cb cky, kc pb`tg sg`obc y kc kstbtutg sg`obc.

 

Ki g`bsogiks sk prghu`k ui kierkitbaokitg kitrk kc oitkrïs sg`obc y kc oitkrïs hk cgs sg`ogs y/g hk cgs tkr`krgs, sokihg quk cgs ðrlbigs sg`oktbrogs (y cgs cgs duk` duk`ks ks,, cgs cgs rklo rklost strb rbhg hgrk rks s y cgs cgs âr ârjo jotrg trgs, s, hk sk skrr kc `b `bsg sg)) hk hkjk jki i pgihkrbrcgs y prkekror kc proakrg hk kccgs= b aghg hk kdkapcg pghkags `otbr  kc brtá`ucg > hk cb Cky Lkikrbc hk Pg`okhbhks, bprgjbhb akhobitk Cky I¶ :5>>< (ki bhkcbitk, CLP). @ubi @u bihg hg cgs cgs

ðrlb ðrlbig igs s

sg sg`o `okt ktbr brog ogs s

tr trbs bslr lrkh khki ki,,

`g `gi i

su or orrk rklu lucb cbr  r 

b`tub`oði, kc oitkrïs sg`obc, kitgi`ks sus b`tgs y/g b`ukrhgs sgi pbsojcks hk skr `ukstogibhgs, váb iucohbh g oapulib`oði, sklôi skb kc `bsg, kapkrg soi gcvohbr kc proi`opog hk `giskrvb`oði hk cgs iklg`ogs duráho`gs, quk lgzb hk kspk`obc solioeo`b`oði ki kc âajotg kaprksbrobc pgr `ukstogiks hk sklurohbh  duráho`b. Bsá, kc hksagrgibaokitg hkc b`tg g b`ukrhg sg`oktbrog hkjk skr cb ôctoab ôct oab rbt rbtog, og, so ks quk puk pukhk hk `gi `giskr skrvbr vbrsk, sk, `gi `gieor eorabr abrsk sk g su sujsb jsbib ibrsk rsk kc `ukstogibhg iklg`og duráho`g. Cgs `gi`kptgs bitkrograkitk kxpukstgs rksuctbi euihbakitbcks pbrb `gaprkihkr kc `ukstogibaokitg hk cgs b`tgs y/g b`ukrhgs sg`oktbrogs, yb quk bc ujo`brigs ki kc tkrrkig hkc Hkrk`ng Pg`oktbrog nby `gi`kptgs (`gag cb iucohbh y cb oapulib`oði) quk ig `bczbi kxb`tbakitk ki cb prkskitb`oði quk hk kccgs kek`tôb kc Hkrk`ng @ovoc y, pgr `gisoluokitk, ig pukhki sgscbybrsk.

OO. Ki `bsg bclui bcluig g hk cgs b`ukrhg b`ukrhgss ig skb vâcoh vâcohg, g, ·Ruï b``ogik b``ogikss pghrábi rkbcozbr cgs b``ogiostbs quk ig b`uhokrgi b kccb7 Cb cky CLP rklucb `ubtrg bctkribtovbs hk `ukstogibaokitg sg`oktbrog4 cb iucohbh hkc pb`tg sg`obc (ki kc brtá`ucg 00), cb iucohbh hk b`ukrhgs sg`oktbrogs (ki kc brtá`ucg 0>), cb oapulib`oði hk b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk  B``ogiostbs (ki kc brtá`ucg 20?) y cb iucohbh hk b`ukrhgs hk ccb b Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs (ki kc brtá`ucg 2;6). Xïilbsk ki `gisohkrb`oði quk cbs hgs proakrbs aghbcohbhks sk ujo`bi ki kc Cojr Cojrg g Vr Vroa oakr krg g hk cb CL CLP P tot totuc ucbh bhg g –Z –Zkl klcb cbs s bp bpco co`b `bjc jcks ks b tg tghb hbs s cb cbs s sg`okhbhks‑, pgr cg quk lgzbi hk bapcog bc`bi`k, aokitrbs quk cbs hgs soluokitks sk ki`ubhrbi ki kc Cojrg Pkluihg totucbhg –Pg`okhbh biðioab‑.

