Capitulo2 Analisis de Aguas

 

FC[LQXIE >. COCILVLV AH CDXCV >.3 DHOH^CILACAHV

Hi cduc hs bãs uo febpeohoth ah ouhstrc octurcihzc quhtrhs gc fucrtcs hstcae pcrths prhshoth hosuphr`lflh ic Qlhrrc ahsah gcfh ah 6.;;; bliieohs ah cóes, efupcoae ah ic ahi picohtc. Vu octurcihzc sh febpeoh ah trhs ãtebes, aes ah exâdhoe quh uolaes hotrh sl `erbco uoc beiìfuic ah cduc, G>E, ic uolaca bâolbc ho quh ìstc sh puhah hofeotrcr. Ic `erbc ho quh hstcs beiìfuics sh uoho hotrh sâ ahthrblocrã ic `erbc ho quh hofeotrcbes hi cduc ho ouhstre hoteroe: febe iâqulaes, ho iiuvlcs, râes, efìcoes, htf., febe söilaes ho tìbpcoes y olhvhs e febe dcs ho ics ounhs. Hi csphfte bãs serprhoahoth y fcrcfthrâstlfe ah ouhstre picohtc, vlste ahsah hi hspcfle, hs ic drco fcotlaca ah cduc quh Fcrcfthrâstlfcs ahi Cduc Hs lofeiere h loeaere. Hs nuho feoaufter ah ic hihftrlflaca. Hs nuho alseivhoth. Oe tlhoh `erbc y caqulhrh ic `erbc ahi ^hflplhoth. Vh prhshotc ho trhs hstcaes octurcihs söilae, iâqulae y dcshese.

[replhacahs ahi cduc Hi cduc per shr bcthrlc, phsc y efupc uo iudcr ho hi hspcfle. Hstã feo`erbcac per aes hihbhotes= hi glarödhoe (G) y hi exâdhoe (E>) Hi cduc sh puhah prhshotcr ho ic octurcihzc ho trhs hstcaes `âslfes= söilae, iâqulae y dcshese. Hi cduc purc oe tlhoh eier, scner y eier. Oe tlhoh `erbc y tebc ic `erbc ahi rhflplhoth quh ie feotlhoh. Hi cduc hs  nuho alseivhoth ah bufgcs sustcoflcs. FEB[EVLFLÖO AHI CDXC \ HVQ^XFQX^C BEIHFXIC^ Feoslsth ho > ãtebes ah glarödhoe y uoe ah exâdhoe y fcac ãtebe ah glarödhoe hstã `lmcae ci exâdhoe feo uo hoicfh fevcihoth shofliie. Ic ieodltua hotrh ies aes oýfihes ah glarödhoe hs buy phquhóc y ic beiìfuic oe hs ilohci, tlhoh `erbc ah fcsl uo thtrchare feo uo ãoduie ah 3;8» hotrh ies G. Hstc hstrufturc ic gcfh peicr e shc quh tlhoh bufgc fcrdc ohdctlvc cfubuicac ho uo hxtrhbe y pefc fcrdc ohdctlvc ho hi etre hxtrhbe e  peie pesltlve. Hi gebnrh slhbprh gc hstcae lothrhscae ho ic bcohrc ho quh hstc cduc sh rhicfleoc feo ic ctbös`hrc y ic suphr`lflh thrrhstrh, erldlocoae ounhs, iiuvlc, olhvh, ferrlhoths, hvcpercflöo h lo`litrcflöo, ci lduci ah ic rhicflöo feo hi lothrler ah ic tlhrrc. Hi cduc hs uoc ah ics sustcoflcs bãs lbpertcoths ho ouhstre picohtc yc quh ho hiic sh `erbö ic vlac gcfh bliieohs ah cóes y slo hiic oe pearâcbes senrhvlvlr, tebcoae ho fuhotc quh hs uo hihbhote `uoacbhotci ho teaes ies erdcolsbe vlvlhoths y ho hi `uofleocblhote ah ic Qlhrrc. [crc bufges lovhstldcaerhs hi cduc hs uo febpuhste buy sloduicr y uoc ah ics sustcoflcs octurcihs oetcnihs ah ic octurcihzc, peshh`uoacbhotcihs= uoc drco vcrlhaca ah  preplhacahs `âslfcs bãs y quâblfcs, bestrãoaesh ho ic6 fuci hstcaes Vöilae,

 

iâqulae y dcshese, y ho ic hoerbh hsfcic ah thbphrcturcs quh sh prhshotc ho hi bcr. Hi csphfte bãs serprhoahoth y fcrcfthrâstlfe ah ouhstre picohtc, vlste ahsah hi hspcfle, hs ic drco fcotlaca ah cduc quh tlhoh su suphr`lflh. [er hse ic tlhrrc gc slae iicbcac Hi  picohtc ah cduc.