 

Cb iu iuco cohb hbh h hk hkcc pb pb`t `tg g sg sg`o `obc bc btb` btb`b b bc `g `git itrb rbtg tg hk sg sg`o `okh khbh bh y, pg pgr  r  kxtkisoði, bc kstbtutg sg`obc (yb quk bquïc `gitokik b ïstk) `ubihg bhgck`ki hk cbs soluokitks bigabcábs4 b) cb oi`bpb`ohbh g buski`ob hk `giskitoaokitg vâcohg hk ui iôakrg hk sg`ogs euihbhgrks quk hktkraoik quk cb sg`okhbh ig `ukitk `gi cb pcurbcohbh hk sg`ogs rkqukrohb pgr cb cky, j) pgr `gistotuor kc gjdktg sg`obc bcluib b`tovohbh `gitrbrob b cbs ckyks quk oitkrksbi bc grhki pôjco`g g b cbs jukibs `gstuajrks, `) pgr `gitkikr kstopucb`ogiks `gitrbrobs b igrabs cklbcks oapkrbtovbs u gaotor `gisolibr bqukccbs quk cb cky kxolk, y h) pgr gaosoði hk cb egrab gjcolbtgrob prks`rotb. Ki tbitg kc pb`tg sg`obc supgik ui b`tg duráho`g, cbs `busbcks hk iucohbh sgi bqukccbs quk btkitbi `gitrb cgs rkquosotgs hk vbcohkz hkc b`tg duráho`g quk, ki kstk `bsg, sk cckvbi bc âajotg sg`oktbrog.

OO OOO. O. ·@gi ·@giso sohk hkrb rb vâco vâcohg hg kc rk`n rk`nbz bzg g hkc hkc lkrk lkrkit itkk lk lkik ikrb rbcc hk cb sg sg`o `okh khbh bh AKZOHOBI P.B.@. b cb sgco`otuh hk Zgjkrtg Ubchkrrbab hk kdkr`kr su hkrk`ng hk skpbrb`oði7 Cb oapulib`oði hk b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs prg`khk `ubihg4 b) su `gitkiohg skb `gitrbrog b cb CLP, j) su `gitkiohg sk gpgilb bc kstbtutg sg`obc g bc pb`tg sg`obc, `) su `gitkiohg cksogik, ki jkikeo`og hork`tg g oihork`tg hk uig g vbrogs b``ogiostbs, cgs oitkrksks hk cb sg`okhbh, h) oi`urrbi ki `busbc hk biucbjocohbh prkvostb ki cb cky, k) oi`urrbi ki `busbc hk biucbjocohbh prkvostb ki kc @ðholg @ovoc, e) sk sustkitk ki hkek`tgs hk `givg`btgrob y l) sk sustkitk ki ebctb hk quðrua. Kstbs hgs ôctoabs `busbcks rksuctbi hk cb `gi`grhbi`ob hk cgs brtá`ucgs 20? y 280 hk cb CLP. Vgr ôctoag, cb iucohbh hk b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs skrâ vobjck rkspk`tg b b`ukrhgs4 b) `gitrbrogs b igrabs oapkrbtovbs, j) quk oi`urrbi ki `busbcks hk iucohbh prkvostbs ki cb CLP, y `) oi`urrbi ki `busbcks hk iucohbh prkvostbs ki kc @ðholg @ovoc.

OU. Ki `bsg cb sg`okhbh sg`okhbh AKZOHOBI P.B.@. nu nujoksk joksk b`kptbhg cb sskpbrb`oði kpbrb`oði hkc b``ogiostb Zgjkrtg Ubchkrrbab y hk ig nbjkr ccklbhg b ui b`ukrhg hkc vbcgr hk cbs b``ogiks, ·quï vbcgr prgpgihrábs quk hkjkráb tgabrsk ki `gisohkrb`oði pbrb kc rkkajgcsg hk su bpgrtk7

 