>.> FEOFH[QE AH AX^H]C AH CDXCV . Ichxprhscacs aurhzc ahifebe cduc FcFE6 sh ah`loh feofhotrcfleohs Aurhzc bcdohsle, hofebe bd/I.icHisubc rcodeahahicsaurhzc vcrâc hotrh ah ; yfcifle flhotesy ah bd/I, ahphoalhoae ah ic `uhoth ah cduc y hi trctcblhote c quh gcyc slae sebhtlac. sebhtlac . Ic aurhzc ah ics cducs octurcihs hs preauflac senrh teae per ics scihs ah fcifle y bcdohsle, y ho bhoer preperflöo per hi glhrre, hi ciublole y etres bhtcihs. Ic quh sh ahnh c ies nlfcrneoctes y fcrneoctes ah fcifle y bcdohsle sh ahoebloc aurhzc thbperci y puhah hilblocrsh per hnuiilflöo, quh ci blsbe tlhbpe hsthrlilzc hi cduc. Ic aurhzc rhslauci sh feoefh febe aurhzc oe fcrnöolfc e phrbcohoth. Ics cducs quh peshho hstc aurhzc puhaho cnicoacrsh cócalhoae fcrneocte ah seale y fci, e `litrãoaeics c trcvìs ah fheiltcs octurcihs e crtl`lflcihs quh cnsernho ies leohs bhtãilfes quh preaufho ic aurhzc, y ilnhrco leohs seale ho hi cduc (vìcsh Lothrfcbnle löolfe). Ies ahthrdhoths feotlhoho flhrtes cdhoths shpcrcaerhs quh locftlvco ics sustcoflcs fcuscoths ah ic aurhzc ahi cduc. Ho dhohrcibhoth ies leohs ah Fc y Bd sh ies feoefh febe ies `erbcaerhs ah ic aurhzc ahi cduc pcrc iiee fuci hxlsth uoc hvciucflöo ah eag (drcaes cihbcohs) ;-1 eag

cduc buy nicoac

1-7 eag

cduc nicoac

7-37 eag

cduc shblaurc

37-6; eag cduc aurc ? 6; eag

cduc buy aurc

>.>.3 Aurhzc tetci.- ic aurhzc tetci hs ic subc ah ah ic aurhzc thbperci y aurhzc phrbcohoth. AQEQCI 2 A[H^BCOHOQH  + AQHB[E^CI  pcrc hstc ahthrblocflöo ies fctleohs quh preaufho aurhzc (Fc,Bd) seo febpihxcaes  per calflöo ahi htlihoalcblothtrccfhtcte alsealfe HAQC hi puote `loci hs ahthftcae per bhale ah uo loalfcaer quh hs hi ohdre ah hrlefrebe Q (OHQ) hi fuci ho prhshoflc ah fcifle y bcdohsle tebc uo feier reme vloese y vlrc c czui . [refhalblhote.-  sh tebc 8; bi ah buhstrc feo uoc plphtc veiubìtrlfc ho uo hrihobhyhr. -  Vh cócah ah >bi ah nu``hr (seiuflöo cbertlducaerc) 30.< dr ah OG1Fi +316 bi ah cbeolcfe hi pg ah ic buhstrc ahnh shr 3;

 

-  Vh cdrhdc hi loalfcaer OHQ y sh tltuic feo ic seiuflöo ah HAQC gcstc quh ahscpcrhzfc hi feier reme vloesc y vlrh c czui. 3bi ah HAQC -- 3bd ah Fc FE6

[B HAQC2 64>,>1 --3B [hscbes 3,;3;>8 dr. Ah Fc FE6  pc. [crc uo iltre 3;3;,>8b dr. Ah Fc FE6 ------------------- 3;;; bi W

------------------------3; ------------- -----------3; bi

x 2 3;.3;>8 bd Ah Fc FE6

3;.3;>8 bd Ah Fc FE6 -------------- .>.>  Aurhzc Qhbperci .- hstc aurhzc sh ahnh c iicc hxlsthoflc ah Fcrneoctes y  nlfcrneoctes ah fcifle y bcdohsle, puhah shr hilblocae per hnuiilflöo ahi cduc ,tcbnlìo sh ic feoefh febe aurhzc ah fcrneoctes. AQHB[E^CI 2 Fc (GFE6)> , Bd (GFE6)> Fc (GFE6)> + E ------- Fc FE6 + FE> + G>E Bd (GFE6)>+ E -------  Bd FE6 + FE> + G>E

>.>.6 Aurhzc [hrbcohoth .- hstc ahthrblocae per scihs ah Fcifle y Bcdohsle febe fierures, sui`ctes, y oltrctes . Fi- , VE1, OE6.. Ic aurhzc phrbcohoth oe puhah shr hilblocac per hnuiilflöo. I Icc aurhzc phrbcohoth sh cocilzc ah ic sldulhoth bcohrc= -  Vh tebc uoc cilfuetc ah 8; bi , ho uo hrihobhyhr (sh iihvc c uo veiubho ah 3;; bi feo cduc ahstlicac) sh glhrvh glhrvh aurcoth 38 blot. Vh ho`râc , sh febpihtc feo cduc ahstlicac gcstc 3;; bi bi ihde sh cócah ic seiuflöo cbertlducaerc, hi loalfcaer OHQ y sh vcierc feo seiuflöo HAQC ;.;3B gcstc fcbnle ah feier. Aurhzc phrbcohoth bd/it ah Fc FE6 2 CWN W3;;; bi ’B‒  [crc hilblocr ic aurhzc phrbcohoth sh trctc feo= Fc VE1 +Oc> FE6 ------- Fc FE6 + Oc> VE1  Bd VE1 +Oc> FE6 ------- Bd FE6 + Oc> VE1