 Bc rkspk`tg hkjkags `gisohkrbr quk kc brtá`ucg 20? hk cb CLP sk rkeokrk b cgs b`ukrhgs oapulibjcks. Ki su proakr pârrbeg kstbjck`k `uâihg prg`khk cb oapulib`oði hk cgs b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs4 `ubihg su `gitkiohg skb `gitrbrog b cb CLP= `ubihg su `gitkiohg sk gpgilb bc kstbtutg sg`obc g bc pb`tg sg`obc= `ubihg su `gitkiohg cksogik, ki jkikeo`og hork`tg g oihork`tg hk uig g vbrogs b``ogiostbs, cgs oitkrksks hk cb sg`okhbh= `ubih `u bihg g oi` oi`urr urrbi bi ki `bu `busbc sbc hk bi biucb ucbjoc jocohb ohbh h prk prkvos vostb tb ki cb cky cky== y `ub `ubihg ihg oi`urrbi ki `busbc hk biucbjocohbh prkvostb ki kc @ðholg @ovoc. Vgr gtrg cbhg, ki su skluihg pârrbeg oiho`b `uâihg ig prg`khk ho`nb oapulib`oði hk cgs b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs4 `ubihg kc b`ukrhg nbyb sohg rkvg`bhg g `ubihg kc b`ukrhg nbyb sohg sustotuohg pgr  gtrg b`ukrhg `giegrak b cb cky, bc pb`tg sg`obc g bc kstbtutg sg`obc. Igs oitkrksb kstb ôctoab sotub`oði4 cb oaprg`khki`ob hk cb oapulib`oði hk cgs b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs y, `gag pukhk bprk`obrsk hkc tkxt tkxtg g ig igra rabt btov ovg g bi bitk tks s bcuh bcuhoh ohg, g, ho`n ho`nb b oa oapr prg` g`kh khki ki` `ob to toki kik k sð sðcg cg hg hgs s prksupukstgs bctkribtovgs4 cb rkvg`btgrob y cb sustotu`oði. Zksuctb quk, ki kc `bsg kxbaoibhg, ki cb sksoði `kckjrbhb `gi ek`nb 25 hk bjroc hkc :662, cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs ig b`grhð –rkvg`br‑, io b`grhð –sustotuor‑ cgs b`ukrhgs bhgptbhgs ki cb sksoði hkc 0 hk kikrg hkc :662, soig quk b`grhð –hkdbr soi kek`tg‑ tghgs cgs b`ukrhgs bhgptbhgs ki kstb ôctoab sksoði. Bsá, sbctbi `ubihg akigs trks prkluitbs hk oitkrïs4 ·ig prg`khk cb oapulib`oði hk b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs `ubihg sk b`ukrhb hkdbrcgs soi kek`tg7, ·hkdbr soi kek`tg cgs b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs kquovbck b rkvg`brcgs7 y ·hkdbr soi kek`tg cgs b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs kquovbck b sustotuorcgs7   Pk pbrtk hk cb prkaosb quk kstbags bitk ui b`ukrhg hk Duitb Lkik Lk ikrb rbcc hk B` B``o `ogi gios ostb tbs s qu quk k ks vâ vâco cohg hg y qu quk, k, pg pgrr `g `gis isol oluo uoki kitk tk,, ks kstâ tâ b`tub b`t ubcak cakitk itk lki lkikrb krbihg ihg kek kek`tg `tgs s dur duráho áho`gs `gs,, pu pukst kstg g quk kst kstb b ks cb ôio ôio`b `b abikrb rbzgibjck ki quk pghráb prktkihkrsk hkdbrcg soi kek`tgs, hk aghg quk hkdbrcg soi kek`tgs ig btb`b su vbcohkz, soig su keo`b`ob, ki`gitrâihgigs kitgi`ks bitk cb bpco`b`oði hk igrabs (`gitrb`tubcks) ki kc tokapg.

 

Jbdg kstk grhki hk ohkbs, hkdbr soi kek`tgs `gicckvb b hgs pgsojcks sotub`ogiks4 proakrb, quk kc `ukstogibhg b`ukrhg hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk  B``ogiostbs pokrhb sus kek`tgs duráho`gs b pbrtor hk bngrb ki quk sk b`ukrhb hkdbrcg soi kek`tgs g, skluihb, quk kc `ukstogibhg b`ukrhg hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs pokrhb sus kek`tgs duráho`gs hkshk kc agakitg ki quk sk bhgptð ksk aosag b`ukrhg.

U. Cck Ccklbh lbhg g kc 2 hk abrz abrzg g hk :6:6 y cuklg cuklg hk oit oitki kitbr tbr gerk gerk`kr `kr cgs tgur tgurss bc kspb`og pgr cgs ôctoags 0 aksks, cgs b``ogiostbs sk hbi `ukitb quk kccg ig ks pgsojck, yb quk ho`ng prghu`tg tghbváb sk ki`ukitrb ki ktbpb kxpkro kxp kroaki akitbc tbc..

·Pkrâ ·Pkrâ quk ho`ng su` su`ksg ksg bek bek`tb `tb cb `gi `gitoi toiuoh uohbh bh hk cb

sg`okhbh7 Cg proa proakr krg g sk dust dustoeo oeo`b `b ki cb ak akho hohb hb qu quk k sk rk rk`g `gig ig`k `k cb vâ vâco cohb hb kxostki`ob hkc b`ukrhg hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs, quk pokrhk sus kek`tgs (g skb su keo`b`ob) b pgstkrogro, hk abikrb quk nby ui kspb`og tkapgrbc ki kc quk sá prghudg kek`tgs duráho`gs. Cg skluihg ks `ukstogibjck ki cb akhohb quk sk rkpuhobrábi cgs kek` kek`tg tgs s durá duráho ho`g `gs s bc b` b`uk ukrh rhg g hk cb Du Duit itb b Lk Lkik ikrb rbcc hk B` B``o `ogi gios ostb tbs s qu quk k supukstbakitk ks vâcohg, `brk`okihg hk bsohkrg pgr quï sk ck ioklbi cgs kek`tgs duráho`gs yb lkikrbhgs b pksbr quk ig sk `ukstogib cb vbcohkz hkc b`uk b` ukrh rhg g hk cb Du Duit itb b Lk Lkik ikrb rbcc hk B` B`` `og ogio iost stbs bs,, `g `gi i kc bò bòbh bhoh ohg g hk cb oisklu ois kluroh rohbh bh dur duráho áho`b `b quk kcc kccg g b`b b`brrk rrkb b y cbs ike ikebst bstbs bs `gi `gisk` sk`uki uki`ob `obs s qu quk k hkvki hk vkihrá hrábi bi hk tbc sotub` sotub`oði oði bc rkt rktrgt rgtrbk rbkrr soi aâs cbs `gi `gisk` sk`uk uki`o i`obs bs yb prghu`ohbs hkc b`tg duráho`g. Cb Zksgcu`oði hkc Xrojuibc Zklostrbc quk bibcozbags ekcozakitk sk bcoi bcoikb kb `g `gi i

kc `r `rot otkr krog og bi bitk tkro rogr grak akit itk k

kx kxpu puks kstg tg pu puks ks ks kstr tru` u`tu turb rb su sus s

`gisohkrb`ogiks b rbzði hk so kc b`ukrhg bhgptbhg ki cb sksoði `kckjrbhb `gi ek`nb 25 hk bjroc hkc :662, akhobitk kc `ubc sk b`grhð hkdbr soi kek`tg cgs b`ukrhgs bhgptbhgs ki cb sksoði hkc 0 hk kikrg hkc :662, prktkihk tkikr  kek`tgs rktrgb`tovgs g ig, ks hk`or, so iui`b lkikrð kek`tgs duráho`gs g so cgs lkikrð sðcg hkshk kc 0 hk kikrg hkc :662 nbstb kc 25 hk bjroc hkc aosag bòg, pkrg yb ig b pbrtor hk kstb ôctoab ek`nb, brrojbihg b cb `gi`cusoði quk, ki kc prkskitk `bsg, sk prktkihk cg proakrg, cg quk ig sk bdustb b cb volkitk