 

>.>.1 Qebc ah buhstrc.-  pcrc ic tebc ah buhstrc ah cduc sh nhnh thohr ic prhfcuflöo ah quh shc gebedìohc y rhprhshotctlvc, y per senrh teae quh ho ic hxtrcfflöo oe sh beal`lquho ics preplhacahs ahi cduc c cocilzcr. Hs ohfhscrle rhfedhr ic buhstrc ah cduc ho hovcshs ah piãstlfe e ah vlarle lofeiere feo tcpöo hsbhrlicae. Ho dhohrci ies rhflplhoths pcrc buhstrcs ahnho shr hihdlaes ho  ncsh c trhs feoslahrcfleohs. c)  Hi hi bcthrlci rhflplhoth fcuscrahi feotcblocflöo ics ics buhstrcs per Hmb. seale y ahi ic sâilfh puhahpuhah ilxlvlcrsh vlarle, y ics ho sustcoflcs erdãolfcs ahi  piãstlfe.  n)  Ics sunstcoflcs c ahthrblocr puhaho shr cnsernlacs per ics pcrhahs ahi rhflplhoth. [er hmb. Qrczcs bhtãilfcs per ies prefhses ah fcbnle ah leohs ho suphr`lflhs ah vlarle. f)  Ies feostltuyhoths ah ic buhstrc puhaho rhcffleocr feo hi rhflplhoth . [er hmb. Hi `iuerure puhah rhcffleocr feo hi vlarle. [er rhdic dhohrci ahnho uscrsh nethiics ah vlarle ffucoae ucoae vco c ahthrblocrsh febpuhstes erdãolfes y ah peilht peilhtlihoe lihoe y vlarle pcrc ahthrblocfleohs ah aurhzc, fierures, cifcilolaca. Ic ilbplhzc ahi bcthrlci ahnh rhcilzcrsh yc shc feo GFI fp. y JBoE1  ies rhflplhoths 1  e uoc bhzfic sui`efröblfc ies hovcshs ah vlarle, slo hbncrde hi ah piãstlfe G>V; cocilstc ahnhy shr cavhrtlae ah quh alfges hovcshs ahnho shr fulacaescbhoth homucdcaes , 6 vhfhs rhfebhoacnihbhoth feo cduc febýo y `locibhoth feo cduc ahstlicac e ahsleoezcac.

>.6 [icol`lfcflöo.-  pcrc ic picol`lfcflöo sh ahnh predrcbcr puotes ah buhstrhe pcrc thohr uoc buhstrc rhprhshotlvc. Cahbãs sh ahnh ah`lolr uoc hstrcthdlc preperfleocoae lostruffleohs hsphfâ`lfcs.   pcrc teae tlpe ah coãilsls hs ohfhscrle caeptcr teacs ics prhfcufleohs  pcrc quh shc rhprhshotctlvc ic buhstrc ah cduc quh sh ahshc hstualcr y pcrc hvltcr ic feotcblocflöo cfflahotci aurcoth hi buhstrhe. >.6.3

^hfeihfflöo.-

[crc rhfedhr ic buhstrc ah cduc ah uo hstcoquh, râe e ahpeslte sh subhrdh hi rhflplhoth ho hi cduc lothrocbhoth per ahncme ah ics suphr`lflh, hvltcoae rhfedhr hi cduc suphr`lflci, dhohrcibhoth ic tebc ah buhstrc sh rhcilzc ho ic pcrth bhalc. Fucoae sh trctc ah uo peze e bcocotlci geoae ic tebc ah buhstrc sh rhcilzc ah ic sldulhoth bcohrc , sh sumhtc hi `rcsfe feo uoc fuhrac sh ncmc gcstc hi olvhi bãs ncme ahi cduc sh scfc hi rhflplhoth y sh tcpc ah lobhalcte, sh ducrac ic buhstrc ho uo sltle `rhsfe 1e F. Vl hi cduc c cocilzcr hs ah uo slsthbc ah alstrlnuflöo, sh cnrh hi drl`e, sh ahmc ferrhr 1 ö 8 bloutes (yc quh hi veiubho pröxlbe c ic puotc ah ic fcoliic su`rh ferreslöo) y sh tebc ic buhstrc. Fucoae ic buhstrc prefhac ah râes, crreyes, icdes, hstcoquhs, htf., sh trctcrã ah h`hftucr

 

ics tebcs ihmes ah ics festcs y c bhalcoc pre`uoalaca, hvltcoae gcfhrie ho sltles c`hftcaes per cperths cfflahotcihs ah etres furses y ahsfcrdcs ah iâqulaes loaustrlcihs,  piuvlcihs e fiecfcihs. Vlhbprh sh ahstcpcrã hi rhflplhoth y rãplacbhoth shrã subhrdlae c uoc pre`uoalaca ah >; fb., tebãoaeie ahi fuhiie. Vl gcy ferrlhoth, ic nefc ahi rhflplhoth sh erlhotcrã ho shotlae feotrcrle c hiic. Vl oe gcy ferrlhoth, sh bevhrã hi rhflplhoth ho shblfârfuie. Xoc vhz iihoe, sh ihvcotcrã rãplacbhoth y sh tcpcrã ah lobhalcte. Vl hi cduc c cocilzcr hs ah uo peze hxfcvcae e `uhoth slblicr, hi prefhalblhote hs hi blsbe quh ho hi fcse cothrler. Vh puhah ctcr uoc phsc ho ic pcrth hxthroc ahi rhflplhoth ah rhfeihfflöo, pcrc `cfliltcr hi prefhalblhote. Ho teaes ies fcses sh iihoc febpihtcbhoth hi hovcsh y sh tcpc. Hs lbpertcoth quh oe quhah fãbcrc ah clrh ho hi hovcsh. Bcothohr ic tcpc ho bcoe. ^etuicr y hovlcr ci icnercterle. Ic buhstrc rhfedlac sh lahotl`lfcrã ahnlacbhoth: ah prh`hrhoflc `lmcoae uoc htlquhtc retuicac ci rhflplhoth. Ic lahotl`lfcflöo ahnhrã lofiulr= oebnrh ahi buhstrhcaer, rhblthoth, seilfltcoth, `hfgc ah ic tebc, iudcr ah prefhahoflc, tlpe ah coãilsls rhquhrlae (cptltua pcrc rlhde, feosube colbci), `uhoth ah prevlslöo (sl hs ah erldho suphr`lflci loalfcr râe, crreye, icduoc, hstcoquh e ie quh ferrhspeoac). Vl hs ah erldho sunthrrãohe loalfcr peze surdhoth, shblsurdhoth, ah nciah, htf., pre`uoalaca ah ic ocpc, alstcoflc y erlhotcflöo ah ies pezes ohdres bãs pröxlbes y teae etre acte quh sh feoslahrh ah lothrìs. Hi hovâe ahnh shr ho `erbc rh`rldhrcac ö c thbphrcturc oe buy citc, yc quh gcy vcrles  pcrãbhtres (oltrctes, oltrltes, cbeoâcfe) quh puhaho beal`lfcrsh per h`hfte ahi fcier ahnlae c ic preil`hrcflöo blfrenlcoc. Ic buhstrc ahnh shr hovlcac ci icnercterle lobhalctcbhoth ahspuìs ah ic tebc, ho fcse feotrcrle ahnh bcothohrsh rh`rldhrcac. Fucote bhoer shc hi tlhbpe trcosfurrlae ahsah ic tebc gcstc hi hovâe ci icnercterle, bãs hxcftes shrão ies rhsuitcaes entholaes.

>.1 Coãilsls `lslfequâblfes.- hi enmhtlve nãslfe ah uo icnercterle ah coãilsls ah cducs hs acr ic preaufflöo ah actes hxcftes quh ahsfrlnco ics fcrcfthrâstlfcs `âslfcs y quâblfcs ah ic buhstrc ah cduc quh sh hstualc. [crc uo coãilsls `âslfe quâblfe Iltres ah cduc. [rh`hrhothbhoth sh ahnh tebcr sh ic rhqulhrho buhstrc ho> uo hovcsh ah vlarle: puhah uscrsh hovcsh ah piãstlfe. Hs ohfhscrle quh hi hovcsh sh hofuhotrh phr`hftcbhoth ilbple (pcrc hste ahnh icvcrsh feo mcnöo e ahthrdhoth, homucdcr vcrlcs vhfhs feo cduc petcnih y per ýitlbe homucdcr feo hi cduc c cocilzcr), y quh su tcpc e flhrrh oe phrbltc ic scilac ahi iâqulae, ol tcbpefe ic hotrcac ah hihbhotes feotcblocoths.

Veilaes tetcihs.- ies söilaes prhshoths ho hi cduc

puhaho shr bcthrlc erd erdãolfc ãolfc h loerdãolfc

yc shc ho susphoslöo e puhaho shr alsuhites. 

Ies söilaes febýobhoth sh ficsl`lfco ho susphoalaes, alsuhites y tetcihs.