 

igra ig rabt btov ovoh ohbh bh sg sg`o `okt ktbr brob ob,, pg pgrr cg qu quk k `g `gie ieor orab ab kc pr proa oakr kr kx kxtr trka kag g hk cb gjsk gj skrv rvb` b`oð oði i eg egra rauc ucbh bhb= b= so, so, pg pgrr kc `g `git itrb rbro rog, g, sk nu nujo joks ksk k pr prkt ktki kiho hohg hg cg skluihg, ksg sk nbjráb `gisohkrbhg `gag rkvg`btgrob. Po joki cb CLP ig prkvï kstk topg hk prktkisogiks, soi kajbrlg, ig cb prgnájk= ki `gisk`uki`ob, tbc prktkisoði skráb vobjck so ig kxostk pgsojocohbh bcluib

quk

cb

Duitb

hk

Pg`ogs

pukhb

prgiui`obrsk

sgjrk

cgs

`uks `u ksto togi giba baok okit itgs gs -o -oap apul ulib ib`o `oði ði g iu iuco cohb hbhh- hk bc bclô lôi i sg sg`o `og g `g `git itrb rb cb cbs s hk`osogiks hkc Hork`tgrog quk bek`tbi b cb sg`okhbh g b cgs hkrk`ngs hk cgs sg`ogs. Pkráb hk bpco`b`oði cb rklcb lkikrbc prkvostb ki cgs brtá`ucgs 0> y 8? hk cb CLP. Ki `gisk`uki`ob, sá rksuctb prg`khkitk cb oapulib`oði g iucohbh hk b`ukrhgs hk Hork`tgrog.

 

@GI@C[POGIKP Vroakrg4 Hkekihkags cb tksos b`kr`b hk cb oaprg`khki`ob hk cb oapulib`oði trbtâihgsk hk b`ukrhgs hk cb Duitb Lkikrbc hk B``ogiostbs (hk uib sg`okhbh oitklrbitk hk ui lrupg kaprksbrobc) quk sbtoseb`ki kc oitkrïs lrupbc.

Pkluihg4   Vuk Vukhki hki sk skrr oap oapuli ulibhg bhgs s duh duho`o o`obca bcakit kitk k cgs b` b`ukr ukrhg hgs s hk cb dui duitb tb lkikrbc `uyg `gitkiohg skb `gitrbrog b kstb Cky, sk gpgilb bc kstbtutg g bc pb`t pb `tg g sg sg`o `obc bc g ckso cksogi gik, k, ki jk jkik ikeo eo`o `og g hork hork`t `tg g g oi oiho hork rk`t `tg g hk ui uig g g vb vbrog rogs s b``ogiostbs, cgs oitkrksks hk cb sg`okhbh. Cgs b`ukrhgs quk oi`urrbi ki `busbc hk bi biuc ucbj bjoc ocoh ohbh bh prkv prkvos ostb tb ki cb cky cky g ki kc @ð @ðho holg lg @ovo @ovocc tb tbaj ajoï oïi i sk skrâ râi i oapulibjcks ki cgs pcbzgs y egrabs quk skòbcb cb cky.

Xkr`krg4   Cb cðlo`b sg`oktbrob hk iukstrb pgso`oði rbho`b ki quk cgs sg`ogs lgzbi lgz bi hk rks rkspgi pgisbj sbjocoh ocohbh bh coa coaotb otbhb hb y ig rks rkspgi pgihk hki i pkr pkrsg sgibc ibcak akitk itk pgr cbs hkuhbs hku hbs sg` sg`obc obcks, ks, aok aokitr itrbs bs qu quk k cgs hor hork`t k`tgrk grks s y cgs lkr lkrkit kitks ks rks rkspg pgihk ihki i ki egrab pkrsgibc, ocoaotbhb y sgcohbrob ki `ubitg b su b`tub`oði sg`oktbrob.

 

ZKEKZKI@OBP Xgrrks Lbccbrhb, Hbiokc. –Bitkprgyk`tg hk Cky sgjrk Lrupgs hk Kaprksbs‑. Ki4 Zkvostb Igrabs Cklbcks. Xrudoccg, Khotgrb Igrabs Cklbcks, g`tujrk hkc :666, Xgag :?0. K`nboz Agrkig, Hbiokc. –Cbs eb`uctbhks hk bhaoiostrb`oði hkc hork`tgrog‑. Ki4 Zkvostb Zkvos tb B`tub B`tubcohbh cohbh Duráho`b Duráho`b.. Coab, Khotgrobc Lb`ktb Duráh Duráho`b, o`b, ducog hkc :665, Xgag 2;:, p. :6.