 

Qeacs ic bcthrlc, hxfhpte hi cduc feotholac ho ies bcthrlcihs iâqulaes, hs feoslahrcac febe bcthrlc söilac. Ic ah`lolflöo bãs dhohrcilzcac ah söilaes hs ic quh sh rh`lhrh c teac bcthrlc söilac quh phrbcohfh febe rhslaue ah hvcpercflöo y shfcae ncme uoc thbphrcturc hotrh 3;6-3;8 drcaes fhotâdrcaes. Vöilaes alsuhites= Ies söilaes alsuhites, c vhfhs ahoeblocaes söilaes `litrcoths, seo cquhiies quh pcsco c trcvìs ahi bhale `litrcoth fucoae sh ahthrbloco ies söilaes susphoalaes. Vöilaes alsuhites tetcihs= Loalfcaer ah ic fcilaca ah scihs y söilaes alsuhites ho uoc buhstrc ah cduc. Hxlsth uoc rhicflöo alrhftc hotrh ies söilaes alsuhites tetcihs y ic feoauftlvlaca, yc quh cbnes blaho ies febpuhstes löolfes alsuhites. Vöilaes `litrcnihs= Veo cquhiies quh ctrcvlhsco uo `litre quh puhah rhthohr söilaes ah alãbhtre bcyer c uoc blfrc. Vöilaes `ietcoths/bcthrlci `ietcoth= Drcscs, söilaes, iâqulaes y hspubc rhbevlnihs ah ic suphr`lflh ah uo iâqulae. Vöilaes shalbhotcihs= Vh ahthrbloco febe hi veiubho ah söilaes ho uo iltre ah ahshfge, quh shalbhotc ahspuìs ah uoc gerc ho uo feoe Lbge``. Vh hxprhsc ho blililtres per iltre. Vöilaes susphoalaes= Bcthrlci quh phrbcohfh ho susphoslöo ho hi cduc rhslauci y sh ahthrbloc febe ic fcotlaca ah bcthrlci rhtholae ahspuìs ah rhcilzcac ic `litrcflöo ah uoc buhstrc. Vöilaes susphoalaes veiãtlihs= ^hprhshotco ic `rcfflöo ah söilaes susphoalaes quh sh veictlilzc c 0;; drcaes fhotâdrcaes. Vöilaes tetcihs= Hs ic fcotlaca ah bcthrlc quh phrbcohfh febe rhslaue ahspuìs ah uoc hvcpercflöo, hotrh 3;6 y 3;8 drcaes fhotâdrcaes: ah hstes gcfho pcrth ies söilaes susphoalaes y ies söilaes alsuhites.

Ahthrblocflöo ah söilaes tetcihs  ‖ ^hslaue ^hslaue tetci.- hi rhslaue tetci hs ic subc ah ies söilaes susphoslöo. y söilaes alsuhites feotholaes ho hi cduc loveiufrc ic bcthrlc erdãolfc ho h loerdãolfc

 

[refhalblhote.-  3re. Vh tcrc ic fcpsuic e uo vcse e shc prhvlcbhoth sh fcifloc c 88; eF aurcoth 3 gerc, sh ho`râc , sh ahsfc y sh phsc. -  Vh cdltc cdltc y sh gebedholzc ic buhstrc y sh tebc uoc ciâfuetc ah 8ebi -3;;bi -  Vh trcos`lhrh ic buhstrc c iicc fcpsuic y sh hvcperc, sh puhah utlilzcr utlilzcr uo geroe ahshfcaer phre ic thbphrcturc ahnhrã shr ncmc bcs e bhoes gercs c 3;8eF -  Ho`rlcr ic fcpsuic ho uo ahshfcaer y phscr Vöilae tetci bd/it 2 (C-N) *3;;; bi ’B‒ 

aeoah= C2phse ah ic fcpsuic + ’B‒

N2 phse ah ic fcpsuic

Ahthrblocflöo ahi [G=  hi [G hs uo tìrbloe uolvhrscibhoth uscae pcrc hxprhscr ic lothoslaca ah ic feoalflöo ãflac e cifciloc ah uoc buhstrc ah cduc. Hi pG sh blah feo uo [G bhtre e vcrliics lloalfcaercs oalfcaercs ah [G.

Ahthrblocflöo ah feoauftlvlaca.- ic feoauftlvlaca hs bhalac ah ic fcpcflaca quh tlhoh uoc buhstrc ah cduc ah trcosbltlr ferrlhoth hiìftrlfc. Hsth pcrãbhtre ahphoah ah ic feofhotrcflöo tetci ah ah sunstcoflcs löolfcs alsuhitcs ho hi cduc. Ic feoauftlvlaca sh blah feo uo feoauftâbhtre. Xs/fb.

[hse hsphfâ`lfe ahi cduc.- sh ie ahthrbloc feo uo plfoöbhtre.

AHQH^BLOCFLÖO AH FCIFLE \ BCDOHFLE -  Gebedholzcr nlho ic buhstrc y feo uoc plphtc veiubìt veiubìtrlfc rlfc tebcr 8; bi ah buhstrc e bhoes. -  Feiefcr ic buhstrc ho uo hrihobhyhr ah >8; bi -  Cócalr seiuflöo cifcil ah Oc EG gcstc pG 3> -36.

 

-  Cócalr ;,> dr. ah loalfcaer burhxlac . -  Iihocr ic nurhtc feo seiuflöo vciercac ah HAQC -  Qltuicr ic buhstrc gcstc quh hi loalfcaer vlrh ah feier resc c pýrpurc. -  Coetcr ies bi acstcaes. bd/it ah Fc 2

CWN W3;;; bi ’B‒ 

bd/it ah Fc 2

CWN W1;;,7 bi ’B‒ 

C 2 bi dcstcaes ah HAQC N 2 @cfter HAQC bd ah Fc hqulvcihoth c 3bi ah HAQC

Ahthrblocflöo ah Cifcilolaca.- Ic cifcilolaca cifcilolaca ah uo cduc sh ahoebloc ci feosube ah ãflae pcrc ohutrcilzcr sus ncshs. Ic cifcilolaca hs lbpertcoth ho hi feotrei ah cducs, hi feotholae ah fcrneocte,  nlfcrneocte h glaröxlae sh ahthrbloc per ic tltuicflöo ah uoc cilfuetc ah ic buhstrc feo seiuflöo vciercac ah ãflae, hstcnihflhoae ies puotes sufhslves ah hqulvcihoflc ahi  nlfcrneocte y ãflae fcrnöolfe. Ho hi cduc cduc ic ci cifcilolaca fcilolaca sh ahnh dhohrcibhoth c ic prhshoflc ah glaröxlae, fcrneoctes y nlfcrneoctes, utlilzcoae aes loalfcaerhs, [`hoe`tcihloc (F>;  G31  E1) ac feier rescae ho prhshoflc ah glaröxlae e fcrneocte. Cocrcomcae ah bhtlie (FG 6)> OF0G1 O=  OF0VE6 Oc) hs cbcrliie ho prhshoflc ah fuciqulhr tlpe ah cifcilolaca. Hi prlbhr puote ([G 7.6) sh ahthrbloc uscae febe loalfcaer `hoei`tcihloc y sh ih ctrlnuyh hi dcste hi dcste ahi tltuicoth c ic ohutrcilzcflöo ah ies glaröxlaes y pcse ah ies fcrneoctes y nlfcrneoctes. Hi shduoae puote ([G 1,8) puhah shr ildhrcbhoth c`hftcae per ic prhshoflc ah scihs alsuhitcs y sh ahthrbloc feo hi loalfcaer bhtli ocrcomc , hi dcste ahi tltuicoth tltuicoth ferrhspeoah ci uscae ho ic ohutrcilzcflöo ah ies nlfcrneoctes c coglare fcrnöolfe.

Ic cifcilolaca ho hi cduc tcote octurci febe trctcac, usucibhoth hs fcuscac per ic 2

-

6 ), cseflcaes + + 6 ) y nlfcrneoctes  prhshoflc (J FE ( GFE fctleohs ah leohsOcfcrneoctes , Fc+>  y Bd+> feo ies.

 

Ic cifcilolaca sh ahthrbloc per tltuicflöo ah ic ic buhstrc feo uoc seiuflöo vciercac ah uo ãflae `uhrth febe hi GFi,  bhalcoth aes puotes sufhslves ah hqulvcihoflc, loalfcaes yc shc per bhales bhales pethoflebìtrlfes e per bhale ahi fcbnle ah feier utlilzcoae aes loalfcaerhs ãflae-ncsh cahfucaes.

-Cibcfhocmh ah ic buhstrc Ic buhstrc sh ahnhrã cocilzcr ah lobhalcte. Ies rhsuitcaes ah buhstrcs cibcfhocacs oe seo rhprhshotctlves. - Fcbpe ah cpilfcflöo Hsth bìteae, hs cpilfcnih pcrc ic ahthrblocflöo ah ic cifcilolaca ah fcrneoctes y  nlfcrneoctes, ho cducs octurcihs, aebìstlfcs , loaustrlcihs y rhslaucihs. Ic bhalflöo ah ic cifcilolaca, slrvh pcrc `lmcr ies pcrãbhtres ahi trctcblhote quâblfe ahi cduc, csâ febe cyuacroes ci feotrei ah ic ferreslöo y ic lofrustcflöo ho ies slsthbcs quh utlilzco cduc febe bcthrlc prlbc e ho su prefhse.

>.- [rloflples  Ho hsth bìteae, ic cifcilolaca sh ahthrbloc per tltuicflöo ah ic buhstrc feo uoc seiuflöo vciercac ah uo ãflae `uhrth febe hi GFi,   bhalcoth aes puotes sufhslves ah hqulvcihoflc, loalfcaes per bhale ahi fcbnle ah feier ah aes loalfcaerhs ãflae-ncsh cahfucaes. Fucoae sh ih cdrhdc c ic buhstrc ah cduc loalfcaer ah `hoei`tcihâoc y cpcrhfh uo feier resc, hste loalfc quh ic buhstrc tlhoh uo pG bcyer quh 7.6 y hs loalfctlve ah ic  prhshoflc ah fcrneoctes. Vh prefhah c tltuicr feo GFi vciercae, gcstc quh hi feier resc vlrh c lofeiere, feo hste, sh tltuic ic bltca FE62. Ho hoshdulac sh cdrhdco uocs detcs ah loalfcaer bhtli ocrcomc y sh feotlouc tltuicoae feo GFi gcstc ic cpcrlflöo ah uoc feier reme sciböo. Feo hste, sh tltuic ies nlfcrneoctes (GFE6-)  y ic bltca rhstcoth ah ies fcrneoctes (FE62). Vl ics buhstrcs ah cduc tlhoho uo pG bhoer quh 7.6 ic ttltuicflöo ltuicflöo sh iihvc c fcne ho uoc seic htcpc.

 

  3.4 bd ah EG- / bi ah GFI ;.3O 6.; bd ah FE62 / bi ah GFI ;.3O 0.3bd ah GFE6- / bi ah GFI ;.3 O

- Lothr`hrhoflcs  Hi feier ah ic buhstrc, citc feofhotrcflöo ah fiere y ic `erbcflöo ah prhflpltcaes ci tltuicr ic buhstrc, lothr`lhrho, yc quh puhaho hobcsfcrcr hi fcbnle ah feier ahi loalfcaer.

[refhalblhote   



   





 



 



Feiefcr 8; bi ah buhstrc ah cduc ho uo bctrcz Hrihobhyhr ah 3>8 bi. Cdrhdcr 6 detcs ah loalfcaer `hoei`tcihâoc ci ;.>8% Vl cpcrhfh uo feier resc , tltuicr feo GFi ;.;3O gcstc uo vlrh lofeiere, sl oe cpcrhfh hi feier resc, rhpertcr fcrneoctes lduci c fhre. Cdrhdcr 6 bhtli ocrcomc feotloucr tltuicoae feo GFi ;.;3O gcstc ic feier reme sciböo Fcifuicr

Fãifuies  bd/It EG - 

2

C x N x 3;;; bi ’buhstrc

bd/It G FE6  2

C x N x 3;;; bi ’buhstrc

aeoah=

C 2 bi ah GFI ;.3O dcstcaes

bd/It FE6 

2

C x N x 3;;; bi ’buhstrc‒  

 

 

N 2 `cfter 3.4 bd ah EG/bi ah GFI :

6.; bd ah FE6/bi ah GFI

0.3 bd ah GFE6/bi ah GFI

Ahthrblocflöo ah Vui`ctes  Dhohrcilacahs  Ies sui`ctes sh hofuhotrco ho ics cducs octurcihs ho uo cbpile lothrvcie ah feofhotrcfleohs. Ics cducs ah blocs y ies h`iuhoths loaustrlcihs feotlhoho drcoahs fcotlacahs ah sui`ctes prevholhoths ah ic exlacflöo ah ic plrltc y ahi use ahi ãflae sui`ýrlfe. Ies hstãoacrhs pcrc cduc petcnih ahi shrvlfle ah sciua pýnilfc tlhoho uo iâblth bãxlbe ah >8; ppb ah sui`ctes, yc yc quh c vcierhs suphrlerhs tlhoh uoc cfflöo "purdcoth ". Ies iâblths ah feofhotrcflöo, crrlnc ah ies fucihs sh phrflnh uo scner cbcrde ho hi cduc seo= [crc hi sui`cte ah bcdohsle 1;; c 0;; ppb y pcrc hi sui`cte ah fcifle seo ah >8; c 1;; ppb. Ic prhshoflc ah sui`ctes hs vhotcmesc ho ic loaustrlc fhrvhfhrc, yc quh ih feo`lhrh uo scner ahshcnih ci preaufte. Ho ies slsthbcs ah cduc pcrc use aebìstlfe, ies sui`ctes oe preaufho uo lofrhbhote ho ic ferreslöo ah ies cffhserles bhtãilfes, phre fuocae ics feofhotrcfleohs seo suphrlerhs c >;; ppb, sh lofrhbhotc ic fcotlaca ah piebe alsuhite prevholhoth ah ics tunhrâcs ah  piebe.

Cibcfhocmh ah ic buhstrc  Gcy quh coetcr, quh sl ic buhstrc feotlhoh bcthrlc erdãolfc y flhrte tlpe ah ncfthrlcs ( sui`cte rhauftercs), ies sui`ctes seo rhauflaes per ics ncfthrlcs c sui`ures. [crc hvltcr ie cothrler, ics buhstrcs quh thodco citc feotcblocflöo, sh ahnho cibcfhocr ho rh`rldhrcflöo e trctcacs feo uo pefe ah `erbciahglae.

 

Fcbpe ah cpilfcflöo  Hsth bìteae cocilzc sui`ctes per prhflpltcflöo ahi Nc Fi > >G>E.

[rloflples  Ic buhstrc hs trctcac feo fierure ah ncrle, ho bhale ãflae, `erbãoaesh uo prhflpltcae  nicofe ah sui`cte ah ncrle.

VE12 + NcFi>.  --------? NcVE1 +

>Fi- 

Lothr`hrhoflcs  Ho hsth bìteae ics prloflpcihs lothr`hrhoflcs seo ies söilaes susphoalaes, bcthrlc erdãolfc y sâilfh, ics fucihs puhaho shr hilblocacs per `litrcflöo coths ahi coãilsls ah sui`ctes. [refhalblhote  Feiefcr 8; bi ah ic buhstrc ah cduc ho uo vcse ah prhflpltcflöo.. Cócalr 3; bi ah GFi ho prhshoflc ah bhtli ocrcomc . Vh iihvc c hnuiilflöo Vh prhflpltc feo NcFi> . >G>E 3;% ^hpescr >1 Grs. @litrcr, icvcr feo cduc fcilhoth gcstc ahscilolzcr. Fciflocr ho frlsei ah perfhicoc prhvlcbhoth tcrcae.

Fãifuies  Bd/it VE1 2

C x N x 3;;; bi ’B‒ 

C 2 [hse prhflpltcae y fciflocae N 2 @cfter

 

AHQH^BLOCFLÖO AH FIE^X^EV

DHOH^CILACAHV Ics cducs octurcihs feotlhoho fierures ho feofhotrcfleohs quh vcrâco cbpilcbhoth, ies fierures ho hi cduc prevlhoho ah scihs febe hi fierure fãiflfe, hi bcdohsle y hi seale. Ics cducs ah vhrtlhoths y beotcócs feotlhoho usucibhoth uoc feofhotrcflöo ncmc ah fierures, blhotrcs quh cducs ah râes e sunthrrãohcs feotlhoho feoslahrcnih fcotlaca ah fierures.

VEIXFLEOHV OHFHVC^LCV Veiuflöo CdOE6 ;.;3 O  Alseivhr 3.07< d ah CdOE 6 ho cduc ahstlicac y c`ercr c 3;;; bi. Veiuflöo OcFi ;.;3 O  Alseivhr ;.8710 d ah OcFi shfcae c 33;» F. aurcoth > grs., ho cduc ahstlicac y c`ercr c 3;;; bi. Loalfcaer ah J >FrE1 ci 3; %  Alseivhr 3;d J >Fr;1 ho cduc ahstlicac y c`ercr c 3;; bi. Hstcoacrlzcflöo  Feiefcr 38.; bi ah ic seiuflöo ah OcFi ;.;3O ho uo bctrcz Hrihobhyhr ah 3>8 bi. y cdrhdcr 6 detcs ah frebcte ah petcsle. Ic buhstrc caqulhrh uo feier cbcrliie, tltuicr feo seiuflöo ah CdOE6 gcstc quh cpcrhzfc hi vlrh feier reme icarliie.

Fcifuicr ic oerbcilaca=  OcFi P3 x O3

CdOE6  2

P3xO> 

P3xO3  O>2 ---------  P>  Aeoah=  P3 2 Peiubho ah ic seiuflöo ah OcFi  O3 2 Oerbcilaca ah ic seiuflöo ah OcFi 

 

P> 2 Peiubho ah ic seiuflöo ah CdOE6 dcstcae ho ic tltuicflöo  O> 2 Oerbcilaca ah ic seiuflöo ah CdOE6 

[refhalblhote  3.- Feiefcr >8 bi. ah ic buhstrc ah cduc ho uo bctrcz hrihobhyhr ah 3>8 bi. 6.- Cdrhdcr 6 detcs J >FrE1 ci 3; % 1.- Qltuicr feo CdOE6 ;.;3 O gcstc hi vlrh ah cbcrliie c reme icarliie. Fãifuies  P W O W 3;;;  bd/i ah Fi 2 -----------------------  bi ah buhstrc  Aeoah=  P 2 bi ah CdOE 6  O 2 Oerbcilaca ahi CdOE 6  >.8 Hvciucflöo h lothrprhtcflöo ah rhsuitcaes .- Vh utlilzö aes bìteaes drcvlbìtrlfes y veiubìtrlfes pcrc ic hvciucflöo ah ies actes ho hi coãilsls ahi cduc= - Vh glze ic febpcrcflöo ah actes entholaes ho icnercterle feo ies pcrãbhtres ah rhsuitcaes ahi cduc ah ic rha Hxlstho trhs prloflpcihs frlthrles ah fcilaca ah cduc (ho hi cbnlhoth rhfhpter) quh sh  puhaho feoslahrcr ho hstc hvciucflöo hvciuc flöo febe= - Cducs ah cncsthflblhote aebìstlfe feo slbpih ahslo`hfflöo - Cducs pcrc rlhde ah vhdhtcihs ah feosube fruae y nhnlac ah colbcihs): y - Cducs ah zeocs ah prhshrvcflöo ah `cuoc cfuãtlfc y phsfc rhfrhctlvc e febhrflci Feo hstessenrh rhsuitcaes coãilsls quâblfes, sh gc prefhalae c h`hftucr ncicofhs ah cduc y ah fcrdc flhrtesahhihbhotes. Ic sldulhoth htcpc lbpertcoth gc slae ic vlsltc c VHIC, aeoah sh h`hftýco coãilsls buy hsphfâ`lfes tcihs febe ic vhrl`lfcflöo ah ies lbpcftes, tebc ah buhstrcs , ahslo`hfflöo y ncfthrleiedâc.